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The Wanderings of TCneas 
















THE H.EATH LATIN SERIES 

WILBERT LESTER CARR, GENERAL EDITOR 


VERGIL’S AENEID 

BOOKS I-VI 

WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, VOCABULARY, AND 
GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

BY 

CLYDE PHARR, Ph.D. 

PROFESSOR OF LATIN AND GREEK 
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY 



D. C. HEATH AND COMPANY 

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 

ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO DALLAS 

LONDON 



'pp\&&0£ 

.A iTS 


Copyright, 1930 
By Clyde Pharr 

Patent Pending 


AU rights reserved 

3 DO 


JUN -9 1930 


PRINTED TN U. S. A. 


©CIA 24457 



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III 


DIS MANIBUS 
VAT IS VERGILI 
HUNC LIBELLUM 
DEDICAT AUCTOR 
LU B ENS M ERITO 

















. 














































































PREFACE 


This book is intended to introduce high school and college students 
to the Aeneid and to enable them to read this great masterpiece with 
interest and appreciation. 

The present edition is based on the cumulative results of the past 
centuries of Vergilian scholarship and pedagogical method, and the 
author is indebted to his many predecessors, ancient and modern, 
American and foreign, who have worked in this field. The author 
would make grateful acknowledgment to all those who have con¬ 
tributed in any way to a better understanding of the Aeneid , but it is 
manifestly impossible to enumerate the countless sources from which 
the present work has been drawn. 

In preparing the present text an attempt has been made to profit 
by the contributions furnished by the printer’s art in the differentia¬ 
tion of vocalic and consonantal i (i, j) as well as in the differentiation 
of vocalic and consonantal u (u, v). For what seems to be adequate 
pedagogical reasons such forms as dejicio, subjicio, and conjicio are 
given in the printed text instead of the deicio, subicio, and conicio of 
the inscriptions and manuscripts. For the use of j and v the author 
feels that no more apology is needed than for the use of lower case 
letters in general instead of the square capitals of the inscriptions and 
early manuscripts. The employment of such forms as dejicio, subji¬ 
cio, and conjicio is abundantly justified by their simplicity as well as 
by the ease with which they are understood in connection with the 
rest of their conjugational systems. 

The text is that of Hirtzel, Oxford University Press, 1900, and the 
author here gratefully acknowledges the kind permission granted by 
the Syndics of this Press to reproduce their text. Only a few changes 
have been made from the Oxford text, such as the use of capitals in 
this book at the beginning of each new sentence instead of merely at 
the beginning of each new paragraph, the use of j in this text to repre¬ 
sent consonantal i, and the spellings relligio, relligiosus, relliquiae, to 
represent more accurately the pronunciation of these words in Vergil’s 
day. 

In the definitions of the Latin words given in the page vocabularies 
the author has not sought to secure a mechanical uniformity, but has 
attempted merely to preserve such a general consistency that the 
student may from the definitions recognize any later occurrence of a 


VI 


PREFACE 


word and associate it with its earlier appearances. In the number of 
meanings given for each Latin word, the author has tried to preserve 
some mean between a poverty which is barren and a wealth which is 
confusing to the student who is trying at the same time both to read 
Vergil and to learn Latin. 

The chief distinction of this book is its visible vocabulary system. 
The acquisition of a vocabulary is generally recognized as one of the 
most important as well as one of the most troublesome problems in 
learning either to read or speak a foreign language. No important 
advance has been made in this field for thousands of years, and the 
present antiquated methods are wasteful of much valuable time and 
effort, especially in the case of the more difficult languages, such as 
Latin and Greek. 

This book attempts to attack the problem from another angle and 
prints adjacent to any given passage the whole of its vocabulary, 
making it unnecessary ever to turn a page for the purpose of learning 
the meaning of any word. 

The use of the special word list, printed on the extensible sheet at 
the back of the book, adds certain features of considerable value 
educationally. This list contains the most common words in the work 
being studied. Each word which occurs in this fist is indicated in the 
text by being printed in italics. This use of italics serves several 
distinct purposes. First, it indicates to the student where he must 
look for the meaning of these words, whether in the special fist or in 
one of the vocabularies at the foot of the page. In the second place, 
the difference in type assists in impressing these more important words 
on the memory without as much conscious effort as has ordinarily 
been needed and hence, perhaps, removes an element of discourage¬ 
ment from the task. The word fist also furnishes convenient material 
for the use of teachers who still prefer to require their students to 
memorize the most important words in their text. In addition to this 
word fist, a second list of rather less common words is indicated in 
the special vocabularies by means of asterisks, thus calling the atten¬ 
tion of the student to their importance. The first occurrence of a 
word in the text being studied is indicated in the vocabularies by a 
dagger (f). This serves a valuable purpose in sight reading, since it 
continually distinguishes for the student the words he has already 
met from those he has not yet seen in that particular text, and helps 
to impress them on his memory. 

The author is convinced that this new method is an advance over 
the old both pedagogically and psychologically. The old system in¬ 
volves not merely a great waste of time, but it necessitates continual 
interruption in the continuity of attention of the student, hindering 
or even preventing concentration upon the work at hand and thus 
making for bad mental habits. 


PREFACE 


vii 

This plan has been tried in a number of secondary schools and in 
every case it has met with a most enthusiastic response on the part 
of both teachers and students. After an extensive series of experi¬ 
ments, it is agreed that the following are some of the manifest ad¬ 
vantages of this method: 

1. Students are able to read intelligently a great deal more in a 
given period of time than has heretofore been possible. 

2. Reading of the great classical authors can be begun at a much 
earlier stage than was formerly practicable. With a modicum of 
grammar one can begin reading the great classics and can read them 
rapidly enough to enjoy them as literature. 

3. Since the vocabulary for any given passage is comparatively 
small, the possibility of error is much less and the student seldom 
selects the wrong word or the wrong meaning from the vocabulary. 

4. With the elimination or great lessening of vocabulary difficulties, 
the student has a much better opportunity of gaining a thorough 
foundation in the essentials of grammar, reinforced continually by 
more copious reading than has hitherto been possible. 

5. The student learns his vocabulary without much conscious effort 
at memorizing, in the easiest and most natural way possible, by meet¬ 
ing the words constantly in his reading, with their meanings always 
before him. Similarly he learns the forms of his words, by constantly 
seeing the indications of their structure, as denoted in the vocabulary 
by the principal parts of the verbs, the nominative and genitive 
singular of the nouns, together with an indication of their gender, 
and other information presented in the vocabularies. 

6. Printing this vocabulary in sight of the passage not only 
conserves the time of the student commonly spent in mechanically 
looking up words, but allows him to concentrate his attention on the 
problems involved in translation, in the development of thought, in 
the literary, historical, and other problems of his author, and in va¬ 
rious other features of the text. 

There is no pedagogical value attached to the mechanical labor 
involved in looking up words according to the old system which, 
moreover, entails an enormous waste of time. According to the ar¬ 
rangement employed in this book, the student has constantly before 
him the same information which he formerly was compelled to seek 
elsewhere at the cost of so much labor. 

This visible vocabulary system is far better than a parallel transla¬ 
tion, since this method does not solve the problems for the student, 
but merely places in his hands, in the most readily accessible form, 
all the requisite data for making his own solutions. By thus ridding 
him of drudgery and by making this feature of his work lighter and 
more interesting, this vocabulary system helps to eliminate the im¬ 
proper use of translations by the student, for he now finds that he 


PREFACE 


viii 

can prepare his lesson quite as quickly and much more intelligently 
without a translation than he formerly could with its help. 

The vocabularies of the ordinary school editions, arranged accord¬ 
ing to the old system, must give the general meaning of each word and 
then exhaust all the special meanings found in the whole text, and 
this to most students is a source of considerable confusion and loss of 
time. In this text the student will always have the general meaning 
of each word as well as the special meaning necessary for each passage. 
This enables him to fix the general meaning and to build up his 
knowledge of the special meanings as he meets them in his reading. 

A number of circumstances have combined to delay the appearance 
of this book. By a happy coincidence it is now issued on the two thou¬ 
sandth anniversary of Vergil’s birth, and the author is much pleased 
to offer this little volume in homage to the spirit of the bard of Mantua 
at a time when all the world is uniting to pay him tribute. 

The author wishes to express his special gratitude to the late 
Dr. Dix Harwood, Assistant Editor of D. C. Heath and Company, 
for selecting the illustrations in this book, and to Professor W. L. 
Carr, of the University of Michigan, whose advice and assistance 
have been invaluable. 

Clyde Pharr 

Vanderbilt University 
March 4,1930 


TABLE OF CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Preface . v 

Introduction 

Life of Vergil. 1 

The Aeneid . 2 

Vergil’s Later Fame. 4 

The Trojan War. 4 

The Fall of Troy and Aeneas’s Wanderings. 6 

The Purpose of the Aeneid . 6 

The Roman Religion. 6 

Chronological Table of Vergil’s Life. 8 

Bibliography of Vergil. 10 

General Directions. 11 

Signs and Abbreviations. 14 

The Aeneid 

Book I. 15 

Book II. 80 

Book III.142 

Book IV.197 

Book V.247 

Book VI.305 

Grammatical Appendix. 1-79 

Index to Grammatical Appendix. 81 

General Word List. Inside Back Cover 


IX 































LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 

FACING PAGE 

Paris Beguiled. 4 

The Abduction of Helen. 5 

The Parcae. 18 

Juno. 19 

Juno Begs the Help of Aeolus. 28 

Neptune. 29 

Jupiter. 40 

Mars. 41 

Amazons Going Into Battle. 60 

Dido Building Carthage. 61 

The Trojan Horse. 96 

Laocoon and His Sons. 97 

Cassandra on the Walls of Troy.100 

Minerva.101 

The Fall of Troy. 134 

Roman Ladies at the Tombs of Their Ancestors . . . 135 

The Gods Deciding the Fate of Troy.198 

Aeneas at Dido’s Court.199 

A Roman Peristyle.244 

The Death of Dido .245 

The Venus of Melos.276 

Apollo of the Belvedere.277 

The Cumaean Sibyl.304 

Centaurs and Dryad.305 


XI 




























VERGIL’S AENEID 
BOOKS I-VI 






* 





































V 














INTRODUCTION 


Life of Vergil 

1. Publius Vergilius Maro, one of the most celebrated poets of all 
time, was born in the little country village of Andes, near Mantua, 
in northern Italy, October 15, 70 b.c. His father was a small farmer; 
and, although a man of moderate means, he managed to give his son 
the equivalent of a college education. The poetically inclined youth 
studied at Mantua and Cremona, then at the larger city of Milan 
(Mediolanum), whence he passed to Rome and finally to Naples, 
where he went to complete his college course. He early developed a 
taste for literature and especially for philosophy, and all his life he 
remained a student. Very modest and retiring, even to the point 
of shyness, he was not fitted to take an active part in the stirring 
political and military events of his day. 

2. After the battle of Philippi in 42 b.c., Octavian confiscated 
Vergil’s farm and assigned it to one of his veterans. Vergil had al¬ 
ready begun to write poetry, and his work had attracted the favorable 
attention of Maecenas, a close personal friend, and political adviser 
of the emperor. Through Maecenas Vergil met Octavian, who at 
once took him under his protection, compensated him for the loss of 
his farm, and made it possible for him to devote the rest of his life 
to poetry. 

3. The most important of his works are known as the Bucolics 
(or Eclogues), the Georgies, and the Aeneid. The Bucolics are short 
poems on pastoral themes, formed on Greek models and idealizing the 
life of the shepherds and herdsmen of northern Italy; the Georgies, 
also formed on Greek models, deal with the pleasures of farm life; 
while the Aeneid, a great literary epic, deals with the wanderings 
and adventures of Aeneas after the destruction of Troy, from which, 
according to tradition, he had come with a small band of followers 
and laid the foundations of the power which later became Rome. 

4. For the last ten years of his life Vergil was occupied in writing 
the Aeneid. In the year 19 b.c. he went to Greece with the intention 
of spending the next three years in the East for the purpose of getting 
a more intimate acquaintance with the scenes depicted in his poem 
and of acquiring local color for his work, upon which he was putting 
the final touches. While in Athens he met the emperor Augustus, 

1 


2 


THE AENEID 


who was returning to Rome from a visit in the East and who induced 
Vergil to accompany him. Vergil was already ill before he set sail 
and steadily grew worse during the voyage. Shortly after landing at 
Brundisium in southern Italy he died, September 21, 19 b.c., a little 
before his fifty-second birthday. Vergil was buried at Naples, which 
he had especially loved, and his tomb bore the inscription: 

5. Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc 
Parthenope; cecini pascua, rura, duces, 

I was bom at Mantua; died in Calabria; my bones lie in Naples; 
pastures, fields, and heroes were the theme of my song. 

His untimely death left his great poem incomplete, and there are 
many indications of this fact in the Aeneid, the most marked being 
the unfinished verses, of which there are more than fifty. 


The Aeneid 

6. The Aeneid is a literary epic, modeled upon the Iliad and the 
Odyssey of Homer, from which it has drawn a great deal of its ma¬ 
terial and inspiration. The poem was undertaken at the request of 
Augustus. The theme, which is also said to have been suggested by 
Augustus, is the settlement of Aeneas in Italy, which finally led to 
the founding of Rome. This legend was already well established in 
Italy, where many of the great families took especial pride in tracing 
their ancestry back to Aeneas and his band of Trojan heroes. The 
Julian gens, of which Julius and Augustus Caesar were members, 
especially gloried in its tradition of a direct descent from Aeneas 
himself through Ascanius, or lulus, as he was sometimes called. Be¬ 
sides this, the Romans were gradually coming to claim a Trojan 
origin for many of the customs, ceremonies, and institutions of 
their fathers. Vergil and Augustus were both interested in thus 
giving divine sanction and the weight of hoary antiquity to the 
measures which Augustus had undertaken for establishing the em¬ 
pire. Thus Augustus appears as the restorer of the good old days 
and the good old ways of the fathers. He is the promised ruler of 
divine descent who is to bring peace and a return of the Golden Age 
to the whole world. Throughout the entire poem the person and 
the work of Augustus are magnified, but these are made to appear as 
secondary and as but instruments in the hands of the gods for work¬ 
ing out the high destiny of the Roman people. By thus stirring the 
feeling of Roman patriotism and pride of race as well as by constantly 
appealing to the sanctity and the authority of the good old days, the 
Aeneid met with an instant and a direct response from the Roman 
people, who were taking an ever-growing pride in the great achieve- 


INTRODUCTION 


3 


ments of their fathers. The success of the poem was thus assured 
from the first, and it has continued to exert an enormous influence 
upon later Roman and European literature. 

7. As a piece of literature, the Aeneid has both the strength and 
weaknesses of its author and subject matter. Vergil was a weakling, 
usually in poor health, shy to the point of painfulness, a sentimental 
idealist, and little acquainted with the hard and practical ways ol 
the stern old Roman world. He was never married and seems to 
have cared little or nothing for feminine society. His one great ideal 
of life can be summed up in the word pietas, devotion, loyalty, and he 
equips his hero Aeneas (pius Aeneas) with a full and overflowing 
measure of this quality, which finds its best expression in an un¬ 
questioned obedience to the will of the gods and to their more or less 
contradictory commands, no matter how much human suffering may 
be entailed nor how much apparent wrong may result. Vergil was 
born in Cisalpine Gaul, probably ineligible for Roman citizenship in 
his early years and possibly a member of a conquered tribe which 
had felt the pitiless heel of the conqueror. In any case he seems to 
have early developed a deep sympathy for the oppressed and for the 
losers in life’s battle, and also a profound conviction of the sadness 
and sorrow of human existence and the futility of human effort in 
its attempts to adjust its feeble struggles to a world that is too much 
for it. The craving for satisfaction of a thwarted nature found its 
chief expression in its reliance upon the gods and their inscrutable 
ways as they worked out their plans for the world. In addition, he 
found refuge in a deep reverence for the past with its great heroes 
who had been so submissive to the will of the gods that they had 
become but puppets in carrying out the divine commands. 

8. Vergil’s chief claim to fame as a poet rests upon his incom¬ 
parable literary style. Nettleship 1 says: “ Unquestionably it was 
Vergil’s style which more than anything else gave him his pre¬ 
eminence among Roman poets. The great power of his style lies in 
the haunting music of his verse, in the rhythm and fall of his lan¬ 
guage.” As a close student of Greek, he had absorbed much of the 
best in that literature. “ Not only is he fond of filling his verses with 
Greek forms and Greek cadences, but his lines are rich and harmo¬ 
nious with a new music manifold in its capacity; it is as if the sound of 
the Greek language had awakened a sympathetic strain in Italian. . . . 
Vergil not only translates but works his Greek materials into new 
forms.” As a great artist he thoroughly loses himself in his work, but 
his impersonality “ is not the impersonality of Homer or of Shake- 
spere, who simply show us the world as it stands; Vergil yearns over 
the spectacle which he spreads before us.” 

1 Vergil, pp. 90-92. 


4 


THE AENEID 


Vergil’s Later Fame 

9. Vergil was ardently admired even in his own day, and his 
fame continued to increase with the passing centuries. Under the 
later Roman Empire the reverence for his works reached the point 
where the Sortes Vergilianae came into vogue; that is, the Aeneid 
was opened at random, and the first line on which the eyes fell was 
taken as an omen of good or evil. In the mediaeval period a great 
circle of legends and stories of miracles gathered around his name, 
and the Vergil of history was transformed into the Vergil of magic. 
He was looked upon not only as a great magician but as an inspired 
pagan prophet who had foretold the birth of Christ. It was at this 
period that the spelling Virgil came into vogue, thus associating the 
great poet with the magic or prophetic wand, virga. “ The mediaeval 
world looked upon him as a poet of prophetic insight, who contained 
within himself all the potentialities of wisdom. He was called the 
Poet, as if no other existed; the Roman, as if the ideal of the common¬ 
wealth we^e embodied in him; the Perfect in Style, with whom no 
other writer could be compared; the Philosopher, who grasped the 
ideas of all things; the Wise One, whose comprehension seemed to 
other mortals unlimited. His writings became the Bible of the race. 
The mysteries of Roman priestcraft, the processes of divination, the 
science of the stars, were all found in his works.” 1 The great medi¬ 
aeval poets, such as Dante and Chaucer, learned much from the 
immortal Roman; since that time few great poets have escaped his 
influence, and one cannot properly estimate the course of European 
thought and poetic art without some knowledge of Vergil and his 
dominating power. 

The Trojan War 

10. To understand the Aeneid, it is necessary to be familiar with 
the story of the Trojan War and of the events leading up to it. Ac¬ 
cording to the story, Jupiter, father and king of gods and men, once 
fell in love with Thetis, a beautiful sea goddess, and wished to marry 
her, but an oracle had foretold that the son of Thetis was to be 
mightier than his father. Hence Jupiter decreed that Thetis was to 
marry a mortal, and Peleus, a Greek king, was chosen as her hus¬ 
band. The wedding was a magnificent occasion, and all the gods 
and goddesses were invited except Eris, goddess of strife. Incensed 
at being thus slighted, she appeared in the midst of the festivities 
and spitefully threw among the assembled guests a golden apple 
(the famous Apple of Discord) with the inscription “ To the fairest.” 
Each of the ladies present wished to claim this prize for herself; but 

1 Tunison, Master Vergil, p. 156. 



Alinari, Rome 


Paris Beguiled 

In his right hand he holds the Apple of Discord, 
for which the three goddesses quarreled. 


Vatican Museum 





Gramstorff Bros. 


The Abduction of Helen 


Rudolf von Deutsch 




INTRODUCTION 


5 


the contest finally narrowed down to Juno, queen of the gods; Mi¬ 
nerva, goddess of wisdom; and Venus, goddess of love and beauty. 
The rivalry became very bitter, and the angry goddesses called upon 
Jupiter to decide; but he discreetly refused to act as judge. 

So the case was finally referred to Paris, son of Priam, king of 
Troy or Ilium. Each of the goddesses then tried to bribe Paris. 
Juno offered him great wealth and unlimited power, Minerva the 
gift of great wisdom, while Venus promised him the most beautiful 
woman in the world for his wife. Paris thereupon awarded the prize 
to Venus and thus incurred the vindictive and unforgiving hatred 
of Juno and Minerva. His decision, henceforth known as the “Judg¬ 
ment of Paris,” was the beginning of unending trouble for Paris and 
the Trojan people. 

11. The most beautiful woman in the world at that time was 
Helen, daughter of Leda, and wife of Menelaiis, king of Sparta. 
With the help of Venus, Paris succeeded in winning Helen and elop¬ 
ing with her to Troy. All Greece at once arose in arms to avenge 
the insult of having one of their women carried off by a foreigner, 
and a great expedition was fitted out under Agamemnon, brother of 
Menelaiis, as commander-in-chief. The forces assembled at the port 
of Aulis in eastern Greece, but day after day the winds were un¬ 
favorable, and it was not possible for them to set sail. The Greeks 
consulted Calchas, the soothsayer of the expedition; and he replied 
that no favorable wind could be expected until they had sacrificed 
Iphigeneia, daughter of Agamemnon, to appease the gods. The 
princess was duly sacrificed, thus appeasing the gods and securing a 
favorable voyage for the expedition. 

12. Many great Greek heroes embarked on this undertaking with 
Agamemnon and Menelaiis. Among the most famous were the 
sententious Nestor, who was older, knew more, and could talk more 
than any other man of his time; the wily Ulysses, whose cunning 
was invincible; the swift-footed Achilles, the dashing young hero 
ever eager to do and to dare for the pure thrill of the excitement and 
the love of adventure; the mighty Ajax, whose enormous strength 
was accompanied by a correspondingly dull wit; another Ajax, son 
of O'ileus, who was ever eager to grab his part of the spoils;, the mighty 
Diomedes, who dared to fight against the very gods on the field of 
battle. There were also many other Greek heroes who were eager to 
distinguish themselves in such a noble undertaking and to get their 
share of the booty, when they should succeed in capturing the rich 
city of Troy. Among the Trojan warriors who opposed the Greeks 
were the dauntless Hector, eldest son of Priam and the noblest of all 
the warriors before Troy; the jaunty Paris who was fighting mightily 
to keep Helen; and the faithful Aeneas, the son of Venus and Anchises. 


6 


THE AENEID 


The Fall of Troy and Aeneas’s Wanderings 

13. For ten long years the siege lasted with varying fortunes, 
although the Greeks had a slight advantage, owing to the fact that 
more of the gods were fighting on their side than on that of the 
Trojans. Juno and Minerva were especially helpful to the Greeks, 
since they had both developed an undying hatred against all the 
Trojans, because of the evident unfairness of Trojan Paris in award¬ 
ing the beauty prize to their hated rival, Venus. 

14. Through the stratagem of the wooden horse, fully described 
in the second book of the Aeneid, Troy was finally captured and de¬ 
stroyed. Most of the inhabitants were either killed or dragged away 
into slavery; but a remnant, under the leadership of Aeneas, suc¬ 
ceeded in escaping. After long wanderings and much hardship they 
finally reached Italy, where they settled and established their rule 
over the uncivilized natives. This settlement finally resulted in the 
founding of Rome, which gradually extended its sway and established 
the Roman Empire, with Augustus at its head in the days of Vergil. 

The Purpose of the Aeneid 

15. One of the results which both Augustus and Vergil hoped to 
see effected with the help of the Aeneid was a revival of faith in the 
old-time religion. The educated Romans of the day were becoming 
quite blase and sophisticated and were gradually losing the faith of 
their fathers with its simple, unquestioning reliance on the infallible 
wisdom of the gods and their helpful interference in human affairs.. 


The Roman Religion 

16. The machinery of this religion was quite elaborate. Before 
their acquaintance with Greek culture the Romans had developed a 
religion of their own, with a number of departmental divinities, each 
having charge of some general field in human experience, the bound¬ 
aries of which were never very clearly defined. Hence there was a 
considerable overlapping of authority, with a consequent confusion 
in the divine government. With the coming of Greek culture, no 
radical change was effected in the general conceptions, but the 
Romans took over a vast mass of Greek stories about the gods and 
the deeds of divine and semidivine characters. In most cases the 
Roman names of the various divinities were retained, and they were 
simply identified with the corresponding Greek deities with their 
elaborate system of mythology. Thus the Greek father of gods and 
men, Zeus, was identified with the Roman Jupiter, Hera with Juno, 


INTRODUCTION 


7 


Athena with Minerva, Aphrodite with Venus, Hermes with Mercury, 
Poseidon with Neptune, Hephaestus with Vulcan, etc. In addition 
to these common features, the Roman religion had certain character¬ 
istic divinities and conceptions of its own before the coming of Greek 
culture, and these were retained. 

17. In speaking then of the religious ideas embodied in the Aeneid, 
we are dealing primarily with the Greco-Roman religion, to which 
are added certain Roman features not belonging to the Greek system. 

18. At the head of the Roman system of religion stood Jupiter, 
father and king of gods and men. He was the god of heaven who 
gathered the storm clouds and hurled the lightning. His sign was the 
thunderbolt, and the eagle was his messenger. Apollo was the great 
god of light and the foe of all darkness and evil. He was the ideal 
of manly beauty and the patron of music, prophecy, poetry, and 
medicine. Mars was the brutal and bloody god of war and of battles. 
Vulcan, god of fire, supervised the working of metals and all useful 
and mechanical arts. Mercury with his winged sandals and his magic 
wand was the messenger and the herald of the gods. He was also 
god of inventions, trade, and commerce. Bacchus was the god of 
wine and master of revelry. Neptune, brother of Jupiter, was god 
of all the seas and waters of the earth. Juno, wife of Jupiter and 
queen of the gods, presided over the life of women and especially 
over the rites of marriage. Minerva was goddess of wisdom and of 
the arts and handicrafts, especially of female handicrafts. Diana, 
sister of Apollo, was the divinity of the moonlight, goddess of the 
woods, and mistress of the chase. Venus, born of the sea foam near 
Cythera, was goddess of love and beauty. Ceres, goddess of grain, 
presided over seedtime and harvest. Vesta, the goddess of the house¬ 
hold fire, presided over hearth and home and the sanctities of family 
life. Pluto or Dis, with his queen Proserpina, ruled over the lower 
world and the souls of the dead. 

19. In addition to these greater divinities, there were many minor 
deities, such as the beautiful feminine nymphs who haunted every 
fountain, stream, mountain, or sea, and their masculine counter¬ 
parts, the homely satyrs, who frequented the forests, fields, and 
mountains. The Fates presided over human destinies, while the 
Furies avenged such crimes as murder and sacrilege. Among the 
great number of lesser deities and spirits were such personified 
qualities as Fortune, Concord, and Peace. 

20. In addition to these gods and goddesses may be mentioned 
Janus, the two-faced god of beginnings and of gateways, and the 
household deities, the lares and penates, who along with Vesta, 
goddess of the hearth, formed the center of the family worship. 
These household deities were worshiped each day at the family 


8 


THE AENEID 


meal. When the household sat down to dinner, a little of the food 
was thrown into the flames of the fire on the hearth, and a little wine 
was poured out as an offering to the household gods. The images of 
the lares and penates would also be brought from their shrine and 
placed on the table to insure their presence at the meal. 

21. Special veneration was also shown to the spirits of the dead. 
These were called manes , meaning “ the pure ones,” and they were 
always looked upon as guardian deities of the family. These manes, 
or souls of the departed, were supposed to live a shadowy sort of 
existence in the lower world, sometimes returning to haunt the grave 
where they had been buried: for, unless the body were properly 
interred, the soul could not at once enter the realm of the lower 
world and find a permanent resting place, but must wander unhap¬ 
pily around for a hundred years, as a source of torment and of terror 
to the living. Hence the great importance of the proper burial rites 
and the great care bestowed upon these ceremonials by the Romans. 

22. It was believed that the gods indicated their purposes to men 
by means of signs and omens, such as dreams, thunder and lightning, 
an eclipse of the sun, a blazing comet, the flight of birds, or the pe¬ 
culiar appearance of the entrails of animals offered for sacrifice. The 
gods were also thought to deliver special communications at sacred 
places known as “ oracles.” The most famous of these was that of 
Apollo at Delphi. Here stood a temple of Apollo over a cleft in the 
rock, and over this cleft, in the dark inner recesses of the temple, 
was placed a tripod containing a seat for the priestess or Pythia, 
who delivered the oracles. Other famous oracles were those at 
Delos, at Cumae, and in the Libyan desert. 

23. The old Roman religion was of an intensely practical nature 
and busied itself with the everyday life of the people. As each 
household was bound together by the tie of a common worship, so 
all the citizens were held together by a common reverence for the 
divinities and powers who protected and guided the state. The 
Roman religion thus formed an indispensable bond of union for the 
family as well as the nation. 

24. Chronological Table of Vergil’s Life 

B.C. 

70 Birth of Vergil. First consulship of Pompey and Crassus. 

Trial of Verres. 

Birth of Gallus. 

65 Birth of Horace. 

63 Birth of Octavius (afterward called Octavian, and still later called Augustus 

Caesar). Consulship of Cicero. Catiline’s conspiracy. Annexation of Syria. 
60 First Triumvirate of Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus. 

59 Consulship of Caesar. 


INTRODUCTION 


9 


58 Cicero exiled. Caesar begins conquest of Gaul. Vergil is sent to school at 
Cremona. 

57 Cicero recalled. 

56 Conference of Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey at Luca, and renewal of the First 
Triumvirate. 

55 Vergil assumes the toga virllis. Death of Lucretius. 

Second consulship of Pompey and Crassus. Caesar invades Britain. 

54 Vergil attends college at Milan. Death of Catullus. 

53 Vergil attends the university at Rome, taking special courses in philosophy 
and literature. The Parthians defeat and kill Crassus at Carrhae, capturing 
the Roman standards. 

52 Revolt of Vercingetorix. 

Pompey sole consul. Cicero’s speech Pro Milone. 

51 Cicero proconsul of Cilicia. 

49 Caesar confers Roman citizenship on the inhabitants of Gallia Transpadana. 

49-46 Civil war between Caesar and the senatorial faction led by Pompey. 

48 Battle of Pharsalia: Caesar defeats Pompey and the senatorial faction. 

48-47 The Alexandrine war. 

47 War with Pharnaces. 

46 Battle of Thapsus. 

45 Battle of Munda, marking the final overthrow of the senatorial faction. 

44 Assassination of Julius Caesar. 

44-43 War at Mutina. Cicero’s Philippics. 

43 Octavian consul. Second Triumvirate composed of Antony, Octavian, and 
Lepidus. Assassination of Cicero. Birth of Ovid. Vergil begins the com¬ 
position of the Eclogues. 

42 Battle of Philippi. Overthrow of Brutus and Cassius. 

41 War at Perusia. Confiscations of the Triumvirs. Vergil’s farm lost; his 
friendship with Maecenas. 

40 Consulship of Asinius Pollio. Treaty of Brundisium. Octavian compensates 
Vergil for the loss of his farm. 

39 Treaty of Misenum. Vergil introduces Horace to Maecenas. 

38 Vergil and Horace accompany Maecenas to Brundisium. 

37 Vergil publishes his Eclogues (Bucolics), and begins work on his Georgies. 
Treaty of Tarentum. Second Triumvirate renewed. Phraates becomes king 
of Parthia. 

36 Defeat of Sextus Pompey. Lepidus deposed as Triumvir. Parthian War. 

33 Phraates attacks Media and Armenia. 

31 Battle of Actium: Octavian completely overthrows Antony and Cleopatra. 
Octavian visits the East. 

30 Death of Antony and Cleopatra. Annexation of Egypt. Settlement of the 
East by Octavian. 

29 The Georgies published. The Aeneid begun. Octavian returns from the East 
and celebrates a triple triumph. The temple of Janus closed. 

27 The titles of Princeps and Augustus conferred by the senate upon Octavian, 
who is henceforth known as Augustus Caesar. Death of Gallus. 

26 Augustus in Spain. He corresponds with Vergil. 

25 Annexation of Galatia. Propertius’ Cynthia. 

23 Death of Marcellus. Vergil recites portions of the Aeneid before Augustus 
and Octavia. Horace publishes the first three books of his Odes. 

20 Expedition of Augustus to the East. The Parthians restore to the Romans the 
standards captured from Crassus at Carrhae in 53. 

19 Vergil goes to Greece, returns with Augustus, and dies at Brundisium. Death 
of Tibullus. Horace publishes the first book of his Epistles. 


10 


THE AENEID 


25. Bibliography of Vergil 

The following books will be found helpful and desirable in the 
library of any high school where Vergil is being studied: 

Harper’s Classical Dictionary. American Book. 

Harper’s Latin Dictionary. American Book. 

Glover’s Virgil. Macmillan. 

Wetmore’s Index Vergilianus. Yale University Press. 

Prescott’s Development of Vergil's Art. University of Chicago Press. 

Gayley’s Classic Myths. Ginn. 

Sellar’s Roman Poets of the Augustan Age; Virgil. Oxford University Press. 

The article on Virgil in the Encyclopedia Britannica, or in any other good encyclo¬ 
pedia. 

Conington’s Works of Virgil, with commentary, in three volumes. George Bell & 
Sons, London. 

Tyrrell’s Latin Poetry. Ginn. 

Some one or more good histories of Rome, such as that of Boak (Macmillan) or 
that of Frank (Holt). 

Comparetti’s Vergil in the Middle Ages. Macmillan. 

Mackail’s Vergil and his Meaning for the World of Today. Longmans, Green. 

The following verse translations may be recommended: Dryden, 
Conington, William Morris, Rhoades, Billson, E. Fairfax Taylor, 
T. C. Williams, Ballard. 

The following books are very desirable for those who read German: 

Norden, Das sechste Buch der Aeneis. 

Heinze, Virgils epische Technik. 

The edition of Servius’s Latin Commentary on Vergil (edited by 
Thilo and Hagen) is indispensable for any thorough understanding 
of Vergil’s poems and should be in the hands of every one who wishes 
to do any scholarly work in this field. 


GENERAL DIRECTIONS 

This book, with its visible vocabulary system, is so arranged 
that the complete vocabulary of any given passage is constantly 
before the reader. 

In beginning the work of a given lesson, the student should open 
the book at the passage to be studied, and unfold the extensible sheet 
at the back of the book. 

The reader will find two varieties of type employed in the Latin 
text, roman (ordinary light-faced) and italics. Words printed in 
roman type in the text are to be found in the vocabulary at the 
foot of a given page. Those printed in italics in the text will be 
found on the extensible sheet at the back of the book. The list 
of the italicized words of the text, which represent the most common 
words in the author, should be mastered as early as possible. 

A dagger (f) after a word in the vocabulary indicates the first 
appearance of this word in the work of the author being studied; 
an asterisk (*) after a word in the vocabulary indicates that it appears 
ten times or more in the work which is being read. Teachers who wish 
to give special vocabulary drills will find in the list at the back of the 
book and in the words followed by an asterisk perhaps the most 
valuable and the least wasteful of any material which may be 
available for their purpose. 

This book may be employed with good results in a variety of 
ways, a few of which are here suggested as possibilities: 

(1) It may be used as any other Latin text is commonly studied; 
that is, the teacher may assign a definite amount of work at each 
recitation, and the students may prepare this assignment and re¬ 
cite on it at the next meeting of the class. This is probably the 
least desirable method of studying any language. 

(2) A much better method is to spend at least half of the reci¬ 
tation period in sight reading. The students should begin by quickly 
looking over the words followed by a dagger (f) in the vocabulary 
at the bottom of each page, and then be prepared to read. The 
teacher should never translate for them, but should give them an 
occasional hint or a question with respect to a form or a construc¬ 
tion, and should make very brief comments on points that may 
appear obscure. In this way the students should usually cover the 
advanced lesson in class, so that their additional preparation would 

11 


12 


THE AENEID 


primarily consist in a review or elaboration of the work already done 
in class under the direction of the teacher. 

(3) A still more satisfactory method is, however, to arrange 
for twice as much time for class meeting as has been customary. 
The whole of this time should be spent working on the text un¬ 
der the direct supervision of the teacher, and should be devoted 
primarily to sight reading. The work of the students outside the 
class meeting should consist in a limited amount of supplementary 
reading and in a continual review of the grammar, both forms and 
syntax, as found in the grammatical appendix of this book. Since 
little or no outside preparation would be required, such a course 
should have no more credit than the ordinary type which meets 
the customary number of hours a week. Schools which can arrange 
their schedule on this basis will find their students making much 
more satisfactory progress and developing much more enthusiasm 
for their work. 

Note to the Student: For the meaning of the signs and abbreviations see 
page 14. The Latin dedication on page iii may be translated: With pleasure the 
author dedicates this little hook to the divine spirit of the prophet-poet Vergil in ap¬ 
preciation of his worth. 










SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS 


abl. = ablative 
abs. = absolute 

acc. = accusative 
act. = active 
adj. = adjective 

adv. = adverb, adverbial 
advers. = adversative 
App. = the Grammatical Appendix in 
this book 

appos. = apposition, appositive 

asynd. = asyndeton 

cf. = Latin confer, i.e. compare 

char. = characteristic 

coll. = collective 

compar. = comparative 

condit. = condition, conditional 

conj. = conjunction 

constr. = construction 

dat. = dative 

dem. = demonstrative 

dep. = deponent 

dim. = diminutive 

e.g. = Latin exempli gratia, i.e. for example 

esp. = especial, especially 

/., fern. = feminine 

fig. = figurative, figuratively 

freq. = frequentative 

fut. = future 

gen. = genitive 

hist. = historical 

i.e. = Latin id est, that is 

imp. = imperative 

imperf. = imperfect 

impers. = impersonal, impersonally 

indecl. = indeclinable 

indef. = indefinite 

indie. = indicative 

indir. = indirect 

inf. = infinitive 


instr. — instrumental 
interj. = interjection 
interrog. = interrogative 
intr. = intransitive 

Introd. = the Introduction of this book 

l. = line; ll. = lines 
lit. = literal, literally 
loc. = locative 

m. , masc. = masculine 

n. y neut. = neuter 
neg. = negative 
nom. = nominative 
num. = numeral 

obj. = object, objective 

opt. = optative 

part. = participle, partitive 

pass. = passive 

perf. = perfect 

pers. = personal 

pi. = plural 

pluperf. = pluperfect 

poss. = possessive 

pred. = predicate 

prep. = preposition 

pres. = present 

pron. = pronoun 

ref. = reference 

reflex. = reflexive 

rel. = relative 

sc. = Latin scilicet, i.e. supply , understand 

sing. = singular 

spec. = specification 

subj. = subject, subjective, subjunctive 

subst. = substantive 

sup. = superlative 

temp. = temporal 

tr. = transitive, transitively 

voc. = vocative 

vol. = volitive 


* the asterisk in the vocabulary shows that the Latin word appears ten or more 
times in Books I-VI of the Aeneid. 

t the dagger in the vocabulary indicates the first appearance of the Latin word in 
Books I-VI of the Aeneid. 

(1), this numeral after a Latin word in the vocabulary indicates that the word is a 
verb of the first conjugation and is to be inflected as amo, are, avl, &tus, love , cherish. 

All Latin words in the notes and vocabularies are in bold face type. All definitions 
in the vocabularies are in roman (light face). All translations in the notes are in italics. 
All explanatory matter in the vocabularies is in italics. 


14 


THE AENEID 


BOOK I 

ARM A virumque cano, Trojae qui 'primus ab oris 
Italiam fdtd profugus Lavinagwe venit 
litora —• multum ille et terris jactatus et alto 
vi superum, saevae memorem Junonis ob iram, 


altum, I n. the deep (sea)f 

cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), chant, 
proclaim f* 

jacto (1) toss, buffetf* 

Lavin(i)us, a, um Lavinian, of Lavinium t 


memor, oris mindful, remembering, un¬ 
forgetting f* 

ob on account of (acc.)t 
profugus, a, um exiled, fugitivef 
saevus, a, um cruel, stern, fiercef* 


1-7. The theme of the poem, namely, 
the wanderings and wars of Aeneas, who 
after many struggles laid the foundation 
for the greatness of future Rome, in ac¬ 
cordance with the decrees of fate. 

From the more extended introduction 
to the poem (lines 1-33) we learn: (1) the 
plan of the poet to describe the adven¬ 
tures of his hero, as is done in the Odyssey , 
and to depict wars and battles, as does 
the Iliad; (2) the deep religious convic¬ 
tion of the author, for whom the gods 
rule over all mortal affairs; (3) the 
national pride of the poet, found in his 
choice of material, and which later comes 
to its clearest expression in 1. 33. 

1. Arma virumque: the theme of the 
Aeneid; arma stands by metonymy for 
deeds of arms , wars , referring to the wars 
in which Aeneas engaged, both in Troy 
and in Italy; virum refers to Aeneas, so 
well known that he is not mentioned by 
name until 1. 92. Trojae: with the first 
syllable long by position; App. 6, b. qui 
primus ab oris Trojae (ad) Italiam venit. 
This refers to Aeneas as the first of the 
Trojans to come to Italy after their 
native city Troy had been captured, 
sacked, and destroyed by the Greeks in 
the Trojan war. Strictly speaking, the 
Trojan An tenor had preceded him, but 
Antenor’s arrival was of no great conse¬ 
quence and did not have the far-reaching 


results that the coming of Aeneas had. 
Compare the discovery of America by 
Leif Ericson with that by Columbus. 

2-3. (ad, in) Italiam, (ad, in) litora: 
acc. of place to which; App. 315. fato: 
abl. of means or cause; App. 331, 332; 
“ such was the will of heaven.” Lavin(i)a: 
of Lavinium , an ancient city on the west¬ 
ern coast of Italy, near the spot where 
Rome was later founded. Lavinium was 
reputed to have been the first Trojan 
settlement in Italy and to have been 
named for Lavinia, an Italian princess 
whom Aeneas married. Lavinia was 
the daughter of Latinus, king of the 
Latins. 

3. multum: with adverbial force, 
modifying jactatus. ille: Aeneas, the 
virum of 1 . 1 . (in) terris, et (in) alto: 
abl. of place where; App. 319. jactatus 
(est). 

4. vi: abl. of cause or means; App. 
331, 332. superum = superorum, gen. pi., 
of the gods above, memorem: a trans¬ 
ferred epithet, logically belonging to 
Junonis, but poetically applied to iram. 
saevae memorem Junonis ob iram: an 
example of what is known as “ interlocked 
order,” saevae modifying Junonis, and 
memorem modifying iram. This order 
is often found in Latin poetry. Junonis 
ob iram: the reasons for Juno’s hatred of 
Aeneas and the Trojans are given by Vergil 
in 11. 12-28. 


Before beginning work read the General Directions, page 11. 

15 


\ 




16 


THE AENEID, 5-12 


5 multa quoque et hello passus, dum conderet urbem 

inferret que deos Latio — genus unde Latinum 
Albanigue patres atque altae moenia Romae. 

Musa, mihl causas memora, quo numine laeso 
quidve dolens reglna deurn tot volvere casus 
10 insignem pietate virum, tot adire labdres 

impulerit. Tantaene animls caelestibus irae? 

Urbs antlqua fuit (Tyril tenuere colon!) 


adeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus approach, en¬ 
counter! 

Albanus, a, um Alban, of Alba Longa in 
central Italy, mother city of Rome! 
caelestis, e divine, heavenly! 
causa, ae /. reason, cause!* 
colonus, i m. colonist, settler! 
condo, ere, didi, ditus found, establish!* 
doled, ere, ui, itus suffer, grieve (at), be 
angry (at, with), resent! 
impello, ere, pull, pulsus strike (against), 
drive, force! 

infero, ferre, tuli, latus bring (into)! 
insignis, e distinguished, marked, splen¬ 
did!* 


laedo, ere, si, sus strike, hurt, offend, 
thwart! 

Latinus, a, um Latin, of Latium! 

Latium, (i)i n. district of central Italy 
around Rome!* 

memoro (1) (re)call, recount, relate!* 

Musa, ae /. Muse, goddess of the liberal 
arts! 

patior, i, passus suffer, endure!* 

pietas, atis /. loyalty, devotion, sense of 
duty!* 

quoque also!* 

Roma, ae /. Rome, a city and empire! 

tot so many!* 

unde whence, from which source!* 


5-6. conderet, inferret: purpose; App. 
374. 

5. urbem: Lavinium. passus (est 
Aeneas), (in) bello: abl. of place; App. 
319; referring to the enemies whom he 
had to conquer after landing in Italy, 
multa: cognate accusative with passus; 
App. 307, 313. 

6. inferret deos: App. 374; in antiq¬ 
uity migrating peoples regularly carried 
with them their gods, either as images or 
other sacred symbols; see 11. 68 and 378. 
Latio: dat. of direction = ad (in) Latium; 
App. 306. unde genus Latinum (est): 
Roman legends traced the origin of the 
Latin race, of the kingdom of Alba Longa 
(forerunner of Rome), and of the found¬ 
ing of Rome, back to the coming of the 
Trojans under Aeneas to Italy. 

7. (unde) Albani patres (sunt): in 
Roman times many of the noble senatorial 
families took much pride in tracing their 
ancestry back to Troy, through the great 
families of Alba Longa, patres: with 
the first syllable short; App. 17. altae: 
may refer either to position, situated on 
the {seven) high hills , or to the power and 
prestige of lofty {mighty) Rome. 

8-11. Invocation of the Muse. 

8. Musa: it is the custom of epic poets 
to invoke the muse for inspiration and to 


assign to some such divine source the 
gift of being able to compose their poems, 
mihl: this word in poetry may have the 
final i either long or short. The same is 
true of tibi, sibi, ubi, and ibi. quo numine 
(Junonis) laeso: abl. abs. or abl. of 
cause; App. 332, 343. 

9. quidve dolens: or vexed at what . 
regina de(or)um: Juno as Jupiter’s wife 
was queen of the gods, casus: object of 
volvere. 

10. virum = Aenean, subject of vol¬ 
vere, which depends upon impulerit. 
pietate: dependent on insignem; the 
most prominent characteristic of Aeneas 
was his pietks, loyalty or devotion to 
duty . 

11. impulerit: subj. in indir. quest.; 
App. 349, 350. Tantaene = suntne tan- 
tae irae caelestibus animis? animis: dat. 
of possession; App. 299. irae: poetic 
plural, often employed in Latin where 
English would ordinarily use the singular. 

12-33. Reasons for the wrath of Juno 
against Aeneas and the Trojans. 

12. Urbs antiqua fuit: according to 
the tradition which Vergil here follows. 
Carthage was in fact founded some four 
hundred years later than the traditional 
date of the fall of Troy, 1184 b.c. 
Tyrii: from Tyre f a city of Phoenicia, 




BOOK I, 13-20 


17 


Karthago, Italiam contra Tiberinague longe 

ostia, dives opum studiisg'we asperrima belli; 

quam Juno fertur terns magis omnibus unam 15 

posthabita coluisse Samo: hie illius arma, 

hie currus fuit; hoc regnum dea gentibus esse, 

si qua fata sinant, jam turn tenditque fovet que. 

Progeniem sed enim Trojan 5 a sanguine duci 

audierat Tgrids olim quae verteret arces; 20 


asper, era, erum harsh, rough, fierce!* 
colo, ere, ul, cultus cultivate, dwe.ll (in), 
honor, cherish t* 
contra opposite, facing (acc.)t* 
currus, us m. chariot, car!* 
di(ve)s, di(vi)tis rich, wealthy (gen.)f 
enim for, indeed, in truthf* 
foveo, ere, fovi, fotus cherish, fondle! 
Karthago, inis /. Carthage, great com¬ 
mercial city in North Africa, rival of 
Rome! 

longe far (off), at a distance!* 

magis more, rather!* 

olim (at) some time, once!* 


ops, opis/. help, resources, power, wealth!* 
ostium, (i)i n. mouth, entrance! 
posthabeo, ere, ui, itus place after, esteem 
less! 

progenies, ei /. offspring, race! 
qua in any (some) way, where! 

Samos, if. island of the Aegean, center of 
the worship of Juno! 
sino, ere, sivi, situs permit, allow!* 
studium, (i)I n. zeal, desire, pursuit! 
Tiberinus, a, um of the Tiber, an Italian 
river on which Rome is situated! 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy!* 
verto, ere, i, rsus (over)turn, change!* 


whence Carthage was said to have been 
settled. The Phoenicians were the great 
traders of their time, and Carthage on the 
northern shore of Africa midway on the 
Mediterranean occupied a strategic po¬ 
sition for controlling the commerce of 
these regions, tenuere: shorter form for 
tenuerunt; App. 204, 4. 

13. longe: modifying contra, which 
governs both Italiam and Tiberina 
ostia. 

14. ostia: see note on irae, 1. 11. The 
general expression, Italiam, is followed 
by the more specific Tiberina ostia for 
the sake of greater clearness and vividness, 
opum: gen. with the adjective dives, 
rich in resources; App. 287. studiis: abl. 
of respect, depends on asperrima; App. 
325. This phrase would remind the 
Romans of their bitter struggles with 
Carthage in the three Punic Wars. 

15. quam: refers to urbs, 1. 12, and 
is object of coluisse. fertur: is said , a 
common meaning. terris omnibus = 
terris aliis; terris is abl. with compar¬ 
ative magis; App. 327. unam = solam, 
as often. 

16. posthabita Samo: abl. abs.; App. 
343. Juno greatly loved Samos, an 
island off the western coast of Asia 
Minor. According to the myth, the 
goddess had been reared in Samos, had 
married Jupiter there, and one of her 


temples, one of the most famous in 
the world, was situated there. Samo: the 
final vowel is not elided, although the 
following word begins with an h. This 
failure to elide is called hiatus; App. 399. 
illius (Junonis): the i of the genitive 
ending of the nine pronouns and adjec¬ 
tives ending in ius is usually long, but 
often short in poetry as here, arma (fu- 
erunt): doubtless refers to ancient arms, 
chariot, and other relics preserved in 
Juno’s temple at Samos. 

16-17. hie, hie, hoc: repeated for em¬ 
phasis; this repetition is called anaph¬ 
ora; App. 413. hoc: refers to urbs 1. 
12, but is attracted to the case of the 
predicate noun regnum, the ruling power . 
Juno dea jam turn tenditque fovetque 
hanc urbem (Karthaginem) esse regnum 
omnibus gentibus, sed fata voluerunt 
Romam esse hoc regnum. gentibus: dat. 
of reference; App. 301. 

18. qua (via): abl. of manner; qua h 
an indef. pron. fata: the power of the 
fates was greater even than that of the 
gods. 

19. Progeniem: the Romans, duel: 
was being derived , indir. disc.; App. 390; 
depends on audi(v)erat (1. 20), of which 
Juno is the subject understood. 

20. Tyrias arces = Karthaginem. 
verteret: subj. of characteristic; App. 
389, or rel. clause of purpose; App. 388. 





18 


THE AENEID, 21-28 


hinc populum late regem belloque superbum 
venturum excidio Libyae: sic volvere Parcas. 

Id metuens veterisgue memor Saturnia belli, 
prlma quod ad Trojam pr 5 carls gesserat Argis 
25 (necdum etiam causae Irarum saevl que dolores 

exciderant animo; manet altd mente repostum 
judicium Paridis spretaegwe injuria formae 
et genus invisum et rapt! Ganymedis honores) — 


Argi, orum m. Argos, a city in Greece, 
center of the worship of Juno; Greece! 
carus, a, um dear, fond, belovedf* 
causa, ae /. reason, cause* 
dolor, oris m. pain, grief, anger, pas¬ 
sion f* 

etiam besides, also, event* 
excidium, (i)I n. destruction, overthrowf 
excido, ere, I fall from, perish! 
forma, ae /. beauty, shape, formf* 
Ganymedes, is ra. son of Laomedon, 
king of Troy; carried off by Jupiter’s 
eagle and made cupbearer to the godst 
gero, ere, gessl, gestus carry (on), wagef* 
injuria, ae /. wrong, insult, injustice! 
invisus, a, um hated, hateful, odiousf 
judicium, (i)I n. decision, judgmentf 
late widely, far and widef 
Libya, ae /. region of North Africaf* 


memor, oris remembering, mindful, un¬ 
forgetting (g en.)* 
metuo, ere, ui fear, dreadt 
necdum not yet, nor yetf 
Parcae, arum /. the Fatesf 
Paris, idis m . Trojan prince, son of 
Priam, eloped with Helen and thus 
caused the Trojan Warf 
populus, l ra. people, nationf* 
pro before, for, in behalf of (abl.) t* 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch (up), plunderf* 
repono, ere, posui, pos(i)tus put (back, 
away), store upf* 
saevus, a, um cruel, stern, fierce* 
Saturnia, ae /. Juno, daughter of Saturn, 
father of the godst 

sperno, ere, sprevi, spretus despise, reject! 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty!* 
vetus, eris old, former, ancient!* 


21. hinc: a Trojano sanguine, or ab hac 
progenie. populum: subj. of venturum 
(esse) (1. 22), an inf. in indir. disc., de¬ 
pending on audierat; App. 390. regem: 
used like a participle (regnantem) here, 
and modified by late, bello: abl. of 
respect, depending on superbum; App. 
325. 

22. excidio: dat. of purpose; App. 303; 
for the destruction . Libyae: for Africae, 
meaning especially Karthagini. Parcas = 
fata: subject of volvere. The Parcae 
were represented as three sisters, Clotho 
0 Spinner ), who spun the thread of life for 
each mortal; Lachesis ( Measurer ), who 
measured the thread; and Atropos ( In¬ 
evitable ), who cut the thread when any 
one had reached his allotted days. 

“ Somewhere on an unknown shore, 
Where the rivers of life their waters pour, 
Sit three sisters forevermore, 

Spinning a silver thread.” 

sic (Juno audiverat) Parcas volvere. 

23. Id: the destined supremacy of 
Rome and overthrow of Carthage (11. 
19-22). metuens: modifies Saturnia 
(Juno) and has Id as object. Saturnia: 


Saturn’s daughter , subject of arcebat. 
veteris belli: the Trojan War. 

24. prima: (as) chief , leader , foremost , 
modifies ea (understood), which refers 
to Juno. The goddess had taken a leading 
part in assisting the Greeks against the 
Trojans. The reasons for her hatred of 
the Trojans are given in 11. 27-28. See 
also Introd. 10. caris Argis: Argos, a 
noted center of the worship of Juno, 
stands here for all Greece and the Greeks. 

25. irarum: poetic plural; see note on 
irae (1. 11). 

26. (ex) animo: abl. of separation; 
App. 340. (in) alta mente: abl. of place 
where, in her deep mind , i.e., deep in 
her mind; App. 319. repos(i)turn: the 
longer form, with its three successive 
short syllables ( w w w ), could not be used 
in hexameter verse. 

27. judicium Paridis: refers to the 
famous Judgment of Paris. Read Tenny¬ 
son’s Oenone and see Introd. 10 for the 
story, spretae formae: appositional gen. 
with injuria; App. 281; the insult to 
her slighted beauty , shown by the adverse 
decision of Paris. 

28. genus invisum: Juno hated the 





A Linar i t Rome 


The Parcae 


Michelangelo 





Alinari , Rome 


Juno 


Vatican Museum 












BOOK I, 29-35 


19 


his accensa super jactatos aequore toto 

Troas, relliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilll, 30 

arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos 

errdbant acti fatls maria omnia circum. 

Tantae rrolis erat Romanam condere gentem. 

Vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum 
vela dabant laeti et spumas salis aere ruebant, 35 


accendo, ere, I, ensus inflame, enragef 
Achilles, is (i) m. Greek leader before 
Troyf* 

aes, aeris n. bronzef* 
altum, 1 n. the deep (sea) 
annus, 1 ra. yearf* 

arceS, ere, ui keep off, defend, restraint 

condo, ere, didl, ditus found, estab¬ 
lish* 

conspectus, us m, sight, viewf 
immitis, e fierce, cruelf 
jacto (1) toss, buffet* 


Latium, (i)I n. district of central Italy 
around Rome* 
longe far (off), afar* 
moles, is /. mass, burden, difficulty!* 
re(l)liquiae, arum /. rest, remnant(s), 
leaving(s)f 

Romanus, a, um of Rome, Romanf* 
sal, salis n. (m.) salt (water), seaf 
Siculus, a, um Sicilian, of Sicily, a large 
island south of Italyf 
spuma, ae /. foam, froth, sprayf 
Tros, Trois ra. Trojanf* 


whole Trojan race, partly because of 
Paris, but also because Dardanus, the 
founder of the Trojans, was the son of 
Electra, her hated rival. Ganymedis: a 
royal Trojan youth, brother of Priam, 
snatched up (rapt!) by an eagle into 
heaven, where he was beloved by Jupiter, 
who made him his cupbearer, instead of 
Juno’s own daughter, Hebe. 

29. his: abl. of means or cause; App. 
331, 332; dependent on accensa, and re¬ 
ferring to the three chief causes of Juno’s 
hatred which have just been mentioned 
in 11. 26-28. accensa (Juno), super: ad¬ 
verb, too , also , i.e., in addition to her 
fears for Carthage, (in) aequore toto: 
abl. of place where; App. 319. 

30. Troas: a Greek form; acc. pi. of 
Tros. re(l)liquias: sometimes spelled 
with 11, as here, making the first syllable 
long so that the word may be used in 
hexameter verse. Dana(or)um, Achilll: 
subjective genitives, the leavings {rem¬ 
nants) of the Greeks and of Achilles , i.e., 
those Trojans whom the Greeks and 
Achilles had allowed to escape. 

31. arcebat: the imperfect of con¬ 
tinued action; App. 351, 2. (a) Latio: 

separation; App. 340. longe Latio: note 
the repetition of the letter 1; such a 
repetition is called alliteration; App. 411. 
Alliteration, or the recurrence of the 
same sounds in successive syllables or 
words, is found in all languages, especially 
in early verse. It is a special character¬ 
istic of early Germanic poetry, nearly all 
Old English verse being alliterative. 


32. (Troes) errabant. fatls: abl. of 
means, act!: participle of ago, modifies 
Troes understood, maria omnia circum: 
in poetry the preposition is often placed 
after its noun, as here. This is called 
anastrophe; App. 414. 

33. Tantae molis: gen. of quality in 
the predicate; App. 285, a.; of so great 
effort was it. This line, summarizing the 
preceding lines, forms a powerful and 
effective close to this first section of the 
Aeneid and serves as a general intro¬ 
duction to the whole poem. 

34-49. Aeneas and the Trojans set 
sail from Sicily for Italy, as they hope, 
happy at the prospect of the end of their 
wanderings. Bitter soliloquy of Juno, 
who chafes at the apparent failure of her 
plans to keep Aeneas and the Trojans 
from reaching Italy. 

34. The reader is now plunged in 
medias res: “into the midst of the ac¬ 
tion,” and we are abruptly introduced 
to Aeneas and his followers sailing away 
from the coast of Sicily. They have now 
been wandering for seven years since the 
destruction of Troy, their native city. 
These earlier events (the fall of Troy and 
their seven years of wandering) are later 
on narrated by Aeneas to Dido (Books 
II and III). 

35. laeti (Troes): subject of dabant. 
spumas salis aere ruebant: note the 
alliteration; App. 411. aere: the prows 
of the ships were sheathed with bronze. 





20 


THE AENEID, 36-44 


cum Juno aeternum servdns sub pedore vulnus 
haec secum: “ Mene incepto desistere victam 
nec posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem f 
Quippe vetor fatis. Pallas ne exurere classem 
40 Arglvum atque ipsos potuit summergere ponto 

unius ob noxam et furias Ajacis Oilei? 

Ipsa Jovis rapidum jaculata e nubibus ignem 
disjecitgue rates evertit que aequora ventis, 
ilium exsplrantem transfixo pedore flammas 


aeternus, a, um eternal, everlasting!* 
Ajax, acis m. Greek leader, who in the 
sack of Troy had torn Priam’s daughter, 
Cassandra, from the sanctuary of 
Miner vaf* 

Argivus, a, um Argive, Greekf 
averto, ere, i, rsus keep off, turn asidef* 
desisto, ere, stiti, stitus cease (from), de¬ 
sist f 

disjicio, ere, jeci, jectus scatter, dis¬ 
perse f 

everto, ere, I, rsus (over)turnt 
exspiro (1) breathe out, exhalef 
exuro, ere, ussi, ustus burn (up)t 
furiae, arum /. madness, ragef 
inceptum, i n. beginning, undertaking, 
purposef 


jaculor, ari, atus hurl, throwf 
noxa, ae /. crime, fault, hurt, harmf 
nubes, is /. cloud, mist, fog!* 
ob on account of ( acc.) 

Oileus, ei m. Greek king, father of Ajaxf 
Pallas, adis /. Minerva, goddess of wisdom 
and the artsf 
pontus, i m. seaf* 

quippe truly, indeed, surely, forsootht 
rapidus, a, um swift, whirling, consum- 
ingf* 

ratis, is /. raft, ship!* 
summergo (subm-), ere, rsi, rsus sink, 
drownf 

transfigo, ere, xi, xus pierce, transfix! 
veto, are, ui, itus forbid, prevent! 
vulnus, eris n. wound, blow!* 


36- 37. Juno . . . haec (dixit). 

36. aeternum vulnus: the causes of 
this anger have been given above: her 
fear for Carthage, the Judgment of Paris, 
etc. sub pectore: deep in her heart. 

37. secum = cum se; App. 321, a. 
me: subj. of desistere. Mene: -ne is the 
interrogative particle appended to the 
pronoun, me. 

37- 38: desistere . . . nec posse: in¬ 
finitives, in an exclamatory question; I 
beaten desist from my undertaking and not 
be able , etc.; App. 262. (ab) incepto: abl. 
of separation; App. 340. victam: from 
vinco; it modifies me. 

38. (ab) Italia: abl. of separation; 
App. 340. Teucrorum: the Trojans are 
often referred to as Teucri, a name de¬ 
rived from Teucer, one of the founders of 
the Trojan race. 

39. Quippe vetor: ironical, fatis: abl. 
of means; App. 331. -ne= nonne. Pallas 
(Athena): Minerva. 

40. Argivum: Argivorum; App. 37, d. 
ips6s: ( the masters) themselves , i.e., the 
Argives, as contrasted with classem. 
Ipse often means the master , the one of 
most importance in a situation, as con¬ 
trasted with persons or things of less 


importance, ponto: abl. of place where; 
App. 319, or means; App. 331. 

41. unius Ajacis Oilei: a whole fleet 
was destroyed on account of one man. 
For the short i in unius see the note on 
illius (1. 16). ob noxam et furias: Ajax, 
son of Oileus, had desecrated the temple 
of Minerva during the sack of Troy, when 
before the very altar of the sanctuary he 
had seized Cassandra, daughter of Priam 
and priestess of Minerva. Enraged at 
such rash irreverence, Minerva later 
sank the ship of Ajax and destroyed him 
with lightning. Ajacis Oilei: of Ajax 
(son) of Oileus. Observe that the A forms 
a long syllable by position; App. 6, b ., and 
that -ei of Oilei is here read as one syllable 
by synizesis; App. 403. This Ajax was 
less renowned than the other Ajax, son 
of Telamon. 

42. Ipsa: (the goddess , Minerva) in 
person. She was the only divinity, ex¬ 
cept Jupiter, who might hurl the light¬ 
ning. Jovis ignem: lightning. 

43. -que . . . -que: both . . . and; 
polysyndeton; App. 439. 

44. ilium (Ajacem): with emphatic 
first position, which contrasts it with the 
ships and the sea previously mentioned. 




BOOK I, 45-54 


21 


turbine corripuit scopulogwe infixit acuto; 45 

ast ego, quae dlvum incedo regina Jovisque 
et soror et conjunx, una cum gente tot annos 
bella gero. Et quisquam numen Junonis adorat 
praeterea aut supplex arts imponet honorem?” 

Tdlia flammato secum dea corde volutans 50 

nimborum in patriam, loca feta furentibus Austris, 

Aeoliam venit. Hie vasto rex Aeolus antro 
luctantis ventos tempestatesgwe sonoras ^ 
impend premit ac vinclis et carcere frenat. 


acutus, a, um sharp, pointedf 
adoro (1) worship, adore, honorf 
Aeolia, ae /. one of the Liparian Islands 
near Sicily t 

Aeolus, I m. god of the windsf 
annus, l m. year* 
antrum, I n. cave, cavernf* 

Auster, tri m. (south) windf* 
career, eris m. prison, inclosuref 
cor, cordis n. heart, spirit, feelingst* 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)f* 
fetus, a, um teeming, pregnantf 
flammo (1) inflame, kindlef 
freno (1) curb, check, restraint 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus carry (on), wage* 
impono, ere, posui, positus place on 
(dat.) t* 

incedo, ere, cessi, cessus walk (proudly), 
stride t 


(ex) pectore: abl. of separation; App. 
340. 

45. turbine: abl. of means; App. 331. 
(Pallas) corripuit. scopulo: dat. with 
compound infixit; or abl. of place where, 
as infigo may take either construction; 
App. 298, 319. 

46. ego: with proud self-consciousness 
and in contrast with Minerva; ego is never 
expressed unless emphatic. div(or)um: 
App. 37, d. 

47. tot annos: acc. of extent (dura¬ 
tion) of time; App. 314; ten years 
around Troy, and now seven more years 
while the Trojans wander. una cum 
gente = cum Teucris. 

48. gero: of past action continued into 
the present; App. 351, 1,6. Et quisquam: 
“ can any one longer respect me, if I show 
myself such a weakling? ” This figure is 
called a rhetorical question . Junonis = 
meum: Juno is speaking, but the use of 
her own name is more picturesque and 
effective than the use of the possessive 
adjective. 

49. supplex: (as a) suppliant, aris: 


infigo, ere, xl, xus fasten on, im- 

palef 

luctor, ari, atus wrestle, strugglef 
nimbus, i m. storm cloud, rainstormf* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, countryf* 
praeterea besides, hereafter 
premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, con¬ 
trol f* 

quisquam, quaequam, quicquam any (one), 

any (thing) f 

scopulus, i m. rock, cliff, cragf* 
sonorus, a, um roaring, howlingf 
soror, oris /. sisterf* 
supplex, icis suppliant, humblef* 
tempestas, atis /. tempest, stormt* 
tot so many* 

turbo, inis m. whirl (wind, pool), stormf 
vinc(u)lum, i n. bond, chainf* 
voluto (1) roll, revolve, ponderf 

dat. with compound; App. 298. hono- 
rem: honor , i.e., an offering which would 
honor Juno. 

50- 80. Juno persuades Aeolus, god 
of the winds, to send forth a storm to 
prevent Aeneas and the Trojans from 
reaching Italy. 

50. Talia: used substantively, as ob¬ 
ject of volutans; such things , i.e., such 
thoughts, (in) flammato corde: abl. of 
place where; App. 319. secum = cum 
se, as in 1. 37; App. 321, a. 

51. patriam: with the first syllable 
short; App. 17. Austris: abl. with feta, 
literally, south winds , but often meaning 
winds in general; App. 433. feta furen¬ 
tibus: note the alliteration; App. 411. 

51- 52. loca . . . Aeoliam: apposition 
with patriam. Hie: adverb, here, (in) 
vasto antro: abl. of place where; App. 319. 

53. luctantis: acc. pi. of an ^-stem. 

54. vinclis: the longer form vinculis 
(—'-'-) could not be used in hexameter, 
imperio, vinc(u)lis, carcere: ablatives of 
means; App. 331. frenat: a picture 




22 


THE AENEID, 55-67 


55 I III indignantes magno cum murmure montis 

circum claustra fremunt; celsa sedet Aeolus arce 
sceptra tenens mollitgwe animos et temperat Iras; 
nl faciat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum 
quippe ferant rapidl secum verrant que per auras. 

60 Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit dtrls 
hoc metuens mblemque et montis Insuper altos 
imposuit, regemque dedit qul foedere certo 
et premere et laxas sciret dare jussus habenas. 

Ad quern turn Juno supplex his vocibus usa est: 

65 “Aeole, namque tibl dlvum pater atque hominum rex 

et mulcere dedit fliictus et tollere vento, 
gens inimica mihl Tyrrhenum navigat aequor 


abdo, ere, didi, ditus put away, hide! 
Aeolus, l m. god of the winds 
celsus, a, um lofty, high, towering!* 
certus, a, um fixed, sure!* 
claustrum, i n. bar(rier), bolt! 
foedus, erisn. agreement, condition, treaty t 
fremo, ere, ui, itus murmur, roar!* 
habena, ae /. reinf 

homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human!* 
impono, ere, posul, positus place upon* 
indignor, ari, atus be angry, chafet 
inimicus, a, um hostile, unfriendly! 
insuper above, besides! 
laxus, a, um loose, free, lax! 
metuo, ere, ui fear, dread 
moles, is /. mass, burden, structure* 
mollio, ire, ivi (ii), itus soothe, tame! 
mulceo, ere, lsi, lsus calm, soothe! 
murmur, uris n. murmur, roar, rumble! 

drawn from managing spirited horses, as 

in 1. 63, premere et dare laxas habenas. 

55. magno cum murmure montis: allit¬ 
eration (m) and onomatopoeia; App. 411, 
434; murmure is abl. of manner; App. 328. 

56. (in) celsa arce: abl. of place, 
apparently a lofty seat within the cave or 
just outside on a mountain top. 

57. sceptra: for the use of the poetic 
plural see the note on irae (1. 11). animos 
(ventorum) et iras (ventorum). 

58. ni (Aeolus id) faciat = ni molliat 
animos (ventorum) et temperet iras 
(eorum); faciat is subj. in a pres, condit. 
contrary to fact; App. 382. 

59. (venti) rapidi: the winds in their 
madness, secum = cum se; App. 321, a. 
ferant, verrant (maria ac terras caelum¬ 
que profundum). 

60. pater omnipotens: Juppiter. (in) 
speluncis atris = antro (1. 52), abl. of 
place where; App. 319. abdidit (illos 
ventos). 


navigo (1) sail, navigate! 
ni, nisi if not, unless!* 
omnipotens, entis almighty, all-powerful! 
premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 
control* 

profundus, a, um deep, high, vast! 
quippe indeed, surely, forsooth 
rapidus, a, um swift, whirling, consuming* 
sceptrum, i n. staff, scepter, power! 
scio, ire, ivi (ii), itus know (how), under¬ 
stand! 

sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit!* 
spelunca, ae /. cave, cavern! 
supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
tempero (1) control, calm, refrain! 
Tyrrhenus, a, um Tyrrhenian, of Etruria, 
a district of northwestern Italy! 
utor, i, usus use, employ (abl.)\ 
verro, ere, i, versus sweep! 

61. hoc: obj. of metuens. molem et 
montis: alliteration; App. 411. montis: 
acc. pi., an f-stem. 

62. regem (Aeolum) imposuit (ventis). 
foedere certo: abl. of manner; App. 328. 

63. premere: object of sciret, would 
know (how) to grasp tightly , so as to draw 
in the reins. For the figure of horseman¬ 
ship see the note on frenat (1. 54). sciret: 
rel. clause of purpose or characteristic; 
App. 388, 389. dare: also obj. of sciret. 
jussus (a Jove): (when) ordered (by 
Jupiter ). 

64. his vocibus: abl. with utor; App. 

342. 

65. Aeole: voc. div(or)um pater atque 
hominum rex: Juppiter. tibi: for the 

length of the final i, see the note on mihi 

( 1 . 8 ). 

66. mulcere, tollere (fluctus): objects 
of dedit, has granted, vento: abl. of 
means; App. 331. 

67. gens inimica mihi: Teucri. Tyr- 




BOOK I, 68-75 


23 


Ilium in Italiam portans victosque penatis: 

incute vim ventls summersasgwe obrue puppis, 

aut age diversos et disjice corpora ponto. 70 

Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore nymphae, 

quarum quae forma pulcherrima, Deiopea, 

conubio jungam stabili propriam^we dicabo, 

omnis ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos 

exigat et pulchra faciat te prole parentem.” 75 


annus, i m. year* 
bis twicef* 

conubium, (i)i n. marriage, wedlock! 
Deiopea, ae /. a nymph! 
dico (1) consecrate, dedicate! 
disjicio, ere, jeci, jectus scatter, disperse 
diversus, a, um scattered, diverse!* 
exigo, ere, egi, actus complete, pass! 
forma, ae /. beauty, shape, form* 

Ilium, (i)i n. Ilium, Troy, a city of 
Asia Minor! 

incutio, ere, cussi, cussus strike (into) 
( dat.)\ 

jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke, 
unite!* 

meritum, i n. desert, merit! 

nympha, ae /. nymph, one of the minor 


divinities of nature represented as 
beautiful maidens dwelling in the 
forests, streams, meadows, mountains, 
etc.! 

obruo, ere, ui, utus overwhelm, crush! 
penates, ium m. household gods !* 
pontus, i m. sea* 
porto (1) carry, bear, bring!* 
praestans, antis surpassing, excellent 
pro before, for ( abl .)* 
proles, is /. offspring, progeny!* 
proprius, a, um one’s own, permanent! 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, hand¬ 
some, illustrious!* 
septem seven! 

stabilis, e firm, lasting, stable! 
summergo (subm-), ere, rsl, rsus sink 


rhenum aequor: that part of the Medi¬ 
terranean west of Italy, east of Corsica 
and Sardinia, and north of Sicily. 

68. Ilium . . . portans victosque pena¬ 
tis: see note on inferret deos (1. 6.). 
They were bearing Ilium in their plan 
to found a new city which should con¬ 
tinue the race and the customs of the 
Ilium (Troy) which had been destroyed. 
The origin of the worship of the penates, 
household gods at Rome, was lost in an¬ 
tiquity; and the Romans explained this 
and other old customs by referring their 
beginnings to Troy, victos: defeated by 
the Greeks in the Trojan War. 

69. incute: imp. vim ventis: allitera¬ 
tion; App. 411. ventis: dat. with a 
compound; App. 298. summersas obrue 
puppis: overwhelm the sunken ships , i.e., 
sink and overwhelm the ships , a good 
example of the figure known as prolepsis , 
or anticipation; App. 440. 

70. age: imp. diversos (Teucros): 
i.e., drive the Trojans in different direc¬ 
tions and scatter their corpses over the 
sea; another example of prolepsis; App. 
440. ponto: abl. of place where; App. 
319. 

71. mihi: dat. of possession; App. 299. 


bis septem: twice seven; more poetic 
than to say simply fourteen, praestanti 
corpore: abl. of quality; App. 330. 

72. forma: abl. of respect; App. 325; 
dependent on pulcherrima. Deiopea: 
nom. by attraction into the case of the rel¬ 
ative pronoun, quae; the accusative would 
be expected, as object of jungam; App. 
242, a. quarum: use the English demon¬ 
strative in translation, and read as though 
you had: Deiopeam, quae (est) earum 
(nympharum) pulcherrima forma, jun¬ 
gam (tibi) stabili conubio et (earn) di¬ 
cabo (tuam) propriam. 

73. conubio: in wedlock , abl. of place 
where or means; App. 319, 331. conubio 
is trisyllabic by synizesis, and pronounced 
as though written conubjo; App. 401. 
jungam (tibi). dicabo (earn) propriam: 
I shall dedicate her ( Deiopea ) to you (as) 
your very own. Juno was goddess of 
marriage. propriam: with the first 
syllable short; App. 17. 

74. tecum = cum te; App. 321, a. 

75. prole: abl. of quality; App. 330, 
or means; App. 331. pulchra prole paren¬ 
tem: alliteration; App. 411. exigat, 
faciat: result or purpose; App. 364, 388. 
parentem = patrem 





24 THE AENEID, 76-85 

Aeolus haec contra: “Tuus, 0 regina, quid optes 
explorare labor; mihi jussa capessere fas est. 

Tu mihi quodcumque hoc regni, tii sceptra Jovemque 
concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divum 
so nimbo'rumgwe fads tempestatumgue potentem.” 

Haec ubi dicta, cavum con versa cuspide montem 
impulit in latus: ac venti velut agmine facto, 
qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant. 
Incubuere marl totumque a sedibus Imis 
85 una Eurusgwe Notus que ruunt creber que procellis 


accumbo, ere, cubul, cubitus recline (at) 
(dat.) t 

Aeolus, i m. god of the winds 
capesso, ere, Ivi, Itus (under) take, per¬ 
form! 

cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted!* 
concilio (1) win over, unite! 
contra opposite, against, in reply 
(acc.)* 

converto, ere, I, rsus turn (around), re¬ 
verse! 

creber, bra, brum frequent, crowded!* 
cuspis, idis /. point, spear! 
epulae, arum /. banquet, feast! 

Eurus, I m. (east) wind! 
exploro (1) examine, search out! 
fas n. indecl. right, divine law, duty!* 
impello, ere, puli, pulsus drive, strike 
(against) 


incumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus lie upon, 

brood over (dat.)t 
jussum, i n. command, order 
latus, eris n. side, flank!* 
nimbus, i m. storm cloud, rainstorm* 
Notus, i m. (south) wind! 
opto (1) desire, choose, hope (for)!* 
perflo (1) blow (over, through)! 
porta, ae /. gate, door, opening!* 
potens, entis powerful, ruling ( gen .)!* 
procella, ae /. blast, gust! 
qua where, in any way 
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque 

whoever, whatever!* 
sceptrum, i n. staff, scepter, power 
tempestas, atis /. tempest, storm; time* 
turbo, inis m. whirl(wind, pool), storm 
una together, at the same time! 
velut(I) (even) as, just as!* 


76. haec (dixit), optes: indir. quest.; 
App. 349. Tuus (est) labor: thine (is) 
the task . Aeolus thus absolves himself 
from responsibility, if his obedience to 
Juno gets him into trouble. 

77. mihi: dat. of reference; App. 301. 
jussa (tua). 

78. quodcumque hoc (est) regni: 

whatever this is (in the way) of a kingdom , 
an expression of modesty, regni: part, 
gen. with quodcumque; App. 286. 
sceptra: for the plural see the note on 
irae (1. 11). Tu: always emphatic, and 
here strengthened by repetition (anaph¬ 
ora); App. 413. 

79. epulis: dat. with compound; App. 
298. The ancient Romans regularly re¬ 
clined at meals. div(or)um: App. 37, d. 
accumbere: object of das, you grant (me) 
the privilege of reclining. As one of the 
lesser gods, Aeolus was dependent upon 
the favor of the more powerful divinities. 

80. facis (me) potentem nimborum 
tempestatumque. 


81-123. Description of the storm which 
wrecks part of the Trojan ships and 
scatters the rest. 

81. ubi haec dicta (sunt ab Aeolo). 

Observe the alliteration; App. 411. 

82. impulit: Aeolus thus opens the 
barriers and lets out the winds, agmine. 
facto: abl. abs.; App. 343; a figure of 
speech drawn from military life. 

83. Observe the alliteration, every 
word but one in this line containing a 
t; App. 411. data (est). turbine: abl. 
of manner; App. 328. 

84. Incubuere = incubuerunt, from 
incumbo. The perfect, after a series of 
presents, denotes rapid or instantaneous 
action; they have fallen upon the sea . 
marl: dat. with compound; App. 298. 
totum (mare): obj. of ruunt, 1 . 85. 

85. ruunt: overturn. Eurus, Notus, 
Africus: all the winds blow at once, and 
in their struggles produce a mighty storm, 
procellis: abl. of respect or means with 




BOOK I, 86-97 


25 


Africus et vastos volvunt ad lltora jluctus: 
insequitiir clamorque virum strldorgwe rudentum. 

Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque 
Teucrorum ex oculis; ponto nox incubat dtra. 

Intonuere poll et crebris micat ignibus aether 90 

praesentemgue virls intentant omnia mortem. 

Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra; 

ingemit et duplicls tendens ad sldera palmas 

talia voce refert: “ 0 ter que quater que beat!, 

quis ante ora patrum_Trojae sub moenibus altis 95 

contigit oppetere! 0 Danaum fortissime gentis 

Tydide! mene Iliads occumbere campis 


aether, eris m. upper air, sky, etherf* 
Africus, i to. (southwest) windf 
beatus, a, um happy, blessedf 
contingo, ere, tigi, tactus touch, be¬ 
fall t* 

creber, bra, brum frequent, crowded* 
duplex, icis double, bothf 
extemplo immediately, forthwith! 
fortis, e strong, brave, valiant!* 
frigus, oris n. cold, chillf 
Iliacus, a, um of Ilium, Trojan!* 
incubo, are, ui (avi), itus (atus) lie upon, 
brood over (dat.) f 
ingemo, ere, ui groanf 
insequor, i, secutus follow, pursue!* 
intento (1) threaten, aim! 
intono, are, ui thunder, roar! 
membrum, i n. limb, member, part!* 
mico, are, ui quiver, flash! 
nubes, is /. cloud, fog, mist* 


occumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus fall (in 

death)f 

oppeto, ere, ivi (ii), itus encounter, meet 
(death)f % 
palma, ae /. palm, hand!* 
polus, i to. pole, sky, heaven! 
pontus, i to. sea* 
praesens, entis present, instant! 
quater four times! 
rudens, entis m. rope, cable! 
solvo, ere, i, solutus relax, loose(n)!* 
stridor, oris m. creaking, grating, whir¬ 
ring! 

subito suddenly!* 
ter thrice, three times!* 

Tydides, ae m. son of Tydeus, Diomedes, 
who fought against Aeneas in single 
combat before Troy and would have 
killed him had not Venus spirited her 
son away! 


creber; App. 325, 331. -que,-que,-que: 
polysyndeton; App. 439. 

86. vastos volvunt: alliteration, em¬ 
ployed very effectively here, as often in 
the Aeneid. 

87 . vir(or)um: Aeneas and the other 
Trojans. -que, -que: polysyndeton; 
App. 439. 

88. diem = lucem diei. -que, -que: 

polysyndeton; App. 439. 

89. ponto: dat. with compound; App. 
298. 

90. Intonuere = intonuerunt; App. 
204, 4. ignibus (Jovis) : lightning, abl. 
of means or manner; App. 328, 331. 

91. viris = Teucrls; dat. of reference; 
App. 301. omnia: used substantively, 
all things, as subj. of intentant. 

92. frigore: chilly fear; the ancient 
heroes were not ashamed to display their 
emotions, and often gave way to terror or 
grief. They weep copiously on occasion, 


and are no more dainty about the shed¬ 
ding of tears than the shedding of blood. 

93. duplicls: acc. pi. of an i-stem; 
the first syllable is short; App. 17. In 
prayer the ancient Greeks and Romans 
extended their hands with the palms up¬ 
ward, ready to accept the blessing. 

94. talia (dicta), beat! (vos) : voca¬ 
tive. 

95. quis ante ora patrum (vestrum) 
sub moenia Trojae contigit oppetere 
(mortem), quis = quibus; App. 109, c; 
observe the quantity of the i; dat. with 
contigit; App. 298. ante ora: where their 
kinsmen and friends might witness their 
glorious deeds and death and might bury 
their bodies, thus giving rest to their 
souls; for the souls of the unburied must 
wander restlessly after death. 

96. oppetere (mortem) : subject of 
contigit. Dana (or) um: App. 37, d. 

97. me: subj. of potuisse. mene 




26 THE AENEID, 98-108 

non potuisse tudque animarn hanc effundere dexira, 
saevhs ubi Aeacidae telo jacet Hector, ubi ingens 
100 Sarpedon, ubi tot Simois correpta sub undls 

scuta virum galeasg'ite et fortia corpora volvit!” 

Talia j actant! stridens Aquilone procella 
velum adversa ferit, fluctusque ad sidera tollit. 
Franguntur remi, turn prora avertit et undis 
105 dat latus, Insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons. 

Hi summo in fluctu pendent; his unda dehiscens 
terram inter jluctus aperit, fur it aestus harems. 

Trls Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet 


abripio, ere, ui, reptus carry off, snatch 
awayf 

adversus, a, um opposite, in front!* 
Aeacides, ae m. descendant of Aeacus, 
Achilles, Greek chieftainf 
aestus, us m. boiling (surge), tide! 
aperio, ire, ui, ertus open, disclose!* 
aqua, ae /. water!* 

Aquilo, onis m. (north) wind! 
averto, ere, i, rsus turn away, avert* 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* 
cumulus, i m. heap, mass! 
dehisco, ere, hivi gape, split, open! 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out!* 
ferio, ire strike, beat! 
fortis, e strong, brave, valiant* 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus break, shat¬ 
ter f* 

galea, ae /. helmetf 
harena, ae /. sand, beach!* 


potuisse: could I not, etc., inf. in an 
exclamatory question; App. 262. Tydide: 
vocative. Aeneas engaged in a disastrous 
duel at Troy with Diomedes and barely 
escaped with his life, being rescued by his 
mother, the goddess Venus, (in) campis: 
abl. of place where; App. 319. occum- 
bere (morti) : complementary infin. with 
potuisse, as is also effundere in 1. 98. 

98. hanc = meam. (tua) dextra (manu): 
abl. of means; App. 331. 

99. telo (ictus) : (slain) by the spear . 
Observe the emphasis obtained by 
anaphora of ubi; App. 413. 

100. Sarpedon (jacet) : an ally of the 
Trojans. Simois . . . volvit. 

101. vir(or)um. correpta sub undis: 
goes with scuta and galeas as well as with 
corpora and refers to the corpses and 
armor of slain warriors swept along by 
(under) the water. 

102. (Aeneae) jactanti: dat. of ref¬ 
erence; App. 301. Talia (dicta): obj. of 


Hector, oris m. leader of the Trojansf* 
insequor, i, secutus follow, pursue* 
jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)!* 
jacto (1) toss, buffet, utter* 
lateo, ere, ui lie hid, hide, lurkf* 
latus, eris n . side, flank* 

Notus, i m . (south) wind 
pendeo, ere, pependi hangf* 
praeruptus, a, um steep, towering! 
procella, ae /. blast, gale 
prora, ae /. prow!* 
saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* 
Sarpedon, onis m. king of Lycia, ally of 
the Trojans! 
scutum, i n. shield! 

Simois, entis m. river near Troy! 
strid(e)o, ere, di creak, rustle, roar! 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus turn, twist, whirl!* 
tot so many 
tres, tria three!* 


jactanti. Aquilone: abl. of means; App. 
331. 

103. ferit: from ferio; not to be con¬ 
fused with the verb fero. adversa 
(procella). ad sidera: such exaggerated 
language is called hyperbole; App. 428. 

104. remi: the ancient ship used both 
oars and sails, prora (se) avertit et 
undis dat latus (navis). 

105. cumulo: abl. of manner; App. 
328. mons: more hyperbole; App. 428; 
note the smashing effect of the mono¬ 
syllable at the end of the line. 

106. Hi (viri). his (viris) : dative of 
reference; App. 301. hi ... his: 
these . . . for those; some . . . for others , 
referring to the crews of different ships; 
anaphora; App. 413. 

107. terram: the bottom (of the sea); 
the hyperbole is continued; App. 428. 
harenis: with the sands , abl. of means; 
App. 331. 

108-109. Tris (navis) : acc. pi. of an i- 




BOOK I, 109-119 


27 


(saxa vocant Itali medils quae in fluctibus Aras, 
dorsum immane marl summo), tris Eurus ab alto no 

in brevia et syrtls urget, miserabile visit, 
inliditgwe vadls atque aggere cingit harenae. 

Unam, quae Lycios fldumgue vehebat Oronten, 

ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus 

in puppim ferit: excutitur pronusgwe magister 115 

volvitur in caput; ast illam ter fiuctus ibidem 

torquet agens circum et rapidus vorat aequore vertex. 

Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto, 

arma virum tabulae^we et Troia gaza per undas. 


agger, eris m. mound, wall, bank! 
altum, I n . the deep (sea) 
appareo, ere, ui, itus appearf 
Arae, arum /. the Altars, a ledge of rocks 
between Sicily and Africa! 
brevis, e short, shallow! 
cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus gird(le), en¬ 
circle f* 

dorsum, i n. back, ridge, reeff 
Eurus, i m. (east) wind 
excutio, ere, cussi, cussus cast out, shake 
off t* 

ferio, ire strike, beat 
fidus, a, um faithful, trustworthy!* 
gaza, ae /. treasure, wealth! 
gurges, itis m. abyss, gulf, whirlpool!* 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 
ibidem in the same place! 
inlido, ere, si, sus dash against (into) 
(dat .)! 

Italus, a, um Italian! 


Lycius, a, um Lycian, of Lycia, a country 
of Asia Minor! 

magister, tri m . master, pilot! 
miserabilis, e pitiable, wretched! 
no (1) swim, float! 

Orontes, is (i) ra. comrade of Aeneas! 
pontus, i ra. sea* 

pronus, a, um leaning forward, headlong! 

rapidus, a, um swift, whirling, consuming* 

rarus, a, um scattered, far apart! 

syrtis, is /. sand bar, reef! 

tabula, ae /. plank, board! 

ter three times, thrice* 

torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus turn, twist, whirl* 

tres, tria three* 

Troius, a, um Trojan, of Troy!* 
urgeo, ere, ursi drive, force, press! 
vadum, i n. shallow, shoal, depth(s)! 
veho, ere, vexi, vectus carry, convey!* 
vertex, icis m. top, summit; whirlpool!* 
voro (1) swallow (up)! 


stem, object of torquet. saxa . . . saxa: 
anaphora; App. 413. mediis in flucti¬ 
bus: in the middle (of the) waves; App. 
246. quae saxa Itali vocant Aras: quae 
is a relative adjective agreeing with saxa; 
saxa is object of vocant, and Aras is 
predicate accusative. Aras: the Altars , 
the Roman name for a ledge of rocks off 
the African coast, just outside the har¬ 
bor of ancient Carthage. 

110. (in) marl summo: at the surface 
of the sea; abl. of place where; App. 319, 
246. dorsum: apposition with saxa. 
tris (navis) : object of urget. 

111. miserabile visu: piteous to be¬ 
hold; miserabile is a neuter adjective 
modifying the idea expressed in the pre¬ 
ceding sentence, while visu is the supine 
of video and an abl. of respect; App. 325. 

112. vadis = in vada, dat. of direction, 
sometimes used instead of the acc. of 
place to which; App. 306. 


113. Unam (navem). Oronten: acc., 
a Greek form. 

114. ipsius (Aeneae): of the master , a 
common use of ipse. Compare ipsa 
(1. 42) and ipsos (1. 40). For the length 
of the second vowel, see the note on 
illius (1. 16). a vertice: from high above . 
ferit: from ferio. 

115. in: upon, excutitur (e navi). 

116. in caput: headlong, illam (na¬ 
vem) : contrasted with the helmsman 
(magister). 

117. (in) aequore: abl. of place where; 
App. 319. 

118. nantes: pres. part, of no, modi¬ 
fying rari (viri), arma, tabulae, and gaza, 
but agreeing with the nearest word, rari 
(viri), men here and there ; App. 238. 

119. vir(or)um. arma: such as 

wooden shields and leather helmets made 
of light and buoyant material, gaza: the 
first syllable is long by position; App. 15. 




28 


THE AENEID, 120-130 


120 Jam validam Ilionei navem, jam fortis Achatae, 

et qua vectus Abas, et qua grandaevus Aletes, 
vlcit hiems; laxls laterum compagibus omnes 
accipiunt inimicum imbrem rlmisgwe fatiscunt. 
interea magno misceri murmure pontum 
125 emissa mque hiemem sensit Neptunus et Imls 

stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus; et altb 
prospiciens summd placidum caput extulit undid. 
Disjectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem, 
fludibus oppressos Troas caellque ruina. 

130 Nec latuere doll fratrem Junonis et Irae. 


Abas, antis m. Trojan leader! 

Achates, ae m. faithful comrade of 
Aeneast* 

Aletes, ae m. Trojan leader! 
altum, I n. the deep (sea) 
commoveo, ere, movi, motus move, dis¬ 
turb! 

compages, is /. joint, seam, fastening! 
disjicio, ere, jeci, jectus scatter, disperse 
dolus, i vi. deceit, wiles, trick, fraud!* 
effero, ferre, extuli, elatus raise, lift (up)!* 
emitto, ere, misi, missus send forth! 
fatisco, ere split, open, gape! 
fortis, e brave, strong, valiant* 
frater, tris ra. brother!* 
grandaevus, a, um aged, old! 
graviter heavily, violently, greatly! 
hiems, emis /. winter, storm!* 

Ilioneus, ei m. Trojan leader! 
imber, bris m. rain, flood, water! 
inimicus, a, um hostile, unfriendly 
interea meanwhile, meantime!* 


lateo, ere, ui lie hid, escape the notice (of) * 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 
laxus, a, um loose, open, lax 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, confuse, 
stir!* 

murmur, uris n. murmur, roar, rumble 
Neptunus, i m. Neptune, god of the sea!* 
opprimo, ere, press!, pressus overwhelm, 
crush! 

placidus, a, um calm, quiet, peaceful!* 
pontus, i m. sea* 

pr^spicio, ere, spexi, spectus look out (on), 
see! 

refundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour back! 

rima, ae /. crack, fissure! 

ruina, ae /. downfall, ruin! 

sentio, ire, sensi, sensus feel, perceive! 

stagnum, i n. still waters, depth! 

Tros, Trois m. Trojan* 
vadum, i n. shallow, shoal, depth(s) 
validus, a, um strong, stout, mighty! 
veho, ere, vexi, vectus carry, convey* 


120. Ilionei: gen., with the final ei 
pronounced as one syllable by synizesis; 
App. 403. (navem) fortis Achatae. 
Jam . . . jam: anaphora adds to the vivid¬ 
ness; App. 413. 

121. et (navem) qua vectus (est) Abas, 
et (navem) qua (vectus est) Aletes. et 
qua . . . et qua: anaphora; App. 413. 

122. laxis compagibus: abl. of means 
or instrument, or abl. abs. omnes 
(naves). 

123. rimis: abl. of means or manner; 
App. 328, 331. Cf. 11. 83, 105. imbrem = 
aquam maris. 

124-156. Neptune, god of the sea, 
intervenes; he rebukes the winds and 
calms the sea. 

124. magno misceri murmure: alliter¬ 
ation (m) and onomatopoeia; App. 411, 


434. murmure: abl. of attendant cir¬ 
cumstance or manner; App. 329, 328. 

125. emissam (esse). 

126. refusa (esse), (ex) vadis: abl. of 
separation; App. 340. (in) alto: over 
the sea; abl. of place where; App. 319. 
commotus (animo): although disturbed 
in spirit, as a god he maintains an out¬ 
ward calm (placidum caput of 1. 127). 

127. (ex) unda: abl. of separation; 
App. 340; from the crest of the wave; 
App. 246. 

128. (in) toto aequore: abl. of place 
where; App. 319. 

129. Troas: acc. pi., a Greek form, 
(et videt) Troas oppressos (esse), caeli 
ruina: hyperbole; App. 428. 

130. latuere = latuerunt; App. 204,4. 
fratrem: Neptune was Juno’s brother, 
and he knew her tricky nature (doll) and 
her ugly temper (irae). 




Juno Begs the Help of Aeolus against the Ship of Aeneas 


e —i 
** 

e 

S3 

© 

2 

© 



















Alinari, Rome 


Lateran Museum 

Neptune 


In his left hand the god holds a trident; in the right, a seashell. His right 
foot rests on the rostrum of a ship, and behind him is a dolphin, one of the crea¬ 
tures of his domain. 







BOOK I, 131-142 


29 


Eurum ad se Zephyrumg'ue vocat, dehinc talia fatur: 

“Tantane vos generis tenuit flducia vestrl? 

Jam caelum terramque meo sine numine, venti, 
miscere et tantas audetis tollere m 5 les? 

Quos ego — ! sed motos praestat componere fluctus. 135 

Post mihi non simili poena commissa luetis. 

Maturate fugam regique haec dicite vestro: 

non illi imperium pelagi saevumgite tridentem, 

sed mihi sorte datum. Tenet ille immdnia saxa, 

vestras, Eure, domos; ilia se jactet in aula 140 

Aeolus et clauso ventorum carcere regnet.” 

Sic ait et dido citius tumida aequora placat 


Aeolus, I ra. god of the winds 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venturef* 
aula, ae /. court, hallf 
career, eris m. prison, inclosure 
cito quickly, soonf 

claudo, ere, si, sus (in)close, hem 
inf* 

commissum, i n. fault, crime 
compono, ere, posui, pos(i)tus compose, 
construct, calm, quietf 
dehinc then, thereuponf 
Eurus, i ra. (east) wind 
fiducia, ae /. confidence, trustf 
jacto (1) toss, buffet, vaunt* 
luo, ere, i atone forf 
maturo (1) hasten, speed; ripen f 


misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, confuse, stir 

(up) * 

moles, is /. mass, burden, heap* 
placo (1) calm, quietf 
post after (acc.); afterwardsf* 
praesto, are, stiti, stitus surpass, bebetterf 
regno (1) rule, reignf 
saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* 
similis, e like, similarf* 
sine without (a6Z.)f* 
sors, rtis /. lot, fate, destinyf* 
tridens, entis m. trident, symbol of Nep¬ 
tune as god of the seat 
tumidus, a, um swelling, swollenf 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your ownf* 
Zephyrus, i m. (west) windf 


131. dehinc: one syllable by synizesis; 
App. 403.^talia (dicta). 

132. generis fiducia vestri: this verse 
is sarcastic; the winds were of divine ori¬ 
gin, being descended from Aurora, goddess 
of the dawn, and from Astraeus, a Titan 
rival of the gods, caelum terramque: 
hyperbole; App. 428. 

134. miscere, tollere: depend on au¬ 
detis, as complementary infinitives; App. 
259. 

135. Quos = Vos. Quos ego—: a good 
example of aposiopesis; App. 416; i.e., 
instead of completing his sentence, the 
speaker breaks off abruptly and leaves to 
the imagination, as being beyond the 
power of adequate expression in words, 
just what sort of dire punishment he may 
inflict upon the guilty winds; Quos is 
thus the object and ego the subject of the 
unexpressed verb. 

136. non simili poena: abl. of means; 
App. 331; by no similar punishment , i.e., 
by a much greater one; this figure of 
speech is called litotes; App. 431. 


137. regi vestro = Aeolo. 

138. illi: dat. of indir. obj. in em¬ 
phatic position contrasted with mihi in 
the same position in the following line, 
tridentem: the well-known symbol of 
Neptune as god of the sea. imperium, 
tridentem: subjects of datum (esse), an 
inf. in indir. disc., dependent on dicite, 
in 1. 137. 

139. sorte: when Saturn was over¬ 
thrown, the three gods, Jupiter, Neptune, 
and Pluto, divided his dominion among 
them by lot, Jupiter receiving the do¬ 
minion of heaven, Neptune of the sea, 
and Pluto of the realm of the dead in the 
lower world. 

140. vestras: referring to all the winds, 
although Neptune is directly addressing 
Eurus only. 

140-141. ilia, clauso: emphatic by 
position, jactet, regnet: volitive sub¬ 
junctives; App. 254. (in) clauso car- 
cere: abl. of place where; App. 319. 

142. ait: third sing, of a jo. dicto: 

abl. with compar.; App. 327. 




30 


THE AENEID, 143-155 


collectasgite fugat nubes solemgue reducit. 
Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acuto 
145 detrudunt navis scopulo; levat ipse trident! 

et vastas aperit syrtis et temperat aequor 
atque rotls summas levibus perlabitur undas. 

Ac veluti magno in populo cum saepe coorta est 
seditio saevitgwe animls ignobile vulgus; 
iso jamque faces et saxa volant, furor arma ministrat; 

turn, pietate gravem ac meritis si forte virum quern 
conspexere, silent arrectlsgwe auribus astant; 
ille regit dictls animos et pectora mulcet: 
sic cunctus pelagl cecidit fragor, aequora postquam 
155 prospiciens genitor caeloque invectus aperto 


acutus, a, um sharp, pointed, keen 
adnitor, i, sus (nixus) strive, lean against! 
aperio, ire, ui, ertus open, disclose* 
apertus, a, um open, clear! 
arrigo, ere, rexi, rectus raise, prick up! 
a(d)sto, are, stiti stand (near, by)!* 
auris, is /. ear!* 

cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, subside!* 
colligo, ere, legi, lectus collect, gather! 
conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, be- 
holdf 

coorior, iri, ortus (a) riset 

Cymothoe, es /. a sea nymph! 

detrudo, ere, si, sus push off, dislodge! 

fax, facis /. firebrand, torcht* 

fragor, oris m. crash, uproar! 

fugo (1) put to flight, rout! 

furor, oris m. madness, frenzy, ragef* 

gravis, e heavy, weighty; venerable!* 

ignobilis, e inglorious, commonf 

inveho, ere, exi, ectus carry in, conveyf 

levis, e light, swiftf 

levo (1) lift, raisef 

meritum, i n. desert, service, merit 

ministro (1) tend, serve, supplyt 


mulceo, ere, lsi, lsus soothe, calm 
nubes, is /. cloud, mist, fog* 
perlabor, i, lapsus glide overt 
pietas, atis /. loyalty, devotion, duty* 
populus, i m. people, nation, crowd* 
postquam after (that), whenf* 
prospicio, ere, spexi, spectus look out on 
reduco, ere, duxi, ductus lead back, bring 
backf 

rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, controlf* 
rota, ae /. wheel; chariotf 
saepe oftenf* 

saevio, ire, ivi (ii), itus rage, be fierce! 
scopulus, i m. rock, cliff, crag* 
seditio, onis /. riot, strifef 
sileo, ere, ui be silent, be stillt 
sol, solis m. sun, dayf* 
syrtis, is /. sand bar, reef 
tempero (1) calm, control 
tridens, entis m. trident, symbol of Nep¬ 
tune 

Triton, onis m. a minor sea-godf 

velut(i) as, just as* 

void (1) fly, speedf* 

vulgus, i n . (m.) crowd, throng, herdf 


144. Cymothoe: nom.; a Greek form. 

145. ipse: the master (Neptune). See 
note on ipsos (1. 40). (de) scopulo: abl. 
of separation; App. 340. levat: with the 
trident as a lever, tridenti: abl. of an 
^-stem. 

147. rotis levibus: abl. of manner; 
App. 328. 

148. veluti saepe cum: just as often 
(happens) when; this passage (11. 148-156) 
is one of Vergil’s most famous similes; 
App. 441. 

149. animis: abl. of place where or 
manner; App. 319, 328. 

150. faces: very dangerous in a city with 
so many wooden buildings as there were 


in ancient Rome, furor arma ministrat: 
in their fury any object serves as a missile . 

151. quern: some , the indefinite pro¬ 
noun. pietate, meritis: abl. of cause or 
respect with gravem; App. 325; 332. 

152. arrectis auribus: abl. abs. of 
manner; App. 343, 328. arrectis auribus 
astant: alliteration; App. 411. con¬ 
spexere = conspexerunt; App. 204, 4. 
silent, astant: plurals, because of the 
collective idea in vulgus and populo; 
App. 236, a. 

154-155. sic: correlative with veluti 
in 1. 148. postquam genitor . . . flectit et 
. . . dat. aequora: obj. of prospiciens. 

155. (in) caelo apertd: abl. of place 




BOOK I, 156-166 


31 


flectit equos curru que volans dat lora secundo. 

Defessi Aeneadae quae proxima litora cursu 
contendunt petere, et Libyae vertuntur ad oras. 

Est in secessu longo locus: insula portum 

efficit objectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto 160 

frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. 

Hinc atque bine vastae rupes geminique minantur 

in caelum scopull, quorum sub vertice late 

aequora tuta silent; turn silvis scaena coruscis 

desuper, horrentigue atrum nemus imminet umbra; 165 

fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum, 


adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
Aeneadae, (ar)um ra. descendants (fol¬ 
lowers) of Aeneas f 
altum, i n. the deep (sea); heaven 
antrum, i n. cave, cavern* 
contendo, ere, i, ntus strive; hasten! 
coruscus, a, um waving, quivering, flash¬ 
ing t 

currus, us ra. chariot, car* 
defessus, a, um weary, tired, worn! 
desuper from above! 
efficio, ere, feci, fectus make, form! 
flecto, ere, exi, exus bend, turn, guide! 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus break, shatter* 
frons, ontis /. front, face, brow!* 
horreo, ere, ui bristle, shudder, trem¬ 
ble!* 

immineo, ere overhang, threaten! 
insula, ae /. island! 
late widely, far and wide 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 

Libya, ae /. region of North Africa* 


lorum, i n. rein, thong! 
minor, ari, atus threaten, tower! 
nemus, oris n . (sacred) grove, for¬ 
est!* 

objectus, us m. projection, barrier! 
pendeo, ere, pependi hang* 
proximus, a, um nearest! 
reduco, ere, duxi, ductus bring back, lead 

back 

rupes, is/, crag, cliff!* 
scaena, ae /. background, stage! 
scindo, ere, scidi, scissus split, divide! 
scopulus, i m. rock, cliff* 
secessus, us m. inlet, recess! 
secundus, a, um following, favorable, 
obedient!* 

sileo, ere, ui be silent, be still 

sinus, us m. fold, gulf, bay!* 

tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure!* 

vertex, icis m. summit, top* 

verto, ere, i, rsus (over)turn, (ex)change* 

void (1) fly, speed* 


where; App. 319. genitor: Neptune, 
invectus (curru) : riding in his car. 

156. flectit. . . dat: historical presents; 
App. 351, 1, a. curru: dat. of indir. obj.; 
App. 295. 

157-207. Aeneas, with seven out of 
twenty ships, lands on the coast of North 
Africa near Carthage. He kills seven 
fine stags, which he divides among his 
comrades, whom he tries to console and 
encourage. 

157-158. Aeneadae litora, quae (sunt) 
proxima, cursu petere contendunt. 

159-160. insula efficit (hunc locum) 
portum. portum: predicate acc. in se¬ 
cessu longo: the inlet extends deep into 
the land. 


160. quibus: abl. of means; App. 331. 

160-161. omnis unda (veniens) ab alto 
frangitur et se in sinus reductos scindit. 
sese = se. Observe the alliteration; App. 
411. 

162. Hinc atque hinc: on {from) this 
side and that , i.e., on both sides, rupes 
(sunt). 

164. scaena: the place resembles a 
stage with its scenery, silvis coruscis: 
abl. of quality; App. 330. 

165. horrent! umbra: abl. of cause if 
taken with atrum, or of manner if taken 
with imminet; App. 332, 328. horrent!: 
abl. of an ^-stem; this word is probably 
used here to suggest the shade of bristling 
evergreens, such as cedars, firs, or pines. 

166. scopulis pendentibus: abl. of 
quality or material; App. 330, 324. 





32 


THE AENEID, 167-178 


intus aquae dulces vivo que sedilia saxo, 
nympharum domus. Hlc fessas non vincula navis 
ulla tenent, unco non alligat ancora morsu. 

170 Hue septem Aeneas collectis navibus omnl 

ex numero subit; ac magno telluris amore 
egress! optata potiuntur Troes harena 
et sale tabentis artus in lltore ponunt. 

Ac prlmum silicl scintillam excudit Achates 

175 suscepit^ue ignem foliis atque arida circurn 

nutrimenta dedit rapuitgwe in fomite flammam. 
Turn Cererem corruptam undls Cerealia que arma 
expediunt fessl rerum, frugesgwe receptas 


Achates, ae ra. faithful comrade of 
Aeneas* 

alligo (1) bind, hold (to)f 
ancora, ae /. anchorf 
aqua, ae /. water* 
aridus, a, um dryf 
artus, us m. joint, limbf* 

Cerealis, e of Ceres, (goddess of) grainf 
Ceres, eris /. (goddess of) grainf 
colligo, ere, legi, lectus collect, gather 
corrumpd, ere, rupi, ruptus spoil, ruinf 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, freshf* 
egredior, i, gressus go out, disembarkf 
excudo, ere, di, sus strike outf 
expedio, ire, ivi (il), itus bring out, pre- 
paref 

folium, (i)i n. leaff 

fomes, itis m. tinder, fuel, shavingf 

frux, frugis /. fruit, grainf 

harena, ae /. sand, beach* 

intus withinf 

morsus, us m. bite, fluke, bitf 


numerus, i m. number, multitudef* 
nutrimentum, i n. food, fuel, nourish¬ 
ment f 

nympha, ae /. nymph, a minor divinity of 
nature, represented as a beautiful maiden 
opto (1) choose, desire, hope (for)* 
potior, iri, itus gain, win (abl.) f 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch (up), whirl* 
recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus take back, re¬ 
cover f* 

sal, salis n. (m.) salt (water), sea 
scintilla, ae /. sparkf 
sedile, is n. seat, benchf 
septem seven 
silex, icis m. (/.) flintf 
suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus catch (up), re¬ 
ceive f 

tabeo, ere drip, soak, melt, wastef 
Tros, Trois m. Trojan* 
uncus, a, um curved, bent, hookedf 
vinc(u)lum, i n. chain, bond, cable* 
vivus, a, um living, natural, alivef 


167. vivo saxo: denotes natural, not 
artificial, seats. 

168. domus: in apposition with an¬ 
trum, the cave just described; nymphs 
were supposed to frequent remote spots 
with beautiful natural scenery. Hie: ad¬ 
verb, here; observe that the i is long in 
the adverb but short in the pronoun, 
fessas navis: personification; App. 437; 
or possibly a transferred epithet; the 
Trojans were tired; App. 446. 

169. ancora: an anachronism as an¬ 
chors were not used in Aeneas’s time, 
alligat (navis). unco morsu: abl. of 
means; App. 331. 

170. collectis navibus: abl. abs.; App. 
343. omni ex numero : we see from 1. 393 
that Aeneas had set out with twenty ships. 


171. magno amore: abl. of manner; 
App. 328. 

172. Troes: nom. pi., a Greek form, 
optata harena: abl. with potior; App. 
342. 

173. sale: abl. of means with tabentis. 

174. silici: dat. of separation; App. 
305. 

175. foliis: abl. of means; App. 331. 
circurn: adv. modifying dedit: he places 
fuel around; or else understand circurn 
(ignem). 

177. Cererem: the goddess of grain , by 
metonymy for grain; App. 433. Cerealia 
arma: the utensils of Ceres , i.e., uten¬ 
sils for grinding and for cooking 
grain. 

178. expediunt (ex navibus). rerum: 




BOOK I, 179-190 


33 


et torrere parant flammls et frangere saxo. 

Aeneas scopulum interea cbnscendit, et omnem iso 

prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si quern 
jactatum vento videat Phrygiasg'we biremis 
aut Capyn aut celsls in puppibus arma Caicl. 

Navem in conspectu nullam, tris lltore cervos 

prospicit errantls; hos tota armenta sequuntur 185 

a tergo et longum per vallls pascitur agmen. 

Constitit hlc arcum que manu celerlsgwe sagittas 
corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates, 
ductores que ipsos prlmum capita alta ferentls 
cornibus arborels sternit, turn vulgus et omnem 190 


Achates, ae m. faithful comrade of 
Aeneas* 

Antheus, el, acc . ea, m. comrade of 
Aeneasf 

arboreus, a, um branching, tree-likef 
arcus, us ra. bowf* 
armentum, i n. herd, drovef 
biremis, is /. bireme, galley (with two 
banks of oars)f 

Calcus, l m. comrade of Aeneasf 
Capys, yos, acc . yn, m . comrade of 
Aeneasf 

celer, eris, ere swiftf* 

celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 

cervus, i m. stag, deerf 

conscendo, ere, i, ensus climb, mountf 

consisto, ere, stiti, stitus stop, settlef* 

conspectus, us ra. sight, view 

cornu, us n . hornf 

corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* 


ductor, oris ra. leaderf 
fidus, a, um faithful, trusty* 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus break, crush* 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus carry (on)* 
interea meanwhile, meantime* 
jacto (1) toss, buffet* 
late widely, far and wide 
pascor, i, pastus feed, grazef 
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojanf* 
prospectus, us m. viewf 
prospicio, ere, spexl, spectuslookouton, see 
sagitta, a e /. arrow f 
scopulus, l m. rock, cliff, crag* 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay low, 
spread, strewf* 

tergum, i n . back, hide, rearf* 

torreo, ere, ui, tostus parch, roastf 

tres, tria three* 

vallis, is /. valleyf 

vulgus, i n. (m.) crowd, throng, herd 


gen. with the adj. fessi; App. 287, weary 
of their misfortunes, receptas (ex marl). 

179. torrere: to make it easier to 
grind, frangere: to make coarse meal, 
flammis, saxo: ablatives of means; App. 
331. 

181. pelago: dat. of direction = in 
pelagus; App. 306, or else = in pelago, 
abl. of place where; App. 319. quern: 
indef. any , modifying Anthea, an acc., 
Greek form, if he can see any Antheus; in 
English we should say if he can see any- 
thing of Antheus. 

182. videat: subj. in an indir. quest.; 
App. 349. 

183. Capyn: acc., a Greek form, pup¬ 
pibus: poetic plural, arma: especially 
shields fastened on the ship and con¬ 
spicuous at a great distance. 

184. Navem (prospicit). (in) lltore: 
abl. of place where; App. 319. Navem 


nullam, tris cervos: chiasmus and asyn¬ 
deton; App. 420, 418. 

185. hos (cervos) : the three stags are 
at the head of the feeding herd. 

186. vallis: plural, but probably re¬ 
ferring to a single valley; see the note on 
irae (1. 11). 

187. Constitit (Aeneas), hie: adverb, 
here; distinguish from the pronoun which 
has a short i. 

188. tela: attracted into the rel. clause 
refers back to arcum and sagittas, objects 
of corripuit. 

189-191. ductores: the three stags 
(1. 184). turn vulgus (sternit) et omnem 
turbam miscet, agens (eos = cervos) tells 
inter frondea nemora. 

190. cornibus arborels: abl. of quality; 
App. 330. turn vulgus (sternit). vulgus: 
acc., the herd , as opposed to the leaders, 
ductores. 




34 THE AENEID, 191-201 

miscet agens tells nemora inter frondea turbam; 
nec prius absistit quam septem ingentia victor 
corpora fundat hum! et numerum cum navibus aequet. 
Hinc portum petit et socids partitur in omnls. 

195 Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes 
lltore Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros 
dividit, et dictls maerentia pectora mulcet: 

“0 socil (neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum), 
0 pass! graviora, dabit deus his quoque flnem. 

200 Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitus que sonantls 
accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopia saxa 


abed, Ire, ii (ivi), itus depart!* 
absisto, ere, stiti cease, stop! 
accedo, ere, cessi, cessus approach! 
aequo (1) (make) equal!* 
bonus, a, um good, kind(ly), useful!* 
cadus, i m. jar, urn! 

Cyclopius, a, um Cyclopean, of the Cy¬ 
clopes, huge one-eyed giants of Sicilyt 
deinde then, thereupon, next!* 
divido, ere, vlsi, visus divide, distribute! 
enim for, indeed, surely* 
frondeus, a, um leafyf 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
herds, ois m. hero, mighty warrior!* 
humus, if. ground, soil, earth!* 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, inexperienced!* 
maereo, ere mourn, grieve (for)t 
malum, i n. evil, misfortune, trouble!* 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus confuse, mix, 

mingle* 

mulceo, ere, Isi, lsus soothe, calm 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 

191. nemora: poetic plural, turbam: 
the vulgus has now become a panic- 
stricken and tumultuous turba, a mob. 

192. victor: (as) victor; apposition 
with Aeneas the subject understood. 

193. humi: loc.; App. 37, c. numerum 
(cervorum). cum navibus = cum numero 
navium. aequet: i.e., one deer for each 
ship, fundat, aequet: temporal or an¬ 
ticipatory with priusquam; App. 376, a. 

194. et partitur (cervos) in (among) 
omnis socids (suds). 

195-197. Deinde vina, quae bonus 
Acestes onera(ve)rat (in) cadis (in) 
Trinacrio litore et quae (ille) herds de- 
derat (illis = Teucris) abeuntibus, 
dividit (Aeneas), deinde: two syllables 
by synizesis; App. 403. onera(ve)rat: 
App. 204. cadis: dat. of direction; App. 
306; or else = in cadis, abl. of place 
where; App. 319. Vina ... dividit 
(Aeneas). 


numerus, i m. number, multitude* 
onero (1) load, burden! 
partior, iri, itus distribute, divide! 
patior, i, passus suffer, endure* 
penitus within, deep(ly), wholly!* 
prius first, sooner! 
quam how, than, as!* 
quoque also* 

rabies, ei /. rage, madness, fury! 
scopulus, i m. rock, cliff, crag* 

Scyllaeus, a, um of Scylla, a ravenous 
sea-monster, part woman and part fish, 
girdled with fierce dogs and destructive 
to mariners who attempted to sail past 
her cave situated on a narrow strait 
opposite the great whirlpool Cha¬ 
ry bdis! 
septem seven 

sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar!* 
Trinacrius, a, um Trinacrian, Sicilian! 
turba, ae /. mob, crowd! 
vinum, i n. wine!* 

196. herds (Acestes): nom. sing., 
Greek forms. Acestes had entertained 
Aeneas and his comrades during the pre¬ 
ceding winter and had furnished them 
with supplies for the rest of their journey, 
abeuntibus (Teucris): indir. obj. of de¬ 
derat. 

197. pectora (suorum sociorum). 

199. O (vos) passi graviora (mala). 

his (malis) : mdir. obj. of dabit; App. 
295. 

201. acces(is)tis: App. 204. vos et: 
correlative with vos et in 1. 200; anaph¬ 
ora; App. 413. Cyclopia: of the Cyclopes, 
huge one-eyed giants, one of whom, Poly¬ 
phemus, had killed and eaten several of 
the comrades of Ulysses while they were 
shut up in his cave. Ulysses and his men 
finally succeeded in blinding Polyphemus 
and escaping. For the story, see Aeneid , 
III, 11. 613-638, and the ninth book of 
Homer’s Odyssey. 




BOOK I, 202-212 


35 


expert!: revocate animos maestumgwe timorem 
mittite; forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit. 

Per varios casus, per tot discrimina rerum 

tendimus in Latium, sedes ubi fata quietas 205 

ostendunt; illic fas regna resurgere Trojae. 

Durate, et vosmet rebus servdte secundis.” 

Talia voce refert curisque ingentibus aeger 
spem vultu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem. 

Illi se praedae accingunt dapibusgue futuris: 210 

tergora diripiunt costis et viscera nudant; 

pars in frusta secant veribusgue trementia figunt, 


accingo, ere, inxi, Inctus gird! 
aeger, gra, grum sick, weary!* 
cor, cordis n. heart, spirit, feelings* 
costa, ae /. rib, side! 
daps, dapis /. feast, banquet!* 
diripio, ere, ui, reptus tear from! 
discrimen, inis n. crisis, danger! 
dolor, oris m. grief, pain, suffering* 
duro (1) harden, enduref 
experior, iri, pertus try, experiencet 
fas n. indecl. divine will, right, duty* 
figo, ere, fixi, fixus pierce, fastenf* 
fors(it)an perhaps, perchance, possibly! 
frustum, i n. piece, part! 
illic theref 

juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please!* 
Latium, (i)I n. district of central Italy 

around Rome* 

maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy!* 
memini, isse remember, recall! 
nudo (1) (lay) bare, strip! 

202. expert! (estis). 

203. mittite: dismiss . et = etiam, even. 
haec: obj. of meminisse. forsan et haec, 

etc.: perhaps at some time we shall be 
glad to remember even these things . A 
famous verse, and one often quoted, 
juvabit (nos): it will please (us), with 
meminisse as subject. 

205. tendimus (cursum) in Latium: 
the poet “nods” for a moment, as Aeneas 
is not yet supposed to know anything 
about Latium. 

206. fas (est), etc.: it is the divine wi.ll 
for the Trojan realm there to rise again . 
regna: poetic plural. 

207. vosmet: an emphatic form of vos. 

208-222. The Trojans first feast and 
then lament their lost comrades. 

208. Talia (dicta), voce: contrasted 
with corde of 1. 209. refert (Aeneas), 
curls ingentibus: abl. of cause with aeger; 
App. 332. aeger: (although) sick at heart . 


olim once, at some time* 

ostendo, ere, i, ntus show, promise!* 

praeda, ae /. booty, prey! 

premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 

control* 

quietus, a, uni calm, peaceful! 
resurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus rise 

again! 

revoco (1) recall, restore! 
seed, are, ui, sectus cut, divide!* 
sequndus, a, um following, favorable* 
simulo (1) imitate, pretend, feign! 
spes, e! /. hope, expectation!* 
tergus, oris, n. back, hide! 
timor, oris m. fear, dread, anxiety! 
tot so many* 

tremo, ere, u! tremble, quiver!* 
varius, a, um varied, different!* 
veru, us n. broach, spit, spike! 
viscus, eris n. vitals, flesh! 
vultus, us m. countenance, face!* 

209. (in) vultu: abl. of place where 
or means, sharply contrasted with corde. 
corde: abl. of place where or means, 
spem: contrasted with dolorem. altum 
corde: deep in his heart, spem simulat, 
premit dolorem: this figure is known as 
chiasmus. The contrast is here empha¬ 
sized by placing the two pairs of words in 
inverse (reverse) order; that is, spem 
begins the first clause and is contrasted 
with dolorem, which ends the second, 
while simulat ends the first clause and is 
thus contrasted with premit, which be¬ 
gins the second; App. 420; see the note 
on 1. 184. 

210. Ill!: Teucri. praedae, dapibus: 

datives of purpose; App. 303; i.e., they 
prepare themselves for the venison and 
the banquet, dapibus: poetic plural. 

211. costis: abl. of separation; App. 
320, 340. 

212. pars (sociorum) secant (viscera) 
in frusta: the use of the plural verb with 





36 


THE AENEID, 213-222 


lltore aena locant alii Jlammasque ministrant. 

Turn vlctu revo cant viris, fuslque per herbam 

215 implentur veteris Bacchi pinguisgue ferinae. 

Postquam exempta fames epulis mensaegwe remotae, 
amissos longo socios sermone requlrunt, 
spemgite metumgwe inter dubii, seu vivere credant 
sive extrema pati nec jam exaudire vocatos. 

220 Praecipue pius Aeneas nunc acris Oronti, 

nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum 
fata Lyci fortemgue Gyan fortemgue Cloanthum. 


acer, cris, ere sharp, spiritedf* 
aenum, i n. bronze (vessel, kettle)! 
a mitt 6, ere, mlsl, missus lose, let 
got* 

Amycus, i m. a Trojan! 

Bacchus, i m. (god of) wine!, 

Cloanthus, im. a Trojanf 
credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust** 
crudelis, e cruel, bitter, bloody!* 
dubius, a, um doubtful, wavering! 
epulae, arum /. banquet, feast 
exaudio, ire, ivi (ii), itus hear, hearken! 
eximd, ere, emi, emptus take away, re¬ 
move! 

extrema, drum n. final fate, death! 

fames, is /. hunger! 

ferina, ae /. game, venison! 

forti's, e brave, strong, valiant* 

gemo, ere, ui, itus groan (for), lament! 

Gyas, ae, acc. an, m . a Trojan! 

herba, ae /. grass, herb(age)!* 


impleo, ere, evi, etus fill (with) (gen.) t* 
loco (1) place, locate, establish!* 

Lycus, i m. a Trojan! 
mensa, ae /. table!* 
metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety!* 
ministrd (1) tend, serve, supply 
Orontes, is (i, ae) m. Trojan leader 
patior, i, passus endure, suffer* 
pinguis, e fat, rich, fertile! 
postquam after (that), when* 
praecipue especially! 
removed, ere, movi, motus remove! 
requiro, ere, quisivi (sii), qulsitus seek 
again, deplore! 
revoco (1) recall, restore 
sermo, onis m. conversation, speech! 
seu, sive whether, or (if)!* 
spes, ei /. hope, expectation 
vetus, eris old, former, ancient* 
victus, us m. living, food, victuals! 
vivo, ere, vixi, victus live! 


a singular (collective) subject is common 
in many languages, including English; 
App. 236, a. trementia (frusta) : the flesh 
of the recently slain animals is still 
quivering, veribus: abl. of means; App. 
331. 

213. (in) litore: abl. of place where; 
App. 319. 

214. viris: acc. pi. of vis, an i- stem; 
observe the quantity, distinguishing it 
from viris, dat. or abl. of vir, man. 

215. implentur: a middle voice or re¬ 
flexive use; they'fill themselves; App. 115, 
2, a; 309. Bacchi, ferinae: gen. with 
special verb, impleo ; App. 287. Bacchus: 
god of wine , by metonymy for wine. 

216. exempta (est). mensae remotae 
(sunt): in Vergil’s day the tables were 
removed at the end of the banquet; so 
this phrase came to mean simply the 
end of the feasting. Vergil uses it here 
in that general sense, as Aeneas and 


his companions presumably had no 
tables. 

218. inter spemque metumque dubii: 

anastrophe; App. 414. seu (socios suds) 
vivere credant: deliberative indir. quest.; 
App. 348, 349; the clause is dependent 
on dubii, which modifies Teucri under¬ 
stood as subject of requirunt. 

219. extrema = mortem: euphemism; 
App. 423. vocatos (socios) : refers to the 
Roman custom (conclamatio) of loudly 
calling the name of the dead three times, 
as a part of the funeral ceremony. 

220. Praecipue: modifying gemit, not 
pius. pius: not pious , but devoted , loyal , 
noble; see note on pietate (1. 10). Aeneas 
acris Oronti (casum gemit). 

221. secum = cum se; i.e., silently; 
for the thought compare 11. 208-209. 

222. fata, Gyan, Cloanthum (gemit 
Aeneas), fortem, fortem: pathetic repe¬ 
tition. Gyan: acc., a Greek form. 





BOOK I, 223-234 


37 


Et jam finis erat, cum Juppiter aethere summo 
dispiciens mare velivolum terrasque jacentis 
litoraque et latos populos, sic vertice caeli 225 

constitit et Libyae defixit lumina regnis. 

Atque ilium talis jactantem pectore curds 

tristior et lacrimis oculos suffusa nitentis 

adloquitur \ enus: “0 qui res hominumgwe deumque 

aeternls regis imperiis et fulmine terres, 230 

quid meus Aeneas in te committere tantum, 

quid Troes potuere, quibus tot funera passis 

cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis? 

Certe Ininc Romanos olim volventibus annis, 


adloquor, I, locutus address, accostf 
aeternus, a, um eternal, everlasting* 
aether, eris m. upper air, sky, ether* 
annus, i m. year* 
certe certainly, surelyf 
claudo, ere, si, sus close, shut* 
committo, ere, misi, missus commitf 
consists, ere, stiti, stitus stand (fast), 
rest* 

defigo, ere, fixi, fixus fix, fastenf 
dispicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, discern, 
descry t 

fulmen, inis n. thunderbolt, lightningf* 
funus, eris n. funeral, death, disasterf* 
homo, inis m. (J.) man, mortal, human* 
jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (outspread, low)* 
jacto (1) toss, buffet, ponder* 


latus, a, um broad, wide, spaciousf* 
Libya, ae /. district of North Africa* 
nitens, entis bright, shiningf 
ob on account of (acc.) 
olim once, at some time* 
orbis, is m. circle, orb, earthf* 
patior, i, passus endure, suffer* 
populus, i m. people, race, nation* 
rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, direct* 
Romanus, a, um Roman* 
suffundo, ere, fudi, fusus fill, suffusef 
terreo, ere, ui, itus frighten, terrifyf 
tot so many* 

Xros, Trois m. Trojan* 
velivolus, a, um winged with sailsf 
Venus, eris/. goddess of love and beautyf* 
vertex, icis m. summit, head, top* 


223-296. Venus complains to Jupiter 
of the hard lot of the Trojans and of her 
son Aeneas. Jupiter consoles her with 
the promise of universal empire for the 
Trojans through their descendants, the 
Roman people. 

223. finis (epularum et dictorum). 

There is a change of scene from earth to 
heaven, (de) aethere summo: abl. of 
separation with dispiciens; App. 340. 

224. velivolum: a transferred epithet, 
as it refers to the ships on the sea, instead 
of the sea itself; App. 446. 

225. (in) vertice: abl. of place where. 

226. lumina = oculos. regnis: dat. of 
direction or abl. of place where; App. 
306, 319. 

227-229. talis curas: such cares as were 
natural for the father of gods and king of 
men, with the government of the universe 
resting on his shoulders, (in) pectore: 
abl. of place where; App. 319. ilium ad¬ 
loquitur Venus, tristior (quam solita): 
sadder ( than was her wont); Venus as 
goddess of love and beauty, was pro¬ 


verbially laughter-loving, lacrimis: abl. 
of means; App. 331. nitentis oculos: 
acc. of respect with suffusa, or else object 
of suffusa used as a reflexive verb; App. 
115, 2, a; 309_. 

229-230. 6 (tu) qui res regis et 

terres. regis: from rego not from rex. 
-que...-que: both ... and. de(or)um. 

231. quid meus Aeneas tantum com¬ 
mittere (potuit)? = What (so) great offense, 
etc. quid . . . quid: anaphora; App. 413. 

232. potuere = potuerunt (commit¬ 
tere). quibus: dat. of reference or of in¬ 
terest; App. 301. funera: obj. of passis 
which modifies quibus; the Trojans had 
suffered many disasters (funera) in the 
destruction of their city and during 
the seven years thereafter, while they 
wandered as homeless exiles. 

233. cunctus orbis terrarum: the whole 
world, an emotional exaggeration or hy¬ 
perbole. ob Italiam: on account of Italy, 
which was destined to be the seat of a 
great new world-power hostile to Juno’s 
cherished plans. 

234-237. Certe pollicitus (es) hinc 




38 


THE AENEID, 235-246 


235 hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri, 

qui mare, qul terras omnis dicione tenerent, 
pollicitus. Quae te, genitor, sententia vertit? 

Hoc equidem occasum Trojae tristisque rulnas 
solabar fails contraria/ato rependens; 

240 nunc eadem for tuna virds tot casibus adds 

insequitur. Quern das flnem, rex magne, labdrum ? 
Anterior potuit medils elapsus Achivis 
Illyricos penetrare sinus atque inthna tutus 
regna Liburnorum et fontem superare Timavi, 

245 unde per ora novem vasto cum murmure montis 

it mare proruptum et pelago premit arva sonant!. 


Achivus, a, um Achaean, Greek! 
Antenor, oris m. Trojan leader, fled after 
the fall of Troy and settled in northern 
Italy at Patavium, modern Paduaf 
contrarius, a, um opposite, opposingt 
dicio, onis /. power, rule, swayf 
ductor, oris m. leader, chief 
elabor, i, lapsus slip out, escape! 
equidem indeed, surely!* 
fons, fontis m. fountain, source! 

Illyricus, a, um Illyrian, Dalmatian, of 
Illyria, a region east of the Adriatic! 
insequor, i, secutus follow, pursue* 
intimus, a, um inmost! 

Liburnus, a, um Liburnian, Illyrianf 
murmur, uris n. murmur, rumble, roar 
novem nine! 

occasus, us m. fall, destruction! 
penetro (1) enter, penetrate! 
polliceor, eri, itus promise, offer! 
premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 
overwhelm* 


proruptus, a, um dashing, furious! 
rependo, ere, i, ensus balance, compen¬ 
sate! 

revoco (1) recall, restore 
ruina, ae /. downfall, ruin 
sententia, ae /. opinion, purpose! 
sinus, us m. fold, gulf, bay* 
solor, ari, atus console, find consolation 
for! 

sono, are, ul, itus (re)sound, roar* 
super6 (1) surpass, pass beyond!* 

Teucer (crus), cri m. early king of 
Troy! 

Timavus, i m. river of northern Italy, 
runs underground about twenty-five 
miles and emerges near the upper end 
of the Adriatic Sea into which it flows 
with a strong current! 
tot so many * 

tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
unde whence, from which (whom)* 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change, rout* 


Romanos (futuros esse), hinc ductores 
fore ( = futuros esse) a revocato sanguine 
Teucri. hinc = ex Aenea et aliis Teucris. 
volventibus annis: as the years roll (by); 
abl. abs.; App. 343. hinc . . . hinc: 
anaphora; App. 413. qui. . . qui: anaph¬ 
ora; App. 413. 

235. fore = futuros esse, inf. in indir. 
disc., dependent on pollicitus (es) in 1 . 
237; App. 263, 390. a revocato sanguine: 
explaining hinc. 

236. qui ... tenerent: rel. clause of 
purpose or characteristic; App. 388, 389. 

237. Quae te sententia vertit: what 
idea turns you (from your earlier plan)? 
An opinion may change a person as well 
as a person may change an opinion. 

238. Hoc: neut., abl. of cause or means, 
with this (hope), occasum solabar: I 
tried to console myself for the fall; a cona¬ 


tive imperfect, denoting attempted ac¬ 
tion; App. 351, 2, a . 

239. fatis: abl. of means or dat.; 
App. 331, 304. 

240. Observe the asyndeton; App. 418. 
casibus: abl. of means; App. 331. 

242. mediis Achivis: from the midst of 
the Greeks (fighting around Troy). 

243. Illyricos sinus: the Adriatic was 
proverbial for its dangers to navigation. 
Liburnorum: a wild and savage people, 
warlike and hostile to strangers, tutus: in 
emphatic position, contrasting his present 
safety with the dangers previously indi¬ 
cated. 

245. unde = ex quo fonte (Timavi). 

Observe the alliteration; App. 411. 

246. (Timavus) it mare proruptum: 

(the Tiinavus) goes (as) a dashing sea t to 
indicate the great volume, roar, ajid 




BOOK I, 247-257 


39 


Hie tamen ille urbem Patavl sedesque locavit 

Teucrorum et genii nomen dedit armaque flxit 

Troia, nunc placida compostus pace quiescit: 

nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus adnuis arcem, 250 

navibus (infandum!) amissis unius ob irarn 

prodimur atque Italis longe disjungimur oris. 

Hie pietatis bonds? Sic nos in sceptra reponis?” 

Olli subrldens hominum sator atque deorum 
vultu, quo caelum tempestatesgwe serenat, 255 

oscula libavit natae, dehinc talia fdtur: 

“Parce metu, Cytherea, manent immota tuorum 


adnuo, ere, ul, utus nod assent, promise! 
amitto, ere, misi, missus lose, let go* 
compond, ere, posui, pos(i)tus compose, 
construct, settle 

Cytherea, ae /. Venus, goddess of Cyth- 
era, a Greek island where Venus was 
born from the foam of the sea! 
dehinc thence, thereafter 
disjungo, ere, junxi, junctus separate, 
disconnect f 

figo, ere, fix!, fixus fasten, fix* 

homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human* 

immdtus, a, um unmoved, unshaken! 

Infandus, a, um unspeakable, accursed! 

Italus, a, um Italian 

libo (1) taste, touch; pourf 

loco (1) place, locate, establish* 

longe far (from), afar* 

metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* 

nata, ae /. daughter! 

ob on account of ( acc .) 

dsculum, I n. dainty lip, kiss! 


parco, ere, peperci (parsi), parsus spare 

( dat .)! 

Patavium, (i)i n. city of northern Italy, 
the modern Padua, abbut twenty miles 
west of Venice! 

pax, pads /. peace, quiet, rest! 
pietas, atis /. devotion, loyalty, duty* 
placidus, a, um peaceful, calm, quiet* 
prodo, ere, didi, ditus hand over, be¬ 
tray! 

progenies, ei /. offspring, progeny 
quiesco, ere, evi, etus rest, repose!* 
repono, ere, posui, pos(i)tus replace, re¬ 
store 

sator, oris m. sower; begetter, father! 
sceptrum, i n. staff, scepter, power 
sereno (1) calm, clear! 
subrideo, ere, risi smile (at)! 
tamen nevertheless, however!* 
tempestas, atis /. tempest, storm* 

Troius, a, um Trojan* 
vultus, us m. countenance, face* 


strong current of the river, pelago: with 
its flood (sea). Observe the alliteration; 
App. 411. 

247. Hie: adverb, here; observe the 
quantity. Patavi: appositional gen.; 
App. 281. 

248. arma fixit: dedicated his arms to 
some divinity, by hanging them up in the 
temple as a sign that he was at peace 
with the world and would need them no 
more. 

249. nunc: asyndeton; App. 418. 
compos (i)tus: shortened for metrical 
reasons. Observe the alliteration; App. 
411. 

250. nos: ego (Venus) et Aeneas et 
alii Teucri. Observe the effect obtained 
by asyndeton; App. 418. tua progenies: 
apposition with nos. Venus was daughter 
of Jupiter; Aeneas was her son. caeli 


arcem: means that Aeneas shall become 
a god; for only gods lived in heaven, 
while ordinary mortals went to Hades 
after death, adnuis: referring to the 
solemn nod of assent with which Jupiter 
ratified his promises. 

251. navibus amissis: abl. abs.; App. 
343. unius = Junonis. 

253. (estne) hie: for hoc; attracted 
to the masculine gender of the predicate 
noun honos. 

254. Olli = illi: dat. with compound; 
App. 298. 

256. talia (dicta), natae: added to in¬ 
dicate that the kiss is due to the tender 
affection of a father for his daughter, 
dehinc: one syllable by synizesis; App. 
403 ^ 

257. metu = metui: dat. with special 
verb; App. 297. 





40 


THE AENEID, 258-269 


fata tibl; cernes urbem et promissa Lavini 
moenia sublimemgwe feres ad sldera caeli 
260 magnanimum Aenean; neque me sententia vertit. 

Hie tibi (fabor enim, quando haec te cur a remordet, 
longius, et volvens fdtorum arcana movebo ) 
bellum ingens geret Italia populosgue ferocls 
contundet moresg'we virls et moenia ponet, 

265 tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas, 

terna que transierint Rutulis hlberna subactis. 

At puer Ascanius, cui nunc cognomen Iulo 
additur (Ilus erat, dum res stetit Ilia regno), 
triginta magnos volvendis mensibus orbis 


addo, ere, didi, ditus addf* 
aestas, atis /. summerf 
arcanum, I n. secret, mysteryf 
Ascanius, (i)i m. son of Aeneasf* 
cognomen, inis n. (sur)name, cognomen f 
contundo, ere, tudi, tu(n)sus bruise, 
crush f 

enim for, indeed, truly* 

ferox, ocis fierce, savage, wildf 

gero, ere, gessi, gestus carry (on), wage* 

hiberna, orum n. winter (quarters) f 

llius, a, um Ilian, Trojan f 

llus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneasf* 

lulus, l m. Ascanius, son of Aeneasf* 

Latium, (i)i n. district of central Italy* 

Lavinium, (i)I n. city in central Italy f 

longe far (from), afar* 

magnanimus, a, um great-souledf 


mensis, is m. monthf 
mos, moris m. custom, manner, lawf * 
orbis, is m. circle, orb, revolution* 
populus, i m. people, race, nation* 
prdmitto, ere, misi, missus promise* 
quando when, sincef 
regno (1) rule, reign 
remordeo, ere, di, rsus gnaw, troublef 
Rutulus, a, um Rutulian, of the Rutulians, 
a tribe of central Italyf 
sententia, ae /. opinion, purpose 
subigo, ere, egi, actus subduef 
sublimis, e on high, aloft, upliftedf 
term, ae, a three (each), by threesf 
tertius, a, um thirdf* 
transeo, ire, ii, (ivi), itus pass (by)f 
triginta thirtyf 

verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change, rout* 


258. tibi: dat. of reference or ethical 
dat.; App. 301, 300. 

259. sublimem: Aeneas shall become 
a god in heaven; an answer to Venus’s 
complaint in 1. 250. 

260. neque me sententia vertit: an 

answer to the reproachful question of 
Venus in 1. 237. Aenean: acc., a Greek 
form; App. 66. 

261. Hie (Aeneas): subject of geret, 
1. 263. tibi: dat. of reference or ethical 
dat.; App. 301, 300. 

262. longius . . . volvens: unrolling (the 
scroll) of the fates farther . In classical 
times books were written in the form of 
scrolls. 

263. (Aeneas) bellum ingens geret: 

referring to the war with Turnus in Italy, 
described in the last six books of the 
Aeneid. (in) Italia: abl. of place where; 
App. 319. 

264. mores, moenia; alliteration; 
App. 411. virls (suis). 


265. dum viderit, transierint: future 
perf. with dum; App. 373. (Aenean) 
regnantem. 

266. Rutulis subactis: abl. abs. or 
dat. of reference; App. 343, 301. The 
Rutuli were a native Italian tribe hostile 
to Aeneas but whom he finally subdued, 
terna: three; the distributive is often 
employed instead of the cardinal with 
words used only in the plural, hiberna, 
winter quarters , hence winters , years. 

267. Iulo: dat. attracted to the case 
of cui; App. 242, h. A reminder that the 
family of Julius Caesar, including Augus¬ 
tus, was descended from Aeneas, through 
Ascanius (lulus). Ilus erat (cognomen), 
res Ilia: the Ilian ( Trojan ) state. 

268: regno: abl. of respect; App. 325. 
dum stetit: App. 371. 

269. orbis (annorum) : circles of years , 
poetic for years, volvendis mensibus: 
with their swift passing months; abl. of 
quality or means, App. 330, 331. 





Alinari , Rome 


Jupiter 


Vatican Museum 






Alinari , Rome National Museum 

Mars 

In spite of his being god of War, Mars is frequently represented 
as a young and handsome boy. 





BOOK I, 270-278 

impend explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini 
transferet, et Longam multa vl muniet Albam. 
Hlc jam ter .centum totos regnabitur annos 
gente sub Hectorea, donee regina sacerdos 
Marte gravis geminam partu dabit Ilia prolem. 
Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus 
Romulus excipiet gentem et Mavortia condet 
moenia Romanosc/ae suo de nomine dlcet. 

His ego nec metas rerum nec tempora pond: 


Alba, ae /. Alba Longa, city of central 
Italyf 

annus, i m. year* 
centum hundred!* 

ccndo, ere, didi, ditus found, establish* 
donee until, while, as long as! 
excipio, ere, cepi, ceptus take (up), in¬ 
herit! 

expleo, ere, evi, etus fill (out), fulfilf 
fulvus, a, um tawny, yellow! 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, pregnant* 
Hectoreus, a, um Hectorean, of Hector, 
leader of the Trojansf 
Ilius, a, um Ilian, Trojan! 
inde thence, afterward!* 

Lavinium, (i)I n. city of central Italy 
Longa, ae /. Alba Longa, a city in central 
Italy, mother city of Rome 


lupa, ae /. she-wolff 
Mars, Martis m. god of warf 
Mavortius, a, um Martian, of Mars, god 
of warf 

meta, ae /. goal, limit, boundt 
munio, ire, ivi (il), itus fortifyf 
nutrix, icis /. nurse! 
partus, us m. birth, offspring! 
proles, is /. offspring, progeny* 
regno (1) rule, reign 
Romanus, a, um Roman* 

Romulus, I m. legendary founder of Rome, 
son of Mars and Rhea Silvia, a Vestal 
virgin! 

sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess) t* 
teg(i)men, inis n. covering, skinf 
ter thrice, three times* 
transfero, ferre, tuli, latus transfer! 


270. Lavini: appositional gen.; App. 
281. Aeneas founded Lavinium, Ascanius 
founded Alba Longa. 

271. Longam Albam = Alba Longa; 
according to tradition, Rome was founded 
from Alba Longa, a city situated on a 
long (Longa) white (Alba) ridge, multa 
vi muniet: alliteration; App. 411. 

272. Hie: in Alba Longa, regnabitur: 
impersonal, royal power shall be exercised . 
annos: acc. of duration of time; App. 
314. 

273-274. Hectorea = Trojana, since 
Hector was the crown prince and the 
greatest of the Trojans, regina sacerdos: 
a princess priestess (of Vesta ); she was the 
daughter of King Numitor, and her name 
was Rhea Silvia, donee Ilia regina sacer¬ 
dos gravis Marte dabit prolem geminam 
partu. Ilia (sacerdos) : another name 
for Rhea Silvia to indicate her connection 
with Ilus (1. 268) and with Ilium, (Troy). 
Marte gravis: pregnant by Mars , the god 
of war. geminam prolem: Romulus and 
Remus, partu dabit: shall give by birth , 
shall bear. 

275. Inde : temporal, then, lupae fulvo 


nutricis tegmine: interlocked order; App. 
442. lupae nutricis: refers to the well 
known story that Romulus and Remus 
were suckled by a she-wolf. fulvo teg¬ 
mine: abl. of cause with the adj. laetus; 
App. 332. As a mark of honor to his 
foster mother Romulus wore a wolfskin. 

276. Mavortia: Romulus, the founder 
of Rome, was the son of Mars (Mavors), 
the patron deity of Rome. 

277. dicet ( = vocabit) (gentem) Ro¬ 
manos: the name Romans being thus 
fancifully derived from Romulus, in 
accordance with the well-established 
legend. 

278. His (Romanis) : dat. of reference; 
App. 301. tempora = metas temporum. 
imperium sine fine (Romanis) dedi: a 

magnificent climax; Aeneas is to rule 
three years after his victory ovdr the 
Italian tribes (11. 265-266), Ascanius for 
thirty years (1. 272), while Rome is to have 
dominion world without end. To preserve 
the symmetry, Vergil represents Alba 
Longa as ruling three hundred instead of 
four hundred years, according to the more 
generally accepted account. 





42 


THE AENEID, 279-288 


imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera Juno, 

280 quae mare nunc terrasque metu caelumque fatigat, 

consilia in melius referet, mecumque fovebit 
Romanos, rerum dominos qentemque togatam. 

Sic placitum. Veniet lustris labentibus aetas 
cum domus Assaraci Phthlam claras^ue Mycenas 
285 servitio premet ac victis dominabitur Argis. 

Nascetur pulchra Trojanus origine Caesar, 
imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris, 
Julius, a magnb demissum nomen Iulo. 


aetas, atis /. age, time! 

Argi, drum m. Argos, city of southern 
Greece, home of Diomedes, a Greek 
chieftain against Troy 
asper, era, erum harsh, rough, fierce* 
Assaracus, i m. early king of Troy! 
astrum, i n. star, constellation!* 

Caesar, aris ra. (1) Julius Caesar; 

(2) Augustus Caesar f 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious!* 
consilium, (i)i n. plan, advice! 
demittd, ere, misi, missus send down, 
drop, lower, derive!* 
dominor, ari, atus rule (over) ( dat.)] 
dominus, i m. lord, master! 
fatigo (1) weary, tire (out)! 
foveo, ere, fovi, fotus cherish, fon¬ 
dle 

lulus, l m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
Julius, (i)i m. (1) Julius Caesar; (2) Au¬ 
gustus Caesar! 

lustrum, I n. space of five years, sacred 
season! 


melior, ius better, superior! 
metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* 
Mycenae, arum /. city of central Greece, 
home of Agamemnon, leader of the 
Greek expedition against Troy! 
nascor, i, natus be born, arise* 

Oceanus, i ra. ocean! 
origo, inis /. origin, beginning, source! 
Phthia, ae /. city and district of northern 
Greece, home of Achilles, a Greek chief¬ 
tain against Troy! 
placed, ere, ui, itus please ( dat .)! 
premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 
subject* 

pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, hand¬ 
some, illustrious* 
quin nay (even), (but) that!* 

Romanus, a, um Roman* 
servitium, (i)I n. slavery, bondage! 
sine without ( abl .)* 
termino (1) bound, limit! 
togatus, a, um toga-clad! 

Trojanus, a, um Trojan* 


279. Quin: yes , even; introducing an 
almost unbelievable statement. 

280. metu: abl. of means; App. 331; 
because of her fear for. Carthage, as rep¬ 
resented in 11. 19 ff.; cf. id metuens in 
1. 23. 

281. in melius: for the better . 

282. rerum: of the world . -que: 
explicative, adding an explanatory state¬ 
ment. togatam: the toga was the 
characteristic Roman dress. 

283. Sic placitum (est) : ‘‘It is thus 
decreed.” lustris labentibus: abl. abs.; 
as the years go gliding by; note the allit¬ 
eration; App. 411. 

284. domus Assaraci: the house of 
Assaracus , a Trojan prince; i.e., the 
Romans, descendants of the Trojans, 
shall some day conquer and rule Greece. 
Greece was reduced to a Roman province 
in 146 b.c. 


285. victis Argis: dat. with special verb 
or abl. of place where; App. 297, 319. 

286. pulchra Trojanus origine Caesar: 
interlocked order; App. 442. pulchra 
origine: abl. of quality; App. 330. Tro¬ 
janus Caesar: Augustus, who traced his 
ancestry back to Aeneas. 

287. (qui) imperium Oceano (termi¬ 
net). qui terminet: rel. clause of purpose; 
App. 388. Oceano: abl. of means. The 
ancients thought that Oceanus was a great 
river which flowed around the earth. Cf. 
Paradise Lost , 12, 369-371: 

“He shall ascend 

The throne hereditary, and bound his 
reign 

With earth’s wide bounds, his glory with 
the heavens.” 

288. Julius: in apposition with Caesar 
(in 1. 286), and referring to Augustus 





BOOK I, 289-295 43 

Hunc tu olim caeld spolils Orientis onustum 

accipies secura; vocabitur hie quoque votis. 290 

Aspera turn positis mltescent saecula bellis; 

cana Fides et Vesta, Remo cum fratre Quirinu s 

jura dabunt; dirae ferro et compagibus artls 

claudentur Belli portae; Furor impius intus 

saeva sedens super arma et centum vlnctus aenis 295 


aenus, a, um (of) bronze, brazen! 
artus, a, um close (fitting) f* 
asper, era, erum harsh, rough, fierce* 
canus, a, um white, gray, hoary! 
centum hundred* 

claudo, ere, si, sus (in)close, fasten* 
compages, is /. joint, seam, fastening 
dirus, a, um dire, awful!* 

Fides, elf. Faith, Honor! 
frater, tris m . brother* 

Furor, oris m. Madness, Rage, Frenzy 
impius, a, um unholy, impious, dis¬ 
loyal f 

intus within 

jus, juris n. justice, law, right! 
mitesco, ere become mild! 


olim once, at some time* 
onustus, a, um laden, burdened! 

Oriens, entis m. Orient, the Eastf 
porta, ae /. door, gate, opening* 

Quirlnus, i m. Romulus, legendary 
founder of Rome! 
quoque also* 

Remus, i m. twin brother of Romulus!* 
saeculum, i n. age, generation! 
saevus, a, um cruel, fierce, stern* 
securus, a, um free from care, untroubled! 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit* 
spolium, (i)i n. spoils, booty, plunder! 
Vesta, ae /. goddess of the hearth! 
vincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus bind, tie! 
votum, i n. prayer, vow!* 


Caesar who as the adopted son of Julius 
Caesar took this name. The name Julius 
was fancifully derived from lulus, and the 
latter from Ilus, thus connecting the word 
with Ilus, one of the early kings of Ilium 
(Troy). Cf. note on 1. 267. 

289: (in) caelo: refers to the deifica¬ 
tion of Augustus, who was worshipped as 
a god and as the son of a god, Julius 
Caesar, even during his lifetime. Hunc 
spoliis Orientis onustum: refers to Au¬ 
gustus Caesar’s conquests in the Orient, 
especially to his recovery from the Par- 
thians of the Roman standards they had 
captured from Crassus in 53. b.c., and to 
his victory over Antony and Cleopatra 
at Actium in 31 b.c. 

290. secura: adjective modifying tu 
which is subject of accipies. hie (Caesar) 
quoque: he also , as well as Aeneas, will 
be worshipped (vocabitur) as a god; see 
11. 259-260. 

291. positis bellis: abl. abs.; App. 
343. A prophecy of the golden age of 
peace, when all wars shall cease. Aspera 
positis saecula bellis: interlocked order; 
App. 442. This and the following lines 
(292-296) refer to the expected return of 
the Golden Age, which was ardently 
hoped for and often prophesied in antiq¬ 
uity, when all the world would be good 


and happy; faith and honor and peace 
and love would prevail: and sin and 
wickedness, suffering and sorrow, would 
be no more. 

292. cana Fides: one of the earliest 
shrines at Rome was dedicated to the 
goddess Fides. This line is usually inter¬ 
preted symbolically: Fides and Vesta 
represent the honor and sanctity of the 
old Roman home, while the reconciliation 
of Romulus and Remus, once estranged, 
symbolizes the reconciliation of the two 
chief parties at Rome, long engaged in 
deadly civil war. 

293. ferro et compagibus artis: abl. of 
means with claudentur, 1. 294. 

294. claudentur Belli portae: appar¬ 
ently referring to the temple of Janus, the 
doors of which were opened in time of 
war and closed in time of peace. Augus¬ 
tus closed the temple in 29 b.c., after 
it had remained continuously opened for 
more than two centuries. It had been 
closed only twice before since the founda¬ 
tion of Rome, impius: referring to the 
unholy spirit of civil war. 

295. saeva sedens super: alliteration; 
App. 411. 

295-296. vinctus post tergum: (his 
hands) bound behind his back, ore: abl. 
of means or cause, with fremet; App. 






44 THE AENEID, 296-306 

post tergum nodis fremet horridus ore cruento.” 

Haee ait et Maja genitum demittit ab alto, 
ut terrae utque novae pateant Karthaginis arces 
hospitio Teucris, ne fati nescia Dido 
300 finibus arceret. Volat ille per aera magnum 

remigio alarum ac Libyae citus astitit oris. 

Et jam jussa facit, ponuntque ferocia Poem 
corda volente deo; in primis regina quietum 
accipit in Teucros animum mentemque benignam. 
305 At pius Aeneas per noctem plurima volvens, 

ut primum lux alma data est, exire locosque 


aer, aeris, acc. aera, m. air, mist, fogf 
ala, ae /. wingt* 

almus, a, um nurturing, kind(ly)f 
altum, i n. the deep (sea); heaven 
arceo, ere, ui keep off, defend 
a(d)sto, are, stiti stand (on, at) ( dat .)* 
benignus, a, um kind(ly), benignf 
citus, a, um quick, swiftf 
cor, cordis n. heart, spirit, feelings* 
cruentus, a, um bloody, cruelf 
demitto, ere, misi, missus send down, 

drop* 

exeo, ire, ii (Ivi), itus go outf 
ferox, ocis fierce, savage, wild 
fremo, ere, ui, itus rage, roar* 
gigno, ere, genui, genitus bear, begetf 
horridus, a, um horrible, bristlingf 

331, 332. fremet: from rage at not be¬ 
ing able to indulge in his favorite sport 
of encouraging fratricidal strife. 

297- 304. Mercury is sent to Dido, at 
Carthage, to prepare the way for Aeneas 
and the Trojans. 

297. ait: third sing, of ajo. Maja: 
with the first syllable long by position; 
App. 6, b. Maja genitum: the son of 
Maja. 

298- 300. pateant, arceret: purpose; 
App. 359; observe the difference in tense, 
made possible by the fact that the princi¬ 
pal verb, demittit, as a historical present 
may be considered either primary or sec¬ 
ondary; App. 353, a; 351, 1, a. 

299. hospitio Teucris: two datives; 
App. 301, 303; or hospitio may be abl. of 
manner; App. 328. fati nescia Dido: i.e., 
Dido might not know that the Trojans 
were fated to settle in Italy and might 
repel them from her land as possible in¬ 
vaders. 

300. (a) finibus. (Teucros) arceret: 

negative purpose; App. 359. aera: acc. 
sing, from aer, a Greek form; App. 68. 


hospitium, (i)I n. hospitality, welcomet 
jussum, I n. command, order 
Karthago, inis /. great commercial city 
of North Africa, rival of Rome 
Libya, ae /. district of North Africa* 
Maja, ae /. daughter of Atlas and mother 
of Mercury, messenger of the godsf 
nescius, a, um ignorant, unaware t 
nodus, I m. knotf 
pateo, ere, ui lie open, extendf 
Poenus, a, um Phoenician, Cartha¬ 
ginian f 

post behind, after (acc.); after(ward)f* 
quietus, a, um calm, peaceful 
remigium, (i)I n. oarage, rowingf 
tergum, I n. back, hide, rear 
volo (1) fly, speed* 

301. remigio: abl. of means; App. 
331; a metaphor from the sea; App. 432. 
astitit: perfect, to denote instantaneous 
action, after the historical present, volat. 
(in) oris. 

303. deo volente: abl. abs.; App. 343. 
in primis : among the first , especially. 
regina: Dido. 

304. in: toward. 

305- 417. Aeneas sets out to explore 
the unknown region, and meets his 
mother Venus disguised as a huntress. 
The goddess tells him that he is near 
Carthage, relates the history of Dido, 
announces the safety of his remaining 
ships, resumes her form as a divinity, 
and disappears. 

305. plurima (mente) volvens. 

306- 309. ut primum: when first , as 
soon as. exire, explorare, quaerere, re- 
ferre: depend on constituit in 1. 309. 
Aeneas constituit exire locosque novos 
explorare, quaerere quas oras accesserit 
vento (et quaerere) qul teneant (illos 
locos) referreque exacta socils (suls). 




BOOK I, 307-318 


45 


explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras, 

qul teneant (nam inculta videt), hominesne feraene, 

quaerere constituit sociisque exacta referre. 

Classem in convexo nemorum sub rupe cavata * 310 

arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris 
occulit; ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate 
blna many, lato crispans hastilia ferro. 

Cui mater media sese tulit obvia silva 

virginis os habitumg'ue gerens et virginis arma 315 

Spartanae, vel qualis equos Threissa fatigat 
Harpalyce volucremgne fug a, praevertitur Hebrum. 

Namque umeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum 


accedo, ere, cessi, cessus approach, reach 
Achates, ae m. faithful comrade of Aeneas* 
arbos (or), oris/, treef* 
arcus, us m. bow* 
binl, ae, a two (each), by twosf 
cavo (1) hollow (out)f 
claudo, ere, si, sus (in)close, hem in* 
comito (1) accompany, attendf 
constituo, ere, ui, utus establish, resolvet 
convexum, i n. hollow, valley, skyf 
crispo, are, atus brandish, wavef 
exigo, ere, egi, actus drive out; deter¬ 
mine, discover 

exploro (1) explore, search (out) 
fatigo (1) weary, tire (out) 
fera, ae /. wild beast, animal t 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus carry (on), wear* 
gradior, i, gressus march, go, proceedf 
habilis, e easily handled, handyt 
habitus, us m. appearance, garbf 
Harpalyce, es /. Thracian princess and 

huntress, renowned for her speedf 

307. quas (oras) accesserit, qui (eas) 
teneant: indir. questions dependent on 
quaerere; App. 349. vento: abl. of 
means or cause; App. 331, 332. 

308. (ea esse) inculta: ea is neuter 
plural and refers to both locos and oras, 
one a masc. and the other a fern, noun; 
for its gender see App. 239, b. videt: 
with the final syllable long under the 
metrical accent and before the pause; 
App. 394, a. hominesne feraene (sint). 
-ne, -ne: whether , or. 

309. sociis: indirect object, exacta: 
substantively, the things determined , 
learned. 

311. horrentibus umbris: a trans¬ 
ferred epithet; horrentibus belongs logi¬ 
cally to the trees (arboribus) but is 
transferred to their shadows (umbris); 
App. 446. Cf. horrenti umbra (1. 165) 
and note, circum: adverb, round about. 


hastile, is n. spear(-shaft), lancet 
Hebrus, l m. slow Thracian river which 
Vergil thought fastf 

homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, hu¬ 
man* 

horreo, ere, ui bristle, shudder, tremble* 
incultus, a, um untilled, wildf 
latus, a, um broad, wide, spacious* 
mos, moris m. custom, manner, law* 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 
obvius, a, um in the way, to meet (dat.) f 
occulo, ere, ui, ltus hide, concealf 
praevertor, i, rsus outstrip, surpassf 
qualis, e of what kind, such (as)f* 
rupes, is /. cliff, crag, rock* 

Spartanus, a, um Spartan, of Sparta, in 
southern Greecet 

suspendo, ere, i, ensus suspend, hangf* 
Threissa, ae /. Thracian, of Thrace, a 
district northeast of Greecef 
virgo, inis /. girl, maid(en)f* 
volucer, cris, ere swift, wingedf* 

312. ipse (Aeneas): the master; see 
note on ipsius (1. 114). uno = solo, a 
common meaning, uno Achate : abl. of 
accompaniment without the preposition 
or ablative of means. 

313. bina: this distributive numeral is 
often used instead of the cardinal duo with 
objects that go in pairs, manu: abl. of 
place or means, lato ferro: with broad 
iron (point); abl. of quality; App. 330. 

314. Cui: Aeneas, dat. with obvia 
which modifies mater, (in) media silva. 

316. vel (talis virginis) qualis . . . 
fatigat Harpalyce: or (of) such a girl as 
the Thracian Harpalyce (when she) tires 
the horses (by outstripping them in a 
race). 

317. Harpalyce: norm, a Greek form, 
fuga: in her swift course, abl. of means; 
App. 331. 

318. (de or in) umeris. 





46 


THE AENEID, 319-330 


venatrix dederatque comam diffundere ventls, 

320 nuda genu nodo que sinus collecta fluentis. 

Ac prior “Heiis,” inquit, “juvenes, monstrate, mearum 
vldistis si quam hlc errantem forte sororum 
succinctam pharetra et maculosae tegmine lyncis, 
aut spumantis apri cur sum clamor e prementem.” 

325 Sic Venus; et Veneris contra sic fllius orsus: 

“ Nulla tuarum audita mihl neque visa sororum, 

0 quam te memorem, virgo? Namque haud tibi vultus 

mortalis, nec vox hominem sonat; 0 , dea certe 

(an Phoebi soror? An nympharum sanguinis unaf), 

330 sis fellx nostrumque leves, quaecumque, laborem 


an interrog. or, whetherf* 
aper, pri m. wild boarf 
certe certainly, surely 
colligo, ere, legi, lectus gather, col¬ 
lect 

coma, ae /. hairf* 

contra opposite, in turn* 

diffundo, ere, fudi, fusus scatterf 

felix, icis happy, blessed; propitiousf* 

fllius, (i)I m. sonf 

fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus flowf 

genu, us n. kneef 

heus ho! hallo!f 

homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human* 
inquam, is, it sayf* 

juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) f* 
levo (1) lift, lighten 
lynx, lyncis m. (/.) lynx, wild catj 
maculosus, a, um spottedf 
memoro (1) recount, (re) call, relate* 
monstro (1) show, point outf* 
mortalis, e mortal, humanf* 
nodus, i m. knot 


nudus, a, um nude, baref 
nympha, ae /. nymph, a minor divinity, 
represented in the form of a beautiful 
maiden 

ordior, irl, orsus begin, undertakef 
pharetra, ae /. quiverf 
Phoebus, l m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy, brother of Diana, god¬ 
dess of the chasef* 

premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 
control, pursue* 
prior, ius former, firstf* 
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque 
whoever, whichever, whatever* 
sinus, us m. fold, hollow, bay* 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
soror, oris f. sister, comrade* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, sprayt* 
succingo, ere, cfnxi, clnctus gird (up)f 
teg(i)men, inis n. cover(ing), skin 
venatrix, icis /. huntressf 
Venus, eris /. goddess of love and beauty* 
virgo, inis/, girl, maid(en)* 
vultus, us m. countenance, face* 


319. venatrix: (as a) huntress, diffun¬ 
dere: the inf. of purpose, a poetic use; 
App. 261. 

320. genu: acc. of respect; App. 311. 
sinus: acc., object of collecta used as a 
middle voice; App. 309; refers to her 
flowing robes. 

321. prior: first , before Aeneas could 
speak. 

322. quam: indef., any (one). si 
vidistis quam mearum sororum hie er¬ 
rantem, monstrate (earn mihi). 

325. Sic Venus (dixit). Venus, Ve¬ 
neris filius: brought together in the 
sentence, emphasizing that Venus and 
Aeneas do not here meet as mother and 
son. orsus (est). 


326. Nulla (soror). audita (est) mihi. 
mihi: dat. of agent; App. 302; for the 
length of the final i, see the note on mihi, 
( 1 . 8 ). 

327. quam te (esse) memorem: whom 
(what) shall I call you? memorem is 
deliberative subj.; App. 348. tibi: dat. 
of possession, vultus (est) mortalis. 

328. nec vox hominem sonat: nor does 
your voice sound human; hominem is 
cognate acc.; App. 313. 

329. an Phoebi soror (es)? Phoebi 
soror: i.e., Phoebe, Diana, “the huntress 
queen, chaste and fair.” sanguinis = 
generis: part. gen. with una. 

330. sis, leves: vol. or opt. subj.; 
App. 253, 254. quaecumque (es). 





BOOK I, 331-343 


47 


et quo sub caelo tandem, quibus orbis in oris 
jactemur doceas; ignari hominumQ 7 /.e locorumque 
erramus vento hue vastls et fluctibus dctl: 
multa tibi ante dr as nostra cadet hostia dextra” 

Turn Venus: “Hand equidem tall me dignor honore; 335 
virginibus Tyrils mos est gestare pharetram 
purpureogue alte suras vinclre coturno. 

Punica regna vides, Tyrios et Agenoris urbem; 
sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello. 

Imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta, 340 

germanum fugiens. Longa est injuria, longae 
ambages ; sed summa sequar fastigia rerum. 

Huic conjunx Sychaeus erat, dltissimus agri 


Agenor, oris m. king of Phoenicia! 
ager, gri m. land, field, territory !* 
alte on high, high up! 
ambages, is /. turning, devious tale! 
cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
cot(h)urnus, i m. high boot, buskint 
dignor, arl, atus deem worthy ( abl.) f 
di(ve)s, dl(vi)tis rich, wealthy (gen.) f 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, tellf* 
equidem indeed, surely* 
fastigium, (i)I n. summit, top, point! 
germanus, i m. brotherf* 
gesto (1) bear, wear, carryf 
homo, inis m. (/). man, mortal, hu¬ 
man* 

hostia, ae /. victim, sacrifice! 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, unaware* 
injuria, ae /. wrong, insult, injustice 


intractabilis, e unmanageable, intract¬ 
able! 

jacto (1) toss, buffet* 

Libycus, a, um Libyan, of Libya, a dis¬ 
trict of North Africa!* 
mos, moris m. custom, manner, law* 
orbis, is m. circle, orb, world* 
pharetra, ae /. quiver 
proficlscor, I, fectus set out, depart! 
Punicus, a, um Phoenician, Punic, 
Carthaginian! 

purpureus, a, um purple, crimson! 
rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, direct* 
sura, ae /. (calf of) leg! 

Sychaeus, l m. deceased husband of Dido! 
Venus, eris /. goddess of love and beauty* 
vincio, Ire, vlnxi, vinctus bind, tie 
virgo, inis/, girl, maid(en)* 


331-332. et (me) doceas sub quo caelo 
tandem (jactemur), in quibus oris orbis 
(terrarum) jactemur. quo sub caelo . .. 
jactemur: indir. quest.; App. 349. do¬ 
ceas: vol. or opt. subj.; App. 253, 254. 
-que: with the final e elided before the 
initial vowel of the next verse. Such a 
verse is called hyper metric; App. 402. 

333. vento, fluctibus: abl. of means; 
App. 331. vastls: construe with flucti¬ 
bus. 

334. multa hostia cadet tibi nostra 
dextra (manu) ante aras (tuas) : Aeneas 
promises a generous sacrifice to this un¬ 
known goddess, if she will grant his 
prayer. He wishes to make a good 
bargain, representing the proverbial do 
ut des of Roman religion, nostra ( = mea) 
dextra (manu) : abl. of means. 

335-336. Turn Venus (dixit), honore: 
abl. with dignor: App. 337, a. virginibus: 
dat. of possession or reference; App. 
299, 301. Tyrlis: Carthage was settled 


from Tyre; cf. Tyril tenuere colon! 

( 1 . 12 ). 

336-337. “ Do not think me a goddess 
because I bear a bow and quiver, and am 
dressed in hunting costume. This is 
customary among Tyrian girls.” 

337. purpureo: Tyrian “purple” 
(really scarlet) was famous. 

338. Punica: a word related to 
Phoenician. Agenoris: as a Phoenician 
settlement, Carthage could be called the 
city of Agenor, founder of the Phoenician 
race. 

339. fines (sunt) Libyci. genus: in ap¬ 
position with Libyans, implied in Libyci. 

340. (ex) Tyria urbe profecta: having 
come from Tyre. 

341. Longa est injuria = longum est 
dlcere (narrare) injuriam: the story of 
her wrongs is a long one. longae (sunt). 

343. Huic (DIdonI) : dat. of possession; 
App. 299. agri: gen. with adj., dltis¬ 
simus: App. 287; richest in land . 





48 


THE AENEID, 344-356 


Phoenlcum, et magno miserae dilectus amove, 
345 cui pater intactam dederat primisque jugarat 

ominibus. Sed regna Tyri germanus habebat 
Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnis. 
Quos inter medius venit furor. Ille Sychaeum 
impius ante ards atque auri caecus amove 
350 clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum 

germanae; factum^we diu celavit et aegram 
multa malus simulans vana spe lusit amantem. 
Ipsa sed in somnis inhumatl venit imago 
conjugis ora modis attollens pallida miris; 

355 crudelis ards trajecta que pectora ferro 

nudavit, caecum que domus scelus omne retexit. 


aeger, gra, grum sick (at heart), weary* 

amans, antis m. (/.) lover! 

attollo, ere lift, raise!* 

caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark!* 

celo (1) hide, concealf 

clam secretly! 

crudelis, e cruel, bloody, fierce* 
dlligo, ere, lexl, lectus love, cherish! 
diu a long time, long! 
factum, l n. deed, undertaking, exploit!* 
furor, oris m. madness, frenzy, rage* 
germana, ae /. sister 
germanus, l m. brother* 
imago, inis /. image, likeness, ghost!* 
impius, a, um unholy, unnatural, dis¬ 
loyal 

incautus, a, um unsuspecting, careless! 
inhumatus, a, um unburied! 
intactus, a, um untouched, virgin! 
jugo (1) join, unite, yoke together! 
ludo, ere, si, sus sport, deceive, mock! 


344. (Didoni) miserae: dat. of agent; 
App. 302. 

345. pater = Belus. (earn = Didonem) 
intactam. juga(ve)rat. ominibus: abl. 
of means; App. 331; by metonymy for 
marriage, since the omens were always 
consulted for weddings; App. 433. 

347. scelere: abl. of respect with im¬ 
manior; App. 325. 

348-351. inter quos = inter Pygmalio- 
nem et Sychaeum; anastrophe; App. 
414. Ille ( = Pygmalion) impius atque 
caecus amore auri, securus amorum ger¬ 
manae (suae), clam ferro superat Sy¬ 
chaeum incautum ante aras. Observe 
how strongly the speaker portrays the 
wicked character of Pygmalion and his 
disregard for all human or divine consid¬ 
erations. 

349. amore: abl. of cause; App. 332. 


malus, a, um bad, evil, wicked* 
mlrus, a, um wonderful, marvelous! 
modus, i m. manner, measure!* 
nudo (1) bare, expose 
omen, inis n. omen, auspices!* 
pallidus, a, um pale! 

Phoenix, ids m. Phoenician! 

Pygmalion, onis m . wicked brother of 
Dido! 

retego, ere, texi, tectus uncover, dis¬ 
close! 

scelus, eris n. crime, villainy, sin!* 
securus, a, um free from care, careless, 

heedless {gen.) 

simulo (1) imitate, pretend, feign 
spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
supero (1) overcome, surpass; kill* 
Sychaeus, i m . deceased husband of Dido 
trajicio, ere, jeci, jectus pierce! 

Tyrus, i /. famous city of Phoenicia! 
vanus, a, um empty, idle, false! 


350. amorum: obj. gen. with adj. 
securus; App. 284; reckless of his sister's 
love (for her husband): 

351. aegram: modifies amantem, 
which is used substantively, lover , loving 
wife. 

352. multa simulans: to account for 
the absence of Sychaeus. lusit vana spe 
(Didonem) aegram amantem; sed ipsa 
imago inhumatl conjugis (Sychael) venit 
in somnis (ad earn = Didonem). 

353. inhumatl: the ancients believed 
that unless the corpse were properly 
buried, the ghost of the dead would wan¬ 
der restlessly about. 

354. modis miris: alliteration; abl. of 
manner, with pallida; App. 328. 

355. aras, pectora: poetic plural, ferro: 
abl. of means. 

356. domus: gen. 






BOOK I, 357-368 


49 


Turn celerare fug am patria que excedere suadet 
auxiliumgue viae veteres tellure recludit 
thesauros, ignotum argent! pondus et aurl. 

His commota fugam Dido sociosque parabat . 360 

Conveniunt quibus aut odium crudele tyranni 
aut metus acer erat; navis , quae forte paratae, 
corripiunt onerant que auro. Portantur avari 
Pygmalionis opes pelago; dux femina fact!. 

Devenere locos ubi nunc ingentia cernes 365 

moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem, 
mercatl que solum, fact! de nomine Byrsam, 
taurlno quantum possent circumdare tergo. 


acer, cris, ere sharp, fierce, spirited* 
argentum, i n. silver! 
auxilium, (i)i n. help, aid, assistance!* 
avarus, a, um covetous, greedy! 

Byrsa, ae /. citadel of Carthagef 
celero (1) hasten, hurry, speed! 
circumdo, are, dedl, datus surround 
commoveo, ere, movi, motus move, 
arouse 

convenio, ire, veni, ventus come together, 
assemble! 

corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up), 
seize* 

crudelis, e cruel, bloody, fierce* 
devenio, ire, veni, ventus arrive (at)! 
dux, ducis m. (/.) leader, guide, chief¬ 
tain!* 

excedo, ere, cessi, cessus withdraw, de¬ 
part! 

factum, i n. deed, undertaking, exploit* 

femina, ae f. woman! 

ignotus, a, um unknown, strange! 


Karthago, inis /. great commercial city of 
North Africa, rival of Rome 
mercor, ari, atus buy, purchase! 
metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* 
odium, (i)i n. hate, hatred, enmity! 
onero (1) load, burden 
ops, opis /. help, resources, wealth, power* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
pondus, eris n. weight, burden! 
porto (1) carry (off), bear, bring* 
Pygmalion, onis m. wicked brother of 
Dido 

quantus, a, um how great, how much, 
how many, as much (as)!* 
recludo, ere, si, sus disclose, reveal! 
solum, i n. soil, ground, earth!* 
suadeo, ere, asi, asus advise, urge! 
taurinus, a, um of a bull! 
tergum, i n . back, hide* 
thesaurus, i m. treasure, hoard! 
tyrannus, i m. tyrant, usurper, ruler! 
vetus, eris old, ancient, former* 


357. suadet: the ghost urges Dido to 
flee, celerare, excedere: infinitives with 
suadet; ordinary prose would employ ut 
with the subjunctive. 

358. auxilium viae: (as) an aid for her 
flight; auxilium is in apposition with 
thesauros. veteres: and so unknown to 
‘Pygmalion. 

360. His (dictis Sychaei). 

361. (illl) conveniunt. tyranni: of 
Pygmalion; obj. gen. with odium and 
metus; App. 284. 

362. paratae (sunt). 

364. pelago: abl. of route; App. 338. 
opes: the Roman historian Tacitus 
(Annals , 16, 1) says that the Emperor 
Nero sent a commission to Carthage to 
find the gold which Dido had brought and 
presumably buried there, femina (erat) 
dux facti: compare the inscription Dux 


femina facti which was stamped on the 
medals struck to commemorate the de 
feat of the Spanish Armada by the Brit> 
ish in 1588, while Elizabeth was queen 
of England. 

365. Devenere = devenerunt; App. 
204, 4. (ad or in) locos; acc. of place 
whither; App. 315. 

367. mercati (sunt), (tantum) solum 
(vocatum) Byrsam: (as much) ground or 
land ( called) Byrsa . Byrsam: a Greek 
word meaning bull's hide , later confused 
with the Carthaginian (Punic) word 
bosra , meaning citadel ; hence the story 
that the Libyan natives agreed to sell to 
the Phoenicians as much land as could 
be covered with a bull’s hide and that 
the Carthaginians cut the hide into 
long strips, thus securing a considerable 
area. 





50 


THE AENEID, 369-381 


Sed vos qul tandem? Quibus aut venistis ab oris? 

370 Quove tenetis iter?” Quaerentl talibus ille 

susplrans Imoque tr aliens a pedore vocem: 

“0 dea, si prlma repetens ab origine pergam 
et vacet annalis nostrorum audlre laborum, 
ante diem clauso componet Vesper Olympo. 

375 Nos Troja antlqua, si vestras forte per auris 

Trojae nomen lit, diversa per aequora vectos 
forte sua Libycls tempestas appulit oris. 

Sum pius Aeneas, raptos qul ex hoste penatis 
classe veho mecum, fdmd super aethera notus. 

380 Italiam quaero patriam et genus ab Jove summo. 

Bis denis Phrygium conscendi navibus aequor, 


aether, eris, acc. era, ra. upper air, sky, 
ether* 

annalis, is m. story, record, annalst 
appello, ere, puli, pulsus drive to (dat.) t 
auris, is /. ear* 
bis twice* 

claudo, ere, si, sus (in)close, fasten* 
compono, ere, posui, positus compose, 
construct, settle 

conscendo, ere, i, ensus ascend, embark 
deni, ae, a ten (each), by tensf 
diversus, a, um scattered, various* 
hostis, is ra. (/.) stranger, enemy, foef* 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journeyt* 
Libycus, a, um Libyan, of Libya, a dis¬ 
trict of North Africa* 
notus, a, um (well) known, familiarf* 


Olympus, i ra. Greek mountain, home of 
the gods, heavenf 

origo, inis /. origin, beginning, source 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
penates, ium ra. household gods* 
pergo, ere, perrexi, perrectus proceedf 
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch (up), rob* 
repeto, ere, ivi (ii), itus seek again, repeat, 
retracet * 

suspiro (1) draw a deep breath, sight 
tempestas, atis /. tempest, storm; time* 
vaco(l) be free (from), be at leisuref 
veho, ere, vexi, vectus bear, convey* 
Vesper, eris (eri) ra. (god of the) evening 
(star) f 

vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 


369. Sed qui (estis) vos? It is Aeneas’s 
turn to speak. 

370. (Veneri) quaerenti talibus (voci- 
bus) ille (Aeneas dixit). 

372. 6 dea: Aeneas insists upon his 
contention that he is addressing a goddess, 
in spite of Venus’s denial (11. 335-337) ; or 
is it merely flattery paid to a beautiful 
young woman? Si pergam (dicere an¬ 
nalis nostrorum laborum): a future less 
vivid condition; App. 381. 

372-373. et (si) vacet (tibi) : and if 
you should have the leisure; vacet is used 
impersonally, audire: inf. of purpose; 
App. 261. 

374. ante: sooner , that is, than my 
story would be told, clauso Olympo: 
abl. abs.; when Phoebus, the sun god, 
returned to Olympus at the end of the 
day, the doors of heaven were closed for 
the night. 

375-377. tempestas sua forte appulit 
nos vectos (ab) antiqua Troja — si forte 


nomen Trojae iit per auris vestras — per 
diversa aequora Libycis orIs( = ad Libycas 
oras). Nos: acc., obj. of appulit, in 1. 377. 
Troja antlqua (vectos) : abl. of place 
whence without a preposition; App. 
320, a. 

377. forte sua: contrary to the plans 
and desires of Aeneas, oris: dat. with a 
compound; App. 298. 

378. pius: see the note on pietate 
(1. 10) and on pius (1. 220). 

379. classe: abl. of means, fama: 

abl. of cause or means; App. 331, 332. 
Naive self-esteem, not conceit, aethera: 

acc. , a Greek form; App. 68. 

380. (quaero) Italiam patriam et ge¬ 
nus (patrium) ab Jove: refers to the leg¬ 
end that Dardanus, the son of Jupiter and 
Electra, and founder of the Trojan race, 
had formerly lived in Italy. 

381. Bis denis: twice ten; more poetic 
than simply twenty. With adverbs of 
multiplication, as bis, etc., the distribu- 




BOOK I, 382-393 


51 


matre, dea monstrante viam data fata secutus; 
vix septem convulsae undls Eurogite supersunt. 

Ipse ignotus, egens, Libyae deserta peragro, 

Europa atque Asia pulsus.” Nec plura querentem 385 

passa Venus medio sic interfata dolore est: 

“Quisquis es, haud, credo, invisus caelestibus auras 
vitalis carpis, Tyriam qui adveneris urbem. 

Perge modo atque hinc te reginae ad limina perfer. 

Namque tibi reduces socios classemque relatam 390 

nuntio et in tutum versis Aquilonibus actam, 
ni frustra augurium van! docuere parentes. 

Aspice bis senos laetantis agmine cycnos, 

Mfag-r- - . BBS-— - - - ... _ ul g 


advenio, ire, veni, ventus arrive, reach! 
Aquilo, onis ra. (north) wind 
Asia, ae/. Asia (Minor) t 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexl, spectus see, look 
at!* 

augurium, (i)I n . augury, prophecy! 
bis twice * 

caelestes, ium ra. (/.) divinities, gods 

carpo, ere, psi, ptus pluck, take, consume! 

convello, ere, i, vulsus tear, shatter! 

crSdo, ere, didl, ditus believe, trust* 

cycnus, i ra. swan! 

desertum, i n. desert, waste! 

doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, instruct* 

dolor, oris m. pain, grief, anger, passion* 

egeo, ere, ui be needy, lackf 

Europa, ae /. Europet 

Eurus, i m. (east) wind 

frustra in vain, uselesslyt* 

ignotus, a, um unknown, strange 

interfor, fari, fatus interruptf 

invisus, a, um hateful, hated, odious 


tive numerals are commonly employed 
instead of the cardinals. Phrygium 
aequor: the sea near Troy. navibus: abl. 
of means; App. 331. 

382. (mea) matre dea monstrante: 
abl. abs.; App. 343. 

384. (ego) ipse ignotus: his person is 
unknown at present, even though his 
fame is widespread (1. 379). 

385. (ex) Europa, (ex) Asia: ablatives 
of separation. Europa = Italia: due to 
Juno’s interference; compare 11. 251-252. 
Asia = Troja: because of the destruction 
of Troy. plura (Aenean) querentem. 
Venus non passa (eum = Aenean) que¬ 
rentem plura ( = queri plura) sic inter¬ 
fata (est in) medid dolore. plura: obj. of 
querentem; Aenean is understood as 
object of passa. 

387-388. haud invisus: this figure of 


laetor, ari, atus rejoice, exultf 
Libya, ae /. district of North Africa* 
modo only, (just) nowf 
monstro (1) show, point out* 
ni, nisi if not, unless, except* 
nuntio (1) announce! 
patior, i, passus suffer, endure, allow* 
pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus drive, forcef 
peragro (1) wander through! 
perfero, ferre, tuli, latus bear, betake! 
pergo, ere, perrexi, perrectus proceed 
queror, i, questus complain, lament! 
quisquis, quicquid whoever, whatever! 
redux, ucis led back, restored! 
seni, ae, a six (each), by sixes! 
septem seven 

supersum, esse, fui survive, remain! 
tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
vanus, a, um empty, idle, false 
Venus, eris /. goddess of love and beauty* 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change, rout* 
vitalis, e of life, vital! 


speech is called litotes; App. 431. caeles¬ 
tibus: dat. with invisus. auras vitalis 
carpis: you breathe , live. qui adveneris: 
rel. clause of characteristic, with addi¬ 
tional idea of cause; App. 389. (ad) 
urbem. 

389. perfer: imp. of perfero; App. 

202 . 

390-391. classem: his twelve lost 
ships, nam tibi nuntio socios (tuos esse) 
reduces classemque (tuam esse) relatam 
et actam in tutum versis Aquilonibus. 

391. in tutum (portum). versis Aqui¬ 
lonibus: abl. abs.; App. 343. actam: 
from ago; modifies classem. 

392. docuere = docuerunt (me). 

393. senos: see note on denis (1. 381). 
The two groups of swans, which had been 
separated through fright and had reunited 
after the danger was past, correspond to 






52 THE AENEID, 394-404 

aetheria quos Icipsa plaga Jovis ales aperto 
395 turbabat caeld; nunc terras ordine longo 

aut capere aut captas jam despectare videntur: 
ut reduces illi ludunt strldentibus alls 
et coetu cinxere polum cantusgwe dedere, 
haud aliter puppesque tuae pubesgwe tuorum 
400 aut portum tenet aut pleno subit ostia veld. 

Perge modo et, qua te diicit via, derige gressum.” 

Dixit et avertens rosea cervice refulsit, 
ambrosiaegue comae divinum vertice odorem 
splravere; pedes vestis defluxit ad imos; 


aetherius, a, um of the upper air, ethe¬ 
real f 

ala, ae /. wing* 

ales, itis m. (/.) bird, fowl! 

aliter otherwise!* 

ambrosius, a, um ambrosial, immortal! 
apertus, a, um open(ed), clear 
averto, ere, i, rsus turn (aside), avert* 
cantus, us m. song, melody, music! 
cervix, icis /. neck! 

cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus encircle, gird* 
coetus, us m. company, band, flock! 
coma, ae /. hair* 

defluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus flow down! 
derigo, ere, rexi, rectus direct, guide! 
despecto (1) look down (on)! 
divinus, a, um divine, holy! 
gressus, us m. step, walk, gait! 
ludo, ere, si, sus sport, mock 


modo only, (just) now 
odor, oris m. odor, fragrance! 
ordo, inis m. order, line, array!* 
ostium, (i)i n. mouth, harbor, entrance 
pergo, ere, perrexi, perrectus proceed 
plaga, ae /. region, tract! 
plenus, a, um full, complete, swelling! 
polus, i m. pole, sky, heaven 
pubes, is /. youth, young men!* 
qua where(by), in any way 
redux, ucis led back, restored 
refulgeo, ere, lsi shine, gleam! 
roseus, a, um rosy, pink! 
spiro (1) breathe (forth), exhale! 
strid(e)o, ere, di creak, rustle, whir 
turbo (1) throw into confusion, agi¬ 
tate!* 

vertex, icis m. top, summit, head* 
vestis, is/, cloth(ing), robe!* 


the two groups of the twelve ships under 
Ilioneus, which will reunite after a short 
separation. Thus socios reduces of 1. 390 
corresponds to ut reduces illi of 1. 397. 
agmine: abl. of manner; App. 328; the 
swans had just been put to flight and 
scattered by the eagle. 

394. quos ales Jovis lapsa aetheria 
plaga turbabat (in) aperto caelo. Jovis 
ales: the eagle was the bird of Jove and 
bore his thunderbolt. (de) aetheria 
plaga: from the height of heaven. 

395-396. terras capere: to alight. 
caelo: abl. of place where or of route; 
App. 319, 338. nunc videntur: now, after 
the eagle has disappeared, the swans 
are seen in two groups. One group, in 
a long row, returns to its feeding place 
on the land; the other group flies 
above and gazes down at the places oc¬ 
cupied (terras captas) by their com¬ 
rades. 

396. captas (terras) despectare: to 


look down upon the places (terras) already 
occupied. 

397. illi = cycni. 

398. coetu: abl. of manner; App. 328. 
cinxere, dedere = cinxerunt, dederunt; 
App. 204, 4. cantus: acc. plural. 

399. haud aliter: litotes; App. 431. 
The main point of the comparison is in 
the happy return to safety of both swans 
and Trojans after their disaster, -que 
. . . -que: polysyndeton; App. 439. 

400. tenet, subit: the subjects are 
puppes and pubes, but the verbs- agree 
in number with pubes, the nearest; App. 
236, b. 

402. Dixit (Venus) et (se) avertens. 
cervice: abl. of means. 

403. (a) vertice: abl. of separation, 
divinum odorem: a special fragrance is 
often attributed to the gods. 

404. spiravere = spiraverunt. vestis 
defluxit: with the exception of Diana, all 
the goddesses wore flowing robes. 




BOOK I, 405-417 53 

et vera incessu patuit dea. I lie ubi matrem 405 

agnovit tall fugientem est voce secutus: 

“ Quid natum totiens, crudelis tu quoque, falsis 
ludis imaginibus? Cur dextrae jungere dextram 
non datur ac veras audlre et reddere voces?” 

Talibus incusat gressumgwe ad moenia tendit. 410 

At Venus obscuro gradientis aere saepsit, 
et multo nebulae circum dea fudit amictu, 
cernere ne quis eos neu quis contingere posset 
molirive moram aut veniendl poscere causas. 

Ipsa Paphum subllmis abit sedesque revisit 415 

laeta suds, ubi templum illl, centumgwe Sabaeo 
ture calent arae sertls que recentibus halant. 


abeo, Ire, il (ivl), itus depart* 
aer, aeris, acc. aera, ra. air, mist, fog 
agnosco, ere, novi, nitus recognize!* 
amictus, us m. wrap, robe! 
caleo, ere, ui be hot, burnt 
causa, ae /. cause, reason* 
centum hundred* 

contingo, ere, tigi, tactus touch, befall* 
crudelis, e cruel, harsh, bloody* 
cur why?f 

falsus, a, um false, deceitful, pretended! 
gradior, i, gressus step, go, proceed 
gressus, us ra. step, walk, gait 
halo (1) breathe (forth), be fragrantf 
imago, inis /. image, shape, ghost* 
incessus, us ra. walk, gait, stridef 
incuso (1) reproach, chide, blamef 
jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke* 
ludo, ere, si, sus sport, mock 
molior, in, itus work, effect, make 
mora, ae f. delay, hindrance, hesitation!* 


nebula, ae /. cloud, mist, fog! 
neu, neve and (that) not, and lest! 
obscurus, a, um dark!* 

Paphus (os), 1 /. city of Cyprus, famous 
center of the worship of Venus! 
pateo, ere, ui lie open, be evident 
posco, ere, poposci demand, seek!* 
quoque also* 

recens, entis fresh, recent! 

reddo, ere, didi, ditus return, reply!* 

reviso, ere revisit! 

Sabaeus, a, um Sabaean, of Saba in south¬ 
ern Arabia, famous for its incense! 
saepio, ire, psi, ptus hedge in, inclose! 
sertum, i n. wreath, garland! 
sublimis, e on high, aloft, uplifted 
templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary!* 
totiens so often, so many times! 
tus, turis n. incense, unguent! 

Venus, eris /. goddess of love and beauty* 
verus, a, um true, real, honest!* 


405. Ille: Aeneas. The hiatus be¬ 
tween dea and Ille is justified by the 
pause in thought after dea; cf. Samo: 
hie (1. 16). 

406. (earn) fugientem. 

407. Quid tu quoque crudelis totiens 

ludis (me) natum (tuum) falsis imagi¬ 
nibus? quid: adverbial, why? natum 
(tuum) : emphatic by position. tu 

quoque: “ even you , as well as others 
who might be expected to deceive me. 

408. dextrae (manui): dat. with 
jungere; App. 297. 

409. veras voces: contrasted with fal¬ 
sis imaginibus of 1. 407. 

410. Talibus (dictis Aeneas) incusat 
(matrem suam). moenia (Kartha- 
ginis). 

411. obscuro aere: such a concealing 
cloud or mist is a device very common in 


epic tradition and in folk tales. (Aenean 
Achatenque) gradientis. 

412. circum (eos) fudit: surrounded 
(them), dea: (as) a goddess , i.e., by her 
supernatural power. 

413. quis: indef. cernere (eos). 
posset: negative purpose; App. 359. 

414. moliri moram: alliteration, veni- 
endi: a gerund in the gen. modifying 
causas. 

415. Ipsa: Venus; see the note on 
ipsa (1. 42) and on ipsius (1. 114). 
Paphum: acc. of place to which; App. 
315, a. 

416. laeta: contrasted with tristior 
(1. 228). templum (est) illi. ill!: Veneri, 

dat. of possession; App. 299. Sabaeo: cf. 
Paradise Lost , 4, 162: 

“Sabaean odors from the spicy shore 
Of Araby the blest.” 




54 THE AENEID, 418-431 

Corripuere viarn interea, qua semita monstrat. 
Jamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbl 
420 imminet adversasgwe aspectat desuper arces. 

Miratur molem Aeneas, magalia quondam, 
miratur portas strepitumgwe et strata vidrum. 
Instant ardentes Tyril: pars ducere muros 
molirigue arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa, 

425 pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco; 

jura magistratusgue legunt sanctum^we senatum. 
Hie portus alii effodiunt; hie alta theatris 
fundamenta locant alii, immanlsque columnas 
rupibus excidunt, scaenis decora alta futurls. 

430 Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura 

exercet sub sole labor, cum gentis adultos 


adultus, 3.^ um grown, adultf 
adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
aestas, atis /. summer 
apis, is /. beef 

ascendo, ere, i, ensus ascend, mountf 
a(d)specto (1) look at, see, facet 
collis, is m. hillf 
columna, ae /. column, pillarf 
concludo, ere, si, sus (in)closet 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up), 
hasten on* 

decus, oris n. ornament, beauty, dig- 
nityt 

desuper from above 

effodio, ere, fodi, fossus dig out, excavatet 
excido, ere, i, sus cut out, destroyt 
exerceo, ere, ui, itus busy, traint* 
floreus, a, um floweryt 
fundamentum, i n. foundationt 
immineo, ere overhang, menace ( dat .) 
insto, are, stiti urge on, press on (dat.) t 
interea meanwhile, meantime* 
jus, juris n. law, justice, decree 
lego, ere, legi, lectus choose, gathert* 


loco (1) place, locate, establish* 
magalia, ium n. huts, hovelst 
magistratus, us m. magistrate, officert 
miror, ari, atus wonder (at), admiret* 
moles, is /. mass, burden, structure* 
molior, iri, itus work, effect, make 
monstro (1) show, point out* 
murus, I m. (city) wall, rampartt* 
opto (1) choose, desire, hope (for)* 
porta, ae /. gate, door, opening* 
qua where (by), in any way 
qualis, e such (as), of what sort, as* 
rupes, is /. rock, cliff, crag* 
rus, ruris %. country (district) f 
sanctus, a, um sacred, holy, revered t* 
scaena, ae /. stage, background 
semita, ae /. pathf 

senatus, us m. senate, council of eldersf 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
stratum, i n. pavement; bedf 
strepitus, us m. noise, uproarf 
subvolvo, ere, i, volutus roll upf 
sulcus, I m. furrow, trench, ditchf 
theatrum, i n. theaterf 


418-436. Aeneas and Achates, ren¬ 
dered invisible by Venus, proceed to 
Carthage and admire the rising city. 

418. (Aeneas Achatesque) corri- 
puerunt viam: they hurried along their 
way. semita (se) monstrat. 

419. plurimus: with imposing size. 
urbi: dat. with compound; App. 298. 

421. molem (urbis). quondam: be¬ 
fore the erection of the city. Miratur . . . 
miratur: anaphora; App. 413. 

423. ducere: extend; this and the 
following infinitives depend on Instant; 
App. 259. 


423-425. pars, pars: in partitive ap¬ 
position with Tyrii. 

425. tecto : for a house; dat. of purpose; 
App. 303. concludere (locum tecti) 
sulco: for the foundation. 

426. magistrates: acc. plural. 

427-428. alii . . . alii: some . . . others. 
429. (ex) rupibus: the typical open- 

air theater of classical times was com¬ 
monly excavated from a hillside, scaenis: 
dat. decora: apposition with columnas. 

430-431. (talis est labor illis) qualis 
(labor) exercet apes: the simile is famous; 
cf. App. 441. aestate nova: abl. of time; 
App. 322. 




BOOK I, 432-445 

educunt fetus, aut cum liquentia mella 
stipant et dulci distendunt nectare cellas, 
aut _onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto 
ignavum fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent; 
fervet opus redolentgwe thymo fragrantia mella. 
“0 fortunatl, quorum jam moenia surgunt!” 
Aeneas ait et fastigia suspicit urbis. 

Infert se saeptus nebula (mirabile dictu) 
per medios, miscet que viris neque cernitur ulli. 

Lucus in urbe fuit media, laetissimus umbrae, 
quo primum jactati undis et turbine Poeni 
effodere loco signum, quod regia Juno 
monstrarat, caput acris equi; sic nam fore bello 
egregiam et facilem vlctu per saecula gentem. 


acer, cris, ere sharp, keen, spirited* 
arceo, ere, ui keep off, defend 
cella, ae /. cell, storeroomf 
distendo, ere, I, ntus distend, stretch f 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fresh* 
educo, ere, duxi, ductus lead forth f 
effodio, ere, fodi, fossus dig out, excavate 
egregius, a, um remarkable, distin¬ 
guished f 
facilis, e easyf 

fastigium, (i)i n. summit, top, height 

ferv(e)o, ere, (ferbu)I glow, boilf 

fetus, us m. offspring, brood, swarmf 

fortunatus, a, um fortunate, blessedt 

fragrans, antis fragrant, sweet-smellingf 

fucus, i m. dronef 

ignavus, a, um lazy, idlef 

infero, ferre, tuli, latus bear (in, into) 

jacto (1) toss, buffet* 

liquens, entis liquid, flowingf 

lucus, i m. (sacred) grove, woodf* 


mel, mellis n. honeyf 

mlrabilis, e wonderful, marvelousf 

misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 

monstro (1) show, point out* 

nebula, ae /. cloud, mist, fog 

nectar, aris n. nectarf 

onus, eris n. burden, loadf 

opus, eris n. work, deed, toilf* 

pecus, oris n. flock, herd, swarmf* 

Poenus, a, um Phoenician, Carthaginian 

praesepe, is n. stall, hivef 

redoleo, ere, ui be fragrant, smell (of)f 

regius, a, um royal, regal, kinglyf* 

saeculum, i n. generation, age 

saepio, ire, psi, ptus hedge in, inclose 

signum, i n. sign, token, signalf* 

stipo (1) stuff, crowd, stowf 

suspicio, ere, spexi, spectus look up (at)f 

thymum, i n. thyme, a flowering plantf 

turbo, inis m. whirl(wind, pool), storm 

vivo, ere, vlxi, victus live, be alive 


434. venient(i)um (apium). 

435. fucos: the drones; apposition with 

ignavum pecus. 

437-493. Aeneas visits the temple of 
Juno where he sees depicted the leading 
incidents of the Trojan War. 

437. 6 fortunati: substantively; O 
fortunate ones! jam moenia surgunt: 
Aeneas was impatiently looking forward 
to the time when the walls of his own 
city would rise. 

438. ait: third sing, of a jo. 

439. dictu: supine, abl. of respect with 
mirabile; App. 271, 325. 

440. per medios (viros): through the 
midst (of) the men; App. 246. (se) miscet 


viris: viris is dat. with miscet; App. 297. 
ulli: dat. of agent; App. 302. 

441. umbrae: gen. with adj.; App. 
287. 

442. (in) quo . . . loco = ubi. jactati: 

on their stormy voyage from Tyre, pri- 
mum: immediately after landing. 

443. effodere = effoderunt. 

444. monstra(ve)rat : App. 204, 1. 
caput equi: a common device on Car¬ 
thaginian coins. fore = futuram esse: 
indirect statement depending on dixerat 
implied in monstra(ve)rat; App. 263. 

445. victu: supine, abl. of respect with 
facilem; App. 271, 325, easy to live , to 
sustain , referring to the great commercial 
success of Carthage, gentem (Pdnicam). 






56 


THE AENEID, 446-458 


Hie templum Junoni ingens Sidonia Dido 
condebat, donis opulentum et numine divae, 
aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina nexa eque 
aere trabes, foribus card 5 strldebat aenis. 

450 Hoc primum in luco nova res oblata timorem 

leniit, hie primum Aeneas sperare salutem 
ausus et adflictis melius confidere rebus. 

Namque sub ingenti lustrat dum singula templo 
reginam opperiens, dum quae fortuna sit urbi 

455 artificumgue maniis intra se operum que laborem 

miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas 
bellaque jam famd totum vulgata per orbem, 

Atridas Priamumque et saevum ambobus Achillem. 


Achilles, is (i) m. Greek chieftain* 
adfligo, ere, xi, ctus strike down, shat¬ 
ter f 

aenus, a, um (of) bronze, brazen 

aereus, a, um (of) bronze, brazenf 

aes, aeris n. bronze* 

ambo, ae, 6 both! 

artifex, icis m. artist, artisan! 

Atrides, ae m. son of Atreus, (1) Aga¬ 
memnon, (2) Menelaus; leaders of the 
Greeks against Troy! 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
cardo, inis m. hinge, pivot, socket! 
condo, ere, didi, ditus found, build* 
confido, ere, sus sum trust (in) (da£.)! 
foris, is /. door, gate, entrance! 
gradus, us m. step, stride, gait! 

Iliacus, a, um Ilian, Trojan* 
intra within, among (acc.)! 
lenio, ire, ivi (ii), itus soothe, soften! 
lucus, i m. (sacred) grove, wood* 


lustro (1) purify, survey, traverse!* 
melior, ius better, superior! 
miror, ari, atus wonder (at), admire* 
necto, ere, x(u)i, xus bind, fasten! 
offero, ferre, obtull, oblatus present! 
opperior, iri, per(i)tus await, wait for! 
opulentus, a, um rich, wealthy! 
opus, eris n. work, deed, toil* 
orbis, is m. circle, orb, earth* 
ordo, inis m. order, line, array* 
pugna, ae /. battle, fight!* 
saevus, a, um fierce, harsh, stern* 
salus, utis /. safety, security, health! 
Sldonius, a, um Sidonian, Phoenician! 
singuli, ae, a separate, single! 
spero (1) hope (for), expect!* 
strid(e)o, ere, di grate, creak, whir 
templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
timor, oris m. fear, anxiety, dread 
trabs (trabes), trabis /. beam, timber! 
vulgo (1) publish, make known! 


446. Sidonia: Phoenician; Tyre or 
Sidon, each a famous Phoenician city, 
came to be synonymous with Phoenicia. 

447. donis, numine: ablatives of re¬ 
spect depending on opulentum ; App. 325. 

448-449. cui surgebant gradibus aerea 
limina trabesque nexae aere, (et) cardo 
stridebat foribus aenis. aerea, aere, 
aenis: the lavish use of costly bronze 
helps to indicate the magnificence of the 
temple, cui gradibus: on the steps of 
which; cui is dat. of reference, with the 
force of a genitive; App. 301. nexae 
(erant). -que: the elision of the final e 
before the initial diphthong of the first 
word of the next line forms a hypermetric 
verse: cf. 1. 332 and see App. 402. 

449. aere: abl. of means, foribus 


aenis: abl. of place where or dat. of 
reference; App. 319, 301. 

450. timorem (Aeneae). 

452. ausus (est). rebus: abl. or dat. 
with special verb, confidere; App. 319, 
297. 

454. sit: subjunctive in an indir. 
quest.; App. 349. urbi: dat. of posses¬ 
sion; App. 299. 

455. artificum manus intra se: the rival 
deeds of skill of the artists , referring to the 
temple and its equipment. 

456. ex ordine: in order, fama: abl. 
of means. totum orbem (terrarum): 
the whole world. 

458. ambobus (Atridis Priamoque): 

Achilles was fighting against the Trojans, 
and of course was hostile to Priam, the 




BOOK I, 459-469 


57 


Constitit et lacrimans “Quis jam locus” inquit “Achate, 
quae regio in terns nostri non plena labor isf 460 

En Priamus. Sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi; 
sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt. 

Solve metus; feret haec aliquam tibi fdma salutem.” 

Sic ait atque anirhum pictura pascit inanl 

multa gemens, largo que umectat flumine vultum. 465 

Namque videbat uti bellantes Pergama circum 

hac fugerent Graji, premeret Trojana juventus, 

hac Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles. 

Nec procul hinc Rhesi nivels tentoria velis 


Achates, ae m. faithful comrade of 
Aeneas* 

Achilles, is (i) m. Greek chieftain* 

aliqui, qua, quod some, any!* 
bello (1) war, battle! 
consisto, ere, stiti, stitus stand fast, 
halt* 

cristatus, a, um plumed, crested! 

currus, us m. chariot, car* 

en see! look! behold!f 

etiam also, even* 

flumen, inis n. river, stream!* 

gemo, ere, ui, itus groan (for), lament 

Grajus, a, um Greek!* 

hac here, theref 

inanis, e empty, idle, vain!* 

inquam, is, it say* 

insto, are, stiti press on, urge (on) 

juventus, utis /. youth, young men!* 

lacrimo (1) weep, shed tears, lament! 

largus, a, um copious, plentiful! 

laus, laudis /. praise, glory, meritf* 

Trojan king; furthermore, a bitter feud 
arose near the end of the war between 
Achilles and the sons of Atreus, Agamem¬ 
non and Menelatis, because Agamemnon 
had forcibly deprived Achilles of one of 
his war prizes, a captive girl Briseis. This 
feud was the occasion of the “ Wrath of 
Achilles,” the theme of Homer’s Iliad. 

459. lacrimans : see the note on frigore 
(1. 92). Achate: vocative. 

460. non (est) plena. 

461. hie etiam: here also , as well as 
elsewhere. laudi: dat. of possession; 
App. 299. 

462. lacrimae rerum: compassion for 
suffering, mentem mortalia: alliteration, 
heightening the pathos, mortalia: sub¬ 
stantively, human (woes). 

463. metus: acc. pi. haec fama (Teu- 
crorum). 

464. ait: third sing, of ajo. 

466-467. uti hac Graji bellantes circum 


metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* 
mortalis, e mortal, human* 
niveus, a, um snowy, white! 
pasco, ere, pavi, pastus feed (on), graze 
Pergama, orum n. (citadel of) Troy!* 
Phryx, Phrygis Phrygian, Trojan! 
pictura, ae /. picture, painting! 
plenus, a, um full, complete, swelling 
praemium, (i)i n. reward, prize!* 
premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 

urge* 

regio, onis /. region, district! 

Rhesus, i m. Thracian prince, ally of the 

Trojans, slain on the first night after 

his arrival at Troy! 
salus, utis /. safety, security, health 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose, dismiss* 
tango, ere, tetigi, tactus touch!* 
fentorium, (i)i n. tent! 

Trojanus, a, um Trojan* 
umecto (1) wet, moisten! 
vultus, us m. countenance, face* 

Pergama fugerent. uti : how; introduces 
three indirect questions. Graji: pi. of 
Grajus and pronounced as though spelled 
Grajji, making the first syllable long by 
position; App. 6, b. 

467-468. fugerent, premeret, instaret: 
subjuhetives in indir. quest.; App. 349. 
hac . . . hac: here . . . there , in the series 
of pictures being described. 

468. Phryges (fugerent). cristatus: 
the Homeric warrior wore a helmet with 
waving plumes. 

469. Nec procul hinc: in another 
picture. Rhesi: an ally of the Trojans. 
The oracle had proclaimed that Troy 
could not be captured if Rhesus’s horses 
ever drank of the waters of the Xanthus 
or grazed on the Trojan meadows. 
Ulysses and Diomedes surprised Rhesus 
on the night of his arrival, killed him, 
and drove off his horses before they had 
partaken of the fateful water and grass. 





58 


THE AENEID, 470-481 


470 agnoscit lacrimans, prlmo quae prodita somnd 

Tydides multa vastabat caede cruentus, 
ardentlsque avertit equos in castra prius quam 
pabula gustassent Trojae Xanthumgwe bibissent. 

Parte alia fugiens amissis Troilus armis, 

475 Infellx puer atque impar congressus Achilli, 
fertur equis curru que haeret resupinus inanl, 
lora tenens tamen; huic cervi xque coma eque trahuntur 
per terram, et versa pulvis inscribitur hasta. 

Interea ad templum non aequae Palladis ibant 
480 crinibus Iliades passis peplumgite ferebant 

suppliciter, trlstes et tunsae pectora palmis; 


Achilles, is (i) ra. Greek chieftain* 
aequus, a, um equal, even, impartialf 
agnosco, ere, novl, nitus recognize* 
amitto, ere, mlsl, missus let go, lose* 
averto, ere, i, rsus turn away, avert* 
bibo, ere, I drink (of, in)t 
caedes, is /. slaughter! 
castra, orum n. camp, encampment!* 
cervix, Ids /. neck 
coma, ae /. hair* 

congredior, I, gressus meet, fight with 
(dat .)! 

crlnis, is ra. locks, hair!* 
cruentus, a, um bloody, cruel 
currus, us ra. chariot, car* 
gusto (1) taste, eat! 

haereo, ere, haesl, haesus hang, cling 
to (dat.)!* 
hasta, ae /. spear! 

Ilias, adis /. Trojan woman! 
impar, aris unequal, ill-matched! 
inanis, e empty, idle, vain* 

Inscrlbo, ere, psl, ptus mark! 
interea meanwhile, meantime* 


lacrimd (1) weep, shed tears, lament 
lorum, I n. thong, rein 
pabulum, I n. fodder, pasture! 

Pallas, adis /. Minerva, goddess of wis¬ 
dom and the arts 
palma, ae /. palm, hand* 
pando, ere, I, passus spread, dishevel!* 
peplus (um), I m. ( n.) robe, gown! 
prius former, sooner, first 
prodo, ere, didl, ditus hand over, be¬ 
tray 

pulvis, eris m. dust! 

quam how, than, as* 

resupinus, a, um supine, on the back! 

suppliciter beseechingly, humbly! 

tamen nevertheless, however* 

templum, I ji. temple, shrine* 

Troilus, I m. youngest son of Priam! 
tundo, ere, tutudl, tu(n)sus beat! 
Tydides, ae m. son of Tydeus, Diomedes, 
famous Greek chieftain 
vasto (1) ravage, devastate, (lay) waste! 
verto, ere, I, rsus turn, change, rout* 
Xanthus, I m. river near Troy! 


470. prlmo prodita: alliteration, 
prlmo somno : abl. of time when or means; 
App. 322, 331. 

471. vastabat: action represented as 
taking place in the picture, caede cruen¬ 
tus: alliteration, multa caede: abl. of 
manner; App. 328. 

472. in castra: i.e., to the Greek 
camp. 

473. gusta(vi)ssent, bibissent: descrip¬ 
tive or anticipatory; App. 376, a. 

474. (in) Parte alia: in a fourth pic¬ 
ture. amissis armis: abl. abs., referring 
to only a part of his arms, such as his 
shield, for he still holds his spear. 
Troilus: slain by Achilles. 

475. impar congressus Achilll: unequal 
to Achilles in battle. 


476. His foot seems to have caught in 
the chariot as he fell backward, curru 
inanl: abl. with haeret; App. 319. 

477. huic: dat. of reference equivalent 
to a genitive. 

478. versa hasta: with trailing (lit. 
turned) spear . pulvis: with the last 
syllable irregularly long for metrical con¬ 
venience. 

479. non aequae: hostile , because of 
the adverse Judgment of Paris. 

480. crinibus passis: abl. of quality; 
App. 330. passis: from pandd; di¬ 
shevelled hair was a sign of mourning, 
peplum: a fine gown, as an offering to the 
goddess. 

481. pectora: acc., with the “ middle” 
participle, tunsae; App. 309. 




BOOK I, 482-494 


59 


diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat. 

Ter circum Iliacos raptaverat Hectora miiros 
exanimu mque auro corpus vendebat Achilles. 

Turn vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab Imo, 485 

ut spolia, ut currus, utque ipsurn corpus amici 
tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit inermis. 

Se quoque principibus permixtum agnovit Achivis, 

Eoasgite acies et nigri Memnonis arma. 

Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis 490 

Penthesilea furens medilsque in milibus ardet, 
aurea subnectens exsertae cingula mammae 
bellatrlx, audetgue virls concurrere virgo. 

Haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda videntur, 


Achilles, is (I) m. Greek chieftain* 
Achlvus, a, um Achaean, Greek 
acies, el /. edge, battle line, armyt* 
agnosco, ere, novl, nitus recognize* 
Amazonis, idis f. Amazon, female war¬ 
rior f 

amicus, l m. friend!* 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
aureus, a, um gold(en), of gold!* 
averto, ere, i, rsus turn away, avert* 
bellatrlx, Icis /. warrior! 
cingulum, I n. belt, girdle! 
concurro, ere, (cu)currl, cursus run to¬ 
gether, fight with (dat.) f 
conspicio, ere, spexl, spectus see, behold 
currus, us m. chariot, car* 

Dardanius, a, um Dardanian, Trojanf* 
Eous, a, um of the dawn, easternf 
exanimus, a, um breathless, lifelessf 
exsero, ere, ul, rtus thrust out, exposef 
flgo, ere, fix!, fixus fix, fasten* 
gemitus, us m. groan, lamentf* 

Hector, oris, acc . ora, m. Trojan leader* 
Iliacus, a, um Ilian, Trojan* 


inermis, e unarmedf 
lunatus, a, um crescent, moon-shapedf 
mamma, ae /. breast, papf 
Memnon, onis m. Ethiopian king, son of 
Aurora and ally of the Trojans, slain 
by Achillesj 

mllle; pi. milia, ium n. thousand!* 
mlrandus, a, um wonderful, marvelous 
murus, I m. (city) wall, rampart* 
niger, gra, grum black, dusky!* 
pelta, ae /. light shield! 

Penthesilea, ae /. queen of the Amazons, 
ally of the Trojans, slain by Achilles! 
permisceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle! 
princeps, cipis m. (/.) chief, leader! 
quoque also* 
rapto (1) snatch, drag! 
solum, I n. soil, ground, earth* 
spolium, (i)i n. spoil(s), booty, plunder 
subnecto, ere, x(u)I, xus fasten beneath! 
ter thrice, three times* 
vendo, ere, didl, ditus sell! 
vero truly, indeed, but! 
virgo, inis/, girl, maid(en)* 


482. diva (Pallas), solo: dat. of direc¬ 
tion; App. 306; her eyes were directed to 
the ground, as a sign of sullen displeasure. 

483. Hectora: acc., a Greek form; App. 
68. This sixth picture represents the 
ransom of Hector’s body from Achilles, 
who had dragged it thrice around the 
walls of Troy. 

484. auro: abl. of price; App. 336. 

corpus vendebat Achilles (Priamo). 

485. (Aeneas) dat. 

486. currus: poetic plural; the chariot 
with which Achilles dragged Hector 
around Troy, ut, ut, ut: anaphora; App. 
413. 

487. spolia: taken by Achilles from 
Hector, manus inermis: as a suppliant. 


488. principibus: dat., or abl. with 
permixtum. 

489. Eoasque acies (agnovit): Trojan 
allies from Ethiopia led by Memnon. 

490. lunatis peltis: abl. of quality; 
App. 330; crescent shields were char¬ 
acteristic of the Amazons. 

493. virls: dat. with the special verb, 
concurrere. virgo: (although) a girl; 
contrasted with virls. 

494-508. Dido visits the temple and 
gives audience to her subjects. 

494. Dardanio: Trojan; used here to 
indicate why these scenes had so much 
meaning for Aeneas. 







60 


THE AENEID, 495-508 


495 dum stupet obtutugwe haeret defixus in uno, 
regina ad templum, forma pulcherrima Dido, 
incessit magna juvenum stlpante caterva. 

Qualis in Eurotae ripls aut per juga CynthI 
exercet Diana choros, quam mille secutae 
500 hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades; ilia pharetram 
fert umero gradiensgwe deas supereminet omnis 
(Latonae taciturn pertemptant gaudia pectus ): 
tdlis erat Dido, tdlem se laeta ferebat 
per medios Instans operi regnisque futuris. 

505 Turn foribus divae, media testudine templi, 
saepta armis soliogwe alte subnixa resedit. 

Jura dabat legesgwe viris, operumgize laborem 
partibus aequabat justis aut sorte trahebat: 


aequo (1) equal(ize)* 
alte on high, loftily 
caterva, ae /. band, troop, crowdf 
chorus, I m. chorus, dance, band! 
Cynthus, i m. mountain in Delos, birth¬ 
place of Apollo and Diana! 
deflgo, ere, fix!, fixus fix, fasten 
Dlina, ae /. goddess of the hunt and of 
the mountainsf 

Eurotas, ae m. river of Sparta, center of 
the worship of Diana! 
exerceo, ere, ui, itus busy, train* 
foris, is /. door, gate, entrance 
forma, ae /. form, beauty, shape* 
gaudium, (i)x n. joy, rejoicing! 
glomero (1) gather, roll together! 
gradior, i, gressus step, go, proceed 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus hang, cling 
(to)* 

incedo, ere, cessi, cessus march, go 
(majestically) 

insto, are, stiti press on, urge ( dat .) 
jugum, i n. yoke, (mountain) ridge!* 
jus, juris n. law, justice, right 
justus, a, urn just, fair, right(eous)! 


juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

Latona, ae /. mother of Apollo and Diana! 
lex, legis /. law, regulation, decree! 
mille; pi. mllia, ium n. thousand* 
obtutus, us m. gaze, view! 
opus, eris n. work, deed, toil* 

Oreas, adis /. Oread, a mountain nymph! 
pertempto (1) try; master, possess! 
pharetra, ae /. quiver 

pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, hand¬ 
some, illustrious* 
qualis, e such (as), of what sort* 
resldo, ere, sedi sit down! 
rlpa, ae /. bank, shore!* 
saepio, Ire, psl, ptus hedge in, inclose 
solium, (i)I n. throne, seat! 
sors, rtis /. lot, fate, destiny* 
stlpo (1) stuff, crowd, throng, stow 
stupeo, ere, ui stand agape, be dazed! 
subnixus, a, um resting on (a5Z.)f 
superemineo, ere tower above! 
tacitus, a, um silent, speechless, still! 
templum, I n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
testudo, inis /. tortoise, vault, dome! 


496. forma: abl. of respect with pul¬ 
cherrima: App. 325. 

497. stlpante caterva: abl. abs.; App. 
343. 

498. Qualis: correlative with talis, 
(1. 503). 

499. Diana: with long i; elsewhere 
with short i. 

500. ilia: Diana, hinc atque hinc: on 
this side and on that; on both sides. 

501. (in) umero. deas (Oreadas). 

502. taciturn pectus: as indicating joy 
too deep for words. 


504. per medios (viros). 

505. divae: of the shrine (lit. of the 
goddess). 

505-506. (in) foribus, (in) testudine, 
(in) solio. 

507. viris (Tyrils) : her subjects. The 
use of temples for the transaction of 
public business was very common in 
ancient Rome; hence Vergil assigned 
a similar custom to the Carthagin¬ 
ians. 

508. sorte trahebat: assigned the work 
by lot. 





Amazons Going into Battle 
A Greek vase in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 










Carthage and the fatal wars with Rome. 













61 


BOOK I, 509-522 

cum subito Aeneas concursu accedere magno 
Anthea Sergestumgwe videt fortem que Cloanthum 510 

Teucrorumque alios, dter quos aequore turbo 
dispulerat penitusgwe alias avexerat oras. 

Obstipuit simul ipse, simul percussus Achates 

laetitiague metugwe; avidi conjungere dextras 

ardebant; sed res animos incognita turbat. 515 

Dissimulant et nube cava speculantur amicti 

quae fortuna virls, classem quo litore linquant, 

quid veniant; cunctis nam lecti navibus ibant 

orantes veniam et templum cldmore petebant. 

Postquam introgressi et coram data copia fandi, 520 

maximus Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit: 

“0 regina, novam cui condere Juppiter urbem 


accedo, ere, cessl, cessus approach 
Achates, ae ra. faithful comrade of 
Aeneas* 

amicio, ire, ui (ixl), ictus infold, wrapt 
Antheus, ei, acc. ea, ra. Trojan leader 
aveho, ere, vexi, vectus bear awayf 
avidus, a, um eager, greedyf 
cavus, a, um hollow* 

Cloanthus, i ra. Trojan leader 
coepi, isse, coeptus beginf 
concursus, us m. throng, crowdf 
condo, ere, didi, ditus found, build* 
conjungo, ere, junxi, junctus joint 
copia, ae /. abundance; opportunityt 
coram face to face, in the presencet 
dispello, ere, puli, pulsus drive apart, 
disperse, scattert 
dissimulo (1) hide, disguiset 
fortis, e strong, brave, valiant* 

Ilioneus, ei ra. Trojan leader 
incognitus, a, um unknownt 


509-560. A deputation from the miss¬ 
ing Trojan ships waits on Dido to com¬ 
plain of the outrages of her people and 
bewail the loss of their leader Aeneas. 

509-512. cum Aeneas subito videt 
accedere Anthea (acc.) Sergestumque 
fortemque Cloanthum aliosque Teucro- 
rum, quos ater turbo dispulerat (in) toto 
aequore. concursu magno: abl. of 
manner; App. 328. (ad) alias oras. - 

513. ipse: Aeneas; see the note on 1. 
114. simul. . . simul = et. . . et. per¬ 
cussus (est.) 

515. res incognita: the uncertainty of 
the situation keeps them silent. 

516. Dissimulant (animos). 

517. quae (sit) fortuna: indir. quest.; 


introgredior, i, gressus enter, go in(to)f 
laetitia, ae /. joy, gladness, delightf 
lego, ere, legi, lectus choose, gather* 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desertf* 
metus, us m. fear, anxiety, dread* 
nubes, is /. cloud, mist, fog* 
obstipesco, ere, stipui stand agapef* 
oro (1) pray (for), entreat, beseechf* 
penitus deep within, deeply, wholly* 
percutio, ere, cussi, cussus strike, as¬ 
tound f 

placidus, a, um calm, quiet, peaceful* 
postquam after (that), when* 

Sergestus, l m. Trojan leader!* 
speculor, ari, atus spy out, watchf 
subito suddenly* 

templum, I n. temple, shrine, sanctu- 

ary* 

turbo, inis m. whirl (wind, pool), storm 
turbo (1) confuse, disturb, perplex* 
venia, ae /. favor, grace, pardonf 


App. 349. viris: dat. of possession, (in) 
quo litore. 

517-518. linquant, veniant: subjunc¬ 
tives in indir. quest.; App. 349. 

518. quid = cur, why? (viri) lecti. 
(ex) cunctis navibus. 

519. clamore: abl. of manner; App. 
328. 

520. introgressi (sunt illi Teucri) et 
data (est) copia fandi. fandi: of speak¬ 
ing; a gerund. 

521. maximus (natu): the eldest , the 
leader. Ilioneus: with the eu pronounced 
as a diphthong (one syllable), placido 
pectore: as befitting his age and dig- 
nity. 

522-523. condere, frenare: objects of 
dedit, granted. 






62 THE AENEID, 523-534 

justitiagwe dedit gentis frenare superbas, 

Troes te miseri, ventis maria omnia vecti, 

525 oramus; prohibe infandos o navibus ignis, 

parce pio generi et propius res aspice nostras. 

^ Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare penatis 
venimus, aut raptas ad litora vertere praedas; 
non ea vis animo nec tanta superbia victis. 

530 Est locus, Hesperiam Graji cognomine dicunt, 

terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae; 
Oenotri coluere viri; nunc fdma minores 
Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem. 

Hie cursus fuit, 


a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus look at, 

see* 

cognomen, inis n. (sur)name, cognomen 
cold, ere, ui, cultus cultivate, cherish, 
inhabit* 

dux, ducis m. (/.) leader, guide, chieftain* 
freno (1) curb, check, restrain 
glaeba, ae /. soil, clod, glebe! 

Grajus, a, um Greek* 

Hesperia, ae /. west land, Italy! 
infandus, a, um unspeakable, accursed 
justitia, ae /. justice, equity! 

Libycus, a, um Libyan, of Libya, a dis¬ 
trict of North Africa* 
minores, um m. descendants! 
Oenotr(i)us, a, um Oenotrian, of Oeno- 
tria, in southern Italy! 


oro (1) pray (for), entreat, beseech* 
parco, ere, pepercl (pars!), parsus spare 

( dat .) 

penates, ium m. household (gods)* 
populo (1) ravage, plunder, devastate! 
potens, entis ruling, powerful* 
praeda, ae /. booty, prey 
prohibeo, ere, ui, itus keep off, pro¬ 
hibit! 

prope near, close; compar. propius!* 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch (up), seize* 
superbia, ae /. pride, haughtiness! 
superbus, a, um haughty, proud* 

Tros, Trois m. Trojan* 
uber, eris n. udder; fertility! 
veho, ere, vexi, vectus carry, convey* 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, drive away* 


523. gentis: the native Libyan tribes. 

524. Troes miseri: in apposition with 
nos the understood subject of oramus. 
ventis vecti: alliteration, heightening the 
pathos, (per) maria omnia. 

525. a navibus (nostris). 

526. parce pio: alliteration. pio 
generi: the Trojans; generi is dat. with 
special verb; App. 297. 

527. Non: emphatic, populare pena¬ 
tis : alliteration. 

527-528. populare, vertere: inf. of 
purpose. 

529. vis (est). victis: referring to the 
capture of Troy by the Greeks, animo, 
victis: datives of possession, superbia 
(est). 

530. Graji dicunt ( = vocant) (ilium 
locum) Hesperiam. Hesperia literally 
means “ Land of the Evening ” or “ Western 
Land.” Compare Hesperus, the evening 
star. This name for Italy came from the 
Greeks (Graji dicunt), as Vergil indi¬ 
cates. Graji: pi. of Grajus and pro¬ 


nounced as though spelled Grajji, making 
the first syllable long by position; App. 
6 , b. 

531. armis, ubere: abl. of respect or 
cause with potens; App. 325, 332. 

532. Oenotri: evidently derived from 
a Greek word, Oenotria, “ Vineland ” 
since grapes were much cultivated in 
Italy, coluere = coluerunt. fama (est) 
= dicunt, and so followed by indir. disc.; 
App. 263. minores: subject of dixisse = 
vocavisse. 

533. ducis: Italus was a legendary 
king of one of the native Italian tribes 
(the Oenotrians). The word Italy is 
probably related to the word vitulus, bull, 
and therefore means “Land of Herds.” 
gentem, Italiam: two accusatives; App. 
316, a. 

534. Hie cursus (nobis) fuit. There 
are more than fifty such incomplete lines 
in the Aeneid , one of the marks of the 
unfinished state of the poem at Vergil’s 
death. See Introd. 5. 




BOOK I, 535-547 


63 


cum subit5 adsurgens fluctu nimbosus Orion 535 

in vada caeca tulit penitusgwe procacibus Austris 
perquc undas superante salo perque invia saxa 
dispulit; hue pauci vestris adnavimus oris. 

Quod genus hoc hominum? Quaeve hunc tam barbara morem 
permittit patria? Hospitio prohibemur harenae; 540 

hella cient prlmaque vetant consistere terra. 

Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma, 
at sperate debs memores fandl atque nefandi. 

Rex erat Aeneas nobis, quo justior alter 

nec pietate fuit, nec hello major et armls. 545 

Quern si fata virum servant, si vescitur aura, 
aetheria neque adhuc crudelibus occubat urnbrls, 


adhuc as yet, still, so farf 
adno (1) swim, float (to) (dat.) f 
adsurgd, ere, surrexl, surrectus rise! 
aetherius, a, um of the upper air, ethe¬ 
real 

alter, era, erum the other (of two), 
second!* 

Auster, tri m. (south) wind* 
barbarus, a, um foreign, savage! 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
cieo, ere, civl, citus arouse, excite, stir!* 
consisto, ere, stiti, stitus stand (fast)* 
crudelis, e cruel, bitter, bloody* 
dispello, ere, puli, pulsus drive apart, 
scatter, disperse 
fandus, a, um speakable, right 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 
homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human* 
hospitium, (i)I n. hospitality, refuge 
humanus, a, um human, of men! 
invius, a, um pathless, impenetrable! 
justus, a, um just, fair, right(eous) 
memor, oris mindful, remembering* 
mortalis, e mortal, human, earthly* 


mos, moris m. custom, manner, law* 
nefandus, a, um unspeakable, wrong! 
nimbosus, a, um stormy, rainy! 
occubo, are lie (dead)! 

Orion, onis ra. constellation, whose rising 
and setting come in the rainy season! 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
paucus, a, um little, few, scanty!* 
penitus deep within, deeply, wholly* 
permitto, ere, mlsi, missus allow, grant! 
pietas, atis /. loyalty, devotion, duty* 
proeax, acis wanton, boisterous! 
prohibeo, ere, ui, itus keep off, prohibit 
salum, i n . the (salt) sea! 
spero (1) hope (for), expect* 
subito suddenly* 
supero (1) overcome, surpass* 
tam so, so much, so very, such!* 
temno, ere scorn, despise, disdain! 
vadum, i n. shallow, shoal, depth(s) 
vescor, I feed on; breathe (a&Z.)! 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
veto, are, ui, itus prohibit, forbid, pre¬ 
vent 


535. fluctu: abl. of place where; App. 
319. 

536-538. procacibus Austris: abl. of 
means, tulit (nos), dispulitque (nos) 
procacibus Austris penitus perque 
undas perque invia saxa, salo superante 
(nos). 

537. superante salo: abl. abs.; App. 
343. 

538. pauci (nos) : subject of adnavi¬ 
mus. vestris oris = ad vestras oras; dat. 
of direction; App. 306. 

539. Quod genus (est) hoc. hoc: pro¬ 
nounced hocc, making a long syllable; 
App. 107, 3, c. hunc morem: the Trojans 


had not been allowed to beach and repair 
their ships (1. 551). 

540. (ab) hospitio. 

541. (viri tul) cient. vetant (nos), 
(in) prima terra: abl. of place, on the first 
(part of , edge of) your land; that is, on 
the beach . 

543. memores (esse). 

544. nobis: dat. of possession; App. 
299. quo: abl. with compar.; App. 327. 

545. pietate, bello, armls: ablatives of 
respect; App. 325. 

547. aetheria: as opposed to the lower 
world, (in) urnbrls (mortis) : abl. of place 
where; App. 319; the lower world , Hades . 






64 


550 


555 


560 


THE AENEID, 548-561 

non metus, officio nec te certasse priorem 
paeniteat: sunt et Siculls regionibus urbes 
armaque, Trojanogue a sanguine clarus Acestes. 
Quassatam ventis liceat subducere classem 
et silvis aptare trabes et stringere remos, 
si datur Italiam sociis et rege recepto 
tendere, ut Italiam laeti Latiumgwe petamus; 
sin absumpta salus, et te, pater optime Teucrum, 
pontus habet Libyae nec spes jam restat lull, 
at freta Sicaniae saltern sedesque paratas, 
unde huc_ advecti, regemque petamus Acesten ” 
Talibus Ilioneus; cuncti simul ore fremebant 
Dardanidae. 

Turn breviter Dido vultum demissa profatur: 


absumo, ere, mpsi, mptus take away, 
destroy, consume! 

adveho, ere, vexi, vectus bear, convey (to) f 
apto (1) fit, shape, equip t 
breviter shortly, briefly! 
certo (1) strive, rival, fight, viet 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
Dardanides, ae m. Dardanian, Trojan! 
demitto, ere, misl, missus let down, drop, 
lower* 

fremo, ere, ui, itus murmur, applaud* 
fretum, i n. strait, seat 
Ilioneus, ei m. Trojan leader 
lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
Latium, (i)I n. district of central Italy* 
Libya, ae /. district of North Africa* 
licet, ere, uit, itum be permitted!* 
metus, us m. fear, anxiety, dread* 
officium, (i)i n. service, duty, kindness! 
optimus, a, um best, noblest, finest! 
paenitet, ere, uit it repents! 


pontus, i m. sea* 

prior, ius former, first* 

profor, fan, fatus speak, say! 

quasso (1) shake, shatter! 

recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus receive, recover* 

regio, onis /. region, district 

resto, are, stitl remain, survive! 

saltern at least! 

salus, utis /. safety, security, health 
Sicania, ae /. Sicily, a large island south 
of Italy! 

Siculus, a, um Sicilian, of Sicily 
sin but if, if, however! 
spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
stringo, ere, strinxi, strictus strip, graze! 
subdued, ere, duxi, ductus draw up, 
beach, remove! 

trabs (trabes), trabis /. beam, timber 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan* 
unde whence, from which source* 
vultus, us m. countenance, face* 


548. non (est) metus (nobis), certa- 
(vi)sse: App. 204. officio: abl. of re¬ 
spect; App. 325. 

549. paeniteat: vol. (jussive) subj.; 
App. 254; do not regret to have been the 
first to contend in rivalry of kindness . sunt 
et(iam) (nobis in) Siculis regionibus: 
even though Aeneas be dead, our Sicilian 
kinsmen will repay your kindness. 

551. liceat (nobis) subducere classem 
(nostram) quassatam ventis. ventis: abl. 
of means; App. 331. liceat (nobis): vol. 
(jussive) subj.; App. 254. 

552. aptare trabes: for repairing the 
ships, (in) silvis : abl. of place where; App. 
319. stringere remos: trim {branches into) 
oars , acc. of the thing effected; App. 307. 

553-554. sociis et rege recepto: abl. 


abs.; recepto: agreeing with the nearer of 
the two nouns which it modifies, ut laeti 
petamus Italiam Latiumque, si (nobis) 
datur tendere (cursum ad, in) Italiam. 
ut . . . petamus: purpose; App. 359. 

555. absumpta (est). pater optime: 
Aeneas. Teuc(ro)rum. 

557. sedes (in Sicania) paratas. 

558. advecti (sumus). petamus: vol. 
(hortatory) subj.; App. _254. 

559. Talibus (dictis) Ilioneus (dixit). 

561-578. Dido replies kindly and con¬ 
soles the Trojans, offering them assist¬ 
ance and promising to send messengers 
in search of Aeneas. 

561. vultum: object of demissa, used 
in the “middle” voice; App. 309; with 




BOOK I, 562-574 


65 


“ Solvite corde metum, Teucrl, secludite curds. 

Res dura et regnl no vitas me talia cogunt 
moliri et late finis custode tuerl. 

Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Trojae nesciat urbem, 565 

— -virtutesg'we virosque aut tantl incendia belli f 
Non obtunsa adeo gestamus pectora Poem, 
nec tam aversus equos Tyria Sol jungit ab urbe. 

Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturnia^we arva 

sive Erycis finis regemque optatis Acesten, 570 

auxilio tutos dimittam opibus^we juvabo. 

Vultis et his mecum pariter consldere regnls? 

Urbem quam statuo, vestra est; subducite navis; 

Tros Tyriusque mihl nullo discrlmine agetur. 


adeo so (far), event 

Aeneadae, arum ra. descendants (follow¬ 
ers) of Aeneas 

auxilium, (i)i n. aid, help, assistance* 
averto, ere, I, rsus turn away, avert* 
cogo, ere, coegi, coactus force, compelf* 
consido, ere, sedi, sessus settle, restf* 
cor, cordis n. heart, spirit, feelings* 
custos, odis m. (/.) guard(ian)t* 
dimitto, ere, misi, missus, send away, let 
go, dismissf 

discrimen, inis n. difference, crisis 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, sternt* 
Eryx, ycis m. son of Venus and half- 
brother of Aeneas, who settled in Sicily 
where he gave his name to a mountain 
and cityf 

gesto (1) bear, wear, carry 
Hesperia, ae /. west land, Italy 
incendium, (i)i n. fire, conflagrationf 
jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke* 
juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
late far and wide, widely 
metus, us m. fear, anxiety, dread* 


molior, In, Itus work, contrive, make 
nescio, ire, Ivl, (il) not know, be ignorantf 
no vitas, atis /. novelty, newness f 
obtundo, ere, tudi, tu(n)sus blunt, dullf 
ops, opis /. help, resources, wealth, power 
opto (1) desire, choose, hope (for)* 
pariter equally, on equal termsf* 

Poenus, a, um Phoenician, Carthaginian 
Saturnius, a, um Saturnian, of Saturn, 
an early Italian god who ruled during 
the Golden Age 

secludo, ere, si, sus exclude, shut outf 
seu, sive or (if), whether 
sol, solis m. sun; day; Sol, Solis sun-god* 
solvo, ere, I, solutus loose, dismiss, relax* 
statuo, ere, ui, utus establish, buildf 
subdued, ere, duxl, ductus draw up, 
beach, remove 

tam so, so much, so very, such* 

Tros, Trois m. Trojan* 
tueor, eri, itus (tutus) watch, protectf* 
tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
virtus, utis /. valor, manhood, excellence!* 


downcast look , because of her modesty, a 
characteristic much cultivated and highly 
prized among ancient women, especially 
young women. 

563. Res dura: harsh necessity , referring 
to the dangers to the new settlement from 
the wild Libyan tribes and from her 
brother Pygmalion. talia: the harsh 
treatment of which the Trojans complain. 

565. Quis genus Aenead(ar)um (nes¬ 
ciat)? nesciat: deliberative, subj.; App. 
348. 

566. tantl belli: the Trojan War. 

567. Non obtunsa adeo pectora: we 

are not so dull , that we do not know the 
name and fame of Troy and the Trojans. 


568. nec tam adversus, etc.: we are 
not so far removed from the rest of the world 
with its activities. The rising and setting 
of the sun were thought of as due to the 
course of the sun-god in his chariot. 

569. Saturnia = Italian, because Saturn 
was the chief god of Italy, where he had 
ruled during the Golden Age. 

570. Erycis finis: Sicily. 

571. (vos) tutos. 

572. (in) regnis. 

573. Urbem: attracted from the nom. 
into the case of the following relative 
quam; App. 242, a. 

574. Tros Tyriusque, etc.: this expres¬ 
sion has become proverbial for impartial 





66 


THE AENEID, 575-590 


575 Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eddem 

adforet Aeneas! Equidem per litora certos 
dimittam et Libyae lustrare extrema jubebo, 
si quibus ejectus silvis aut urbibus err at.” 

His animum arrectl dictis et fortis Achates 
580 et pater Aeneas jamdudum erumpere nubem 

ardebant. Prior Aenedn compellat Achates: 
“Nate dea, quae nunc animo sententia surgitf 
Omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. 
Unus abest, medio in fluctu quern vidimus ipsi 
585 summersum; dictis respondent cetera matris.” 

Vix ea fdtus erat cum circumfusa repente 
scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum. 
Restitit Aeneas clara que in luce refulsit 
os umerosque deo similis; namque ipsa decoram 
590 caesariem nato genetrix lumenque juventae 


absum, esse, afui be absent, lack! 
Achates, ae m. faithful comrade of 
Aeneas* 

aether, eris, acc. era, m. upper air, sky, 
ether* 

apertus, a, um open(ed), clear 
arrigo, ere, rexi, rectus raise, prick up 
caesaries, ei /. (long) hair, locks! 
certus, a, um sure, trustworthy* 
ceterus, a, um the rest, the other(s)! 
circumfundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour round! 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
compello, ere, pull, pulsus drive, force! 
compello (1) address, accost, speak to! 
decorus, a, um beautiful, graceful, seemlyt 
dimitto, ere, misi, missus send away, let 
go, dismiss 

ejicio, ere, jeci, jectus throw out, ejectf 
equidem indeed, surely, to be sure* 
erumpo, ere, rupl, ruptus break (out), 
burst (forth) t 

extremus, a, um furthest, last, extreme* 
fortis, e brave, strong, valiant* 


genetrix, icis /. motherf 
jamdudum long ago, long since, for some 
timet 

juventa, ae /. youth, young manhoodf 
Libya, ae /. district of North Africa* 
lustro (1) purify, survey, traverse* 

Notus, i m. (south) wind 
nubes, is /. cloud, mist, fog* 
prior, ius former, sooner, first* 
purgo (1) clear, cleanse, meltf 
recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus receive, re¬ 
cover* 

refulgeo, ere, lsl gleam, shine, glitter 
repente suddenly! 

responded, ere, dl, onsus (cor)respond!* 
resto, are, stitl remain 
scindo, ere, scidi, scissus split, part 
sententia, ae /. opinion, purpose 
similis, e like, similar (dat. 9 gen.)* 
summergo (subm-), ere, rsi, rsus sink, 
drown 

tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
utinam would that! O that!! 


justice. Tyrius: Carthaginian . mihi: 
dat. of agent.; App. 302. 

576. adforet: opt. subj.; App. 253. 
certos (viros). 

578. si : in case that, ejectus (ex undis). 
(in) silvis, (in) urbibus. quibus: any , 
indef. pronoun. 

579-594. To the surprise of all, Aeneas 
suddenly appears. 

579. animum: acc. of respect; App. 
311. 

581. Aenean: acc., a Greek form. 


582. Nate dea: goddess-born, dea being 
abl. of source; App. 323. (in) animo. 

584. Unus: Orontes: see 11. 113 ff. 

585. dictis matris (tuae): referring to 
the prophecy of Venus (11. 390 ff.). 

586. fatus erat (Achates). 

587. (nubes se) purgat. 

589-591. os umerosque: accusatives 
of respect; App. 311. namque genetrix 
ipsa (Venus) adfla(ve)rat nato (suo) 
decoram caesariem lumenque purpureum 
juventae et laetos honores. ipsa gene¬ 
trix: Venus, as goddess of beauty, nato: 




BOOK I, 591-603 


67 


.. t • 

purpureum et laetos oculls adflarat hondres: 
quale manus addunt ebori decus, aut ubi flavo 
argentum Pariuswe lapis circumdatur auro. 

Turn sic reglnam adloquitur cunctlsque repente 
improvisus ait: “Coram, quern quaeritis, adsum, 595 

Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. 

0 sola Infandos Trojae miserata labor es, 

quae nos, relliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque 

omnibus exhaustis jam casibus, omnium egenos, 

urbe, domo socias, grates persolvere dignas 600 

non opis est nostrae, Dido, nee quidquid ubique est 

gentis Dardaniae, magnum quae sparsa per orbem. 

Di tibi, si qua pios respectant numina, si quid 


addo, ere, did!, ditus add* 
adflo (1) breathe on (dat.) f 
adloquor, I, locutus address, accost 
argentum, I n. silver 
circumdo, are, dedi, datus surroundt 
coram face to face, in the presence 
Dardanius, a, um Dardanian, Trojan* 
decus, oris n. ornament, beauty, dignity 
dignus, a, um worthy, fitting, seemlyt 
ebur, oris n. ivoryf 
egenus, a, um needy, lacking {gen.) f 
exhaurio, Ire, hausi, haustus drain, ex¬ 
haust! 

flavus, a, um tawny, yellow! 
grates, ium /. gratitude, thanks! 
improvisus, a, um unexpected, unfore¬ 
seen! 

Infandus, a, um unspeakable, accursed 
lapis, idis m. stone! 


Libycus, a, um Libyan, of Libya, a dis¬ 
trict of North Africa* 
miseror, arl, atus pity, commiserate!* 
ops, opis /. help, power, resources, wealth* 
orbis, is m. circle, orb, earth* 

Parius, a, um Parian, of Paros, a Greek 
island noted for its fine marble; marble! 
persolvo, ere, I, solutus pay (fully)! 
purpureus, a, um red, purple, radiant 
qualis, e such (as), of what sort, as* 
quisquis, quidquid whoever, whatever 
re(l)liquiae, arum /. rest, remnant, leav¬ 
ings 

repente suddenly 

respecto (1) regard, look at! 

socio (1) join, ally, share, associate 

spargo, ere, rsl, rsus scatter, disperse!* 

Troius, a, um Trojan* 

ubique everywhere, anywhere! 


dat. with compound adfla(ve)rat; App. 
298. lumen purpureum: ruddy glow. 
laetos honores: joyous grace. 

592. (tale) decus quale: (such) beauty 
as. manus: nom. pi.; the hands (of an 
artist). 

593. auro: abl. of means; App. 331. 

594-612. Aeneas profusely thanks 
Dido for her kindness. 

594. cunctls: dat., depends on im- 
provlsus. 

595. (ego), quern quaeritis, adsum. 

597. 6 (tu) sola. 

598. quae: subj. of socias, 1. 600. 
re(l)liquias Dana(or)um: see the note on 
1. 30. 

599. omnium: gen. with adj.; App. 
287. 


600. urbe, domo: abl. of means or 
place where. Dido had not only admitted 
the Trojans to the city, but had of¬ 
fered them the hospitality of her own 
home. 

601-602. opis: pred. gen. of posses¬ 
sion; App. 283; it is not in our power. 
nec (est opis Dardaniae gentis), quid- 
quid Dardaniae gentis est ubique quae 
(est) sparsa per magnum orbem (ter- 
rarum). nec quidquid: nor (in the power 
of) whatever of the Trojan race there is 
anywhere, gentis: part, gen.; App. 286. 

603. DI : emphatic by position; subject 
of ferant in 1. 605. qua, quid: indef. tibi: 
with ferant in 1. 605. 

603-604. si quid, etc.: if justice is 
(counts for) anything anywhere. sibi: 
dat. of reference; App. 301. recti: gen. 
with the adj. conscius; App. 287. 





68 


THE AENEID, 604-618 


usquam justitia est et mens sibi conscia recti, 

605 praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt 

saecula? Qui tantl talem genuere parentes? 

In freta dum fluvii current, dum montibus umbrae 
lustrabunt convexa, polus dum sldera pascet, 
semper bonds nomenque tuum laudesgwe manebunt, 
6io quae me cumque vocant terrae.” Sic fatus amicum 

Ilionea petit dextra laeva que Serestum, 
post alios, fortem que Gyan fortemgue Cloanthum. 

Obstipuit primo aspectu Sidonia Dido, 
cdsu deinde viri tanto, et sic ore locuta est: 

615 u Quis te, ndte dea, per tanta pericula casus 

insequitur? Quae vis immanibus applicat oris? 
Tune ille Aeneas quern Dardanio Anchisae 
alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam? 


almus, a, um nurturing, kind(ly) 
amicus, i m. friend* 

applico, are, avl (ui), atus (itus) drive tof 
a(d)spectus, us m. sight, viewf 
Cloanthus, i m. Trojan leader 
conscius, a, um conscious, aware f 
convexum, i n. hollow, valley, sky 
cumque; see quicumque 
curro, ere, cucurri, cursus run, flowf 
Dardanius, a, um Dardanian, Trojan* 
deinde then, thereupon, next* 
dignus, a, um worthy, fitting, seemly 
fluvius, (i)I m. river, stream f 
fortis, e brave, strong, valiant* 
fretum, I n. strait, sea 
gigno, ere, genui, genitus bear, beget 
Gyas, ae, acc. an, m. Trojan leader 
Ilioneus, ei, acc . ea, m. Trojan leader 
insequor, i, secutus follow, pursue* 
justitia, ae /. justice, right(eousness) 
laevus, a, um left (hand), on the leftt* 
laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 

605. ferant: opt. subj.; App. 253. 

606. talem (feminam, lady), genuere 
= genuerunt. 

607. montibus: dat. of reference or 
abl. of place. 

608. polus sidera pascet: according 
to some of the ancient philosophers, fine 
particles of fire in the highest heavens 
furnish the fuel for the light of the stars. 

610. quae: to be taken with cumque; 
this separation of the parts of a compound 
word is called tmesis; App. 445. 

611. Ilionea: acc. sing., a Greek form; 
App. 69. dextra (manu), laeva (manu): 
an example of chiasmus; App. 420. 

612. post: adverbial, afterward , next. 
Gyan: acc., a Greek form; App. 66. 


loquor, I, locutus speak, sayf* 
lustro (1) survey, traverse, purify* 
obstipesco, ere, stipul stand agape* 
pasco, ere, pavi, pastus feed, graze 
peric(u)lum, I n. risk, danger, perilf 
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
polus, l m. pole, sky, heaven 
post after, behind (acc.); afterward, next* 
praemium, (i)i n. reward, prize* 
qui, quae, quod; see quicumque 
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque 

who(so)ever, what(so)ever* 
rectum, I n. right, justice, virtue 
saeculum, I n. generation, age 
semper always, ever, foreverf* 

Serestus, I m. Trojan leader 

Sldonius, a, um Sidonian, of Sidon, a 

famous Phoenician city 
Simols, entis m. river near Troy 
tam so (much, very), such* 
usquam anywhere, at any timef 
Venus, eris /. goddess of love and beauty* 

613-630. Dido welcomes Aeneas, tell¬ 
ing him that she already knew of him 
and his fame. 

613-614. aspectu (viri). casu: abl. of 
cause; App. 332. deinde: two syllables 
by synizesis; App. 403. 

615. nate dea: goddess-born. Quis ca¬ 
sus : the ordinary form of the interrogative 
adj. is qul; App. Ill, a. 

616. oris: dat. with compound; App. 
298. 

617. Tune = esne tu. Dardanio An¬ 
chisae: note the hiatus and the spondaic 
line; App. 399, 395. 

618. alma: a common epithet of 
Venus. 




BOOK I, 619-632 


69 


Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire 
flnibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem 620 

auxilio Bell; genitor turn Belus oplmam 
vastabat Cyprum et victor dicione tenebat. 

Tempore jam ex illo casus mihi cognitus urbis 
Trojanae nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgl. 

Ipse host is Teucros insignl laud e ferebat 625 

seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum a stirpe volebat. 

Quare agite, 0 tectis, juvenes, succedite nostris. 

Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores 
jactatam hdc demum voluit consistere terra. 

630 


tecta, simul divum templis indicit honorem. 


Nori ignara mail misens succurrere disco.” 

. .. nriiiim. 

L mean m regia ducit 


tSic membra! 


auxilium, (i)I n. aid, help, assistance* 
Belus, I m. Phoenician kingf 
cognosco, ere, novi, nitus learn; know! 
consisto, ere, stitl, stitus stand (fast), 
halt* 

Cyprus, i /. large island in the eastern 
Mediterranean! 
demum at length, finally! 
dicio, onis /. sway, rule, power 
disco, ere, didicl learn (how)! 
equidem indeed, surely, truly* 
expello, ere, pull, pulsus drive out, ban¬ 
ish! 

hostis, is m. (/.) stranger, enemy, foe* 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, inexperienced* 
indlco, ere, dixi, dictus appoint, decree! 
Insignis, e distinguished, marked* 
jacto (1) toss, buffet* 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 


malum, i n. evil, misfortune, trouble* 
memini, isse remember, recall 
memoro (1) recount, (re)call, say* 
opimus, a, um rich, fertile, fat! 
orior, Iri, ortus rise, spring! 

Pelasgus, a, um Pelasgian, Greek! 
quare wherefore, therefore, why! 
quoque also* 

regius, a, um royal, regal, kingly* 

Sidon, onis, acc. ona, /. famous Phoeni¬ 
cian city! 

similis, e similar, like* 
stirps, pis /. stock, stem, race! 
succedo, ere, cessi, cessus go under, ap¬ 
proach, enter ( dat .)! 

succurro, ere, curri, cursus help, aid 

(dat.)'t 

templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
Teucer (crus), cri m. early Trojan king! 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan* 
vasto (1) ravage, (lay) waste, devastate 


619. Sidona: acc., a Greek form; App. 
68. Teucrum: subj. of venire. He had 
been expelled by his father, Telamon, for 
not bringing back his brother Ajax safely 
from the Trojan War, and had gone to 
Phoenicia. Ajax had been disgraced in 
the Greek army, had gone mad, and had 
committed suicide. 

621. genitor (meus). 

622. (Cyprum) tenebat. 

623. cognitus (est). 

624. reges Pelasgi: such as Agamem¬ 
non, Menelaus, Achilles, Diomedes, 
Ulysses, and Nestor. 

625. Ipse (Teucer) hostis: ( Teucer ) 
himself ( though ) an enemy, ferebat: ex¬ 
tolled. laude: abl. of manner; App. 328. 

626. volebat: would have it {that). 


Note that volebat rhymes with ferebat at 
the end of 1. 625. ortum (esse). 

627. tectis: dat. with compound; App. 
298. 

629. (in) hac terra. 

630. mail miseris: the effect is height¬ 
ened by bringing these two words to¬ 
gether, and by the alliteration, miseris: 
dat. with compound; App. 298. 

631-642. Dido escorts Aeneas and his 
party to her palace and prepares to en¬ 
tertain them at dinner. 

631. Aenean: acc., a Greek form; 

App. 66. 

632. dIv(or)um. (in) templis: abl. of 
place where; App. 319. hondrem: an 
honor {to the gods), a sacrifice. 








70 


635 


640 


645 


THE AENEID, 633-646 

Nec minus interea socils ad litora mittit 
viginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum 
terga suum, pinguis centum cum mdtribus agnos, 
munera laetitiamgwe dil. 

At domus interior regal! splendida luxti 
instruitur, medilsque par ant con vl via tectls; 
arte laboratae vestes ostrogwe superbo, 
ingens argentum mensis, caelatagwe in auro 
fortia facta patrum, series longissima rerum 
per tot ducta viros antiqua ab orlgine gentis. 

Aeneas (neque enim patrius consistere mentem 
passus amor) rapidum ad navis praemittit Achaten, 
Ascanio ferat haec ipsumque ad moenia ducat; 
omnis in Ascanio car! stat ciira parentis. 


Achates, ae m. faithful comrade of 
Aeneas* 

agnus, i m. lambt 

argentum, i n. silver 

ars, artis /. art(istry), skill, artifice!* 

Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 

caelo (1) engrave, carve, chase! 

carus, a, um dear, fond, beloved* 

centum hundred* 

consisto, ere, stiti, stitus stand (fast), 
rest* 

convlvium, (i)I n. banquet, feastt 
enim for, indeed, truly* 
factum, i n. deed, undertaking, ex¬ 
ploit* 

fortis, e brave, strong, valiant* 
horreo, ere, ul bristle, shudder, trem¬ 
ble* 

instruo, ere, struxl, structus array, 
equip, build, instruct! 
interea meanwhile, meantime* 
interior, ius inside, inner 


laboro (1) work, formf 
laetitia, ae /. joy, gladness, delight 
luxus, us m. luxury, magnificence! 
mensa, ae /. table* 
minor, us less, smaller, slighter! 
origo, inis /. origin, beginning, source 
ostrum, I n. purple, scarlet, crimson! 
patior, l, passus suffer, endure, allow* 
pinguis, e fat, rich, fertile 
praemitto, ere, mlsi, missus send (be¬ 
fore, forth)! 

rapidus, a, um swift, hurrying* 
regalis, e royal, regal, kingly! 
series, el /. succession, series, row! 
splendidus, a, um bright, resplendent! 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
sus, suis m. (/.) hog, pig, swine! 
taurus, i m. bull, bullock, ox!* 
tergum, i n. back, hide* 
tot so many* 

vestis, is/, robe, cloth(ing), tapestry* 
viginti twenty! 


633. socils (Aeneae). Nec minus: 

likewise , moreover . 

635. suum: gen. pi. of sus. 

636. munera: (as) gifts , in apposition 
with tauros, terga, agnos. dil: gen. of 
dies, an old form. Another incomplete 
line; cf. 1. 534 and note. 

637. interior domus: the inner (part of 
the) palace. 

638. (in) tectls. 

639. vestes (Instruuntur). arte: abl. 

of manner; App. 328; dependent on 
laboratae. ostro superbo: abl. of quality; 
App. 330. The Tyrian “purple” was 
famous; cf. line 337. 


640. ingens: massive or a vast amount . 

(in) mensis. 

641. fortia facta: alliteration, patrum 
(Tyriorum) : early heroes of Tyre. 

642. ducta: modifies series (1. 641). 

643-656. Aeneas sends Achates to 
bring Ascanius, and some costly presents 
for Dido. 

644. passus (est). 

645. Ascanio: indir. obj. (ut) ferat, 
ducat: purpose; App. 359; or substan¬ 
tive clauses developed from the volitive, 
dependent upon the idea of bidding im¬ 
plied in praemittit Achaten; App. 360. 





BOOK I, 647-658 


71 



Munera praeterea Iliads erepta minis 
'erre jubet, pallam signis auroque rigentem 
et circumtextum croceo velamen acanthS, 
ornatus Argivae Helenae, quos ilia Mycenis, 
Pergama cum peteret inconcessosgue hymenaeos, 
extulerat, matris Ledae mirabile donum; 


praeterea sceptrum, Ilione quod gesserat olim, 
maxima natarum Priami, collogue monile 
bacatum, et duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. 
Haec celerans iter ad navis tendebat Achates. 

At Cytherea novas artis, nova pectore versat 
consilia, ut faciem mutatus et ora Cupido 



acanthus, i m . acanthus, a flowering plantt 
Achates, ae ra. faithful comrade of 
Aeneas* 

Argivus, a, um Argive, of Argos, a Greek 
city 

ars, artis/. art(istry), skill, artifice* 
bacatus, a, um set (strung) with pearlsf 
celero (1) hasten, speed, hurry 
circumtexo, ere, ui, xtus embroider, 
weave around f 
collum, i n. neckf* 
consilium, (i)i n. plan, advice 
corona, ae /. crown, garlandf 
croceus, a, um yellow, saffronf 
Cupido, inis ra. Cupid, god of lovet 
Cytherea, ae /. the Cytherean, Venus, 
who was born on the island of Cythera 
duplex, icis double, two (fold) 
effero, ferre, extuli, elatus carry off, 
lift* 

facies, el /. face, appearancef* 
gemma, ae /. gem, jewelf 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus carry (on), wear, 
wage* 

Helena, ae /. Helen, famous Greek 


647. (ex) minis: abl. of separation; 
App. 340. Munera: cf. 1. 636; such an 
exchange of gifts between host and guest 
was common in antiquity and is still 
found among many peoples. 

648. (Achaten) ferre jubet. 

649. acantho: a common element in 
the decorative art of antiquity and well 
known from its use as one of the features 
of the capital of the Corinthian column. 

650. ornatus: acc. pi., apposition with 
pallam and velamen, which in turn are 
in apposition .with munera. Mycenis: 
place from which; App. 320. 

651. peteret: cum temporal, with a 
long final syllable before the pause and 
under the metrical accent; App. 394, a. 


woman, married to Menelaus; she 
eloped with Paris and thus brought 
on the Trojan Warf 
hymenaeus, i m. (god of) marriagef 
Iliacus, a, um Ilian, Trojan* 

Ilione, es /. eldest daughter of Priamf 
inconcessus, a, um illegal, forbiddenf 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 

Leda, ae /. mother of Helenf 

mirabilis, e wonderful, marvelous 

monile, is n. collar, necklacef 

muto (1) (ex)change, transform, alterf* 

Mycenae, arum /. Greek city 

nata, ae /. daughter 

olim once, at some time* 

ornatus, us m. ornament, adornmentf 

palla, ae /. cloak, mantle, robet 

Pergama, 6rum n. (citadel of) Troy* 

praeterea besides, henceforth* 

rigens, entis stiff, rigidf 

ruina, ae /. downfall, ruin 

sceptrum, i n. staff, scepter, power 

signum, i n. sign, token, figure* 

velamen, inis n. garment, robe, veilf 

verso (1) keep turning, revolvef 


inconcessos hymenaeos: her fateful 
marriage with Paris. 

653. Ilione: nom., a Greek form; App. 

66 . 

654. maxima (natu) : eldest. collo: 
dat. of purpose; a collar for the neck . 

655. gemmis auroque: abl. of means 
or of manner; App. 331, 328. 

656. Haec: obj. of celerans. 

657-698. Venus substitutes Cupid for 
Ascanius, that Dido may fall in love with 
Aeneas. 

657. (in) pectore. novas, nova: rhe¬ 
torical repetition, called anaphora. 

658. faciem et ora: objects of the 
“middle” participle mutatus; App. 309. 





72 


THE AENEID, 659-670 


pro dulci Ascanio veniat, donlsque furentem 
660 incendat reglnam atque ossibus implicet ignem. 

Quippe domum timet ambiguam Tyriosque Tiilinguls, 
urit atrox Juno et sub noctern cura recursat. 

Ergo his aligerum dictls adfatur Amorem: 

“Nate, meae vires, mea magna potentia, solus, 

665 nate, paths summl qul tela Typhoea temnis, 
ad te confugi 5 et supplex tua numina posed. 

Frater ut Aeneas pelago tuus omnia circum 
lltora jactetur odiis Jiinonis acerbae, 
nota tibi, et nostro doluisti saepe dolore. 

670 Nunc Phoenissa tenet Dido blandis^ue moratur 


acerbus, a, um bitter, cruel, harsh! 
adfor, fan, fatus address, speak tof 
aliger, era, erum winged! 
ambiguus, a, um doubtful, deceitfulf 
Amor, oris m. Love, Cupid! 

Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 
atrox, ocis dark, fierce, savage! 
bilinguis, e double-tongued, dishonest! 
blandus, a, um caressing, persuasivet 
confugid, ere, fugl flee (for help)! 
doled, ere, ui, itus grieve, suffer 
dolor, oris m. pain, grief, anger, passion* 
dulcis, e sweet, dear* 
ergo therefore, then!* 
frater, tris m. brother* 
implied, are, ui (avi), itus (atus) infold, 
mingle, encircle! 

incendo, ere, i, ensus inflame, fire!* 
jacto (1) toss, buffet* 


moror, arl, atus delay, linger; detainf* 
notus, a, um (well)known, familiar* 
odium, (i)I n. hate, hatred, enmity 
os, ossis n. bonef* 

Phoenissa, ae /. Phoenician (woman) f 
posed, ere, poposci demand, seek* 
potentia, ae /. power, might, strength! 
pro before, for ( abl .)* 
quippe truly, forsooth, surely, indeed 
recurso (1) keep recurring, return! 
saepe often* 

supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
temno, ere scorn, despise, disdain 
timed, ere, ui fear, dread!* 

Typhoeus, a, um Typhoean, of Typhoeus, 
a giant who while trying to capture 
heaven was slain by Jupiter with his 
thunderbolt! 

uro, ere, ussl, ustus burn, inflame! 


659. donis: abl. of means with incen- 
det. furentem: proleptic; App. 440; 
may inflame the mad queen , i.e., may in¬ 
flame the queen to madness . See the note 
on 1. 69. 

659-660. veniat, incendat, implicet: 

purpose; App. 359. 

660. ossibus: her innermost nature , 
where her deepest feelings were, ossibus: 
dat. with a compound; App. 298. ignem 
(amoris). 

661. ambiguam, bilinguis: one's ene¬ 
mies are likely to be characterized as 
lying scoundrels. The Romans came to 
hate the Carthaginians during the Punic 
Wars so bitterly that Punica fides be¬ 
came synonymous for treachery. 

662. urit (Venerem) atrox Juno: ( the 
thought of) cruel Juno inflames (Venus 
with anxiety), 

664. solus: nom., although preceded 
by the voc. nate. 

665. patrissummi: Jovis. tela: thun¬ 


derbolts with which Jupiter overthrew 
the giant Typhoeus, who along with the 
other giants was attempting to capture 
heaven by storm. The ancients loved to 
represent Cupid as scorning the thunder¬ 
bolts of Jove, as a mark of the resistless 
power of Love. This was sometimes 
summed up in the proverb omnia vincit 
amor. 

666. supplex: (as) a suppliant. 
667-669. ut frater . . . nota (sunt): how 

your brother (Aeneas) is tossed about is 
known to you. (in) pelago. 

668. jactetur: subj. in an indir. quest.; 
App. 349. The last syllable is lengthened 
before the pause under the metrical ac¬ 
cent; App. 394, a. 

669. nota (sunt): for notum est; a 

Greek construction, nostro = meo ; com¬ 
pare the use of the “editorial we" in 
English, doluisti dolore: pleonasm; App. 
438. 

670. (eum) tenet. 




BOOK I, 671-6S5 


73 


vocibus, et vereor quo se Junonia vertant 
hospitia: haud tanto cessabit cardine rerum. 

Quocirca capere ante dolls et cingere flamma 

reglnam meditor, ne quo se numine mutet, 

sed magno Aeneae mecum teneatur amore. 675 

Qua facere id possis nostram nunc accipe mentem: 

regius accitu carl genitoris ad urbem 

Sidoniam puer Ire parat, mea maxima cura, 

dona ferens pelago et flammis restantia Trojae; 

hunc ego sopltum somno super alta Cythera 680 

aut super Idalium sacrata sede recondam, 

ne qua scire dolos mediusve occurrere possit. 

Tu faciem illlus noctem non amplius iinam 
falle dolo et notos pueri puer indue vultus, 
ut, cum te gremio accipiet laetissima Dido 685 


accitus, us ra. summons, calif 
amplius more, longer, fartherf 
cardo, inis m. hinge, pivot, crisis 
carus, a, um dear, fond, beloved* 
cesso (1) delay, cease, hesitatef 
cingo, ere, cinxi, clnctus surround, gird* 
Cythera, orum n. island south of Greece, 
birthplace of Venusf 
dolus, i ra . trick, deceit, wiles, fraud* 
facies, ei /. face, appearance* 
fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus deceive, counter¬ 
feit!* 

gremium, (i)i n. lap, bosom, embrace! 
hospitium, (i)I n. hospitality, welcome 
Idalium, (i)i n . mountain of Cyprus, 
sacred to Venusf 
induo, ere, ui, utus put on, donf 
Junonius, a, um of Junof 


671. Junonia: Venus suspects Juno as 
having inspired the hospitality of Dido, 
vertant: subj. in indir. quest.; App. 349. 

672. cardine: at such a crisis , abl. of 
time when; App. 322. 

673. capere dolls, cingere flamma: 
military terms, flamma (amoris). 

674. quo: indefinite, mutet: nega¬ 
tive purpose; App. 359. numine (Juno- 
nis). 

675. (ut) teneatur (Dido): purpose; 
App. 359. 

676. possis: subj. in an indir. quest.; 
App. 349. 

677. accitu: abl. of cause; App. 332. 
urbem Sidoniam = Carthaginem. See 
note on Sidonia in 1. 446. 

677-678. regius puer: Ascanius. 

679. (e, ex) pelago et flammis: abl of 
separation; App. 340. 


meditor, ari, atus consider, plan, intend! 
muto (1) (ex)change, transform, alter* 
notus, a, um (well)known, familiar* 
occurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus (run to) 
meet, thwart (dat.) f 

qua, by what (any) way (means), how, 
where (by), in any way 
quocirca wherefore! 

recondd, ere, didi, ditus hide, establish! 
regius, a, um royal, regal, kingly* 
resto, are, stiti remain, survive 
sacro (1) consecrate, hallow, dedicate!* 
scio, ire, ivi (ii), itus know (how) 
Sidonius, a, um Sidonian, Phoenician 
sopitus, a, um asleep, sleeping, lulledf 
vereor, eri, itus fear, dreadf 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change, rout* 
vultus, us m. countenance, face* 


680-681. somno: with sopitum, abl. of 
means or manner; pleonasm; App. 438. 
Cythera, Idalium: favorite haunts of 
Venus. 

681. (in) sacrata sede : in some temple, 
shrine, or holy place. 

682. qua (via) : indefinite. possit 
(Ascanius): negative purpose; App. 359. 
occurrere (dolls) : and thus interfere with 
my plans. 

683. noctem non amplius unam: for 

one night y no longer . noctem: acc. of 
duration; App. 314. 

684. pueri puer: brought together, to 
show how easy the masquerade would b^ 
for Cupid. 

685-688. ut. . .inspires. . .fallas: pur¬ 
pose; App. 359. (in) gremio. laticem 
Lyaeum: alliteration, laticem Lyaeum = 
vinum, wine, because Lyaeus, another 






74 THE AENEID, 686-698 

regalis inter mensas laticemgwe Lyaeum, 
cum dabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet, 
occultum Inspires ignem fallasgwe veneno.” 

Paret Amor dictls carae genetricis, et alas 
690 exuit et gressu gaudens incedit lull. 

At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem 
inrigat, et fotum gremio dea tollit in altos 
Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis amaracus ilium 
floribus et dulci aspirans complectitur umbra. 

695 Jamque Ibat dido parens et dona Cupido 

regia portabat Tyrils duce laetus Achate. 

Cum venit, aulaeis jam se reglna superbis 
aurea composuit sponda mediamque locavit, 


Achates, ae ra. faithful comrade of 
Aeneas* 
ala, ae /. wing* 

amaracus, I m. (/.) sweet marjoram f 
amplexus, us ra. embrace, foldf 
Ascanius, (i)I ra. son of Aeneas* 
a(d)sp!ro (1) breathe (on), blow onf 
aulaea, orum n. curtains, tapestryf 
aureus, a, um gold(en), of gold* 
carus, a, um dear, fond, beloved* 
complector, I, exus embrace, infoldf 
compond, ere, posui, pos(i)tus compose, 
construct, settle 

Cupido, inis ra. Cupid, god of love 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fragrant* 
dux, ducis ra. (/.) leader, guide, chief¬ 
tain* 

exuo, ere, ui, utus put off, dofff 
fallo, ere, fefelll, falsus deceive, counter¬ 
feit* 

flgo, ere, fixi, flxus fix, fasten, plant* 
flos, fldris m. flower, blossom, bloomf 
foveo, ere, fovi, fotus cherish, fondle 
gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum rejoice, exultt 
genetrix, Ids /. mother 
gremium, (i)i n. lap, bosom, embrace 
gressus, us m. step, walk, gait 


Idalia, ae /. mountain of Cyprus, sacred 
to Venus 

incedo, ere, cessl, cessus go (majesti¬ 
cally), stride 

inrigo (1) irrigate, steep, diffusef 
Insplro (1) breathe in(to), inspiref 
lulus, l m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
latex, ids m. liquid, water, winet 
loco (1) locate, place, establish* 
lucus, I m. (sacred) grove, forest* 

Lyaeus, a, um Lyaean, of Lyaeus 
(Bacchus), god of winef 
membrum, I n. member, limb, part* 
mensa, ae /. table* 
mollis, e soft, gentle, tenderf 
occulo, ere, ui, ultus hide, conceal 
osculum, I n. dainty lip, kiss 
pared, ere, ui, itus yield, obey (dat.) f 
placidus, a, um calm, peaceful, quiet* 
porto (1) carry (away), bear, bring* 
quies, etis /. rest, sleep, peacef* 
regalis, e royal, regal, kingly 
regius, a, um royal, regal, kingly* 
sponda, ae /. couchf 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
venenum, I n. poison, venomf 
Venus, eris /. goddess of love and beauty* 


name for Bacchus, was god of wine. 

(reglna DIdd) dabit. ignem (amoris), 
veneno (amoris). 

689. dictls: dat. with special verb; 
App. 297. 

690. gressu: abl. of cause with gau¬ 
dens; App. 332. 

691. Ascanio: dat. of reference; App. 
301. 

692. (eum) fotum (in) gremio. 

694. floribus, umbra: ablatives of 
means with complectitur. 


695. dicto: dat. with special verb; 
App. 297. 

696. Tyrils: dat. of reference; App. 
301. Achate: abl. of cause with laetus, 
or abl. abs. with duce; App. 332, 343. 

697. venit (Cupido) : present tense, 
when he comes , the queen has (already) 
arranged herself, (in) aulaeis. 

698. aurea: two syllables by synizesis; 
App. 403. (in) sponda (se) mediam loca¬ 
vit : placed herself on a couch in the midst , 
the place of honor, as befitted a queen. 




BOOK I, 699-711 


75 


jam pater Aeneas et jam Trojana juventus 
conveniunt, stratogwe super discumbitur ostro. 700 

Dant manibus famuli lymphas Cereremgwe canistris 
expediunt tonsisgwe ferunt mantelia villis. 

Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longam 
cur a penum struere et flammls adolere penatis; 
centum aliae totidemgwe pares aetate ministri, 705 

qul dapibus mensas onerent et pocula ponant. 

Nee non et Tyril per llmina laeta frequentes 
convenere, toris jussl discumbere pictis. 

Mirantur dona Aeneae, mirantur Iulum, 

flagrantisgwe del vultus simulatagwe verba, 710 

pallamgwe et pictum croceo velamen acantho. 


acanthus, i m. acanthus, a flowering plant 
adoleo, ere, ui, ultus magnify, honor! 
aetas, atis /. age, time 
canistrum, I n. basket, hamper! 
centum hundred* 

Ceres, eris /. (goddess of) grain; bread 
convenio, ire, veni, ventus come together, 
assemble, agree, harmonize 
croceus, a, um saffron, yellow 
daps, dapis /. banquet, feast* 
discumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus recline (at 
table) f 

expedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus bring forth 
famula, ae /. maid-servant! 
famulus, i m. man-servant, page! 
flagro (1) burn, blaze, glow! 
frequens, entis thronging, crowded! 
intus within, inside 
lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
juventus, utis /. youth, young men* 
lympha, ae /. waterf 
mantele, is n. napkin, towelf 
mensa, ae /. table* 

minister, tri m. man-servant, attendant! 


miror, ari, atus wonder (at), admire* 
onero (1) load, burden 
ordo, inis m. order, line, array* 
ostrum, i n. purple, scarlet, crimson 
palla, ae /. cloak, robe, mantle 
par, paris equal, similar, even!* 
penates, ium m. household gods* 
penus, us (i) m. (/.) food, store! 
pingo, ere, pinxi, pictus paint, embroider! 
poculum, i n. cup, goblet! 
quinquaginta fifty! 
simulo (1) imitate, pretend, feign 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay low, 
spread, strew* 

struo, ere, struxi, structus arrange, pile 
(up), construct, contrive! 
tondeo, ere, totondi, tonsus shear, clip! 
torus, i m. (banqueting) couch!* 
totidem as many, so many! 

Trojanus, a, um Trojan* 
velamen, inis n. garment, robe, veil 
verbum, i n. word, speech! 
villus, i m. tuft, nap, hair, bristle! 
vultus, us m. countenance, face* 


699-747. The great banquet in Dido’s 
palace. 

700. discumbitur: impersonal, it is 
reclined = they (the guests) recline . The 
ancient Romans reclined at banquets. 

701. manibus: for ( washing) their 
hands; dat. of purpose; App. 303. Ce- 
rerem: Ceres , goddess of grain, used here 
by metonymy for bread; App. 433. (ex) 
canistris. 

702. tonsis villis: abl. of quality; 
App. 330. 

703. intus: within (the serving rooms). 

famulae (sunt), quibus (erat) cura: dat. 
of possession, (in, ex) ordine. 


704. flammis adolere penatis: to honor 
the household gods with fires (on the altars). 

705. aetate: abl. of respect; App. 325. 

706. onerent, ponant: purpose; App. 
359. 

707. Nec non: likewise. et: also. 
laeta: a transferred epithet; it was really 
the people who were happy, not the 
doorways. 

708. convenere = convenerunt. (in) 
toris. 

709. Iulum: really Cupid, masquer¬ 
ading as lulus (Ascanius). 

710. del (Cupidinis). 

711. pictum croceo velamen acantho: 
interlocked order; App. 442. 





76 


THE AENEID, 712-724 


Praecipue m/eZ 7 x^^t!dev 5 taj^wrae^ 
expleri mentern nCTju^^aescrfgwefuendo 
Phoenissa, et pariter puero donisque movetur. 

715 Ille ubi complexu Aeneae collo que pepsndit 
et magnum falsi implevit genitoris amorem, 
reginam petit. Haec oculis, haec pectore to to 
haeret et interdum gremio fovet Inscia Dido 
Insldat quantus miserae dens. At memor ille 
720 matris Acldaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum 
incipit et vivo temptat praevertere amore 
jam prldem resides animos desuetagwe corda. 

Postquam prima quies epulis mensaegwe remotae, 
crateras magnos statuunt et vina coronant. 


aboleo, ere, evi, itus abolish, remove! 
Acidalius, a, um Acidalian, of Acidalia, 
a fountain in Boeotia, sacred to Venusf 
ardesco, ere, arsi catch fire, burnt 
collum, I n. neck* 
complexus, us ra. embracet 
cor, cordis n. heart, spirit, feelings* 
corono (1) crown, wreathef 
crater, eris ra. (mixing) bowl, urnt 
desuetus, a, um unaccustomed, disusedf 
devoveo, ere, vovi, votus vow, doom, 
devotef 

epulae, arum /. banquet, feast 
expleo, ere, evi, etus fill, complete, sat¬ 
isfy 

falsus, a, um false, deceitful, pretended 
foveo, ere, fovi, fotus fondle, cherish 
gremium, (i)i n. lap, bosom, embrace 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus hang, cling 
(to)* 

impleo, ere, evi, etus fill, satisfy 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus begin, under¬ 
take!* 

inscius, a, um ignorant, unaware! 
insido, ere, sedi, sessus settle on! 
interdum sometimes, at times! 


memor, oris mindful, remembering, un¬ 
forgetting* 
mensa, ae /. table* 
nequeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus be unable! 
pariter equally, on equal terms* 
paulatim gradually, little by little! 
pendeo, ere, pependi hang* 
pestis, is /. plague, ruin, destruction! 
Phoenissa, ae /. Phoenician (woman), 
Dido 

postquam after (that), when* 
praecipue especially 

praeverto, ere, i, rsus occupy first, out- 
. strip, surpass 

pridem long ago, long since, for some time! 
quantus, a, um how much, how great, 
how many* 

quies, etis /. calm, peace, quiet, lull* 
removed, ere, movi, motus remove 
reses, idis inert, unstirred, sluggish! 
statuo, ere, ui, utus set up, build 
Sychaeus, i m. deceased husband of Dido 
tempto (1) try, test, attempt, seek!* 
tueor, eri, itus (tutus) watch, guard* 
vinum, i n. wine* 
vivus, a, um living, natural, alive 


712. pesti futurae devota: her love 
was to cause her destruction, as is told in 
the fourth book of the Aeneid. 

713. tuendo: gerund; from tueor, abl. 
of means; App. 269, 331; with (by) 
gazing. 

714. Phoenissa: Dido, puerd: abl., 
thought of as means, coordinate with donls. 

718. (in) gremio. 

719. insldat: subj. in an indir. quest., 
depending on inscia ; App. 349. miserae: 
substantively, the unfortunate (woman), 
proleptic; dat. with compound; App. 440, 

298. ille: Cupido. 


720. matris Acldaliae : of his Acidalian 
mother (Venus). matris : gen. with the adj. 
memor; App. 287. abolere Sychaeum: 
to make her forget Sychaeus entirely. 

721. vivo amore: with a living love for 
Aeneas; contrasted with her old love 
for the dead Sychaeus. 

722. desueta corda: her heart (now) 
having become unaccustomed (to love). 

723. eptflls (fujt) : dat. of possession; 
App. 299 ;^~ivhend$he first lull came in the 
feasting, mensae remotae (sunt). Cf. 
1. 216. 

724. crateras: acc. pi., a Greek form. 


/ 





BOOK I, 725-738 


77 


Fit strepitus tectls vocemque per ampla volutant 725 

atria; dependent lychni laquearibus aureis 
incensl et noctem flammls funalia vincunt. 

Hlc reglna gravem gemmls auroque poposcit 
implevitgwe mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes 
a Belo soliti; turn facta silentia tectls: 730 

“Juppiter, hospitibus nam te dare jura loquuntur, 
hunc laetum Tyrilsque diem Trojdque profectis 
esse veils, nostrosque hujus meminisse minores. 

Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator et bona Juno; 

et vos, 0 coetum, Tyril, celebrate faventes.”!®^ 735 

Dixit et in mensam laticum llbavit honorem 

prlmaque, libato, summo tenus attigit ore; 

turn Bitiae dedit increpitans ; tile impiger hausit 


amplus, a, um ample, full, spacious! 
atrium, (i)I n. great hall, atrium! 
attingo, ere, tigi, tactus touch, reach! 
aureus, a, um gold(en), of gold* 
Bacchus, i m. (god of) wine 
Belus, i m. early Phoenician king! 

Bitias, ae m. Carthaginian courtierf 
bonus, a, um good, kind(ly), useful* 
celebro (1) throng, attend, honor! 
coetus, us m. assembly, crowd, company 
dator, oris m. giver, bestowerf 
depended, ere hang down (from) (abl.) t 
faveo, ere, favi, fautus favor, befriend! 
fid, fieri, factus become, be made 
funale, is n. taper, lamp! 
gemma, ae /. gem, jewel 
gravis, e heavy, weighty, serious* 
haurio, ire, hausi, haustus drain, draw (off ) f 
hospes, itis m. guest, host, stranger! 
impiger, gra, grum eager, quick! 
impleo, ere, evi, etus fill, satisfy* 


The wine was mixed with water and was 
not brought in till the guests had finished 
eating, vina coronant: they encircle the 
wine (bowls) with garlands and wreaths 
of leaves and flowers, a usual custom at 
Roman and Greek banquets. 

725. strepitus: the sound of joyful 
revelry, (in) tectls. 

726. (de) laquearibus. aureis: two 
syllables by synizesis; App. 403. 

728. pateram gravem gemmis au- 
roque. 

729. Belus: a remote ancestor of Dido, 
not to be confused with Belus. her father, 
mentioned in 1. 621. omnes a Belo: all 
those (descended from) Belus. 

730. soliti(erantimplere). facta (sunt), 
silentia: poetic plural, (in) tectls. 


incendo, ere, i, ensus light, inflame* 
increpito (1) challenge, chide! 
jus, juris n. law, right, decree 
laetitia, ae /. joy, gladness, delight 
laquear, aris n. fretted (paneled) ceiling! 
latex, icis m. liquid, water, wine 
libo (1) taste, pour (as a libation) 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say* 
lychnus, i m. lamp, chandelier! 
memini, isse remember, recall {gen.) 
mensa, ae /. table* 
merum, i n. unmixed wine! 
minores, um m. descendants, posterity 
patera, ae /. (libation) bowl! 
posed, ere, poposci demand, seek* 
proficiscor, i, fectus set out, depart 
silentium, (i)i n. silence, quiet, repose! 
soled, ere, solitus sum be accustomed! 
strepitus, us m. noise, uproar 
tenus up to, as far as (abl.)'\ 
voluto (1) roll, revolve, ponder 


731. Juppiter: Dido invokes the bless¬ 
ing of Jupiter as god of hospitality. 

732. veils hunc diem esse laetum. 
(his) Troja profectis = Teucris. 

733. velis: opt. subj.; App. 253. hujus 
(diei). 

734. Adsit: opt.; App. 253. laetitiae: 
obj. gen. with dator; App. 284. 

735. coetum: obj. of celebrate, fa- 
ventes: speaking no unpropitious word, 
graciously. 

736. honorem: honor (to the gods), 
offering. 

737. libato: impersonal abl. abs., a 
libation having been poured; App. 343. 
summo ore: with a dainty feminine sip, 
to observe the ancient proprieties. 

738. dedit (pateram). 





78 THE AENEID, 739-749 

spumantem pateram et pleno se proluit auro; 

740 post alii proceres. Cithara crinltus Iopas 

personat aurata, docuit quern maximus Atlas. 

Hie canit errantem lunam solis que labdres, 

unde hominum genus et pecudes, unde imber et ignes , 

Arcturum pluviasgwe Hyadas geminosque Triones; 

745 quid tantum Oceano properent se tingere soles 
hiberni, vel quae tardls mora noctibus obstet. 
Ingeminant plausu Tyril, Troes que sequuntur. 

Nec non et vario noctem sermone trahebat 
Infelix Dido longumque bibebat amorem , 


Arcturus, I m. bright star in the constella¬ 
tion Bootes, which rose in the stormy 
seasonf 

Atlas, antis m. god who supported the 
sky on his shoulders; high mountain of 
northwest Africaf 
auratus, a, um gildedf 
bibo, ere, I drink (of, in) 
cano, ere, cecinl, cantus sing (of), chant, 
proclaim* 

cithara, ae /. harp, lyre, citherf 
crinltus, a, um long-haired t 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, instruct* 
hibernus, a, um wintry, of winter 
homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, hu¬ 
man* 

Hyades, um /. constellation, rising in the 
stormy seasonf 

imber, bris m. rain, flood, water 
ingemino (1) redoublef 
Iopas, ae m. Phoenician bardf 
luna, ae /. moonf* 

mora, ae /. delay, hindrance, hesita¬ 
tion* 


obsto, are, stiti, status oppose, hinder 
(dat,) f 

Oceanus, l m. ocean 
patera, ae /. (libation) bowl 
pecus, udis /. member of flock, ani¬ 
mal f* 

persono, are, ui, itus sound, playf 
plausus, us m. clapping, applausef 
plenus, a, um full, filled 
pluvius, a, um watery, rainy f 
post after ( acc .); afterward, then* 
procer, eris m. noble, lordf 
proluo, ere, ui, utus drench, washf 
propero (1) hasten, hurryf 
sermo, onis m. conversation, speech 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray 
tardus, a, um slow, late, lazyf 
ting(u)o, ere, tinxi, tinctus wet, dipt 
Triones, um m. constellations, the Greater 
and Lesser Bearf 
Tros, Trois m. Trojan* 
unde whence, from what source (cause) * 
varius, a, um varied, different* 


739. pleno auro : the full (cup of) gold. 

740. post = postea. proceres (pate- 
ram hauserunt). Cithara: abl. of in¬ 
strument or means; App. 331. crinltus: 
long-haired , a style often affected by 
artists even today. 

742. Hie: Iopas. lunam, labores: cog¬ 
nate acc. with canit, stating themes of the 
song; cf. arma virumque cano (1. 1). so- 
lis labdres: eclipses , since the sun was 
thought of as struggling and suffering 
during an eclipse. 

743. unde hominum genus (sit) : the 
first of a series of indirect questions de¬ 
pending on canit. unde (sint) ignes 
(Jovis): lightnings . 

745. quid hiberni soles properent 


tantum : why the winter days are so 
short and the nights so long. (in) 
Oceano. 

746. properent, obstet: subjunctives 
in indir. questions; App. 349. tardls 
noctibus (Inberms) : dat. with com¬ 
pound; App. 298. 

748-756. Dido, smitten with love for 
Aeneas, begs him to tell all about him¬ 
self and his adventures, beginning with 
the fall of Troy. 

748. Nec non et: likewise , also. 

749. Infelix: cf. pesti devota futurae, 
(1.712). longum amorem: deep {draughts 
of) love. 




BOOK I, 750-756 


79 


multa super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa; 750 

nunc quibus Aurorae venisset fllius armls, 

nunc quales Diomedis equl, nunc quantus Achilles. 

‘ 1 Immo age et a prlmd die, hospes, origine nobis 

insidias” inquit “ Danaum casusque tuorum 

erroresgwe tubs; nam te jam septima portat 755 

omnibus errantem terns et fludibus aestas.” 


Achilles, is (i) to. Greek chieftain* 
aestas, atis /. summer 
Aurora, ae /. goddess of dawn, mother of 
Memnon, a Trojan ally!* 

Diomedes, is to. Greek chieftain, who 
captured the horses of Aeneas, the finest 
under the sunf 

error, oris m. wandering, straying! 
fllius, (i)i m. son 
Hector, oris m. Trojan leader* 
hospes, itis m. guest, host, stranger 


immo nay (rather), ratherf 
inquam, is, it say* 

insidiae, arum /. ambush, treachery, snare, 
trickf 

origo, inis /. origin, beginning, source 
porto (1) carry, bear, bring* 
qualis, e of what sort, such (as)* 
quantus, a, um how great, how much, 
how many, as* 

rogito (1) ask (often, eagerly)! 
septimus, a, um seventh! 


750-752 Dido’s questions indicate that 
her primary interest is not in the 
things about which she inquires but in 
Aeneas. 

751. quibus armls . . . venisset: indir. 
quest.; App. 349. 


752. quales (essent) equi, quantus 
(esset) Achilles: indirect questions; App. 
349. 

753. die: imp. of dico; App. 202. 

754. Dana(or)um. 

756. (in) terris et (in) fluctibus. 




BOOK II 


CONTICUERE omnes intentigue ora tenebant. 
Inde toro pater Aeneas sic orsus ab alto: 
“Infandum, reglna, jubes renovare dolorem, 
Trojanas ut opes et lamentabile regnum 
5 eruerint Danal, quaeque ipse miserrima vldl 

et quorum pars magna ful. Quis talia fando 
Myrmidonum Dolopumve aut duri miles Ulixi 
temperet a lacrimlsf Et jam nox umida caelo 
praecipitat suadent^ue cadentia sldera somnos. 

10 Sed si tantus amor caius cognoscere nostros 


cado, ere, cecidl, casus fall, sink, die* 
cognosco, ere, novl, nitus learn; know 
conticesco, ere, ticui become silent, hush! 
Dolopes, um m. Greeks of Thessaly! 
dolor, oris m. grief, anger, pain, pas¬ 
sion* 

durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
eruo, ere, ui, utus overthrow, tear up! 
inde thence, afterward, thereupon* 
Infandus, a, um unspeakable, accursed 
intentus, a, um intent, eager, strained! 
lamentabilis, e lamentable, pitiable, sad! 
miles, itis m. soldier(y), warrior(s)! 


Myrmidones, um m. Greeks of Thessaly, 
subjects of Achilles! 

ops, opis /. help, resources, power, wealth* 
ordior, iri, orsus begin, undertake 
praecipito (1) throw (headlong), fallf 
renovo (1) renew, revive! 
suadeo, ere, asi, asus advise, urge 
tempero (1) control, restrain, refrain 
torus, I m. (banqueting) couch, cushion* 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 

Ulixes, is (el, I) m. Ulysses, a wily Greek 
leader!* 

umidus, a, um moist, dewy, damp! 


1-12. Acceding to Dido’s request 
Aeneas agrees to describe the fall of Troy, 
in spite of the sorrow renewed by such 
memories. 

1 . conticuere ( = conticuerunt), tene¬ 
bant: observe the difference in tenses, 
the perfect denoting instantaneous, com¬ 
pleted result, they grew silent; the imperf. 
continued action, they continued to hold; 
App. 351, 2 and 4. ora (in, ad Aenean) 
tenebant. 

2 . pater: simply a title of honor and 
veneration, because of its Roman asso¬ 
ciations, where it was regularly used of a 
member of the senatorial and ruling aris¬ 
tocracy. ab alto toro: on which he was 
reclining at the banquet, orsus (est): 
from ordior. 

3. Infandum: emphatic by position, 
jubes (me) renovare. 

4. Trojanas: with the first syllable 
long by position; App. 6 , b . (fando) ut 


Danal eruerint Trojanas opes et lamen¬ 
tabile regnum (fando)que (ea) miser¬ 
rima quae (ego) ipse vldl. fando: by 

telling, ut : how. 

5. eruerint: subj. in an indir. quest.; 
App. 349. miserrima: substantively: 
the heart-breaking events. 

6 . talia: substantively, obj. of fando 
in 1. 6. fando: gerund of for; abl. of 
attendant circumstance; App. 329. 

7. (quis) miles. Myrmidonum Dolo- 
pumve: part, genitives, depending on 
quis; App. 286. 

8 . temperet: deliberative subj.; App. 
348. (de) caelo: the night is personified; 
App. 437; after passing the zenith at 
midnight in her chariot, she is now rush¬ 
ing down into the western wave; it is 
thus after midnight. 

9. praecipitat (in mare). 

10 . si amor (est tibi) cognoscere = 
si vis (from volo) cognoscere; App. 
264. 


80 




81 


BOOK II, 11-20 

A < fi , 

et breviter Trojae supremum audire laborem, 
quamquam animus merninifjse horret luctugwe refugit^ 
incipiam. 

Fracti hello fatisque repulsl 
ductores Danaum tot jam labentibus annls 
Instar montis equum dlvina Palladis arte 
aedificant, sectagwe intexunt abiete costas; 
votum pro reditu simulant; ea fama vagatur. 

Hue delecta virum sortltl corpora furtim 
includunt caeco later! ^enitusgwe cavernas 
ingentis , uterumgue armato mllite complent. 


15 


20 


abies, etis /. fir, pine! 
aedifico (1) build, construct, erect! 
annus, i m. year, season* 
armo (1) arm, equip, furnish!* 
ars, artis /. art(istry), skill, artifice* 
breviter shortly, briefly, concisely 
caecus, a, um blind, dark, hidden* 
caverna, ae /. hollow, cavity, cavern! 
compleo, ere, evi, etus fill, complete! 
costa, ae /. rib, side 
deligo, ere, leg!, lectus choose, select! 
divinus, a, um divine, celestial, holy 
ductor, oris ra. leader, chieftain, guide 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus break, shatter* 
furtim stealthily, secretly, furtively! 
horreo, ere, ul bristle, shudder, tremble* 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus begin, undertake* 
includo, ere, si, sus inclose, confine! 
instar n. indecl. likeness, image {gen.)] 
intexo, ere, xui, xtus (in)weave, cover! 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 


luctus, us m. grief, mourning, sorrow! 
memini, isse remember, recall 
miles, itis m. soldier(y), warrior(s) 
Pallas, adis /. Minerva, goddess of wisdom 
and the arts 

penitus deep(ly), within, completely* 
pro before, for, in behalf of {abl.) * 
quamquam although; however, but! 
reditus, us m. return (home)! 
refugio, ere, fugi flee, retreat, recoil! 
repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus drive back, 
repel! 

seco, are, ui, sectus cut, slice, cleave* 
simulo (1) pretend, imitate, feign 
sortior, iri, itus draw (by) lot, allot! 
tot so many, as many* 
uterus, i m. belly, womb! 
vagor, ari, atus wander, spread abroad! 
votum, i n. vow, prayer, (votive) offer¬ 
ing* 

voveo, ere, vovi, votus vow, consecrate 


11. Trojae: with the first syllable long 
by position; App. 6, b. supremum 
laborem: the final agony. 

12. luctu: abl. of cause; App. 332. 

13-20. After ten years of unsuccessful 
effort, the Greeks, worn out by the long 
siege and lacking confidence in their 
strength and courage, resort to strategy. 
They pretend to flee but hide in the 
neighboring island of Tenedos, leaving 
behind an enormous wooden horse, in 
which are concealed the bravest of the 
Greek leaders. 

13. bello, fatis: ablatives of means; 
App. 331. 

14. ductores = duces. Dana(or)um: 
App. 37, d. labentibus annls: abl. abs., 
denoting cause; App. 343. The siege of 
Troy was now in its tenth and final year. 


15. aedificant equum instar montis: 

“big as a mountain,” hyperbole; App. 
428. Palladis arte: as goddess of wis¬ 
dom and the arts, Minerva had in¬ 
spired the Greeks with the idea and 
with the skill necessary for its execu¬ 
tion. 

16. abiete: pronounce abjete here, 
making the first syllable long by position; 
App. 401. 

17. (Dana!) simulant (equum esse) 
votum pro (suo) reditu: for their {safe) 
return {home). 

18. delecta vir(or)um corpora = viros 
delectos. Hue ( = in hunc equum) caeco 
later! furtim includunt delecta corpora 
vir(or)um, sortiti (ea). 

19. caeco later! = in caecum latus, dat. 
of direction or with compound; App. 
306, 298. 






82 THE AENEID, 21-31 

Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fdma 
Insula, dives opum Priami dum regna manebant, 
nunc tantum simf^ et statio male fida carlnls: 
hue se provectl deserto in litoreik ondunt. 

25 Nos abiisse rati et vento pe^f^e^Mycenas. 

Ergo omnis longo solvit se Teucria luctu: 
panduntur portae, juvat ire et Dorica castra 
desertosc/ue videre locos litusque relictum: 
hie Dolopum manus, hie saevus tendebat Achilles; 
30 classibus hie locus, hie acie certare solebant. 

Pars stupet innuptae donum exitiale Minervae 


abed, Ire, ii (Ivl), itus depart, go (away)* 
Achilles, is (I) m. Greek leader* 
acies, el/, edge; battle line, army* 
carina, ae /. keel, ship!* 
castra, drum n. camp, encampment* 
certo (1) strive, rival, fight, vie 
condo, ere, didi, ditus establish; hide* 
conspectus, us ra. sight, view 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
dl(ve)s, di(vi)tis rich, wealthy (gen.) 
Dolopes, um ra. Greeks of Thessaly 
Doricus, a, um Doric, Spartan, Greek! 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
exitialis, e fatal, destructive, deadly! 
fidus, a, um faithful, trustworthy, safe* 
innuptus, a, um unwed, virgin! 

Insula, ae /. island 

juvo, are, juvl, jutus help, please* 

luctus, us ra. grief, mourning, sorrow 


male badly, illy, not! 

Minerva, ae /. goddess of wisdom and the 
artsf 

Mycenae, arum/. Greek city; Greece 
notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
ops, opis /. help, resources, power, wealth* 
pando, ere, I, passus spread, open, loosen* 
porta, ae /. gate, entrance, exit, portal* 
proveho, ere, vexl, vectus carry, convey! 
reor, rerl, ratus suppose, think, reckon! 
saevus, a, um stern, fierce, raging* 
sinus, us m. fold, hollow, bosom, bay* 
soleo, ere, itus sum be accustomed 
solvo, ere, I, solutus loose(n), free, pay* 
statio, onis /. station, anchorage! 
stuped, ere, ui be dazed, stand agape (at) 
tantum so much, so great, only 
Tenedos, I /. small island near Troy! 
Teucria, ae /. Troy, Troyland! 


21-30. After the departure of the 
Greeks, the Trojans rush out to see the 
deserted camp. 

21. Est: there is. in conspectu (Tro- 
jae). fama: abl. of respect; App. 325. 

22 . opum: gen. of respect with the 
adj. dives; App. 294. Priami regna: 
poetic plural; App. 243. 

23. nunc (Insula est) tantum sinus, 
male fida = Inflda: unsafe , treacherous; 
litotes; App. 431. carlnls = navibus: 
dat. with Inflda; App. 304, 443. 

24. hue = ad hanc Insulam. (Danal) 
provectl (per pelagus). 

25. Nos: contrasted with the treach¬ 
erous Greeks; App. 247. Nos rati (sumus 
Danaos) abiisse. vento: abl. of means; 
App. 331. Mycenas = Graeciam, Greece; 
App. 443. 

26. luctu: abl. of separation; App. 340. 
omnis longo Teucria luctu: interlocked 
order; App. 442. 


27. juvat (nos) Ire (ex urbe): imper¬ 
sonal, it pleases (us), we delight. 

29-30. hie manus (tendebat). hie . . . 
hie . . . hie: the Trojans point out these 
places to one another. The anaphora 
adds to the vividness; App. 413. hie 
(erat) locus classibus (Danaorum) : re¬ 
fers to the place where the Greek vessels 
had been drawn up on shore, classibus = 
navibus: dat. of reference; App. 301. 
acie: abl. of manner; App. 328. hie 
(Dana!) acie certare solebant. 

31-56. The more prudent among them 
urge the Trojans to destroy the wooden 
horse. Laocoon takes the lead in this 
proposal and strikes the side of the horse 
with his spear. 

31. stupet = mlratur: its object is 
donum, exitiale: fatal (for Troy), as 
will be seen in the sequel. Minervae: 
obj. gen.; App. 284. 




BOOK II, 32-44 


83 


et molem mirantur equi; prlmusque Thymoetes 
duel intra muros hortatur et arce locarl, 
slve dolo seu jam Trojae sic fata ferebant. 

At Capys, et'quorum melior sententia mentl, 35 

aut pelago Danaum insidias suspectagwe dona 
praecipitare jubent subjectisgwe urere jiammls, 
aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras. 

Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus. 

Primus ibi ante omnls magnd comitante caterva 40 

Laocoon ardens summa decurrjt ab arce, 
et procul: ‘0 miserl, quae tanta Insania, elves? 

Creditis avectos hostis? Aut ulla putatis 
dona carere dolls Danaum f Sic notus Ulixes? 


aveho, ere, vexi, vectus carry, convey 
(away) 

Capys, yos ra. Trojan leader 
careo, ere,ui, itus be free from, lack (abl.) f 
caterva, ae /. crowd, band, troop 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
civis, is m. (/.) citizen, compatriotf 
comito (1) accompany, attend, escort, 
follow} 

contr&rius, a, um opposite, opposing 
credo, ere, did!, ditus -believe, trust ( dat .) * 
decurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus run downf 
dolus, i rrt. deceit, wiles, trick, fraud* 
hortor, ari, atus exhort, urge, incitef* 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
ibi there, thenf 

incertus, a, um uncertain, waveringf 
insania, ae /. madness, frenzy, follyf 
insidiae, arum/, snare, ambush, treachery 
intra within, inside, in(to) (acc.) 

Laocoon, ontis m. Trojan priest of Nep¬ 
tune f 

latebra, ae /. hiding place, cavern, lairf 

32. mirantur: pi. with a collective 
noun, pars, although the preceding verb, 
stupet, is singular; App. 236, a. 

33. hortatur (equum) duci et (in) arce 
locari = hortatur ut equus- ducatur et 
locetur in arce (Trojae) : App. 360. 

34. dolo: abl. of cause; App. 332. fata 
(se) ferebant: fates were tending; an oracle 
had foretold that a child born on a certain 
day would cause the destruction of Troy. 
When a child was born to Thymoetes and 
Paris was born to Priarn on that day, Priam 
put to death the son of Thymoetes, think¬ 
ing thereby to avert ruin for the state. 

35 . et (ei) quorum sententia melior 
(erat) menti: and those whose mind had a 
better counsel . menti: dat. of possession; 
App. 299. 


loco (1) place, locate, establish* 
melior, ius better, superior, nobler 
miror, ari, atus wonder (at), admire* 
moles, is /. (huge) mass, structure, bur¬ 
den 

murus, i m. (city) wqll, rampart* 
notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
praecipito (1) throw (headlong), fall 
puto (1) suppose, think, considerf 
scindo, ere, scidi, scissus split, divide 
sententia, ae /. opinion, purpose, view 
sive, seu or (if), whether, either 
studium, (i)i n. zeal, desire, pursuit 
subjicio, ere, jeci, jectus place underf 
suspicio, ere, spexi, spectus suspect 
tempto (1) try, test, examine, explore* 
terebro (1) bore into, piercef 
Thymoetes, ae m. Trojan leaderf 
Ulixes, is (ei, i) m. Ulysses, a wily Greek 

leader* 

uto , ere, ussi, ustus burn, consume 

uterus, i m. belly, womb 

vulgus, i n. (m.) rabble, crowd, herd 

36. pelago: dat. of direction; App. 
306. Dana(or)um insidias suspectaque 
dona = equum. 

37. -que = -ve; some advise the de¬ 
struction of the horse in the sea or by fire; 
others an examination of its contents. 

(nos) jubent. urere (equum) flammis: 
abl. of means; App. 331. 

38. cavas latebras: obj. of both tere¬ 
brare and temptare. 

40. comitante caterva: abl. abs.; App. 
343. 

42. et procul (clamat). insania (est 
ista). 

43. avectos (esse). 

44. dolis: abl. of separation with 
carere; App. 340. dona Dana(or)um. 
notus (est vobis) Ulixes: Ulysses, the 





84 


THE AENEID, 45-56 


J45 Aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur AchivI, 

aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros, 
inspectura domos yenturaque desupef urbi, 
aut aliquis latet error; equo ne credite, Teucri. 
Quidquid id est, timeo Danads et dona ferentis.’ 

50 Sic fatus validls ingentem viribus hastam 

in latus inque feri curvam compagibus alvum 
contorsit. Stetit ilia tremens, utero que recusso 
insonuere cavae gemitumgwe delete cavernae. 

Et, si fata deum, si mens non lae^a' Juisset, 

55 impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras, 

Trojaque nunc staret, Priamique arx alta maneres. 


Achivus, a, um Achaean, Greek 
aliquis (qui), qua, quid (quod) some(one), 
any (one) * 

alvus, i /. belly, bodyt 
Argolicus, a, um Argive, Greek! 
caverna, ae /. hollow, cavity, cave 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
compages, is /. joint, seam, fastening 
contorqueo, ere, rsi, rtus hurl, twirl! 
credo, ere, didl, ditus believe, trust ( dat .) * 
curvus, a, um curved, crooked!* 
desuper from above 
error, oris m. error, deceit, trick 
fabrico (1) fashion, make! 
ferus, l m. beast, monster, horse* 
foedo (1) befoul, defile; mar, mangle! 
gemitus, us m. groan, roar, moan* 
hasta, ae /. spear, lance, dart 
impello, ere, puli, pulsus impel, drive 


includo, ere, si, sus (in)close, confine 
insono, are, ui (re)sound, roar, echo! 
inspicid, ere, spexi, spectus look intof 
laevus, a, um left, foolish, unlucky* 
latebra, ae /. hiding place, cavern, lair 
lateo, ere, ui lie hid, hide, lurk* 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 
lignum, i n. wood, timberf 
machina, ae /. machine, engine, de¬ 
vice! 

murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 
occulto (1) hide, conceal, secrete! 
quisquis, quidquid whoever, whatever 
recutio, ere, cussi, cussus strike (back), 
shake! 

timed, ere, ui fear, dread, be anxious* 
tremo, ere, ui tremble, quiver, shake* 
uterus, i m. belly, womb 
validus, a, um strong, stout, mighty 


leader of the Greeks in cunning, craft, 
and treachery. 

45. (in) hoc ligno = in hoc equo, qui 
est de ligno factus: metonymy; App. 
433. 

46. machina (belli). 

47. inspectura, ventura: the fut. parti¬ 
ciples denote purpose; App. 274. urbi: 
dat. of direction = in urbem; App. 306. 

48. ne credite: ne with the imp. is a 
poetic use; App. 256, a. equo: dat. 
with credo; App. 297. 

49. timed Danads et ( even) dona 
ferentis: a favorite quotation. The 
Greeks are so treacherous that they are 
not to be trusted even when making 
gifts (sacrificing, as in this case) to their 
gods. 

50. validis ingentem viribus hastam: 

interlocked order; App. 442. viribus: 
abl. of manner; App. 328; from vis, 
not vir, as may be seen from the quan¬ 


tity of the i as well as from its case 
form. 

51. feri = equi. compagibus: with 
curvam, abl. of manner or means; App. 
328,331. 

52. ilia = hasta. utero recusso: abl. 
abs. with causal force; App. 343, a. 

53. insonuere, dedere = insonuerunt, 
dederunt: App. 204, 4. gemitum: merely 
the hollow sound. 

54. si, si: rhetorical repetition, called 
anaphora; App. 413. 

54-56. fuisset, staret, maneres: con¬ 
dition contrary to fact, with mixed apod- 
osis (impulerat) for impulisset: App. 
382, d. si fata de(or)um (non laeva 
fuissent). laeva: unfavorable , hostile. 

55. (Laocoon nos) impulerat. 

56. Troja: pronounce Trojja; App. 
6, b. maneres: observe the change to the 
second person; personification and apos¬ 
trophe add to the pathos; App. 417, 437. 




BOOK II, 57-67 


85 


Ecce, mantis juvenem interea post terga revlnctum 
pastores magno ad regem clamdre trahebant 
Dardanidae, qul se ignotum venientibus ultro, 
hoc ipsum ut strueret Trojamque aperiret Achlvls, go 

obtulerat, fldens animl atque in utrumque paratus, 
seu versare dolos seu certae occumbere morti. 

Undique visendi studio Trojana juventus 
circumfusa ruit certant que inludere capto. 

Accipe nunc Danaum Insidias et crimine ab tino 65 

disce omnis. 

Namque ut conspectu in medio turbatus, inermis, 


Achivus, a, um Achaean, Greek 
aperio, ire, ui, rtus open, reveal* 
captus, i m. captive, prisonerf 
certo (1) strive, rival, fight, vie 
certus, a, um sure, certain, fixed, reliable* 
circumfundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour round 
conspectus, us m . sight, view, (crowd of) 
spectators 

crimen, inis n. crime, guilt, chargef 
Dardanides, ae m. Dardanian, Trojan 
disco, ere, didici learn; perf. know 
dolus, i ra. deceit, wiles, trick, fraud* 
ecce see! look! behold!f* 
fido, ere, fisus sum trust (in) ( dat. y abl.) f* 
ignotus, a, um unknown, strange 
inermis, e unarmed 
inludo, ere, si, sus mock, insult (dat.) t 
insidiae, arum /. snare, ambush, treach¬ 
ery 

interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
juvenis, is ra. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 


57-198. Sinon, a lying Greek, is 
captured and brought to Priam. He 
says the horse is an offering to Minerva 
and will bring good fortune and victory 
to its possessors. 

57-59. ‘Ecce interea Dardanidae pas- 
tores trahebant juvenem revlnctum manus 
post terga. Ecce: introducing a new ele¬ 
ment in the story, manus: acc., obj. of 
the middle part, revinctum, his hands 
hound behind his hack , or acc. of respect; 
App. 309, a; 311. 

58. regem (Priamum). magno (cum) 
clamore: abl. of.manner; App. 328. 

59 . (juvenem) qui ultro obtulerat se 
ignotum (pastoribus Dardanidis = Teu- 
cris) venientibus: his name was Sinon. 

60. hoc: pronounce hocc; App. 107, 
3 ,c. hoc ipsum: this very thing , i.e», 
to be brought before the king and ques¬ 


juventus, utis /. youth, young men* 
occumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus fall; meet 

(dat.) 

offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatus present, 
place before, offer 

pastor, oris m. shepherd, herdsmanf 
post, afterward(s); behind (acc.)* 
revincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus bind, tie 

backf 

sive, seu or (if), whether, either 
struo, ere, struxi, structus build, con¬ 
trive 

studium, (i)in. zeal, desire, pursuit 
tergum, i n. back, rear; skin, hide* 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
turbo (1) confuse, agitate, disturb* 
ultro further(more), voluntarilyf* 
undique on (from) all sidesj* 
uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two), 
bothf* 

verso (1) keep turning; employ 
viso, ere, si, sus see, gaze on, visitf 


tioned. strueret, aperiret: purpose; 
App. 359. 

61. animi: aloe., in his soul; App. 37, c. 

62. morti: dat. with compound; App. 
298. versare, occumbere: apposition 
with utrumque. 

63. visendi: gen. of gerund, depending 
on studio, abl. of cause; App. 332. Tro¬ 
jana: pronounce Trojjana; App. 6 , h. 

64. capto: dat. with compound; App. 
298. ruit certantque: for use of singular 
and plural cf. stupet et mirantur, 11. 
31-32; App. 236, a. 

65. Dana(or)um: App. 37, d. 

66. omnis (Danaos): a general con¬ 
clusion from a specific instance. For 
the incomplete line, see the note on 
I, 534. 

67. ut: as, its usual meaning with the 
ind. turbatus: a pretense on the part of 
Sinon. 





86 THE AENEID, 68-79 

constitit atque oculis Phrygia agmina circumspexit: 

‘ Heu, quae me tellus’ inquit ‘quae me aequora possunt 
70 accipere? aut quid jam miser 6 mihi denique restat, 
cui* neque apud Danaos usquam locus, et super ipsi 
Dardanidae infensi poends cum sanguine poscunt?’ 

Quo gemitu conversi animi compressus et omnis 
impetus. Hortamur fari quo sanguine cretus, 

75 quidve ferat; memoret quae sit fiducia capto. 

[Ille haec deposita tandem formldine faturi] 

‘Cuncta equidem tibi, rex, fuerit quodcumque, fatebor 
vera,’ inquit; ‘neque me Argolica de gente negabo; 
hoc primum; nec, si miserum fortuna Sinonem 


apud among, at, in (acc.)t 
Argolicus, a, um Argive, Greek 
circumspicio, ere, spexi, spectus look 
round (on)t 

comprimo, ere, press!, pressus check, 
crush, repressf 

consto, are, stiti, status stand (fast) 
converto, ere, i, rsus turn, change 
cretus, a, um born, sprung! 

Dardanides, ae m. Dardanian, Trojan 
denique finally, at last, at length! 
depono, ere, posul, positus lay down, 
dropf 

equidem indeed, truly* 

fateor, eri, fassus confess, agreef 

fiducia, ae /. trust, reliance, faith 


formido, inis /. fear, fright, dread, terror! 
gemitus, us m. groan, roar, moan* 
hortor, ari, atus urge, exhort, incite* 
impetus, us m. onset, violence! 
infensus, a, um hostile, bitter! 
inquam, is, it say* 
memoro (1) recall, recount, relate* 
nego (1) deny, refuse, say no (not)! 
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
posco, ere, poposci demand, seek, ask* 
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque 
whoever, whatever* 
resto, are, stiti remain, be left 
Sinon, onis m. a lying Greek! 
usquam anywhere, ever 
verus, a, um true, real, honest* 


68 . circumspexit: the spondaic close, 
with its slow movement, helps the reader 
to visualize the slow-turning glance of 
Sinon as he looks over the crowd. 

69. Heu: Sinon artfully seeks to rouse 
the pity and then to win the confidence 
of the Trojans. He pretends to be in de¬ 
spair. To his former enemies the Trojans 
who are in possession of the land are now 
added the equally hostile Greeks who 
control the sea. He plays his part with 
consummate skill and ingenuity, quae 
tellus (potest me accipere). 

71. cui locus (est) : dat. of possession; 
App. 299. neque = non. et (a quo), 
super: adv., besides. 

72. poenas cum sanguine (meo) 
poscunt: they demand punishment with 
my blood , i.e., my life as penalty. 

73. conversi (sunt) animi et com¬ 
pressus (est) impetus, (nostri) animi: 
feelings. 

74. Hortamur (ilium) fari. quo san¬ 
guine: abl. of source; App. 323. cretus 
(sit): indir. quest.; App. 349. 


75. quid ( = quern nuntium) ferat: 

what he has to say; indir. quest.; App. 
349. memoret: indir. command, repre¬ 
senting an imp. indir. disc., depending on 
hortamur; App. 390. sit: subj. in an 
indir. quest.; App. 349. (ei) capto: dat. 
of possession; App. 299; i.e., what 

grounds of confidence had induced him 
to surrender voluntarily and on what did 
he base his hopes of mercy. 

76. haec (dicta), deposita formidine: 
abl. abs.; App. 343. The “fear” is pre¬ 
tended. 

77. fuerit quodcumque: come what 
may , i.e., no matter what may happen to 
me. 

78. me (esse). 

79. hoc primum (fatebor, dicam): by 

first making a true statement of an un¬ 
doubted fact, but one which a desperate 
man might have denied, Sinon wins the 
confidence of the Trojans, who are now 
more likely to believe the rest of his story. 
Sinonem = me, used for the rhetorical 
effect. “Others may be liars, but not 




BOOK II, 80-88 


87 


flnxit, vanum etiam mendacem(7we improba finget. so 

Fando aliquod si forte tuds pervenit ad aims 

Belidae nomen Palamedis et incluta fama 

gloria, quern falsa sub proditione Pelasgl 

insontem Infando indicio, quia bella vetabat, 

demlsere necl, nunc cassum liimine lugent: 85 

illl me comitem et consanguinitate propinquum 

pauper in arma pater primis hue mlsit ab annis. 

Dum stdbat regno incolumis regumque vigebat 


aliquis (qui), qua, quid (quod) some, any* 
annus, i m. year, season* 
auris, is /. ear* 

Belides, ae m. descendant of Belusf 
cassus, a, um empty, deprived of (a6L)f 
consanguinitas, atis /. kinship (by blood) t 
demitto, ere, mi si, missus send down, 
drop, lower* 

etiam also, even, besides, furthermore* 
falsus, a, um false, untrue, deceitful 
fingo, ere, finxi, fictus make, form! 
gloria, ae /. glory, renown, fame, pridef 
improbus, a, um wicked, bad, cruel! 
inclutus, a, um famous, renowned! 
incolumis, e safe, unharmed, intact! 
indicium, (i)I n. charge, informationf 
Infandus, a, um unspeakable, accursed 


insons, ontis innocent, guiltless! 
lugeo, ere, luxi, luctus mourn, lament! 
mendax, acis lying, false, deceitful! 
nex, necis /. death, murder, destruc¬ 
tion! 

Palamedes, is m. wily Greek, destroyed 

by Ulyssesf 

pauper, eris poor, needy; lowly! 
Pelasgus, a, um Pelasgian, Greek 
pervenio, ire, veni, ventus arrive, come 

(to)! 

proditio, onis /. (charge of) treason! 
propinquus, a, um near (of kin), closet 
quia because! 

vanus, a, um empty, idle, false, vain 
veto, are, ui, itus forbid, prevent, hinder 
vigeo, ere, ui flourish, thrive! 


Sinon.” miserum: pred., if fortune has 
made Sinon (me) unfortunate. 

80. vanum, mendacem: pred., as is 
miserum, 1. 79. improba (fortuna) finget 
(me). 

81. Fando (for) : abl. of the gerund, 
by report; App. 269. 

81-82. aliquod nomen: any (mention 
of the) name. 

81- 83. pervenit nomen et gloria: the 

verb is sing, to agree with its nearest subj.; 
App. 236, b. 

82. fama: abl. of respect with incluta; 
App. 325. 

82- 83. gloria incluta fama. 

83. falsa sub proditione: under a false 
(accusation of) treason. 

84. Infando indicio: abl. of means; 
App. 331. According to the story, Ulysses 
had hidden a sum of money and a forged 
letter of Priam in Palamedes’s tent; then, 
on a suggestion of Ulysses, the Greeks 
searched the tent, found the money and 
letter, and condemned Palamedes to 
death, quia vetabat: indicative, since 
it gives the reasons of the speaker; App. 
357. This statement of Sinon is cal¬ 
culated to win the sympathy of the 


Trojans by showing that he and his 
friend were at heart on the Trojan side 
and were opposed to the war. 

85. demisere = demiserunt: App. 204, 
4. neci = ad necem: dat. of direction; 
App.306. (ilium) cassum lumine (vitae), 
lumine: abl. of separation; App. 340. 

86 . illl : emphatic by position; a dat. 
of reference; App. 301. comitem: (as) 
a comrade, consanguinitate: abl. of re¬ 
spect; App. 325. 

87. pauper, primis ab annis, misit: 

clever suggestions of Sinon to arouse pity 
and to excuse his part in the war by 
saying that he had been sent when he 
was a mere child and that his father was 
forced to this action by his poverty. Go¬ 
ing to war as a “soldier of fortune” 
was a common method among the 
ancients of gaining wealth. hue = to 
Troy, primis ab annis: “from my ear¬ 
liest youth.” 

88 . regno: abl. of respect with in¬ 
columis, or abl. of place where; App. 
325, 319. 

88-89. (Palamedes) stabat regumque 
(Danaorum) vigebat (in) conciliis. nos: 

emphatic; App. 247. 




88 


THE AENEID, 89-100 


concilils, et nos aliquod nomenque decus que 
90 gessimus. Invidia postquam pellacis Ulixi 

(hand ignota loquor) superls concessit ab oris, 
adfilctus vltam in tenebris luctug'we trahebam 
et casum insontis mecum indignabar amici. 

Nec tacui demens et me, fors si qua tulisset, 

95 sl patrids umquam remeassem victor ad Argos, 

promisi ultorem et verbis odia aspera mom. 

Hinc mihi prlma mall labes, hinc semper Ulixes 
criminibus terrere novls, hinc spargere voces 
in vulgum ambiguas et quaerere conscius arma. 
ioo Nec requievit enim, donee Calchante ministro — 


adfligo, ere, xl, ctus crush, strike down 
aliqui (quis), qua, quod (quid) some(one), 
any(one) * 

ambiguus, a, um of double meaning, 
doubtful, obscure, ambiguous 
amicus, i m. friend, comrade* 

Argi, drum m. Argos, a city of southern 
Greece; Greece 

aspef, era, erum harsh, rough, fierce* 
Calchas, antis m. a famous Greek seer! 
concedo, ere, cessi, cessus withdraw, 
yield f 

concilium, (i)I n. council, assembly! 
conscius, a, um conscious (of guilt) 
crimen, inis n. crime, guilt, charge 
decus, oris n. ornament, glory, dignity 
demens, entis mad, insane, foolish! 
donee until, while, as long as 
enim for, indeed, surely* 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus bear, carry (on)* 
ignotus, a, um unknown, strange 
indignor, ari, atus be angry (at) 
insons, ontis innocent, guiltless 


invidia, ae /. envy, malice, grudge! 
labes, is /. slip, defect, stain, ruin! 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say, tell* 
luctus, us m. grief, mourning, sorrow 
malum, i n. evil, trouble, misfortune* 
minister, tri m. servant, helper 
odium, (i)i n. hate, hatred, enmity 
pellax, acis deceitful, wily, crafty! 
postquam after (that), when* 
promitto, ere, misi, missus promise* 
remeo (1) return, go back! 
requiesco, ere, evi, etus rest, repose! 
semper always, ever* 
spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, sow* 
taceo, ere, ui, itus be silent, hush* 
tenebrae, arum /. darkness, gloom! 
terreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
Ulixes, is (ei, i) m. Ulysses, a wily Greek 
leader* 

ultor, oris m. avenger! 
umquam ever, at any time! 
verbum, i n. word, speech, talk 
vulgus, i n. ( m .) rabble, crowd, herd 


89. (in) concilils, abl. of place where; 
App. 319. et nos: I also; the “ editorial 
we.’* 

90. Invidia Ulixi: Ulysses is said to 
have borne a special grudge against 
Palamedes, because the latter detected his 
pretended madness when he was trying to 
avoid going to the Trojan War. Invidia: 
abl. of means or cause; App. 331, 332. 

91. (Palamedes) superis concessit ab 
oris = died, used euphemistically for was 
killed; App. 423. 

93. mecum = cum me: privately , in 
secret; App. 321. 

93-96. me promisi ultorem: I prom¬ 
ise myself ( as) an avenger. 

94. demens: “fool that I was.” si 
qua fors (me) tulisset (ad Argos patrios). 


95. Argos: used for Greece; App. 443. 

96. verbis (meis). odia (Ulixis). 

97. labes (mihi fuit). Ulixes: nom. 
subject of the hist, infinitives terrere, 
spargere, quaerere; App. 277. mihi: dat. 
of reference; App. 301. 

98. terrere (me), voces: rumors. 

99. vulgum: masc. acc., a rare form, 
conscius (sui mail) : conscious (of his 
guilt), arma (in me): an opportunity to 
use violence against me. 

100. Calchante ministro: abl. abs.; 
App. 343; for the aposiopesis, see the note 
on Quos ego, I, 135, and compare App. 
416. Sinon skillfully stops his narra¬ 
tive, just when he has aroused the 
curiosity of 'his audience to the highest 
pitch. 




BOOK II, 101-112 


89 


sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolvS, 
quidve moror? Si omnis uno ordine habetis Achivos, 
idque audire sat est, jamdudum sumite poenas: 
hoc Ithacus velit et magno mercentur Atridae.’ 

Turn vero ardemus scitari et quaerere causas, 105 

ignari scelerum tantorum artisgue Pelasgae. 

Prosequitur pavitans et ficto pectore fatur: 

‘ Saepe fugarn Danai Troja cupiere relicta 
moliri et longo fessi discedere hello; 

fecissentque utinam! Saepe illos aspera ponti no 

interclusit hiems et terruit Auster euntis. 

Praecipue cum jam hie trabibus contextus acernis 


acernus, a, um (of) maplef 
Achivus, a, um Achaean, Greek 
ars, artis /. art(istry), skill, cunning* 
asper, era, erum harsh, rough, fierce* 
Atrides, ae ra. son of Atreus: (1) Aga¬ 
memnon, (2) Menelaus 
Auster, tri m. (south) wind* 
autem moreover, but, however!* 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, occasion* 
contexo, ere, xui, xtus weave, construct! 
cupid, ere, ivi (il), itus desire, wish! 
discedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart! 
fictus, a, um feigned, false, pretended 
hiems, emis /. winter; storm* 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, inexperienced* 
ingratus, a, um unpleasant, ungrateful! 
intercludo, ere, si, sus shut off, hinder! 
Ithacus, a, um Ithacan, of Ithaca, a 
Greek island, home of Ulysses! 
jamdudum long since, at once 
mercor, ari, atus buy, purchase, trade 


mdlior, iri, Itus undertake, do, make, 
build 

moror, ari, atus delay, linger; detain* 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly!* 
ordo, inis m. order, array, rank, row* 
pavito (1) tremble, be afraid! 

Pelasgus, a, um Pelasgian, Greek 
pontus, i ra. sea, waves* 
praecipue especially, particularly 
prosequor, I, secutus proceed, follow! 
revolvo, ere, i, volutus (un)roll, revolve, 
tell! 

saepe often, frequently* 
sat(is) enough, sufficient(ly)!* 
scelus, eris n. crime, villainy, sin* 
scitor, ari, atus inquire, seek to know! 
sumo, ere, mpsi, mptus take, exact! 
terreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
trabs (trabes), trabis /. beam, timber 
utinam O that! would that! 
vero truly, indeed, but 


101 . ego: observe the emphasis de¬ 
noted by the pronoun as though to say 
“who am I to be telling you this?” See 
App 247. haec (dicta vobis) ingrata. 

102. quid (why) (vos) moror. Si omnis 
uno ordine habetis Achivos: if you 
consider all Greeks in the same class 
(as scoundrels ); abl. of manner; App. 
328. 

103. id audire = me esse Danaum 
(Achivum). sumite poenas : punishment 
was looked upon as a fine, which the in- 
flictor takes and the sufferer gives . Hence 
sumere poenas = inflict (literally take) 
punishment , while dare poenas = suffer 
(literally give) punishment . 

104. hoc: pronounce hocc, making a 
long syllable; App. 107, 3, c. Ithacus = 
Ulixes. velit, mercentur: subjunctives; 
apodosis (conclusion) of less vivid future 
with the protasis (condit. clause) omitted; 


App. 381. magno: abl. of price, used 
substantively, with a great (price) ; 
App. 336. A clever suggestion; the 
Trojans would please their own bitterest 
foes, Ulysses and the sons of Atreus, if 
they should put Sinon to death. 

107. (Sinon) prosequitur, ficto pec¬ 
tore: abl. of manner; App. 328. 

108. Troja: pronounce Trojja; App. 
6, b; 15. Troja relicta: abl. abs.; App. 
343. cupiere = cupierunt: App. 204, 4. 

108-109. bello: abl. of means with 
fessi; App. 331. fugam: obj. of moliri = 
parare magno cum labore. 

110 . fecissent (id): subj. in an unful¬ 
filled wish (opt.); App. 253. 

111 . (illos) euntis: trying te go , a 
conative pres. part.; the storms prevented 
them as often as they tried to sail home; 
App. 351, 1, c. 

112 . acernis: the horse is variously 




90 


THE AENEID, 113-122 


staret equusioto sonuerunt aethere nimbi. 
Suspensi Eurypylum scitatum oracula Phoebi 
ns mittimus, isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat: 

“Sanguine placastis ventos et virgine caesa, 
cum primum Iliacas, Danai, venistis ad oras: 
sanguine quaerendi reditus animaque litandum 
Argolica.” Vulgi qua,e vox ut venit ad aims, 

120 obstipuere animi gelidus^ue per ima cucurrit 

ossa tremor, cui fata parent, quern poscat Apollo. 
Hie Ithacus vatem magno Calchanta tumultu 


adytum, I n. inner shrine, sanctuaryf 
aether, eris m. upper air, sky, ether* 
Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy f* 

Argolicus, a, um Argive, Greek 
auris, is /. ear* 

caedo, ere, cecldi, caesus cut (down), 
slayf 

Calchas, antis m. a famous Greek seer 
curro, ere, cucurri, cursus run, flow 
Eurypylus, i m. Greek leaderf 
gelidus, a, um icy, cold, chillyf 
Iliacus, a, um Ilian, Trojan* 

Ithacus, a, um Ithacan, of Ithaca, a 
Greek island, home of Ulysses 
lito (1) sacrifice (acceptably), appease t 
nimbus, i m. storm cloud, rainstorm* 


obstipesco, ere, stipui be dazed, stand 

agape* 

oraculum, i n. oracle, prophecyf 
os, ossis n. bone* 

Phoebus, I ra. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 

placo (1) appease, propitiate, placate 
posco, ere, poposci demand, seek, ask* 
reditus, us ra. return (home) 
reporto (1) bring back, reportf 
scltor, ari, atus inquire, seek to know 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
suspensus, a, um doubtful, anxiousf 
tremor, oris ra. trembling, shakingf 
tumultus, us ra. uproar, tumult, hubbubf 
virgo, inis /. (unmarried) girl, maid(en)* 
vulgus, I n. (ra.) crowd, rabble, herd 


represented by Vergil; here it is of maple; 
in 1. 16 it was of pine; in the later pas¬ 
sages it is of oak. Instead of using the 
general word wood , the poet strives to 
employ specific terms, at the expense of 
consistency. 

113. staret: subj. with descriptive 
cum; App. 378. toto aethere: abl. of 
place where; App. 319. 

114. (nos) suspensi. scitatum: supine 
after a verb of motion to express purpose; 
App. 270. oracula Phoebi: apparently 
at Delphi* where the most famous oracle 
of Apollo was located. The next most 
important oracle was at Delos, Apollo’s 
birthplace. 

115. (ex) adytis (Phoebi). 

116. placa(vi)stis. virgine caesa: this 
refers to the sacrifice of Iphigenia, 
daughter of Agamemnon, at Aulis, where 
the Greek fleet was detained by adverse 
winds on the eve of sailing for Troy. 
After Iphigenia had been sacrificed to 
Diana in obedience to the divine com¬ 
mand, the gods sent favorable winds 
which wafted the Greek fleet straight to 
Troy. For a modern treatment of this 


story read Tennyson’s Dream of Fair 
Women. 

118. sanguine: cf. sanguine in 1. 116, 
and for the rhetorical repetition known as 
anaphora see App. 413. quaerendi (sunt 
nobis) reditus, litandum (est nobis): 
passive periphrastics denoting necessity; 
App. 199, b. Observe the shift from the 
personal (quaerendi) to the impersonal 
(litandum) construction, reditus: poetic 
plural; App. 243. anima: abl. of means, 
litandum (est) : it must be sacrificed , 
sacrifice must be made. 

119. quae vox ut venit ad auris vulgi: 
as {when) this report had come to the ears 
of the rabble. Observe the Latin use of 
the relative pronoun where English pre¬ 
fers the demonstrative. 

120. obstipuere = obstipuerunt: App. 
204, 4. per Ima ossa: through the mar¬ 
row; literally through the innermost {part 
of their) bones: App. 246. 

121 . cui fata (talem mortem) parent, 
parent, poscat: subjunctives in indir. ques¬ 
tions; App. 349. 

122. vatem magno Calchanta (acc.) 
tumultu: interlocked order; App. 442. 




BOOK II, 123-135 


91 


protrahit in medids; quae sint ea niimina dlvum 
flagitat. Et mihi jam multi crudele canebant 
artificis scelus, et tacit! ventura videbant. 125 

Bis qulnos silet ille dies tectusg'we recusat 
prodere voce sua quemquam aut opponere mortl. 

Vix tandem, magnls Ithaci clamoribus actus, 
composito rumpit vocem et me destinat arae. 

Adsensere omnes et, quae sibi quisque timebat, 130 

unius in miserl exitium conversa tulere. 

Jamque dies Infanda aderat; mihi sacra pararl 
et salsae fruges et circum tempora vittae. 

Eripul, fateor, leto me et vincula rupl, 

limosogue lacu per noctem obscurus in ulva 135 


adsentio, Ire, sens!, sensus assent, agreef 
artifex, ficis m. contriver, plotter 
bis twice* 

cano, ere, cecinl, cantus sing (of), proph¬ 
esy, proclaim, chant* 
compositum, I n. compact, agreement, 
prearrangement 

converto, ere, I, rsus turn, change 
crudelis, e cruel, bitter, bloody* 
destino (1) mark, intend, destine! 
exitium, (i)I n. destruction, ruinf 
fateor, erl, fassus confess, agree 
flagito (1) demand (urgently), importune! 
frux, frugis /. fruit, grain, meal 
Infandus, a, um unspeakable, accursed 
Ithacus, a, um Ithacan, of Ithaca, a 
Greek island, home of Ulysses 
lacus, us m. lake, marsh, meref 
letum, I n. death, destruction, ruinf* 
limosus, a, um muddy, slimy, miryf 
obscurus, a, um dark, hidden, obscure* 
oppono, ere, posul, positus oppose, ex- 
posef 


prodo, ere, did!, ditus hand over, be¬ 
tray 

protraho, ere, traxl, tractus drag (forth) f 
quini, ae, a five (each), by fivesf 
quisquam, quaequam, quicquam any(one, 
thing) 

quisque, quaeque, quodque (quidque) 

each, every (one)f 
recuso (1) refuse, decline, objectf 
rumpo, ere, rupl, ruptus break, burst 

(forth), utterf* 

salsus, a, um salted, salty, brinyf 
scelus, eris n. crime, villainy, sin* 
sileo, ere, ul be silent, be still, hush 
tacitus, a, um silent, peaceful, quiet 
tego, ere, texl, tectus cover, hidef* 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
timeo, ere, ul fear, dread, be anxious* 
ulva, ae /. sedge, marsh grassf 
venturum, I n. the future, what is (was) 
to come 

vinc(u)lum, I n. bond, chain, cable* 
vitta, ae /. fillet, garland, bandf* 


123. protrahit: Sinon represents Cal- 
chas as pretending to be unwilling, in 
(nos) medids: into our midst; App. 246. 
sint: indir. quest.; App. 349. dIv(or)um. 

124. mihi: for me; App. 301. mihi 
jam multi: alliteration; App. 411. 

125. artificis = Ulixis. tacitl: through 
fear of Ulysses, ventura : substantively, * 
“ what was coming.’ J 

126. qulnos: the distributive numeral 
for the cardinal, qulnque, as is usual with 
adverbs of multiplication, as bis. Cf. I, 
381, note, ille = Calchas. tectus: in 
his tent . 

127. opponere (quemquam) mortl. 

129. (ex, de) composito (cum Ulixe). 

arae: dat. rumpit vocem: cognate acc., 
he breaks (into) speech = he speaks; or the 


verb is used in a causative sense, he causes 
his voice to break {forth)] App. 313, 307. 

130. Adsensere = adsenserunt. 
130-131. et (fata Danal) tulere ( = tu- 

lerunt) : the Greeks were content to let 
Sinon suffer. 

131. unius in miserl exitium conversa: 

(when) turned to the destruction of one poor 
wretch . 

132. pararl: hist, inf.; App. 257. 

133. salsae fruges: salted meal , 

sprinkled on the victim’s head, as a 
preparation for sacrifice, (mea) tempora. 
vittae : fillets , regularly bound on the 
heads of sacrificial victims. 

134. Eripul me leto: dat. or abl. of 
separation; App. 305, 340. fateor: as a 
victim devoted to the gods, it was sac- 




92 


THE AENEID, 136-149 


delitui dum vela darent, si forte dedissent. 

Nee mihi jam patriam antlquam spes ulla videndl, 
nee dulcls natos exoptatum^ite parentem, 
quos illl fors et poenas ob nostra reposcent 
wo effugia, et culpam hanc miserdrum morte piabunt. 

Quod te per superos et conscia niimina veri, 
per si qua est quae restet adhuc mortalibus usquam 
intemerata tides, oro, miserere labdrum 
tantdrum, miserere animl non digna ferentis! 

145 Hie lacrimls vltam damus et miserescimus ultro. 

Ipse viro primus manicas atque arta levari 
vincla jubet Priamus dictlsque ita fatur amlcls: 
‘Quisquis es (amissSs hinc jam obliviscere Grajos) 
noster eris; mihique haec edissere vera roganti: 


adhuc still, as yet, up to this point 
amicus, a, um friendly, kind(ly)!* 
amittd, ere, misi, missus lose, let go* 
artus, a, um close, tight, narrow* 
conscius, a, um conscious, aware 
culpa, ae /. fault, blame, guilt, sinf 
delitesco, ere, litui hide, skulk, lurkf 
dignus, a, um worthy, fitting, deserved 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
edissero, ere, ui, rtus tell, set forthf 
effugium, (i)i n . flight, escapef 
exopto (1) desire, long for, crave! 
fides, el /. faith, fidelity, trustworthi¬ 
ness), reliance* 

Grajus, a, um Greek* 
intemeratus, a, um inviolate, puref 
ita thus, sof 

levo (1) lift, relieve, lighten, remove 
manicae, arum/, handcuff, bond, manaclet 


rilege for Sinon to escape and thus thwart 
the divine will. 

136. dum (Dana!) vela darent; (vela) 
dedissent: subjunctives of anticipation; 
App. 374. 

137. mihi: dat. of possession; App. 
299. spes ulla (est). patriam: obj. of 
videndl, the gen. of the gerund. 

138. natos: inconsistent with primis 
ab annis, 1 . 87; but great poets such as 
Vergil and big liars such as Sinon rarely 
worry over logical consistency. 

139. quos poenas: with reposcent, 
which takes two accusatives; App. 316. 
In English we should say demand punish¬ 
ment of them, illl (Danai). fors et = 
forsitan, perhaps. 

140. (meam) culpam. (illorum) mise- 
rorum. 

141- 143. te (= Priamum) oro. 

142- 143. per (intemeratam fidem), si 


misereor, eri, itus pity, commiserate {gen.) f 
miseresco, ere pity, commiserate! 
mortalis, e mortal, human, earthly* 
obllviscor, I, lltus forget {gen., acc.) f 
oro (1) beseech, entreat, pray (for)* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
pio (1) appease, expiate, atone forf 
quisquis, quaequae, quidquid whoever, 
whatever 

quod because, but, therefore! 
reposco, ere demand, seek, claim! 
resto, are, stiti remain, be left 
rogo (1) ask, seek, request, beg! 
spes, spei /. hope, expectation* 
ultro further, voluntarily* 
usquam anywhere, ever 
verum, I n. truth, right, reality! 
verus, a, um true, real, honest* 
vinc(u)lum, l n. bond, chain, cable* 


est (ali)qua intemerata fides quae restet. 
quae restet: rel. clause of characteristic; 
App. 389. 

143-144. miserere (meorum) labd¬ 
rum, miserere (mel) animi: rhetorical 
repetition of the deponent imperative 
miserere which governs the genitives, 
labdrum and animi; App. 289, 413. 

144. digna: substantively, object of 
ferentis. 

145. miserescimus (Sinonem). 

146. viro: dat of reference; App. 301. 

147. dictis: abl. of manner; App. 328. 

148. obliviscere: imp. Grajos: pro¬ 
nounce Grajjos; App. 6 , b ; 15; the acc. 
instead of the gen. commonly used with 
obllviscor; App. 288, a. 

148-149. Quisquis es, noster eris: said 
to be the technical formula used by a 
Roman general when receiving a deserter 
from the enemy. 




I 


BOOK II, 150-163 


93 


quo molem hanc immanis equi statuere? Quis auctor? 150 
Quidve petuntf Quae relligio? Aut quae machina belli?' 
Dlxerat. Ille dolls instructus et arte Pelasga 
sustulit exutas vinclis ad sldera palmas: 

‘ Vos aetern! ignes, et non violabile vestrum 

testor numen ,’ ait, ‘vos arae enses que nefandi, 155 

quos fugi, vittaegwe deum, quas hostia gessi: 

fas mihi Grajorum sacrata resolvere jura, 

fas odisse virds atque omnia ferre sub auras, 

si qua tegunt; teneor patriae nec legibus ullis. 

Tu modo promissis maneas servataque serves 160 

Troja fidem, si vera feram, si magna rependam. 

Omnis spes Danaum et coeptl flducia belli 
Palladis auxiliis semper stetit. Impius ex quo 


aeternus, a, um eternal, undying* 
ars, artis /. art(istry), cunning, skill* 
auctor, oris ra. author, maker, originator f 
auxilium, (i)I n. help, aid, assistance* 
coepi, isse, ptus begin, commence 
dolus, i ra. deceit, treachery, fraud* 
ensis, is ra. sword, knifef* 
exuo, ere, ui, utus strip, free, doff 
fas n. indecl. right, justice, divine will* 
fides, ei /. faith, fidelity, trustworthiness, 
reliance* 

fiducia, ae /. confidence, reliance, trust 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus bear, wear* 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 
hostia, ae /. (sacrificial) victim 
impius, a, um impious, disloyal, wicked 
instruo, ere, struxl, structus instruct, 
construct, build, arrange 
jus, juris n. law, right, oath, justice 
lex, legis /. law, decree, regulation 
machina, ae /. machine, engine, device 
modo only, (just) now 
moles, is /. (huge) mass, structure, burden* 


nefandus, a, um unutterable, accursed 
odl, isse hate, loathe, detestf 
Pallas, adis /. Minerva, goddess of wis¬ 
dom and the arts 
palma, ae/. palm, hand* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
Pelasgus, a, um Pelasgian, Greek 
promissum, i n. promise, agreement 
re(l)ligio, onis /. religion, offeringf 
rependo, ere, I, pensus repay, requite 
resolvo, ere, I, solutus break, freef 
sacro (1) dedicate, consecrate, hallow* 
semper always, ever* 
spes, spel /. hope, expectation* 
statuo, ere, ui, utus set up, establish 
tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, hide* 
testor, ari, atus (call to) witness, in- 
vokef 

verum, i n. truth, right, reality 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
vinc(u)lum, i n. bond, chain, cable* 
violabilis, e violable, to be violated! 
vitta, ae /. fillet, garland, band* 


150. quo: for what purpose? statuere 
= statuerunt (Danai). quis (fuit) auctor. 

151. quae (est), quae (est). Sinon 
had, of course, been waiting for just such 
questions. 

152. dixerat (Priamus). ille (Sinon). 

153. vinclis: abl. of separation; App. 
340; the form vinculis (- w -) can not be 
used in hexameter. 

154. aeterni ignes = sidera, although 
it is broad daylight, non violabile = in¬ 
violable; not to be desecrated (by per¬ 
jury). 

156. de(6r)um. hostia: (as) a sacri¬ 
ficial victim. Sinon swears by all that is 
good and holy, that he may gain greater 


credence for the lies he is planning to tell. 

157-158. fas (est), fas (est): rhetori¬ 
cal repetition; App. 413. 

158. sub auras = into the light of day. 

159. si qua (Danai) tegunt: the use of 
the indicative would imply that there 
are secrets to disclose, nec teneor patriae 
legibus ullis. 

160. (in) promissis: abl. of place 
where; App. 319. maneas, serves: vol. 
subj.; App. 254. 

161. Troja: vocative, magna (prae- 
mia): rich returns. 

162. Dana(or)um. belli: obj. gen.; 
App. 284. 

163. auxiliis: abl. of means or place; 






94 


THE AENEID, 164-175 


Tydides sed enim scelerumgwe inventor Ulixes 
165 fatale adgressi sacrato avellere templo 

Palladium caesis summae custodibus arcis 
corripuere sacram effigiem manibusque cruentis 
virgineas ausi dlvae contingere vittas: 
ex illo fluere ac retro sublapsa referri 
170 spes Danaum, fractae vires, aversa deae mens. 

Nec dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris. 

Vix positum castrls simulacrum: arsere coruscae 
luminibus flammae arrectis, salsusgwe per artus 
sudor iit, ter que ipsa solo (mirabile dictu) 

175 emicuit parmamgue ferens hastamgue trementem. 


adgredior, i, gressus attack, undertakef 
arrigo, ere, rexi, rectus raise, arouse 
artus, us m. joint, limb, body* 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
&vello, ere, (vuls)i, vulsus tear awayf 
averto, ere, i, rsus, turn away, avert* 
caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus cut (down), kill 
castra, drum n . camp, encampment* 
contingo, ere, tigl, tactus touch; befall* 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* 
coruscus, a, tun flashing, bright, quivering 
cruentus, a, um bloody, cruel 
custos, odis m. (/.) guard(ian), sentinel* 
dubius, a, um doubtful, uncertain 
effigies, el /. image, statue, effigyf 
emico, are, ui flash forth, dash forth f 
enim for, indeed, truly* 
fatalis, e fatal, fated, fatefulf 
fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus flow, ebb, vanish 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus break, shat¬ 
ter* 

hasta, ae /. spear, dart, lance 
inventor, oris m. inventor, contriverf 
mirabilis, e wonderful, marvelous 


monstrum, l n. prodigy, omen, portentf* 
Palladium, (i)i n. statue of Pallas f 
parma, ae /. shield, bucklerf 
retro back, backward! 
sacro (1) dedicate, consecrate, hallow* 
salsus, a, um salted, salty, briny 
scelus, eris n . crime, villainy, sin* 
signum, l n. sign, mark, token, signal* 
simulacrum, i n. image, statue, likenessf 
solum, l n . soil, ground, earth* 
spes, spel /. hope, expectation* 
sublabor, i, lapsus slip down, fallf 
sudor, oris m . sweat, perspirationf 
templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
ter thrice, three times* 
tremo, ere, ui tremble, quiver, shake* 
Tritonia, ae /. Minerva, goddess of wis¬ 
dom and the artsf 

Tydides, ae m. son of Tydeus, Diomedes, 
a Greek leader 

Ulixes, is (ei, i) m. Ulysses, a wily Greek 
leader* 

virgineus, a, um maidenly, puref 
vitta, ae /. fillet, garland, band* 


App. 331, 319. ex quo (tempore) : cor¬ 
relative with ex illo (tempore) in 1. 169. 

165. templo: abl. of separation; App. 
320, 340. 

165-166. fatale Palladium: the oracle 
had proclaimed that Troy was fated to 
be impregnable so long as the image of 
Pallas (the Palladium) remained in the 
citadel of Troy. Ulysses and Diomedes 
disguised themselves, entered the citadel, 
and succeeded in carrying off the image 
to the Greek camp. 

166. caesis custodibus: abl. abs.; 
App. 343. 

167. corripuere = corripuerunt; App. 
204, 4. 

168. ausi (sunt), vittas: fillets were 
commonly worn by images of the gods, 
by their representatives (priests and 


priestesses), and by sacrificial victims, 
such as Sinon (1. 133). divae: Miner¬ 
va's. 

« 

169. ex illo (tempore) : correlative 
with ex quo (tempore), 1. 163. fluere, 
referri: historical infinitives; App. 257. 

170. fractae (sunt) vires, aversa (est) 
deae mens. 

171. ea signa: perhaps here for ejus 
rei signa, a common usage; i.e., signs of 
her anger. 

172. positum (erat in) castris (Danao- 
rum), arsere = arserunt; App. 204, 4. 

173. luminibus (= oculis) arrectis (Ira), 
luminibus: abl. of separation; App. 340. 

174. ipsa (dea) : the image itself, i.e., 
without external aid. (a) solo: abl. of 
separation; App. 340. mirabile dictu: 
App. 271, 325. 




BOOK II, 176-187 


95 


Extemplo temptanda fuga canit aequora Calchas, 
nec posse Argolicls exscindl Pergama tells 
dmina nl repetant Argls numenque reducant 
quod pelago et curvis secum avexere carinis. 

Et nunc quod patriots vento petiere Mycenas, iso 

arma deosque parant comites pelagoque remenso 
improvisl aderunt. Ita digerit omina Calchas. 

Hanc pro Palladio monitl, pr5 numine laeso 
effigiem statuere, nefas quae trlste piaret. 

Hanc tamen immensam Calchas attollere molem 185 

roboribus textls caeloque educere jussit, 
ne recipl portls aut duel in moenia posset, 


Argi, orum ra. Argos, a city of southern 
Greece; Greece 

Argolicus, a, um Argive, Greek 
attollo, ere lift, raise, rear* 
aveho, ere, vexi, vectus carry away; con¬ 
vey 

Calchas, antis m. a famous Greek seer 
cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), pro¬ 
claim, prophesy, chant* 
carina, ae /. keel, ship* 
curvus, a, um curved, bent, winding* 
digero, ere, gessl, gestus distribute; 
explain! 

educo, ere, duxi, ductus draw out, erect 
effigies, el /. image, statue, effigy 
exscindo, ere, scidi, scissus cut out, 
destroy! 

extemplo immediately, at once, suddenly 
immensus, a, um immense, immeasur¬ 
able! 

improvisus, a, um unforeseen, sudden 
ita thus, so 

176-177. temptanda (esse) aequora, 
posse: indir. disc, with canit; App. 263. 

178. repetant (ex) Argis, reducant: 
subjunctives in a subordinate clause in 
indir. disc.; App. 390, b. This refers to a 
Roman custom. If a general met with 
bad luck on an expedition, he returned 
to Rome to obtain new auspices (omina 
repetere). 

179. quod: refers to numen, the divine 
favor which they had brought with them 
when they came from Greece, secum = 
cum se; App. 321, a. curvis carinis: abl. 
of means; App. 331. pelago: by sea , abl. 
of the route; App. 338. avexere = 
avexerunt. 

180. vento: abl. of means; App. 331. 
petiere = petiverunt. 

181. arma (nova), pelago remenso: 
abl. abs.; App. 343. remenso: with 
passive force, although a deponent verb. 


laedo, ere, si, sus hurt, offend, strike 
moles, is /. mass, structure, burden* 
moneo, ere, ui, itus warn, advise! 
Mycenae, arum /. a Greek city 
nefas n. indecl. guilt, impiety!* 
nisi, ni unless, if not* 
omen, inis n. omen, sign, portent* 
Palladium, (i)I n. statue of Pallas 
Pergama, orum n. (citadel of) Troy* 
pio (1) appease, expiate, atone for 
porta, ae /. gate, entrance, exit, portal* 
pro before, for, in behalf of (abl.)* 
recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus receive, accept* 
reduco, ere, duxi, ductus lead back, bring 

back, restore 

remetior, iri, mensus remeasure, recross! 
repeto, ere, ivi (ii), itus reseek, repeat 
robur, oris n. oak, strength!* 
statuo, ere, ui, utus set up, establish 
tamen nevertheless, however, but* 
tempto (1) try, test, seek, examine* 
texo, ere, xui, xtus weave, cover! 

182. ita: refers to 11. 176-179, the 
following sentence being thrown in paren¬ 
thetically by Sinon as representing his 
own view. 

183. (Danai) moniti: by the prodigies 
and their interpretation by Calchas, 
11. 172-179. 

184. statuere = statuerunt. nefas: the 

theft of the Palladium by Ulysses and 
Diomedes, 11. 164-168. piaret: rel. clause 
of purpose; App. 388. 

185. immensam: pred. acc.; the 
Greeks were to build the image so large 
that the Trojans would not be able to 
take it into the city and thus secure its 
protecting power for themselves. 

186. roboribus: abl. of material; App. 
324. See the note on acernis, 1. 112. 
caelo: dat. of direction; App. 306. 

187. ne posset: negative purpose; 
App. 359. 





96 


THE AENEID, 188-200 


neu populum antlqua sub relligione tueri. 

Nam si vestra manus violasset dona Minervae, 

190 turn magnum exitium ( quod di prius 5men in ipsum 

convertant!) Priaml impend Phrygibusgwe futurum; 
sin manibus vestrls vestram ascendisset in urbem, 
ultro Asiam magno Pelopea ad moenia bello 
ventiiram et nostros ea fata manere nepotes.’ 

195 Tdlibus insidiis perjuri^we arte Sinonis 

credita res, captlque dolls lacrimlsque coactis 
quos neque Tydides nec Larisaeus Achilles, 
non anni domuere decern, non mille carinae. 

Hie aliud majus miseris multoque tremendum 
200 objicitur magis atque improvida pectora turbat. 


Achilles, is (i, ei) m. Greek leader* 

annus, I m. year, season* 

ars, artis /. art(istry), cunning, skill* 

a(d)scendd, ere, i, ensus ascend, mount 

Asia, ae /. Asia (Minor) 

carina, ae /. keel, ship* 

cogo, ere, coegi, coactus force, compel* 

converto, ere, i, rsus turn, change 

credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust ( dat .)* 

decern tenf 

dolus, i m. deceit, wiles, trick, fraud* 
domo, are, ui, itus subdue, crush! 
exitium, (i)i n. destruction, ruin 
improvidus, a, um unforeseeing, heed¬ 
less f 

insidiae, arum /. ambush, snare, treach¬ 
ery 

Laris(s)aeus, a, um Larissaean, of Larissa, 
a city of northern Greece f 
magis more, rather* 
mille; pi. milia, ium n. thousand* 
Minerva, ae /. goddess of wisdom and 
the arts 


nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant!* 
neve, neu nor, neither, or lest 
objicio, ere, jeci, jectus present, place 
beforef 

omen, inis n. omen, sign, portent* 
Pelopeus, a, um of Pelops, legendary 
Greek king for whom the Peloponnesus 
was named; Greek! 
perjurus, a, um perjured, treacherous! 
Phryx, Phrygis m. Phrygian, Trojan 
populus, i m. people, race, nation* 
prius sooner, before 
re(l)ligio, onis /. religion, offering 
sin but if, if, however 
Sinon, onis m. a lying Greek 
tremendus, a, um terrible, dreadful 
tueor, eri, itus (tutus) watch, protect* 
turbo (1) confuse, agitate, disturb* 
Tydides, ae m. son of Tydeus, Diomedes, 
a Greek leader 
ultro voluntarily, further* 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
violo (1) violate, Outrage, profane! 


188. antiqua sub re(l)ligione: under 
shelter of their ancient faith. The horse if 
taken into the city would serve the pur¬ 
pose of the stolen Palladium in protecting 
Troy, neu (haec effigies posset) tueri 
populum (Trojae). 

189. si violasset: subj. in a subordi¬ 
nate clause in indir. disc.; App. 390, h. 
Minervae: obj. gen.; App. 284. 

190. ipsum (Calchanta). 

190-191. exitium futurum (esse) : inf. 
in indir. disc., quoting Calchas’s supposed 
statement; App. 263. 

191. convertant: opt. subj.; App. 253. 

192. sin ascendisset (ille equus): 
subj. in a subordinate clause in indir. 
disc.; cf. violasset in 1. 189; App. 
390, b. 


193. Asiam: Trojam. Pelopea: the 
Greek leaders, Agamemnon and Menelaus, 
were descendants of Pelops. 

194. venturam (esse), manere: indir. 
disc.; App. 263. nepotes: obj. of manere. 

196. credita (est), captlque (sumus). 
res: the story of Sinon. 

197. neque Tydides (domuit) nec 
Achilles (domuit). 

198. domuere = domuerunt. 

199-227. As a punishment for Laocoon, 
who had struck the wooden horse with 
his spear, Minerva sends two horrible 
serpents which destroy him and his two 
little sons. 

199-200. Hie aliud (another omen) 
majus multoque magis tremendum objici- 




The Trojan Horse 





















Alinari, Rome 


Laocoon and His Sons 


Vatican Museum 














BOOK II, 201-214 


97 


Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos, 
sollemnis taurum ingentem mactabat ad ards. 

Ecce autem geminl a Tenedo tranquilla per alta 
(horresco referens ) immensls orbibus angues 
incumbunt pelago paritergwe ad litora tendunt; 205 

pectora quorum inter fluctus arrecta jubae^ue 
sanguineae superant undas; pars cetera pontum 
pone legit sinuat^we immensa volumine terga. 

Fit sonitus spumante salo; jamque arva tenebant 
ardentisque oculos suffecti sanguine et igni 210 

sibila lambebant linguis vibrantibus ora. 

Diffugimus vlsu exsangues. Illi agmine certo 
Laocoonta petunt; et primum parva duorum 
corpora ndtorum serpens amplexus uterque 


altum, I n. the deep (sea); heaven 

amplector, i, plexus embrace, enfoldf* 
anguis, is m. (/.) snake, serpent! 
arrigo, ere, rexi, rectus raise, rear 
autem moreover, but, however* 
certus, a, um sure, fixed, certain, reliable* 
ceterus, a, um rest, remaining, other 
diffugio, ere, fugi flee apart, scatter! 
duo, ae, o two!* 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
exsanguis, e bloodless, lifeless, pale! 
fio, fieri, factus become, arise 
horresco, ere, horrui shudder, tremble! 
immensus, a, um immense, immeasur¬ 
able 

incumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus lean upon, 
overhang, lower (over) ( dat .) 
juba, ae /. mane, crestf 
lambo, ere lick, lapf 

Laocoon, ontis m. Trojan priest of Nep¬ 
tune 

lego, ere, legl, lectus choose; skim* 
lingua, ae /. tongue, languaget 
macto (1) sacrifice, slaughter; honorf 
Neptunus, i m. Neptune, god of the 
sea* 


orbis, is m. circle, fold, coil; earth* 
pariter equally, side by side* 
parvus, a, um small, littlef* 
pone behind, afterf 
pontus, i m. sea, waves* 
sacerdos, dotis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
salum, i n. (the salt) sea, brine 
sanguineus, a, um bloody, blood-redf 
serpens, entis m. (/.) serpent, snakef 
sibilus, a, um hissing, whirringf 
sinuo (1) fold, curve, twist, windf 
sollemnis, e annual, customary, solemnf 
sonitus, us m. sound, roar, noise, crashf* 
sors, rtis /. lot, fate, destiny, oracle* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
sufficio, ere, feci, fectus supply, suffuse! 
supero (1) surmount, overcome, sur¬ 
vive* 

taurus, i m. bull, bullock, ox* 

Tenedos, i /. small island near Troy 
tergum, i n. back, body, rear* 
tranquillus, a, um tranquil, calmf 
uterque, utraque, utrumque each, both* 
vibro (1) quiver, vibrate, dartf 
visus, us m. sight, view, vision, aspect! 
volumen, inis n. fold, coil, roll! 


tur (nobis) miseris. majus: pronounce 
majjus; App. 6, b. 

201. Neptuno: dat. of reference; App. 
301. ductus sorte: drawn ( chosen ) by lot. 

203-204. autem ecce gemini angues 
immensibus orbibus — horresco (haec 
dicta) referens— (venientes) a Tenedo: 

symbolizing the later coming of the 
Greek ships from Tenedos, bringing 
destruction with them. immensibus 
orbibus: abl. of quality or manner; 

App. 330, 328. 


205. pelago: dat. with compound; 
App. 298. 

208. volumine: abl. of manner or re¬ 
spect; App. 328, 325. 

209. spumante salo: abl. abs.; App. 
343. 

210. oculos: obj. of the middle parti¬ 
ciple suffecti; App. 309, a. 

212. visu: abl. of cause with exsan¬ 
gues; App. 332. 

213. Laocoonta: acc., a Greek form; 
App. 68. 





98 


THE AENEID, 215-228 


215 implicat et miseros morsu depascitur artus; 

post ipsum auxilio subeuntem ac tela ferentem 
corripiunt splrlsgue ligant ingentibus; et jam 
bis medium amplexl, bis collo squamea circum 
terga dati superant capite et cervicibus altis. 

220 Ille simul manibus tendit divellere nodos 

perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno, 
clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit: 
qualis mugitus, fugit cum saucius dram 
taurus et incertam excussit cervice securim. 

225 At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones 

effugiunt saevaegwe petunt Trltonidis arcem, 
sub pedibusque deae clipei que sub orbe teguntur. 
Turn vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis 


amplector, i, plexus embrace, enfold* 

artus, us m. joint, limb, body* 

auxilium, (i)I n. help, aid, assistance* 

bis twice* 

cervix, ids /. neck 

clipeus, l m. shield, bucklerf* 

collum, i n. neck* 

corripio, ere, ui, reptus seize, snatch up* 
delubrum, I n. shrine, temple, fanef 
depascor, i, pastus feed on, devourf 
divello, ere, (vuls)i, vulsus tear apartf 
draco, onis ra. dragon, serpentf 
effugio, ere, fugi flee, escapef 
excutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake off* 
horrendus, a, um horrible, horrifying* 
implied, are, avi (ui), atus (itus) en¬ 
twine 

incertus, a, um uncertain, ill-aimed 
lapsus, us m. gliding, rolling, sinkingf 
ligo (1) bind, tie, fastenf 
morsus, us m. bite, biting, jaws, fangs 
mugitus, us m. bellow(ing), roarf 

216. post: afterward , adv. ipsum 
(Laocoonta). auxilio: dat. of purpose; 
App. 303. 

218. circum: with dati = circumdati, 
placed around; App. 445. medium (il¬ 
ium = Laocoonta). collo: dat. with the 
compound circumdati; App. 298. 

219. terga: obj. of the middle part, 
dati, having placed; App. 309, a. supe¬ 
rant (ilium = Laocoonta). capite: for 
capitibus, which could not be used in 
dactylic verse because of its three suc¬ 
cessive short syllables; abl. of means or 
degree of difference; App. 331, 335. 

220. Ille: Laocoon. 

221. vittas: acc. with perfusus, a 
middle part, or acc. of respect; App. 
309, a; 311. 


nodus, i m. knot; fold, coil 

orbis, is m. circle, fold, coil; earth* 

perfundo, ere, fiidl, fusus soak, drenchf 

post after (ward); behind (acc.)* 

qualis, e (such) as, of what sort* 

saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stem* 

sanies, ei /. blood, goref 

saucius, a, um wounded, strickenf 

seefiris, is /. axf 

spira, ae /. fold, coil, spiret 

squameus, a, um scalyf 

supero (1) surmount, overcome, survive* 

taurus, i m. bull, bullock, ox* 

tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, hide* 

tergum, i n. back, body, rear* 

tremefacio, ere, feci, factus make tremble, 

appall, alarmf 

Tritonis, idis /. Minerva, goddess of wis¬ 
dom and the artsf 
venenum, i n. poison, venom, drug 
vero truly, indeed, but 
vitta, ae /. fillet, garland, band* 

223. (talis est mugitus Laocoontis) 
qualis (est) mugitus (tauri); a simile; 
App. 441. 

224. (a) cervice. 

225. lapsu: with a gliding (movement ); 
abl. of manner; App. 328. delubra 
summa = delubra arcis Trojae, where the 
temple of Minerva stood, 1. 226. 

226. saevae: angry , hostile (to the 
Trojans). 

227. deae = the statue of the goddess, 
teguntur: a middle use = se tegunt; App. 
309. Many statues of Minerva show a 
snake at her feet, which may have given 
rise to this feature of the story. 

228-249. Partly induced by the lying 
speech of Sinon and partly frightened by 




BOOK II, 229-241 


99 

Insinuat pavor, et scelus expendisse merentem 
Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qul cuspide robur 230 

laeserit et tergo sceleratam intorserit hastam. 

Ducendum ad sedes simulacrum oranda que dlvae 
numina conclamant. 

Dividimus muros et moenia pandimus urbis. 

Accingunt omnes operl pedibusque rotarum 235 

subjiciunt lapsus, et stuppea vincula collo 

intendunt: scandit fatalis machina muros 

feta armis. Puerl circum innuptaegwe puellae 

sacra canunt funemgue manii contingere gaudent: 

ilia subit mediaeque minans inlabitur urbi. 240 

0 patria, 0 dlvum domus Ilium et incluta bello 


accingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus gird (on), 
equip 

cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), chant* 
collum, i n. neck* 
conclamo (1) cry, shout, exclaimf 
contingo, ere, tigi, tactus touch, befall* 
cuspis, pidis /. point, spear, lance 
divido, ere, visi, visus divide, separate 
expendo, ere, i, pensus expiate, pay 
(for) t 

fatalis, e fatal, deadly, fated, fateful 
fetus, a, um teeming, pregnant, filled 
funis, is m. rope, cablet 
gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum rejoice, exult 
hasta, ae /. spear, dart, lance 
Ilium, (i)i n. Ilium, Troy 
inclutus, a, um famous, renowned 
inlabor, i, lapsus glide in(to) (dat.) f 
innuptus, a, um unmarried, virgin 
insinuo (1) wind, creep, coilf 
intendo, ere, i, ntus stretch, extendf 
intorqueo, ere, rsi, rtus hurl (against) 
(dat.) f 

laedo, ere, i, sus strike, hurt, offend 


Laocoon, ontis m. Trojan priest of Nep¬ 
tune 

lapsus, us m. gliding, rolling, sinking 
machina, ae /. machine, engine, device 
mereo, ere, ul, itus deserve, merit, earnf* 
minor, ari, atus tower; threaten (dat.) 
murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 
opus, eris n. work, task, deed, labor* 
oro (1) entreat, pray (for), beseech* 
pando, ere, i, passus spread, open, loosen* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
pavor, oris m. terror, shuddering, alarmf 
puella, ae /. girlf 
robur, oris n. oak, strength* 
rota, ae /. wheel 

scando, ere, i, scansus mount, climbf 
sceleratus, a, um criminal, wickedf 
scelus, eris n. crime, impiety, sin* 
simulacrum, I n. image, statue, likeness 
stuppeus, a, um hempen, (of) towf 
subjicio, ere, jeci, jectus place under 
(dat.) 

tergum, l n. back, body, rear* 
vinc(u)lum, i n. chain, bond, cable* 


the portentous death of Laocoon, the 
Trojans make a breach in the walls of 
the city, drag the horse inside, and hold 
high carnival as a thanksgiving to the 
gods for the preservation of their city. 

228. cunctls: dat. of reference; App. 
301. 

229-230. insinuat (se). expendisse: 
indir. disc, with ferunt, say; App. 263. 

231. laeserit, intorserit: causal rela¬ 
tive clause, or characteristic, with causal 
force; App. 389. tergo: dat. with com¬ 
pound; App. 298. 

232. Ducendum (esse), oranda (esse), 
ad sedes (deorum) = ad delubra summa, 
1. 225 = arcem. divae (Minervae). 


234. For the unfinished line, see the 
note on I, 534. 

235. omnes (se) accingunt open, 
open: dat. of purpose; App. 303. ro¬ 
tarum lapsus: rollings (glidings) of 
wheels = rolling wheels; App. 425. pe- 
dibus (equi) : dat. with compound. 

236. (a) collo: App. 340; or dat. with 
a compound; App. 298. 

238. armis: abl. with feta; App. 337. 
circum (equum). 

239. sacra (carmina) : sacred songs. 

240. ilia (machina) = equus. urbi: 
dat. with compound; App. 298. 

241. _ div(or)um domus: in apposition 
with Ilium. Note the apostrophe and 
personification; App. 417, 437. 





100 


THE AENEID, 242-253 


moenia Dardanidum! quater ipso in limine portae 
substitit atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere; 
Instamus tamen immemores caecT que furore 

245 et monstrum Infellx sacrata sistimus arce. 

Tunc etiam fatls aperit Cassandra futurls 
ora del jussu non umquam credita Teucrls. 

Nos delubra deum miserl, quibus ultimus esset 
ille dies, festa velamus fronde per urbem. 

250 Vertitur interea caelum et ruit Oceano nox 

involvens umbra magna terramque polu mque 
Myrmidonum^e dolos; fusl per moenia Teucrt 
conticuere; sopor fessos complectitur artus. 


aperio, Ire, ul, rtus open, disclose* 
artus, us ra. joint, limb, body* 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
Cassandra, a e f. Trojan prophetess, never 
believed f 

complector, I, plexus embrace, enfold 
conticesco, ere, ticui become silent, hush 
credo, ere, didl, ditus believe, trust ( dat .)* 
Dardanides, ae m. Dardanian, Trojan 
delubrum, I n. shrine, temple, fane 
dolus, I m. deceit, treachery, fraud* 
etiam also, even, besides, yet, still* 
festus, a, um festal, festive! 
frons, frondis /. branch, foliage!* 
furor, oris ra. madness, frenzy, fury* 
immemor, oris unmindful, heedless! 
Insto, are, stiti press on, pursue 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
involvo, ere, I, volutus wrap, envelopf 


jussus, us ra. command, order, behestf 
monstrum, I n. omen, portent, monster* 
Myrmidones, um ra. Greeks of Thessaly, 
subjects of Achilles 
Oceanus, I ra. ocean 
polus, I ra. pole; heavens, sky 
porta, ae /. gate, entrance, exit, portal* 
quater four times 

sacro (1) dedicate, consecrate, hallow* 
sisto, ere, stetl, status stand, stop, stay! 
sonitus, us ra. sound, roar, crash, noise 
sopor, oris ra. sleep, slumber! 
subsisto, ere, stiti stop, halt, resist! 
tamen nevertheless, however, but* 
ultimus, a, um last, final, farthest!* 
umquam ever, at any time 
uterus, I ra. belly, womb 
velo (1) veil, cover, deck, clothe! 
verto, ere, I, rsus turn, revolve, change* 


242. Dardanid(ar)um: App. 34, b. 
in limine: to stop or stumble on the 
threshold was considered a bad omen and 
sure to bring misfortune. 

243. (ab) utero: abl. of separation; 
App. 340. dedere = dederunt: App. 204, 
4. 

245. (in) sacrata arce: as containing 
the temple and statues of the gods; abl. 
of place where; App. 319, b. 

246. fatls futurls: abl. of means or 
dat. of purpose; App. 331, 303. 

247. del: Apollo, non credita: Cas¬ 
sandra had been beloved of Apollo, who 
had granted her the gift of prophecy. 
Because she finally played him false, 
Apollo placed upon her the necessity of 
forever prophesying and of never being 
believed. Even today such a prophet is 
often called a Cassandra. Teucrls: dat. 
of agent; App. 302. 

248. quibus esset: adversative rel. 
clause or characteristic with accessory 
notion of cause; App. 388, 389. 


248-249. Nos: emphatic; App. 247. 
Nos miserl, quibus ille dies esset ultimus, 
velamus delubra de(or)um. 

250-267. That night, while the Trojans 
sleep, the Greeks return from Tenedos 
and enter the city through the breach 
made by the Trojans to introduce the 
horse. Sinon opens the fastenings of the 
horse, releasing the Greek warriors, who 
open the gates of Troy and join their 
forces with the troops from the ships and 
proceed to lay waste the city with fire 
and sword. 

250. Vertitur caelum: The ancients 
believed that the earth remained station¬ 
ary, while the heavens, including sun, 
moon, and stars, revolved around it. (ex) 
Oceano : night was conceived as “ rising ” 
from the ocean as the sun sank into it. 

252. fusl per moenia: thus scattered 
and disorganized the Trojans were later 
unable to oppose the attacking Greeks. 

253. conticuere = conticuerunt. 




Gramstorff Bros. Rossetti 

Cassandra, the Prophetess, on the Walls of Troy 

This Trojan princess was granted the gift of prophecy by Apollo, who later as punishment decreed that no one 
should believe her. Behind her a warrior buckles on his greaves. Priam and Hecuba in the background. 

















Alinari , Rome Vatican Museum 

Minerva 

On her breast is the Medusa and coiling at her feet the serpent. 




















BOOK II, 254-264 


101 


Et jam Argiva phalanx instructis ndvibus ibat 

a Tenedo tacitae per arnica silentia lunae 255 

litora nota petens, flammds cum regia puppis 

extulerat, fatisque deum defensus iniquis 

inclusos utero Danads et pinea furtim 

laxat claustra Sinon. Illos patefactus ad auras 

reddit equus, laetique cavo se robore promunt 260 

Thessandrus Sthenelusgwe duces et dims Ulixes, 

demissum lapsl per funem, Acamas que Thoas que 

Pelldesgire Neoptolemus primusque Machaon 

et Menelaus et ipse doll fabricator Epeos. 


Acamas, antis m. Greek leaderf 
amicus, a, um friendly, kind(ly)* 
Argivus, a, um Argive, Greek 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
claustra, orum n. barrier, bar, bolt 
defendo, ere, i, fensus ward off, pro- 
tectf 

demitto, ere, misi, missus let down, drop* 
dims, a, um dire, fearful, dreadful* 
dolus, i m. deceit, treachery, trick, fraud* 
dux, ducis m. (/.) leader, guide, chief* 
effero, ferre, extull, elatus lift, carry off* 
Epeos, 1 m. Greek leader, maker of the 
wooden horsef 

fabricator, oris m. constructor, makerf 
funis, is ra. rope, cable 
furtim stealthily, furtively, secretly 
includo, ere, si, sus (in)close, confine 
iniquus, a, um unfair, unjust, hostilef 
instruo, ere, struxi, structus equip, array, 
build; instruct 

laxo (1) loosen, free, open, releasef 
luna, ae /. moon, moonlight* 

Machaon, onis m. Greek leader and 
surgeonf 


Menelaus, i m. Greek leader, Helen’s 
husbandf 

Neoptolemus, i m. Greek leader, son of 
Achilles f 

notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
patefacio, ere, feci, factus lay openf 
Pelides, ae m. descendant of Peleusf 
phalanx, angis/. phalanx, troopt 
pineus, a, um of pinef 
promo, ere, mpsi, mptus bring forthf 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus return, give back, 
render* 

regius, a, um royal, regal, kingly* 
robur, oris n. oak, strength* 
silentium, (i)i n. silence, quiet, still¬ 
ness 

Sinon, onis m. a lying Greek 
Sthenelus, i m. Greek leaderf 
tacitus, a, um silent, still, quiet 
Tenedos, i /. small island near Troy 
Thessandrus, i m. Greek leaderf 
Thoas, antis m. Greek leaderf 
Ulixes, is (ei, i) m. Ulysses, a wily Greek 
leader* 

uterus, i m. womb, belly 


254. phalanx instructis navibus: the 
fleet in battle order; abl. of quality; 
App. 330. 

255. arnica: friendly (to the attacking 
Greeks), tacitae lunae: cf. “how still 
the moonlight sleeps upon that bank.” 

256. flammas: as a signal for the 
other ships, but especially for Sinon, that 
he might know when to open the horse 
and let out the Greeks, regia puppis: 
the flagship of the commander-in-chief, 
Agamemnon, nota: since they had en¬ 
camped there for ten years. 

257. de(or)um. iniquis: unfriendly 
(to the Trojans). 

258. (in) utero (equi) : abl. of place 
where; App. 319, b. pinea: in 1. 16 the 


horse is of fir, in 1. 112 of maple, in 1. 186 
of oak, here of pine; but there is no ac¬ 
counting for poetic caprice. 

258-259. Danaos et claustra laxat: for 
the hysteron proteron, see I, 69; for the 
zeugma see I, 356 and II, 54, and com¬ 
pare App. 429, 447. ad auras: to the 
open air. 

260. (ex) robore. 

262. laps!: having descended, deponent 
participle. 

263. primus: noble; Machaon was 
probably not the first to climb down, and 
he was certainly not the leader or most 
prominent. 

264. doli fabricator = equi fabricator 

here. 






102 


THE AENEID, 265-277 


,375’ X** 3 Invadunt urbem somno vlnoque sepultam; 

caeduntur vigiles, portisgwe patentibus omnls 
accipiunt socios atque agmina conscia jungunt. 

Tempus erat quo prlma quies mortalibus aegrls 
incipit et dono dlvurn gratissima serpit. 

270 In somnls, ecce, ante oculds maestissimus Hector 

vlsus adesse mihi largosgwe effundere fletus, 
raptatus bigis ut quondam, aterque cruento 
pulvere perque pedes trajectus lora tumentis. 

Ei mihi, qualis erat, quantum mutatus ab illo 
275 Hectore qul redit exuvias indutus Achilli, 

vel Danaum Phrygios jaculatus puppibus ignis; 
squalentem barbam et concretos sanguine crinis 


Achilles, i (is, ei) m. Greek leader* 
aeger, gra, grum sick, weary, wretched* 
barba, ae /. beard, whiskers! 
bigae, arum /. two-horse chariot! 
caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus cut (down), kill 
concretus, a, um grown together, hard¬ 
ened, matted f 

conscius, a, um conscious; confederate 
crinis, is m. hair, locks, tresses* 
cruentus, a, um bloody, cruel 
ecce look! see! behold!* 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out* 
ei alas! ah!! 

exuviae, arum/, spoils, booty; slough! 
fletus, us m. weeping, tears, lament! 
gratus, a, um welcome, pleasing, grate¬ 
ful! 

Hector, oris m. Trojan leader* 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus begin, under¬ 
take* 

induo, ere, ui, utus don, clothe, put on 
invado, ere, si, sus attack, invadef 
jaculor, ari, atus hurl, throw, fling 
jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, unite* 


266. portis: abl. of route, a variety of 
the abl. of means; App. 338, 331. 

267. socios (ex navibus). 

268-297. The ghost of Hector appears 
to Aeneas in a dream and urges him to 
flee from the doomed city and to rescue 
the paternal gods from destruction. 

268. quo: abl. of time when; App. 322. 

269. div(or)um. 

270. (meos) oculos. 

271. visus (est) adesse: seemed to 
appear. 

272. raptatus bigis (Achillis) : for the 
story, cf. I, 483-484 and the note. 

273. pedes trajectus lora: his feet 


largus, a, um abundant, copious 
lorum, i n. thong, leather strap, rein 
maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 
mortalis, is m. mortal, man, human* 
muto (1) (ex)change, transform, alter* 
pateo, ere, ui lie open, be evident 
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
porta, ae /. door, gate, entrance, exit* 
pulvis, pulveris m. dust 
qualis, e (such) as, of what sort* 
quantus, a, um how great, how much, 
how many, as* 

quies, etis /. quiet, rest, sleep, peace* 
rapto (1) snatch, drag, carry off 
redeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus returnf 
sepelio, ire, ivi (ii), pultus buryf 
serpo, ere, psi, ptus creep (on), crawlf 
squaleo, ere, ui be rough, be filthy! 
trajicio, ere, jeci, jectus throw across, 
pierce 

turned, ere, ui swell, be swollen! 
vigil,Jilis m. (/.) guard, watchman, sen¬ 
tinel! 

vinum, i n. wine* 


pierced with thongs; pedes is used with 
the preposition per and lora is object of 
the participle trajectus used as a middle; 
App. 309, a. 

274. mihi: dat. of reference or in¬ 
terest with the interjection ei; App. 301. 

275. exuvias: object of indutus, used 
as a middle participle; App. 309, a. 
Hector had slain and despoiled Patroclus, 
who was wearing the armor of his friend 
Achilles. 

276. Dana(or)um puppibus: dat. of 
direction or reference; App. 306, 301. 
This refers to the battle around the 
Greek ships, when the Trojans under 
Hector almost captured the Greek camp 
and set fire to several of the ships. 




BOOK II, 278-295 


103 


vulneragwe ilia gerens, quae circurn plurima muros 

accepit patrids. Ultro flens ipse videbar 

compellare virum et maestas expromere voces: 280 

‘0 lux Dardaniae, spes 0 fidissima Teucrum, 

quae tantae tenuere morae? Quibus Hector ab oris 

exspectate venisf Ut te post multa tuorum 

funera, post varios hominumg'ue urbisque labores 

defess! aspicimus! Quae causa indigna serenos 285 

foedavit vultus? Aut cur haec vulnera cernoV 

I lie nihil, nec me quaerentem vana moratur, 

sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens, 

‘Heufuge, nate dea, teque his ’ ait 1 eripe flammis. 

Hostis habet muros; ruit alto a culmine Troja. 290 

Sat patriae Priamoque datum: si Pergama dextra 
defend! possent, etiam hdc defensa fuissent. 

Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troja penatis; 

hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere 

magna, pererrato statues quae denique ponto.’ 295 


a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look 
(at) 

causa, ae /. cause, reason, occasion* 
commendo (1) intrust, commit! 
compello (1) address, accost, speak to 
culmen, inis n. top, summit, peak, rooff* 
cur why? for what reason? 

Dardania, ae/. city of Dardanus, Troyf 
defendo, ere, i, fensus defend, protect 
defessus, a, um weary, tired, worn 
denique finally, at last 
etiam also, even, besides, yet, still* 
expromo, ere, mpsi, mptus express, 
bring forth f 

exspecto (1) await (eagerly), expectf* 
fidus, a, um faithful, trustworthy, safe* 
fleo, ere, evi, etus weep, lament! 
foedo (1) defile, befoul, mar, mangle 
funus, eris n . funeral, death, disaster* 
gemitus, us m. groan, lament, roar* 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus bear, carry (on)* 
graviter heavily, grievously 
Hector, oris m. Trojan leader* 


homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human* 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
indignus, a, um undeserved, unworthy! 
maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 
mora, ae /. delay, hesitation, hindrance* 
moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, heed* 
murus, l m. (city) wall, rampart* 
nihil, nil nothing, not at all! 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
penates, ium m. household gods* 
pererro (1) wander through, traverse! 
Pergama, 6rum n. (citadel of) Troy* 
pontus, l m. sea, waves* 
post after, behind (acc .); afterward* 
sat(is) enough, sufficient(ly) * 
serenus, a, um serene, calm, fair, clear! 
spes, spei /. hope, expectation* 
statuo, ere, ui, utus set up, establish 
ultro voluntarily, further* 
vanus, a, um vain, idle, useless, false 
varius, a, um various, manifold, diverse* 
vulnus, eris n . wound, deadly blow* 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 


278. circurn muros. 

281. Teucr(or)um. 

282. tenuere = (te) tenuerunt. 
282-283. Hector expectate: voc. (tu) 

venis. 

283. Ut: how gladly. 

285-286. serenos vultus (tuos), haec 
vulnera (tua). 

287. Ille (dicit) nihil. 

289. nate: voc. nate dea: goddess- 
horn; literally, horn from a goddess . 


291-292. Sat . . . datum (est a te). si 
(qua) dextra defend! possent, hac (dextra 
mea), defensa fuissent. 

293. (sua) sacra: the sacred emblems, 
statues, etc. comites: (as) comrades , in 
apposition with hos. 

294. moenia = urbem, as often, his 
(penatibus) : dat. of reference; App. 301. 

295. pererrato ponto: abl. abs.; App. 
343. quae (moenia) magna denique 
statues, ponto pererrato. 





104 


THE AENEID, 296-309 


Sic ait et manibus vittas Vestarngwe potentem 
aeternumgwe adytis effert penetralibus ignem. 

Diverso interea miscentur moenia luctu, 
et magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis 
300 Anchlsae domus arboribusgwe obtecta recessit, 

clarescunt sonitus armorumque ingruit horror. 
Excutior somnd et summl fastlgia tectl 
ascensu supero atque arrectls auribus asto: 
in segetem veluti cum flamma furentibus Austrls 
305 incidit, aut rapidus montano flumine torrens 

sternit agros, sternit sata laeta boum^we labores 
praecipitisgite trahit silvas: stupet Inscius alto 
accipiens sonitum saxl de vertice pastor. 

Turn vero manifesta fides, Danaumque patescunt 


adytum, I n. inner shrine, sanctuary 
aeternus, a, um eternal, undying* 
ager, gri m. field, territory, land* 
arbos (or), oris/, tree, wood(s)* 
arrigo, ere, rexi, rectus raise, prick up 
a(d)scensus, us m. climbing, ascent! 
a(d)sto, are, stiti stand (ready, by)* 
auris, is /. ear* 

Auster, tri m. (south) wind* 
bos, bovis m. (/.) bull, ox, cow! 
claresco, ere, clarui grow clear! 
dlversus, a, um diverse, scattered* 
efferd, ferre, extuli, elatus carry forth, 
lift* 

excutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake out* 
fastigium, (i)i n. roof, battlement, top 
fides, el /. faith, fidelity, trustworthi¬ 
ness* 

flumen, inis n. river, stream, flood* 
horror, oris m. horror, alarm, frightf 
incido, ere, cidi fall (on) (dat.) f 
ingruo, ere, ul rush (on, in), assail (dat.) f 
inscius, a, um ignorant, inexperienced 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
luctus, us m. grief, sorrow, lament 
magis more, rather* 

manifestus, a, um clear, plain, manifestf 

297. aeternum ignem: the sacred fire 
of Vesta which was never allowed to go 
out, and from which was always kindled 
the fire which was given to each colony 
sent out from Rome. 

298-369. Aeneas, however, preferring 
an honorable death to what he considered 
a dishonorable flight, finds a few com¬ 
rades and rushes vainly into battle. 

298. moenia = urbs = Troja. miscen¬ 
tur : is filled; the word suggests confusion. 

301. (nobis) ingruit horror. 


misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle, con¬ 
fuse* 

montanus, a, um (of a) mountain! 
obtego, ere, texi, tectus cover, hidef 
pastor, oris m. shepherd, herdsman 
patesco, ere, patui lie open, be disclosed! 
penetralis, e inmost, interior! 
potens, entis powerful, mighty* 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, precipitate!* 
quamquam although, however, but 
rapidus, a, um swift, whirling, hurrying* 
recedo, ere, cessi, cessus retire, with¬ 
draw! 

sata, drum n. crops, harvest! 
secretus, a, um separate, remote, secret! 
seges, etis /. crop, harvest, grain field! 
sonitus, us m. sound, roar, noise, crash* 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay low, strew, 
spread* 

stuped, ere, ui be dazed (at), stand agape 

supero (1) surmount, overcome, survive* 

torrens, entis m. torrent 

velut(i) as, just as* 

vero truly, indeed, but 

vertex, icis m. vertex, summit, peak* 

Vesta, ae /. goddess of the hearth 

vitta, ae /. fillet, garland, band* 

302. somnd: abl. of separation; App. 
340. 

304. furentibus Austris: abl. abs., de¬ 
noting attendant circumstance; App. 343. 

305. montano flumine: abl. of means 
with either rapidus or sternit; App. 331. 

306. sternit, sternit: rhetorical repeti¬ 
tion called anaphora; App. 413. bo(v)um 
labores: (the products of) the oxen's toil. 

308. accipiens = audiens. 

309. manifesta (est) fides: the truth 
(of the situation) was fully revealed; or 
Sinon's perjured faith was manifest . 




BOOK II, 310-321 


105 


Insidiae. Jam DeiphobI dedit ampla ruinam 310 

Yolcano superante domus, jam proximus ardet 
Ucalegon; Sigea igni freta lata relucent. 

Exoritur cldmorque virum clangor que tubarum. 

Arma amens capio; nec sat rationis in armis, 
sed glomerare manum hello et concurrere in arcem 315 

cum sociis ardent animi; furor iraque mentem 
praecipitat, pulchrumgue morl succurrit in armis. 

Ecce autem tells Panthus elapsus Achlvum, 

Panthus Othryades, arcis Phoebig'ue sacerdos, 

sacra manu victosque deds parvurnr/ue nepotem 320 

ipse trahit cursuque amens ad limina tendit. 


Achivus, a, um Achaean, Greek 
amens, entis mad, insane, distractedf 
amplus, a, um spacious, large, full, wide 
autem but, however, moreover* 
clangor, oris m, clang, blare, noisef 
concurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus run to¬ 
gether, fight (with), struggle 
Deiphobus, i m. Trojan leader, Helen’s 
husband after the death of Parisf 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
elabor, I, lapsus slip out, escape 
exorior, iri, ortus arise, spring upf 
fretum, i n . strait, sea, waters 
furor, oris m. madness, frenzy, fury* 
glomero (1) gather, roll together 
insidiae, arum /. ambush, treachery, 
snare 

latus, a, um broad, wide, spacious* 
morior, i, mortuus die, perishf* 
nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 
Othryades, ae m. son of Othrysf 
Panthus, i m. Trojan leaderf 


parvus, a, um small, little* 

Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 

praecipito (1) throw headlong, urge on, 
fall, sink 

proximus, a, um next, neighbor(ing) 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, hand¬ 
some, illustrious, glorious* 
ratio, onis /. reason, cause, methodf 
reluceo, ere, luxi shine back, reflectf 
ruina, ae /. downfall, ruin, collapse 
sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess) * 
sat(is) enough, sufficient(ly) * 

Slgeus, a, um of Sigeiim, a promontory 
near Troyt 

succurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus succor, 
occur 

supero (1) surmount, overcome, survive* 
tuba, ae /. trumpetf 
Ucalegon, ontis m. Trojan leaderf 
Volcanus (Vulcanus), i m. Vulcan, (god 
of) firef 


310. DeiphobI: as Helen’s present 
husband he draws the pent-up fury of the 
Greeks. 

311. dedit ruinam = ruit. Volcano = 
igni: metonymy; abl. abs.; App. 433, 
343. 

311-312. ardet Ucalegon: a shortened 
way of saying domus Ucalegontis ardet. 

312. igni: abl. of means; App. 331. 

313. Exoritur: of the third conjugation 
here; it agrees with the nearest subject; 
App. 236, b. vir(or)um. 

314. nec (est) rationis: part. gen. with 
sat (is); App. 286; I am too dazed to 
form a clear plan and I seize my arms 
without any adequate reason. 

315-316. (mei) animi ardent glome- 
rare et concurrere. bello: dat. of pur¬ 


pose; App. 303. (mei) animi: poetic 
plural; App. 243. (meam) mentem. 

317. (esse) pulchrum morl in armis 
succurrit (mihi) : it occurs to me that it is 
glorious to die in arms . 

318. Panthus: nom. sing, with u, a 
Greek form; App. 67. Achiv(or)um. 

318-319. Panthus, Panthus: observe 
the rhetorical effect obtained by repeti¬ 
tion; App. 413. 

319. arcis: site of the temple of Apollo 
as well as that of various other shrines of 
the gods. 

320. sacra: as in 1. 293. victos debs: 
the gods fought for their people; and 
when the gods were conquered the 
people were also defeated. 

321. (nostra) limina = limina Anchi- 







106 


THE AENEID, 322-334 


‘Quo res summa loco, Panthu? Quam prendimus arcemf ’ 
Vix ea fatus eram gemitu cum tdlia reddit: 

‘ Venit summa dies et ineluctabile_ tempus 
325 Dardaniae. Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens 
gloria Teucrorum; ferus omnia Juppiter Argos 
transtulit; incensa Danai dominantur in urbe. 

Arduus armatos mediis in moenibus astans 
fundit equus victorque Sinon incendia miscet 
330 insultans. Portis alii bipatentibus adsunt, 
milia quot magnis umquam venere Myoenis; 
obsedere alii telis angusta vidrum 
oppositis; stat ferri acies mucrone corusco 
stricta, parata neci; vix primi proelia temptant 


acies, elf. edge; battle line, army* 
angustum, i n. narrow place, straitf 
arduus, a, um lofty, steep, toweringf* 
Argi, drum m. city and district of south¬ 
ern Greece 

armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 
a(d)sto, are, stitl stand (ready, by)* 
bipatens, entis doubly open, doublet 
coruscus, a, um flashing, bright, quivering 
Dardania, ae /. city of Dardanus, Troy 
dominor, ari, atus rule, hold sway 
ferus, a, um wild, fierce, cruel, savagef* 
gemitus, us m. groan, lament, roar* 
gloria, ae /. glory, renown, fame, pride 
Ilium, (i)i n. Ilium, Troy 
incendium, (i)i n. fire, conflagration 
incendo, ere, i, ensus burn, inflame, 
fire* 

ineluctabilis, e inevitable, inescapablet 
insulto (1) leap upon, taunt, insultf 
mllle; pi. milia, ium n. thousand* 


misceo, ere, cui, mixtus mix, mingle, 

confuse* 

mucro, onis m. point, edge, bladef 
Mycenae, arum /. city of Greece, home 
of Agamemnon, leader of the Greeks 
against Troy 

nex, necis /. death, destruction, murder 
obsideo, ere, sedi, sessus besiege, besetf 
oppositus, a, um opposing, hostile 
Panthus, i m. Trojan leader 
porta, ae /. gate, entrance, exit, portal* 
pre(he)ndo, ere, i, ensus seize, graspf 
proelium, (i)I n . battle, fray, fightf 
quot as many as, how manyf 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus return, reply* 
Sinon, onis m. a lying Greek 
stringo, ere, inxi, ictus draw, graze 
tempto (1) try, test, venture, examine* 
transfero, ferre, tuli, latus transfer 
Tros, Trois m. Trojan* 
umquam ever, at any time 


sae, mei patris. cursu: abl. of manner; 
App. 328. 

322. Quo (in) loco (est) res summa = 

in what situation is the state (res summa)? 
or in what spot is the chief conflictf 
Panthu: voc., a Greek form; App. 67. 
pre(he)ndimus: with a future sense; 
what position are we trying to hold , now 
that the main arx is untenable? See App. 
351, 1, c; 348, a. 

323. talia (dicta), gemitu: abl. of 
manner; App. 328. 

324. Panthus practically says: “No 
use to resist; we have no position any¬ 
where to defend; our last day has come.” 
summa: final. 

325. Dardaniae: dat. of direction or 
reference; App. 306, 301. Troes fuimus, 
fuit Ilium: observe the pathos of the 
tense: We have been (but we are no 


longer) Trojans; Troy is a thing of the 
past; App. 351, 4, a. 

326. ferus: hostile (to the Trojans), 
(ad) Argos = to Greece; App. 443. 

328. Arduus armatos: alliteration; 
App. 411. equus armatos (viros) fun¬ 
dit. 

330. alii . . . alii: some . . . others. Por¬ 
tis bipatentibus: through wide-open gates; 
abl. of route; App. 338. 

331. milia quot: as many thousands 
as. venere (= venerunt) Mycenis: abl. 
of place whence; App. 320. 

332. obsedere = obsederunt. alii (Da¬ 
nai). telis oppositis: abl. of means; 
App. 331. angusta (loca). 

333. mucrone corusco: abl. of quality; 
App. 330. 

334. neci (Teucrorum): for the slaugh¬ 
ter (of the Trojans). 




BOOK II, 335-348 


107 


portarum vigiles et caeco Marte resistunt.’ 335 

Talibus Othryadae dictis et numine dlvum 
in flammas et in arma feror, quo tristis Erinys, 
quo fremitus vocat et sublatus ad aethera clamor. 

Addunt se socids Rhipeus et maximus armis 

Epytus, oblati per lunam, Hypanisgue Dymasgwe 340 

et later! adglomerant nostro, juvenisgwe Coroebus 

Mygdonides — illis ad Trojam forte diebus 

venerat insano Cassandrae incensus amore 

et gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusgwe ferebat, 

infelix qui non sponsae praecepta furentis 345 

audierit! 

Quos ubi confertos audere in proelia mdi, 
incipio super his: ‘ Juvenes, fortissima frustra 


addo, ere, didl, ditus add* 
adglomero ( 1 ) roll together, gather, joint 
aether, eris, acc. era, m. upper air, sky, 
ether* 

audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
auxilium, (i)i n. help, aid, assistance* 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
Cassandra, ae /. prophetess, daughter of 
Priam, never believed 
confertus, a, um crowded, packedf 
Coroebus, i m. suitor of Cassandra, 
daughter of Priam f 
Dymas, antis m. Trojan leaderf 
Epytus, i m. Trojan leaderf 
Erinys, yos /. a Fury, Cursef 
fortis, e brave, strong, valiant, stout* 
fremitus, us m. (up)roar, din, applausef 
frustra in vain, uselessly, ineffectually* 
gener, eri m. (prospective) son-in-lawf 
Hypanis, is m. Trojan leaderf 


incendo, ere, i, ensus burn, fire, inflame* 
incipio, ere, cepl, ceptus begin, under¬ 
take* 

insanus, a, um mad, insane, frenziedf 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

latus, eris n. side, flank* 
luna, ae /. moon, moonlight* 

Mars, rtis m. (god of) war 
Mygdonides, ae m. son of Mygdonf 
offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatus present 
Othryades, ae m. son of Othrys, Panthus 
Phryx, Phrygis m. Phrygian, Trojan 
porta, ae /. gate, entrance, exit, portal* 
praeceptum, i n. precept, advicef 
proelium, (i)I n. battle, fray, fight 
resisto, ere, stitl resist, halt, stop 
Rhipeus, I m. Trojan leaderf 
sponsa, ae /. fiancee, wifef 
vigil, ilis m. guard, watchman, sentinel 


335. caeco Marte (= bello): in blind 
warfare , that is fighting in the dark; abl. 
of place where; App. 319, 433. 

336. dictis: abl. of means or cause; 
App. 331, 332. div(or)um. 

337. tristis Erinys (belli me vocat): 
the fell fury (of battle calls me). 

338. aethera: acc., a Greek form; 
App. 68. 

339 . socios (mihi). armis: abl. of re¬ 
spect with maximus, mighty in battle; 
App. 325. 

340. oblati (mihi) per lunam (= lucem 
lunae). 

341. later! nostro (se) adglomerant: 

attach ( themselves ) to me. 

342. illis diebus: abl. of time when; 
App. 322. 


343. (Coroebus)venerat. Cassandrae: 

for Cassandra , obj. gen.; App. 284. 

344. gener: as a ( prospective ) son-in- 
law. 

345. infelix (vir). furentis: to the 

ancients and to primitive peoples a rav¬ 
ing person was “touched of God,” and 
his utterances were inspired by the 
divinity; so of Cassandra (sponsae) 
here. 

346. audierit: rel. clause of charac¬ 
teristic, with accessory notion of cause; 
App. 389; cf. 1. 231. 

347. audere in proelia: were bold for 
battle. 

348. super: adv. his (dictis): abl. of 
means, frustra: in vain; since resist¬ 
ance is useless. 




108 THE AENEID, 349-362 

pectora, si vobis audentem extrema cupido 
350 certa sequl, quae sit rebus fortuna videtis; 

excessere omnes adytls arlsque relictis 
dl quibus imperium hoc steterat; succurritis urbl 
incensae: moriamur et in media arma ruamus. 

Una salus victls nullam sperare salutem.’ 

355 Sic animls juvenum furor additus. Inde, lupi ceu 

raptores atra in nebula, quos improba ventris 
exegit caecos rabies catuligue relictl 
faucibus exspectant siccis, per tela, per hostis 
vadimus hand dubiam in mortem mediaeque tenemus 
360 urbis iter; nox atra cava circumvolat umbra. 

Quis cladem illlus noctis, quis funera fando 
explicet aut possit lacrimls aequare laborest 


addo, ere, didl, ditus add* 
adytum, I n. inner shrine, sanctuary 
aequo (1) equal(ize), match, level* 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
catulus, i m. cub, puppy, whelp t 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
certus, a, um fixed, sure, certain, reliable* 
ceu as, just as, as iff 
circumvolo (1) flit around, hover around f 
clades, is /. slaughter, ruin, havocf 
cupido, inis /. love, desire, eagernessf 
dubius, a, um doubtful, uncertain 
excedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart, retire 
exigo, ere, egi, actus drive (out) 
explico, are, avi (ui), atus (itus) express, 
unfold, explain f 

exspecto (1) await, expect, hope (for)* 
extrema, drum n . extremity, last hazard, 
death* 

fauces, ium /. throat, jaws; passf 


funus, eris n. funeral, death, disaster* 
furor, oris m. madness, frenzy, fury* 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
improbus, a, um wicked, evil, cruel 
incendo, ere, i, ensus burn, fire, inflame* 
inde thence, thereupon, next* 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 
lupus, i m. wolff 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 
nebula, ae /. cloud, fog, mist 
rabies, ei /. rage, madness, fury 
raptor, oris m. robber; adj. ravenousf 
salus, utis /. safety, security, health 
siccus, a, um dry, thirstyf 
spero (1) hope (for), expect, suppose* 
succurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus run to 
aid, succor ( dat .) 

vado, ere go, advance, rush, marchf 
venter, tris m. belly, stomachf 


349-350. pectora: apposition with 
juvenes. si vobis (est) certa cupido sequi 
(me) audentem extrema, vobis: dat. of 
possession; App. 299. cupido (est). 
sequi: depends on cupido; App. 264. 
quae fortuna sit: indir. quest.; App. 
349. (nostris) rebus: dat. of possession; 
App. 299. 

351. adytis arisque relictis: abl. abs.; 
App. 343. excessere di: the ancient 
gods are regularly represented as de¬ 
serting cities about to be captured. 

352. quibus: by whose aid; abl. of 
means; App. 331. urbi: dat. with com¬ 
pound; App. 298. 

353. moriamur et ruamus: volitives; 
App. 254. This is an example of hysteron 
proteron; App. 429; i.e., the act repre¬ 


sented by ruamus really comes before 
that of moriamur, although moriamur 
precedes in the sentence. This is a 
permissible device, as it indicates priority 
of interest , instead of the usual priority of 
time. See the note on I, 69. 

354. Una salus (est) victis. victis: dat. 
of possession; App. 299. 

355. additus (est). 

356-357. ventris rabies = mad hunger , 
raving hunger. 

360. urbis: gen. of possession; App. 
283, or of quality; App. 285. 

361. funera fando: alliteration; App. 
411. Quis (explicet) cladem. 

362. explicet, possit: deliberative or 
potential subjunctives; App. 348, 252. 
lacrimis: abl. of means; App. 331. 




BOOK II, 363-377 


109 


Urbs antlqua ruit multos dominata per annos; 
plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim 
corpora perque domos et relligiosa dedrum 
llmina. Nec soil poenas dant sanguine Teucrl; 
quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia virtus 
victoresque cadunt Danal. Crudelis ubique 
luctus, ubique pavor et plurima mortis imago. 

Primus se Danaum magna comitante caterva 
Androgeos offert nobis, socia agmina credens 
inscius, atque ultro verbis compellat amicis: 
‘Festinate, virl! Nam quae tarn sera moratur 
segnities? Alii rapiunt incensa ferunique 
Pergama: vos celsis nunc prlmum a ndvibus ItisV 
Dixit, et extemplo ( neque enim responsa dabantur 
fida satis) sensit medios delapsus in hostis. 


365 


370 


375 


— 

amicus, a, um friendly, kind(ly)* 
Androgeos, i (6) m. Greek leader! 
annus, i m. year, season* 
cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
caterva, ae /. crowd, troop, band 
celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 
comito (1) accompany, attend, escort, 

follow 

compello (1) address, accost, speak to 
credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust* 
crudelis, e cruel, bitter, bloody* 
delabor, i, lapsus slip, fall, sink! 
dominor, ari, atus rule, hold sway 
enim for, indeed, truly 
etiam also, even, besides, yet, still* 
extemplo suddenly, at once, immediately 
festino (1) hurry, hasten, speed!* 
fidus, a, um faithful, trustworthy, safe* 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
imago, inis /. image, form, ghost* 
incendo, ere, i, ensus burn, inflame* 
iners, rtis inactive, lifeless, tame! 
inscius, a, um ignorant, unaware 

364-365. inertia corpora: of the slain 
Trojans. 

365. et = and even. 

366. poenas dant: suffer punishment; 

see the note on sumite poenas in 1. 103. 

367. victis: dat. of reference; App. 
301. 

369. luctus (est). pavor: with the 
final syllable lengthened for metrical 
reasons; App. 394, a. plurima: many a. 

370-402. Aeneas and his comrades 
gain some initial successes, and on the 
advice of Coroebus, one of their number, 
they exchange their own armor for that 


luctus, us m. grief, sorrow, lament 
moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, detain* 
offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatus present 
passim everywhere, all aboutt* 
pavor, oris m. terror, shuddering, alarm 
Pergama, orum n. (citadel of) Troy* 
praecordia, drum n. heart, breastf 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus plunder, snatch (up) 
reded, ire, ii (ivi), itus return 
re(l)ligiosus, a, um holy, sacredf 
responsum, i n. answer, reply! 
sat(is) enough, sufficient(ly) * 
segnities, ei /. sloth, laziness! 
sentio, ire, sensi, sensus perceive, feel 
serus, a, um (too) late, slow! 
socius, a, um allied, associated! 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay low, strew, 
spread* 

tarn so (much), so very, such* 

ubique everywhere, anywhere 

ultro voluntarily, further* 

verbum, i n. word, speech, talk 

virtus, utis /. valor, manhood, excellence* 


of the Greeks they had slain. This 
trick gives them an advantage, and their 
success increases. 

370. Dana(or)um: App. 37, d. 

371. credens (nos esse) socia agmina 
(= Danaos). 

372. (nos) compellat. 

373. (vos) moratur. 

374. incensa Pergama: obj. of both 
rapiunt and ferunt. 

375. vos: emphatic, as always when 
expressed as subject; App. 247. 

377. delapsus (esse) = se delapsum 
esse. 





no 


THE AENEID, 378-390 


Obstipuit vetvoque pedem cum voce repressit. 
Improvisum aspris veluti qul sentibus anguem 
380 pressit hum! nltens trepidusgwe repente refugit 

attollentem Iras et caerula colla tumentem, 
haud secu s Androgeos vlsu tremefactus abibat. 
Inruimus densls et circumfundimur armls, 
ignarosgwe loci passim et formidine captos 
385 sternimus. Aspirat prlmo Fortuna laborl. 

Atque hlc successu exsultans animlsque Coroebus 
‘0 socil, qua prlma’ inquit 1 fortuna salutis 
monstrat iter, qua que ostendit se dextra, sequamur: 
mutemus clipeos Danaumque insignia nobis 
390 aptemus. Dolus an virtus, quis in hoste requirat? 


abed, ire, ii (ivi), itus depart, retreat* 
an whether, or* 

Androgeos, i (6) m. Greek leader 
anguis, is m. snake, serpent 
apto (1) fit (on, out), equip, furnish* 
asper, (e)ra, (e)rum harsh, rough, fierce* 
a(d)spiro (1) breathe upon, favor ( cLat .) 
attollo, ere lift, raise, rear* 
caerul(e)us, a, um dark blue, bluish 
blackf* 

circumfundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour round 
clipeus, i ra.' shield, buckler* 
collum, i n. neck* 

Coroebus, i m. suitor of Cassandra 
densus, a, um thick, crowded, dense!* 
dolus, i m. deceit, treachery, fraud* 
exsulto (1) leap forth, dance, surge, 
exultf 

formido, inis /. fear, terror, fright, dread 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
humus, l /. ground, earth, soil* 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, inexperienced* 
improvisus, a, um unforeseen, unexpected 
inquam, is, it say* 
inruo, ere, ui rush in! 
insigne, is n. mark, badge, device! 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
monstro (1) show, point out, teach* 


378. retro: pleonastic with the re in 
repressit; App. 438. 

379. aspris = asperis, a form ( - w - ) 
which could not be used in hexameter; 
(in) sentibus aspris. veluti (ille) qui. 

380. humi: loc.; App. 37, c. 

381. (anguem) attollentem. colla: acc. 
of respect; App. 311. 

382. haud secus: litotes; App. 431. 

383. circumfundimur (iis) : middle; 
we pour ourselves around (them), i.e., we 
surround them; App. 309. densis (armis): 
abl. of means. 


muto (1) (ex)change, alter, transform* 
nitor, i, sus (nixus) strive, climb, step 
firmly! 

obstipesco, ere, pui be dazed, stand 
agape* 

ostendo, ere, i, tus show, display* 
passim everywhere, all about* 
premo, ere, pressi, pressus (re)press, 
trample* 

qua where(by), in any (some) way 
refugio, ere, fugi flee, retreat, recoil 
repente suddenly, quickly, unexpectedly 
reprimo, ere, pressi, pressus check! 
requiro, ere, quisivi, quisitus seek, ask 
(for) 

retro back, backward 
salus, utis /. safety, deliverance, health 
secus otherwise, differently! 
sentis, is m. brier, bramble! 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay low, strew, 
spread* 

successus, us m. success, progress! 
tremefactus, a, um trembling, appalled 
trepidus, a, um alarmed, agitated! 
turned, ere, ui swell; be swollen 
velut(i) as, just as* 

virtus, utis/. valor, manhood, excellence* 
visus, us m. sight, appearance, view 


385. labor! : dat. with compound; 
App. 298. 

386. successu, animis: ablatives of 
cause; App. 332. 

387- 388. salutis: obj. gen. with iter; 
App. 284. (fortuna) ostendit se. dextra: 
irregularly agreeing with fortuna instead 
of with se. 

388- 390. sequamur, mutemus, apte¬ 
mus: vol. subjunctives; App. 254. 

390. Dolus an virtus (sit) : indir. 
quest.; App. 349. requirat: deliberative 
quest.; App. 348. 





BOOK II, 391-402 


111 


Arma dabunt ipsl.’ Sic fatus deinde comantem 
Androgeo galeam clipeigwe Insigne decorum 
induitur laterlgwe Argivum accommodat ensem. 
Hoc Rhipeus, hoc ipse Dymas omnisque juventus 
laeta facit: spoliis se quisque recentibus armat. 
Vadimus immixtl Danals haud numine nostro 
multaque per caecam congress! proelia noctem 
conserimus, multos Danaum demittimus Oreo. 
Diffugiunt alii ad navis et lltora cursu 
fida petunt; pars ingentem formldine turpi 
scanduht rursus equum et nota conduntur in alvo. 

Heu nihil invltls fas quemquam fidere dlvlsl 


395 


400 


accommodo (1) fit, adjustf 
alvus, i /. belly, body 
Androgeos, I (6) m. Greek leader 
Arglvus, a, um Argive, Greek 
armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 
caecus, a, um blind, dark, hidden* 
clipeus, l m. shield, buckler* 
comans, antis hairy, crestedf 
condo, ere, didl, ditus establish, hide* 
congredior, i, gressus meet, encounter 
consero, ere, ui, rtus join, engage inf 
decorus, a, um ornamental, becoming 
deinde thereupon, then, next 
demitto, ere, misi, missus send down* 
diffugio, ere, fugi flee (apart), scatter 
Dymas, antis m. Trojan leader 
ensis, is m. sword, knife* 
fas n . indecl. right, justice, divine will* 
fido, ere, fisus sum trust, confide, rely 
(in, on) {dat., abl.)'* 

fidus, a, um faithful, trustworthy, safe* 
formido, inis /. fear, terror, fright, dread 
galea, ae /. helmet 


immisceo, ere, ui, mixtus mingle, mix 

(with) (dat.) f 

induo, ere, ui, utus, don, clothe, put 
on 

insigne, is n. mark, badge, device 
invitus, a, um unwilling, unfriendlyf 
juventus, utis /. youth, young men* 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 
nihil, nil nothing, not at all 
notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
Orcus, i m. (god of) death, Hades f 
proelium, (i)i n. battle, fray, fight 
quisquam, quaequam, quicquam any(one, 
thing) 

quisque, quaeque, quodque each, every 
(one) 

recens, entis recent, fresh, new, late 
Rhipeus, i m . Trojan leader 
rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)f* 
scando, ere, i, ansus climb, mount 
spolium, (i)i n. spoils, booty, plunder 
turpis, e shameful, disgraceful, foulf 
vado, ere go, advance, rush, march 


391. deinde: two syllables by syni- 
zesis; App. 403. 

392. Androgeo: gen., a Greek form; 
App. 67. 

394. Hoc (facit) Rhipeus. hoc: pro¬ 
nounce hocc, making a long syllable; 
App. 107, 3, c. ipse: also , a not uncom¬ 
mon meaning, omnis juventus = omnes 
juvenes. 

396. Danais: dat. with compound; 
App. 298. haud numine nostro: abl. of 
attendant circumstance; App. 329; not 
under the protection of our own ( = friendly) 
divinities. By donning Greek armor, the 
Trojans forfeit the protection of their own 
gods. 

397. congressi (Danaos). 

398. Dana(or)um. Oreo: dat. of di¬ 
rection, = ad Orcum; App. 306. 


399. alii (Danai). cursu: abl. of 
manner; App. 328. 

400. fida litora: where their ships 
were. 

401. conduntur: middle = secondunt; 

App. 309. 

402-430. The Trojans, disguised in 
Greek armor, see Cassandra, the be¬ 
trothed of Coroebus, being dragged from 
the shrine of Minerva by Ajax and his 
comrades. In trying to rescue her, 
Coroebus is killed, and the other Trojans 
are overwhelmed by the weapons of their 
friends who are ignorant of their disguise. 

402. fas (est). nihil: adverbial, not 
at all. divis: dat. with a special verb, 
fidere; App. 297. 





112 


THE AENEID, 403-415 


Ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virg5 
crinibus a templo Cassandra adytlsgwe Minervae 
405 ad caelum tendens ardentia lumina frustra, 

lumina, nam teneras arcebant vincula palmas. 
Non tulit hanc speciem furiata mente Coroebus 
et sese medium injecit periturus in agmen. 
Consequimur cuncti et densls incurrimus armis. 
410 Hie primum ex alto delubrl culmine tells 

nostrorum obruimur oriturgue miserrima caedes 
armorum facie et Grajarum errore jubarum. 

Turn Danai gemitu atque ereptae virginis ira 
undique collect! invadunt, acerrimus Ajax 
415 et gemini Atrldae Dolopumgwe exercitus omnis; 


acer, cris, ere sharp, fierce, spirited* 
adytum, i n. inner shrine, sanctuary 
Ajax, acis m. Greek leader, captor of 
Cassandra* 

arceo, ere, ui confine, restrain, defend 
Atrides, ae m. son of Atreus: (1) Agamem¬ 
non, (2) Menelaiis 

caedes, is /. slaughter, massacre, murder 
Cassandra, ae /. prophetess, daughter of 
Priam, never believed 
colligo, ere, leg!, lectus collect, gather 
consequor, i, secutus follow, overtake! 
Coroebus, i m. suitor of Cassandra 
crinis, is ra. hair, locks, tresses* 
culmen, inis n. top, summit, peak, roof* 
delubrum, i n . shrine, temple, fane 
densus, a, um thick, crowded, dense* 
Dolopes, um ra. Greeks of Thessaly 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
error, oris m. error,, deceit, trick 
exercitus, us m. army, host, bandf 
facies, el /. appearance, form, aspect* 
frustra in vain, uselessly, ineffectually* 
furio (1) frenzy, madden, infuriatef 


gemitus, us m. groan, roar* lament* 

Grajus, a, um Greek* 

incurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus run in(to), 

attack! 

injicio, ere, jeci, jectus throw in(to)t 
invado, ere, si, sus attack, march in 
juba, ae /. mane, crest 
Minerva, ae /. goddess of wisdom and 
the arts 

obruo, ere, ui, utus overwhelm, crush 
orior, iri, ortus (a)rise, spring (up) 
palma, ae /. palm, hand* 
pando, ere, i, passus open, spread, loosen, 
dishevel* 

pereo, ire, ii (ivi), itus perish, diet 
Priameius, a, um of Priam, Priam’s! 
species, ei /. sight, spectacle, appear¬ 
ance! 

templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
tener, era, erum tender, delicate, soft! 
undique on (from) all sides* 
vinc(u)lum, i n. chain, bond, cable* 
virgo, inis/, (unmarried) girl, maid(en), 
daughter* 


403. trahebatur: by Ajax; seel, 39-45; 
observe the picturesque effect of the im- 
perf.; App. 351. 2. Priameia virgo: the 
daughter of Priam , the adj. being equiva¬ 
lent to the gen., as often. 

403-404. passis crinibus: abl. of 
means or quality; App. 331, 330. 

405-406. lumina, lumina : repetition for 
the sake of the rhetorical effect; App. 413. 

407. Coroebus: Cassandra’s lover, 

11. 341-346. 

409. (Danais) incurrimus. densis ar¬ 
mis: abl. of means; cf. 1. 383. 

410. primum : correlative with turn, 
1. 412. delubrl: of Minerva, 1. 404. 

411. obruimur: with the final syllable 
long under the metrical accent and before 


the pause; App. 394, a. oritur : of the third 
conjugation here. Cf. exoritur, 1. 313. 

412. facie, errore: ablatives of cause; 
App. 332. Grajarum: pronounce Grajj&- 
rum; App. 6, b. errore jubarum: the 
mistake of (caused by) the Greek crests , 
subj. gen.; App. 284. 

413. ereptae virginis (Cassandrae): 
subj. gen.; the wrath of (caused by) the girl 
snatched {from them), or gen. of definition; 
App. 284, 282. gemitu: abl. of manner; 
App. 328. ira: abl. of cause; App. 332. 

414. collecti: middle; App. 309. in¬ 
vadunt (nos). Ajax: pronounced Ajjax; 
App. 6, b . 

415. gemini = duo: they were not 
twins. 






BOOK II, 416^28 


113 


adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine ventl 
confligunt, Zephyrusgwe Notus que et laetus Eois 
Eurus equls; stridunt silvae saevit que trident! 
spumeus atque Imo Nereus ciet aequora fundo. 

Illl etiam, si quos obscura node per umbrarn 420 

fudimus Insidils totaque agitavimus urbe, 
apparent; prlml clipeos mentitague tela 
agnoscunt atque ora sono discordia signant. 

Ilicet obruimur numero; prlmusque Coroebus 

Penelei dextra dlvae armipotentis ad dram 425 

procumbit; cadit et Rhlpeus, justissimus unus 

qul fuit in Teucrls et servantissimus aequl 

(dls aliter visum ); pereunt Hypanisgwe Dymasgwe 


adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
aequum, I n. justice, right(eousness) f 
agito (1) drive, stir, buffet, pursue! 
agnosco, ere, novl, nitus recognize* 
aliter otherwise, differently 
appareo, ere, ui, itus appear 
armipotens, entis powerful in arms! 
cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
ceu (just) as, as if 

cieo, ere, civi, citus stir (up), arouse* 
clipeus, i m. shield, buckler* 
confllgo, ere, xl, ctus clash, struggle! 
Coroebus, i m. suitor of Cassandra 
discors, rdis differing, discordant! 
Dymas, antis m. Trojan leader 
Eous, a, um eastern, of the dawn 
etiam also, even, besides, yet, still* 
Eurus, i m. (east) wind 
fundus, I m. bottom, base, depth(s)f 
Hypanis, is m. Trojan leader 
Ilicet immediately, at once! 

Insidiae, arum /. ambush, snare, treach- 



justus, a, um just, fair, right(eous), true 
mentior, iri, Itus deceive, lie, pretend| 
Nereus, I m. a minor sea godf 
Notus, I m. (south) wind 
numerus, I m. number, multitude* 
obruo, ere, rul, rutus overwhelm, crush 
obscurus, a, um dark, hidden, gloomy* 
Peneleus, el m. Greek leader! 
pereo, Ire, il (Ivl), itus perish, die 
procumbo, ere, cubul, cubitus fall, sink! 
Rhlpeus, I m. Trojan leader 
rumpo, ere, rupl, ruptus break, burst 
(forth) * 

saevio, ire, Ivl (il) Itus rage, be fierce 
servans, antis observant, heedful! 
signo (1) observe, mark, indicate! 
sonus, I m. sound, noise, speech! 
spumeus, a, um foamy, frothy! 
strId(e)o, ere, I creak, roar, rustle 
tridens, entis m, trident, three-pronged 
spear 

turbo, inis m. whirl(wind, pool), storm 
Zephyrus, I m. (west) wind 


416-417. ceu quondam turbine rupto, 
ventl confligunt adversi: a simile; App. 
441. turbine rupto: abl. abs.; App. 343. 

418. equls: abl. of cause with laetus; 
App. 332. The wind god was conceived 
as driving his swift steeds like some great 
warrior, stridunt: of the third conju¬ 
gation here, but ordinarily of the second, 
tridentl: abl. of means; App. 331. 

418-419. Note the alliteration of s; 
App. 411. 

419. spumeus Nereus. (ex) fundo. 
420-422. Illl (Dana!) apparent. si 

quos : indef. Insidils : by the trick of ex¬ 
changing armor and insignia; see 11. 
389-395. tota urbe: abl. of route or 
space over which; App. 338. 


422-423. (ill! Danal) prim! . . . agnos¬ 
cunt atque . . . signant. sono: abl. of 
respect with discordia; App. 325. The 
Trojans and Greeks are represented as 
speaking the same language (ora) but 
with a dialect differing (discordia) in 
sound (sono). (nostra) ora. 

425. dextra (manu). dlvae armipo¬ 
tentis: Minervae. 

426. justissimus unus: unus is often 
thus used simply to emphasize the super¬ 
lative and is not to be translated. 

427. servantissimus aequl: most de¬ 
voted to justice; aequl is used substan¬ 
tively as an obj. gen.; App. 284. 

428. dls aliter visum (est) : the gods 
decreed otherwise (lit., it seemed otherwise 





114 


THE AENEID, 429-440 


confix! a socils; nec te tua plurima, Panthu, 

430 labentem pietas nec Apollinis infula texit. 

-— Iliac! cineres et flamma extrema medrum, 
testor, in occasu vestro nec tela nec ullas 
vltavisse vices, Danaum et, si fata fuissent 
ut caderem, meruisse manu. Divellimur inde, 

435 Iphitus et Pelias mecum (quorum Iphitus aevo 

jam gravior, Pelias et vulnere tardus Ulixi), 
protinus ad sedes Priami clamore vocati. 

Hie vero ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam 
bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe, 

440 sic Martem indomitum Danaosque ad tecta mentis 


aevum, I n. age, life, time, eternity! 
Apollo, inis ra. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
ceterus, a, um other, remaining, rest 
ceu as, just as, as if 

cinis, eris m. cinder(s), ashes (of the 
dead)f* 

configo, ere, xl, xus pierce, transfix! 
divello, ere, i, vulsus tear apart 
extremus, a, um extreme, final, last* 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
Iliacus, a, um Ilian, Trojan* 
inde thence, thereupon, next* 
indomitus, a, um uncontrolled, ungov¬ 
ernable! 

infula, ae /. fillet, garland, band! 

Iphitus, i m. Trojan leader! 

Mars, rtis m. (god of) war 

mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, merit, earn* 


morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 
nusquam nowhere, never! 
occasus, us m. sinking, fall, destruction 
Panthus, l m . Trojan leader 
Pelias, ae m. Trojan leader! 
pietas, atis /. piety, devotion, loyalty, 
sense of duty, righteousness, nobility* 
protinus immediately, at once! 
pugna, ae /. battle, fight, fray, com¬ 
bat* 

tardus, a, um slow, retarded, lazy, late 
tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, protect* 
testor, ari, atus call to witness, testify 
Ulixes, is (ei, i) m. Ulysses, a wily Greek 
leader* 

vero truly, indeed, but 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
vicis (gen.) f. (inter)change; fortune! 
vito (1) shun, avoid, dodge, escape! 
vulnus, eris n . wound, deadly blow* 


to the gods ); the underlying thought seems 
to be: “if any one deserved to survive the 
fall of Troy it was the righteous Rhipeus, 
but the ways of the gods are past finding 
out.” 

429. (suis) sociis: Trojans on the 
roof of the temple, misled by their armor 
into believing Aeneas and his companions 
to be Greeks. Panthu: voc., a Greek 
form; App. 67. 

430. infula: fillets were worn by 
priests and others, such as sacrificial 
victims, to indicate their sanctity and 
their consecration to the divinity. 

431-505. Aeneas and his comrades 
hasten to the palace of Priam, which is 
being stormed. 

431. meorum: substantively, of my 
people , as though the flames of Troy were 
the funeral flames of his people, cineres, 
flamma: vocatives. 


432-433. (vos) testor, (me) vltavisse, 

indir. statement; App. 263. 

433. vices Dana (or) um: perils of 
(from) the Greeks , subj. gen.; App. 284. 
si fuissent: protasis of condition contrary 
to fact; App. 382. 

434. ut caderem: depends partly on 
fata, partly on meruisse; App. 364. (me) 
meruisse (ut caderem) manu (for my 
deeds)] or construe: Dana(or)um manu. 

435-436. Iphitus et Pelias: in parti¬ 
tive apposition with nos understood as 
subject of divellimur. mecum = cum me: 
App. 321, a. quorum Iphitus (est) 
gravior, et Pelias (est) tardus. Ulixi: 
subj. gen. with vulnere, the wound of (in¬ 
flicted by) Ulysses; App. 284. 

437. vocati: agrees with the subj. of 
divellimur. 

438. pugnam (cernimus). 

439. ceu . . . forent, (ceu) . . . more¬ 
rentur: condit. comparisons; App. 383. 




BOOK II, 441-454 


115 


cernimus obsessumgue acta testudine Ilmen. 

Haerent parietibus scalae postisgue sub ipsos 

nltuntur gradibus clipeosgue ad tela sinistrls 

protect! objiciunt, prensant fastigia dextrls. — 1 j 1 

Dardanidae contra turrls ac tota domorum 445 

culmina convellunt; his se, quando ultima cernunt, 

extrema jam in morte parant defendere tells; 

auratasgwe trabes, veterum decora alta parentum, 

devolvunt; alii strictis mucronibus Imas 

obsedere fores, has servant agmine denso. 450 

Instaurati animl regis succurrere tectls 

auxilio^ue levare viros vimque addere victls. 

Llmen erat caeca ague fores et pervius usus 
tectorum inter se Priaml, paste sque relictl 


addo, ere, did!, ditus add* 
auratus, a, um gilded, golden 
auxilium, (i)i n. help, aid, assistance* 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
clipeus, i m . shield, buckler* 
contra opposite, on the other side* 
convello, ere, i, vulsus tear up, shatter 
culmen, inis n. summit, top, peak, roof* 
Dardanides, ae m. Dardanian, Trojan 
decus, oris n. ornament, glory, dignity 
defendo, ere, i, ensus defend, protect 
densus, a, um thick, crowded, dense* 
devolvo, ere, I, volutus roll down! 
extremus, a, um extreme, utter, last* 
fastigium, (i)I n. roof, top, summit 
foris, is /. door, gate, entrance 
gradus, us ra. step, gait, stride, rung 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus hang, cling to 

0 dat .) * 

instauro (1) renew, refresh! 

levo (1) relieve, lighten, lift, remove 

mucro, onis m. edge, point, sword 

441. acta testudine: abl. abs.; App. 
343. An assaulting party, protected by 
their upraised shields and bearing a 
fancied resemblance to a tortoise shell; 
hence the Romans gave it the name, 
testudo, tortoise . 

442. parietibus: dat. or abl. with 
haerent; App. 319, 297; pronounced here 
as though spelled parjetibus so that it may 
be used in dactylic hexameter; App. 401. 

443. gradibus: up the rungs; abl. of 
route; App. 338. 

445- 446. contra: adv. turris, culmina: 
objects of convellunt. ultima (fata) = 
mortem. 

446- 447. histelis: abl. of means; App. 

331. se defendere parant. 

449. alii (Teucri). 


nitor, i, sus (nixus) climb on, rest on 

(abl.) 

objicio, ere, jeci, jectus hold toward 
obsideo, ere, sedl, sessus besiege, beset 
paries, ietis m. house-wall, wall! 
pervius, a, um passable, traversable! 
postis, is m. post, door, gate! 
pr(eh)enso (1) seize, grasp, clutch! 
protego, ere, texi, tectus cover, protect! 
quando when, since, because 
scalae, arum /. ladder, stairway! 
sinistra, ae /. left hand! 
stringo, ere, Inxi, ictus draw, strip, graze 
succurro, ere, i, cursus succor (dat.) 
testudo, inis /. tortoise, roof *of over¬ 
lapping shields held by soldiers over 

their heads 

trabs (trabes), trabis /. beam, timber 
turris, is /. tower, turret! 
ultimus, a, um last, final, farthest* 
usus, us m. employment, use! 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 

450. obsedere = obsederunt: App. 

204, 4. 

451. Instaurati (sunt) animi (nostri). 
tectis: dat. with compound, succurrere; 
App. 298. 

452. auxilio: abl. of means; App. 331. 
victis (Teucris): dat. with compound; 
App. 298. 

453. erat: agreeing with its nearest 
subject, limen; App. 236, b. pervius 
usus: a passable use , a way through which 
one might pass , coordinate with limen, 
fores, and postes. 

454. inter se: connecting the different 
parts of the palace (tectorum) with each 
other, tectorum: poetic plural; App. 
243. relicti: secluded , unknown except to 
members of Priam’s family. 





116 


THE AENEID, 455-469 


455 a tergo, infelix qua se, dum regna manebant, 
saepius Andromache ferre incomitata solebat 
ad soceros et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat. 

Evado ad summi fastigia culminis, unde 
tela manu miserl jactabant inrita Teucrl. 

460 Turrim in praecipiti stantem summisque sub astra 
eductam tectis, unde omnis Troja videri 
et Danaum solitae naves et Achaica castra, 
adgressl ferro circum, qua summa labantis 
junctures tabulata dabant, convellimus altis 
465 sedibus impulimusgue; ea lapsa repente rulnam 
cum sonitu trahit et Danaum super agmina late 
incidit. Ast alii subeunt, nec saxa nec ullum 
telorum interea cessat genus. 

Yestibulum ante ipsum primoque in limine Pyrrhus 


Achaicus, a, um Achaean, Greek! 
adgredior, i, gressus approach, attack 
Andromache, es (a, ae) /. wife of Hec¬ 
tor f 

astrum, i n. star, constellation* 
Astyanax, actis m. infant son of Hector 
and Andromache! 
avus, i m. grandfather; ancestor! 
castra, orum n. camp, encampment* 
cesso (1) yield, delay, cease 
convello, ere, I, vulsus tear up, shatter 
culmen, inis n. summit, top, peak, roof* 
educo, ere, duxi, ductus lead forth, raise 
evado, ere, si, sus go out, traverse, 
mountf 

fastigium, (i)I n. roof, top, summit 
impello, ere, puli, pulsus push forward 
incido, ere, i fall (on); chance upon 
incomitatus, a, um unaccompanied! 
inritus, a, um useless, vain, unavailing! 


interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
jacto (1) hurl, toss, buffet; utter* 
junctura, ae /. joint, fastening! 
labo (1) totter, waver, vacillate! 
late widely, far and wide 
praeceps, cipitis n. precipice, sheer edge* 
Pyrrhus, i m. Neoptolemus, son of 
Achilles! 

qua where(by), in any (some) way 

repente suddenly, unexpectedly, quickly 

ruina, ae /. ruin, downfall, collapse 

saepe often, frequently* 

socer, eri m. father (parent)-in-law! 

soleo, ere, itus sum be accustomed 

sonitus, us m. sound, roar, noise, crash* 

tabulatum, i n. floor, story! 

tergum, i n. back, body, rear* 

turris, is /. tower, turret 

unde whence, from which place* 

vestibulum, i n. entry, vestibule! 


455. regna (Priami) : poetic plural; 
App. 243. 

455-456. infelix Andromache se ferre 
solebat. To Aeneas, who is relating the 
story, Andromache was infelix, because 
of the loss of Hector who had been slain 
by Achilles and because of the death of 
her son Astyanax, who was killed by the 
Greeks after the fall of Troy. 

456. saepius: very often, quite often, a 
common use of the comparative. 

457. soceros: parents-in-law, Priam 
and Hecuba, avo = Priamo: dat. of di¬ 
rection; App. 306 = ad Priamum. As¬ 
tyanacta: acc., a Greek form; App. 68. 

458. Evado ad fastigia: I mount to the 


roof (after entering the palace by the 
secret passage just described). 

460-464. Turrim adgressi convellimus 
impulimusque. tectis: abl. of separation; 
App. 340. in praecipiti : on the sheer edge. 
Troja (solita est) videri et naves Dana- 
(or)um solitae (sunt videri) : a watch tow¬ 
er. ferro: iron tools, such as crow-bars. 

464-465. (ex) altis sedibus: abl. of 
separation; App. 340. 

466. Dana(or)um. 

467. alii (Danai). 

468. cessat: agrees with ullum genus, 

its nearest subject; App. 236, b. 

469. Pyrrhus: Achilles’s young son 
who has just come to Troy. 




BOOK II, 470-482 


117 


exsultat tells et luce coruscus aena; 
qualis ubi in lucem coluber mala gramina pastus, 
frigida sub terra tumidum quern bruma tegebat, 
nunc, positls novus exuviis nitidusgwe juventa, 
lubrica convolvit subldtd pectore terga 
arduus ad solem, et linguis micat ore trisulcis. 
Una ingens Periphas et equorum agitator Achillis, 
armiger Automedon, una omnis Scyria pubes 
succedunt tecto et flammas ad culmina jactant. 
Ipse inter prlmos correpta dura bipenni 
llmina perrumpit postis^ue a cardine vellit 
aeratos; jamque excisa trabe firma cavavit 
robora et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram. 


Achilles, is (i, ei) m. Greek leader* 
aenus, a, um bronze, brazen 
aeratus, a, um bronze, brazen! 
agitator, oris m. driver, charioteer! 
arduus, a, um high, steep, lofty* 
armiger, erl m. armorbearer, squire! 
Automedon, ontis m. Greek leader! 
bipennis, is /. double axf 
bruma, ae /. midwinter! 
cardo, inis m. hinge, pivot, socket 
cavo (1) hollow out 
coluber, bri m . snake, serpent! 
convolvo, ere, i, volutus roll, coilt 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* 
coruscus, a, um flashing, bright, waving 
culmen, inis n. top, summit, peak, roof* 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
excldo, ere, i, sus cut out; destroy 
exsulto (1) leap forth, dance, surge, exult 
exuviae, arum/, spoils; skin, slough 
fenestra, ae /. window, opening, breach! 
firmus, a, um firm, strong, solidt 
frigidus, a, um cold, frosty, chillf 
gramen, inis n . grass, herb, plantf 
jacto (1) hurl, toss, buffet; utter* 
juventa, ae /. youth, young manhood 
latus, a, um broad, wide, spacious* 


470. tells et luce aena coruscus = 

flashing and gleaming in his bronze armor . 
For a further description see III, 467- 
468. 

471-475. qualis est coluber ubi, pas¬ 
tus mala gramina, quern tumidum frigida 
bruma sub terra tegebat, nunc novus, 
exuviis positls, nitidusque juventa, in 
lucem (evadens) sublato pectore arduus 
ad solem lubrica terga convolvit, et lin¬ 
guis trisulcis (in) ore micat. mala 
gramina pastus: the ancients thought 
that serpents derived their venom from 
feeding on poisonous herbs (mala gra- 


lingua, ae /. tongue, language 
lubricus, a, um slippery, slimyf 
malus, a, um bad, evil, wicked, baneful* 
mico, are, ui flash, quiver, dart 
nitidus, a, um shining, bright, sleekf 
pascor, I, pastus feed (on), graze, eat 
Periphas, antis m. Greek leader! 
perrumpo, ere, rupl, ruptus break 
through! 

postis, is m . post, door, gate 
pubes, is /. youth, young men* 
qualis, e such (as), of what sort* 
robur, oris n. oak, strength* 

Scyrius, a, um Scyrian, of Scyros, an 
island of the Aegean where Neoptole- 
mus (Pyrrhus) was born! 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
succedo, ere, cessl, cessus approach 
(dat.) 

tego, ere, texl, tectus cover, protect* 
tergum, I n. back, body, rear* 
trabs (trabes), is/, beam, timber 
trisulcus, a, um threefold, tripartite, 
forked! 

tumidus, a, um swollen, swelling 
una together, at the same time 
vello, ere, vulsl, vulsus tear (up)! 


mina). tumidum: with venom, positls: 
shed, linguis trisulcis: abl. of means; 
App. 331; the ancients thought that the 
serpent’s tongue had three forks. 

478. tecto (Priam!) : dat. with com¬ 
pound; App. 298. 

479. Ipse (Pyrrhus) : see the note on 
ipsius, I, 114. correpta bipenni: abl. abs. 
or means; App. 343, 331. 

479-480. correpta dura bipenni llmina: 
interlocked order; App. 442. llmina: 
the doors. 

482. lato ore: wide-mouthed; abl. of 
quality; App. 330. 





118 THE AENEID, 483-495 

Apparet domus intus et atria longa patescunt, 
apparent Priaml et veterum penetralia regum, 
485 armatosgite vident stantis in limine primo. 

At domus interior gemitu miseroque tumultu 
miscetur, penitusg'ue cavae plangoribus aedes 
femineis ululant; ferit aurea sidera clamor. 

\ Turn pavidae tectis mdtres ingentibus errant 

490 amplexaegue tenent postls atque oscula figunt. 

Instat vi patria, Pyrrhus; nec claustra nec ipsi 
custodes sufferre valent; labat ariete crebro 
janua, et emotl procumbunt cardine postes. 

Fit via vi; rumpunt aditus primosque trucidant 
495 immissl Danai et late loca milite complent. 


aditus, us m. approach, entrance! 
aedes, ium /. house, home! 
amplector, I, exus embrace, encompass* 
appareo, ere, ul, itus appear 
aries, etis m. (battering) ram! 
armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 
atrium, (i)i n. great hall, atrium 
aureus, a, um golden, (of) gold* 
cardo, inis m. hinge, pivot, socket 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
claustrum, i n. bolt, fastening, barrier 
compleo, ere, evi, etus fill, complete 
creber, bra, brum frequent, repeated* 
custos, odis ra. (/.) guard(ian), sentinel* 
emoveo, ere, movi, motus move from! 
femineus, a, um feminine, women’s! 
ferio, ire strike, smite, beat, kill 
figo, ere, xi, xus fix, fasten, print* 
fio, fieri, factus become, be made 
gemitus, us m. groan, roar, lament* 
immitto, ere, misi, missus let in| 
insto, are, stiti press on, urge on 
interior, ius inner, interior 
intus within, inside 
janua, ae /. door, gate, entrance! 


labo (1) totter, waver, vacillate 
late widely, far and wide 
miles, itis m. soldier(y), warrior(s) 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 
osculum, i n. dainty lips; kiss 
patesco, ere, ui open up, be revealed 
pavidus, a, um fearful, frightened! 
penetralia, ium n. chamber, sanctuary, 
inner room 

penitus (deep) within, inside, completely* 
plangor, oris m. clamor, wailing, beating 
(of the breast), shriek! 
postis, is m. post, door, gate 
procumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus fall, sink 
Pyrrhus, i m. Neoptolemus, son of 
Achilles 

rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break, burst 
(forth)* 

suffero, ferre, sustuli, sublatus with¬ 
stand, endure! 

trucido (1) slay, slaughter, butcher! 
tumultus, us m. uproar, tumult, hubbub 
ululo (1) howl, shriek, wail! 
valeo, ere, ui be strong, avail, be able! 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 


483. atria: Vergil has in mind the 
general arrangement of a Roman house 
rather than that of an ancient Trojan 
palace. 

483-484. Apparet, apparent : rhetorical 
repetition; App. 413. 

485. armatos (Teucrds) : mentioned in 
11. 449-450. (Danai) vident. 

486. domus interior : the inner house = 
the interior of the house; App. 246; con¬ 
trasted with the scene at the entrance (in 
limine primo). 

488. ferit sidera clamor: hyperbole; 
App. 428. 

489. (in) tectis. 


490. oscula: of farewell. 

491. vi patria: with his father's might, 
patria = patris = Achillis (gen.). 

492. sufferre (Pyrrhum). ariete cre- 
bro: abl. of means; App. 331; with the 
frequent ( battering) ram , with the repeated 
blows of the battering ram; ariete, pro¬ 
nounced arjete here, that it may be used 
in dactylic hexameter; App. 401. 

493. cardine: abl. of separation with 
emoti ; App. 340. 

494. via vi: alliteration; App. 411. 
aditus: acc. of effect; App. 307; cf. “he 
broke a hole in the ice.” primos (viros): 
mentioned in 1. 485. 




BOOK II, 496-508 


119 


Non s\c, aggeribus ruptis cum spumeus amnis 

exiit oppositasgwe evlcit gurgite moles, 

fertur in arva furens cumulo camposque per omnis 

cum stabulis armenta trahit. Vidi ipse furentem ■ 

caede Neoptolemum geminosque in limine Atridas, 500 

vidi Hecubam centumgwe nurus Priamumque per aras 

sanguine foedantem quos ipse sacraverat ignis. 

Quinquaginta illi thalaml, spes ampla nepotum, 
barbarico postes auro spolilsgue superb! 
procubuere; tenent Danai qua deficit ignis. 505 

Forsitan et Priami fuerint quae fata requiras. 

Urbis uti captae casum convulsagwe vidit 
limina tectorum et medium in penetralibus hostem, 


agger, eris m. mound, heap, dike, dam 
amnis, is m. river, stream, torrentj* 
amplus, a, um ample, full, spacious, wide 
armentum, i n. herd, flock, drove, cattle 
Atrides, ae ra. son of Atreus: (1) Agamem¬ 
non, (2) Menelaus 
barbaricus, a, um barbaric, foreignf 
caedes, is /. slaughter, murder, massacre 
centum hundred* 

convello, ere, i, vulsus tear up, shatter 
cumulus, i ra. heap, mass, pile 
deficio, ere, feci, fectus fail, be lackingf 
evinco, ere, vici, victus overcome, sur- 
mountf 

exeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus go forth, depart 
foedo (1) defile, pollute, disfigure 
fors(it)an perhaps, possibly, perchancef 
gurges, itis ra. whirlpool, abyss, gulf* 
Hecuba, ae /. wife of Priamf 
hostis, is ra. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
moles, is /. (huge) mass, structure, dike* 
Neoptolemus, i m. Pyrrhus, son of Achil¬ 
les 


nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 
nurus, us /. daughter(-in-law) f 
oppono, ere, posui, positus oppose, place 
against 

penetralia, ium n. chamber, sanctuary, 
inner room 

postis, is m. post, door, gate 

procumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus fall (for¬ 
ward), sink 

qua where (by), in any (some) way 
quinquaginta fifty 
requiro, ere, sivi, situs ask, seek 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break, burst 
(forth)* 

sacro (1) hallow, consecrate, dedi¬ 
cate* 

spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
spolium, (i)i n. spoils, booty, plunder 
spumeus, a, um foamy, frothy 
stabulum, i n. stable, stall, abodef 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
thalamus, l m. marriage chamber, bed- 
roomf* 


496-498. Non sic spumeus amnis fer¬ 
tur = not so ( furiously ) does a foaming 
river rush onward; litotes and a simile; 
App. 431, 441. exiit: from its channel, 
fertur furens, cumulo campos: double 
alliteration; App. 411. cumulo: abl. of 
manner; App. 328; as in I, 105. 

500. caede: abl. of manner with fu- 
rentem; App. 328, a. 

501. nurus: daughters and daughters- 
in-law; Priam and Hecuba had fifty of 
each. 

502. foedantem ignis. 

503. illi : those famous , as often, tha- 
lami : of Priam’s fifty sons and their wives. 

504. auro spoliisque: abl. of means or 
cause limiting superbi; App. 331, 332. 


barbarico : from a Roman or Greek point 
of view; foreign . 

505. procubuere = procubuerunt; App. 
204, 4. 

506-558. Hecuba and Priam take 
refuge at the altar in the court of the 
palace, but Priam is nevertheless ruth¬ 
lessly slain by Pyrrhus. 

506. quae fuerint Priami fata: indir. 
quest.; App. 349. requiras: potential 
subjunctive; or it may be taken as a 
subjunctive in an indirect question in¬ 
troduced by an and dependent upon fors 
sit (in forsitan); sit would then be a 
potential subjunctive. 





120 THE AENEID, 509-522 

arma diu senior desueta trementibus aevo 
510 circumdat nequiquam umeris et inutile ferrum 

cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostis. 
Aedibus in mediis nudo que sub aetheris axe 
ingens ara fuit juxta que veterrima laurus 
incumbens arae atque umbra complexa penatis. * 

515 Hie Hecuba et natae nequiquam altaria circum, 

praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae, 
condensae et divum amplexae simulacra sedebant. 
Ipsum autem sumptis Priamum juvenalibus armis 
ut vidit, ‘Quae mens tarn dira, miserrime conjunx, 

520 impulit his cingi tells? Aut quo ruis?' inquit. 

‘Non tali auxilio nee defensoribus istis 

tempus eget; non, si ipse meus nunc adforet Hector. 


aedes, ium /. house, home 

aether, eris ra. upper air, sky, ether 

aevum, i n. age, life, time, eternity 

altaria, ium n. altarj 

amplector, I, plexus embrace, enfold* 

autem but, however, moreover* 

auxilium, (i)i n. aid, help, assistance* 

axis, is ra. axle, axis; heightf 

ceu (just) as, as if 

cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus gird, encircle* 
circumdo, dare, dedi, datus surround, 
place around ( dat .) 
columba, ae /. dove, pigeonf 
complector, i, plexus embrace, enfold 
condensus, a, um crowded, thick, densef 
defensor, oris ra. defender, protectorf 
densus, a, um thick, crowded, dense* 
desuetus, a, um unaccustomed, unused 
dlrus, a, um dire, awful, dreadful* 
diu a long time, long 
egeo, ere, ui need, lack, require ( abl *) 
Hector, oris m. Trojan leader, son of 
Priam and Hecuba* 

Hecuba, ae /. wife of Priam 


hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
impello, ere, puli, pulsus urge, drive 
incumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus lean (on, 
over) {dat.) 
inquam, is, it say* 
inutilis, e useless, futile, valueless! 
iste, ta, tud that (of yours) t* 
juvenalis, e youthful, of a young manf 
juxta next, close at handf* 
laurus, i (us) /. laurel (tree)f 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 
nata, ae /. daughter 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
nudus, a, um naked, bare, nude, open 
penates, ium m. household gods* 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, precipitate* 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit* 
senior, oris m. old (aged) man, siref 
simulacrum, i n. image, statue, likeness 
sumo, ere, mpsi, mptus take, assume 
tarn so (much), such* 
tempestas, atis /. tempest, storm; season* 
tremo, ere, ui tremble, quiver, shake* 
vetus, eris ancient, old, aged, former* 


509-510. senior (Priamus) umeris 
trementibus aevo arma diu desueta 
nequiquam circumdat. senior: with the 
intensive meaning of the comparative, 
though a very old man . 

510. umeris: dat. with compound; 
App. 298. ferrum: obj. of the middle 
verb cingitur, he girds on his sword; App. 
309. 

512. Aedibus in mediis: in the inner 
court of the palace , open to the sky; App. 
246. As usual in such descriptions, the 
details are those of a wealthy Roman 
house of Vergil’s own time. 

514. arae: dat. with compound; App. 
298. 


515. altaria circum = circum altaria: 

App. 414. 

516. atra tempestate: abl. of means 
with the verbal idea implied in praecipites. 

517. div(or)um. 

518. sumptis armis: abl. abs.; App. 
343. 

520. (te) impulit. cingi: middle, to 
gird yourself; App. 309. 

521. auxilio, defensdribus : ablatives 
with eget; App. 340. The idea seems to 
be: “human strength is unavailing, and 
only the gods and their sacred altars can 
protect us now.” 

522. adforet = adesset: condition con¬ 
trary to fact; App. 382. 




BOOK II, 523-537 


121 


Hiic tandem concede; haec ara tuebitur omnls, 
aut moriere simul. ’ Sic ore effata recepit 
ad sese et sacra longaevum in sede locavit. 525 

Ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhl de caede Polites, 
unus natorum Priaml, per tela, per hostis 
porticibus longls fugit et vacua atria lustrat 
saucius. Ilium ardens Infesto vulnere Pyrrhus 
Insequitur, jam jamque manu tenet et premit hasta. 530 

Ut tandem ante oculds evasit et ora parentum, 
concidit ac multo vltam cum sanguine fudit. 

Hie Priamus, quamquam in media jam morte tenetur, 
non tamen abstinuit nec vocl iraeque pepercit: 

‘At tibi pro scelere,’ exclamat, ‘pro talibus ausls 535 

dm, si qua est caelo pietas quae tdlia curet, 
persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant 


abstined, ere, ui, tentus refrain, restraint 
atrium, (i)I n. great hall, atrium 
ausum, I n. daring deed, daringf 
autem but, however, moreover* 
caedes, is /. slaughter, murder, mas¬ 
sacre 

concedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, come 
concido, ere, I fall (in a heap)f 
euro (1) regard, care (for), heedf 
dignus, a, um worthy, suitable, fit(ting) 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
effor, ari, atus speak, utter, sayf 
elabor, i, lapsus slip out, escape 
evado, ere, si, sus escape, come forth 
exclamo (1) cry (out), shout, exclaimf 
grates, ium /. thanks, requital, reward 
hasta, ae /. spear, lance, dart 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
Infestus, a, um hostile, threateningf 
insequor, i, secutus follow, pursue* 
loco (1) place, establish, locate* 
longaevus, a, um aged, very oldf 
lustro (1) traverse; survey; purify* 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 


parco, ere, peperci (parsi), parsus spare 

C dat .) 

persolvo, ere, i, solutus pay fully 
pietas, atis /. loyalty, righteousness, 
justice, sense of duty, nobility* 

Polites, ae m. son of Priam, slain by 
Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus) f 
porticus, us /. colonnade, corridor, por- 
ticof 

praemium, (i)I n. reward, prize* 
premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 
pierce* 

pro for, in behalf of, before ( abl .)* 
Pyrrhus, I m. Neoptolemus, son of 
Achilles 

quamquam although, however, but 
recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus receive, accept* 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus return, render* 
saucius, a, um wounded, hurt 
scelus, eris n. crime, villainy, sin* 
tamen however, nevertheless, but* 
tueor, eri, itus (tutus) protect, watch* 
vacuus, a, um empty, vacant, freef 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 


523. concede: imp.; come here, (nos) 

omnls. 

524. moriere = morieris, fut. 2nd sing.; 
App. 204, 4. simul (cum nobis), ore: 
picturesque pleonasm; App. 438. recepit 
(longaevum Priamum). 

525. sacra in sede = in ara. 

526. Pyrrhl: subj. gen. with caede; 
App. 284. 

528. porticibus: around the inner 
court of the palace; abl. of the route; 
App. 338. 


529. Ilium: Politen. Infesto vulnere: 

with hostile weapon (which would inflict 
a wound). 

530. (ilium) tenet et (ilium) premit. 
jam jam: rhetorical repetition to portray 
the excited anticipation of Pyrrhus and 
the frenzied fear of Polites; App. 413. 

531. ante oculds et dra parentum. 
534. vocl Iraeque: datives with special 

verb; App. 297. 

535-537. At di tibi persolvant grates 
( = gratias) dignas. (in) caelo. quae 




122 THE AENEID, 538-549 

debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum 
fecisti et putrid s foedastl funere vultus. 

540 At non ille, satum quo te mentiris, Achilles 

talis in hoste fuit Priamo; sed jura fidemgwe 
supplicis erubuit corpusque exsangue sepulcro 
reddidit Hectoreum meque in mea regna remisit.’ 
Sic fatus senior telumque imbelle sine ictu 
545 conjecit, raucb quod protinus aere repulsum, 

et summo clipei nequiquam umbone pependit. 
Cui Pyrrhus: ‘Referes ergo haec et nuntius ibis 
Pelidae genitori. Illi mea tristia facta 
degeneremg'we Neoptolemum narrare memento. 


Achilles, is (i, ei) m . Greek leader* 
aes, aeris n. bronze* 
clipeus, i m. shield, buckler* 
conjicio, ere, jeci, jectus hurl, shoot! 
coram before the face, face to face 
debitus, a, um due, owed, destined! 
degener, eris degenerate, ignoble, base! 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
erubesco, ere, erubui reverence, blush 
(before) t 

exsanguis, e bloodless, lifeless, pale 
factum, i n. deed, exploit, undertaking* 
fides, ei/. faith, fidelity, reliance* 
foedo (1) defile, pollute, disfigure 
funus, eris n. death, funeral, disaster* 
Hectoreus, a, um of Hector, Trojan 
leader, son of Priam 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
ictus, us m. stroke, blow, wound! 
imbellis, e unwarlike, harmless! 
jus, juris n. law, right, justice 
letum, i n. death, destruction, ruin* 
memini, isse remember, recall 
mentior, in, itus lie, deceive, pretend 


curet: rel. clause of characteristic; App. 
389. persolvant, reddant: opt.; App. 
253. grates: reward , requital. 

538. (tibi) qui. me cernere = ut 
cernam: depends on fecistl. 

539. foeda(vi)sti. funere (nati). 

540. ille: that famous, as often, (ex) 
quo mentiris te (esse) satum. mentiris: 
you falsely say. quo: abl. of source; App. 
323. 

541. After the death of Hector, Priam 
had ransomed his corpse from Achilles. 
Cf. I, 483-484. in hoste Priamo: in the 
case of, toward his enemy Priam; Priam’s 
use of his own name adds a touch of 
pathos. 

542. sepulcro: dat. of purpose; App. 
303. 


narro (1) relate, recount, report, nar¬ 
rate! 

Neoptolemus, i m. Pyrrhus, son of 
Achilles 

nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
nuntius, (i)i m. messenger, message! 
Pelides, ae m. descendant of Peleus, 
Achilles! 

pendeo, ere, pependi hang* 
protinus immediately, forthwith 
Pyrrhus, i m. Neoptolemus, son of 
Achilles 

raucus, a, um hoarse, sounding, clanging! 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus return, render* 
remitto, ere, misi, missus send back! 
repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus drive back, 
repel 

senior, oris m . old (aged) man, sire 
sepulcrum, i n. tomb, burial! 
sero, ere, sevi, satus sow, beget!* 
sine without (abl.)* 
supplex, icis m. (/.) suppliant* 
umbo, onis m. boss, knob, shield! 
vultus, us m. face, countenance, gaze* 


543. Hectoreum = Hectoris: an adj. 
for a gen. is a common usage. 

544. Sic fatus (est) senior. 

545. repulsum (est). 

546. (de) summo umbone: App. 246; 
Priam’s spear had stuck in the top of the 
boss of Pyrrhus’s shield and now hung 
there harmless. 

547. Pyrrhus (dixit). Referes et ibis: 

hysteron proteron; App. 429; the futures 
are here used with the force of imperatives, 
go and tell; App. 351, 3, a. nuntius: (as) 
a messenger. 

548. (meo) genitori = Achilli. 

548-549. mea tristia facta degenerem- 

que Neoptolemum: ironical and mock¬ 
ing. 

549. memento: imp. 




BOOK II, 550-563 


123 


Nunc morere.’ Hoc dicens altaria ad ipsa trementem 550 
traxit et in multd lapsantem sanguine nati, 
implicuitgue comam laeva, dextraque coruscum 
extulit ac laterl capulo tenus abdidit ensem. 

Haec finis Priami fdtorum, hie exitus ilium 
sorte tulit Trojam incensam et prolapsa videntem 555 

Pergama, tot quondam populis terrisque superbum 
regnatorem Asiae. Jacet ingens litore truncus, 
avulsumgite umeris caput et sine nomine corpus. 

At me turn primum saevus circumstetit horror. 

Obstipul; subiit carl genitoris imago, 560 

ut regem aequaevum crudell vulnere vidi 
vitam exhalantem; subiit deserta Creusa 
et dlrepta domus et parvi casus lull. 


abdo, ere, didi, ditus hide, bury 
aequaevus, a, um of equal agef 
altaria, ium n. altar 
Asia, ae /. Asia (Minor) 
avello, ere, (vuls)i, vulsus tear from 
capulus, I m. hilt, handle, headf 
earns, a, um dear, beloved, fond* 
circumsto, are, steti surround, stand 

around f 

coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses* 
coruscus, a, um flashing, bright, waving 
Creusa, ae /. wife of Aeneas, lost at the 

sack of Troyf 

crudelis, e cruel, bloody, bitter* 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
dlripio, ere, ui, reptus plunder, ravage 
effero, ferre, extull, elatus raise, lift* 
ensis, is m . sword, knife* 
exhalo (1) breathe out, exhalef 
exitus, us m. exit, issue, endf 
horror, oris m. shudder (ing), horror, alarm 
imago, inis /. image, picture, likeness* 
implied, are, avl (ui), atus (itus) entwine 

550. morere: imp. altaria ad ipsa: 
an act of unspeakable impiety, tremen¬ 
tem (Priamum) : from old age and 
anger, not from fear. 

551. lapsantem sanguine nati: a touch 
of pathos. 

552-553. coruscum (ensem). lateri = 
in latus: dat. of direction; App. 306. 

554. Haec (fuit) finis: Haec is at¬ 
tracted to the gender of the predicate, finis, 
which is here feminine, though ordinarily 
masculine, hic(c) exitus (vitae). 

556. populis terrisque: ablatives of 
cause with superbum; App. 332. 

557. Asiae: obj. gen. with regnatorem; 
App. 284. (in) litore : his headless corpse 
is thrown out on the beach for the dogs 


incendo, ere, i, ensus burn, fire* 
lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
laeva, ae /. left hand 
lapso, are slip, stumble, totter, fallf 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 
obstipesco, ere, stipui be dazed, stand 
agape* 

parvus, a, um small, little* 

Pergama, drum n. (citadel of) Troy* 
populus, i m. people, nation, race* 
prolabor, i, lapsus slide, fall, perishf 
regnator, oris m. ruler, sovereign, lordf 
saevus, a, um cruel, stern, fierce* 
sine without ( abl .)* 
sors, rtis /. lot, fate, destiny; oracle* 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
tenus, to, up to, as far as (abl.) 
tot so many* 

tremo, ere, ui tremble, shake, quiver* 
truncus, i m. trunk, body, torsof 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 

and birds to devour. It is said that Vergil 
here has in mind the fate of Pompey, 
once one of the world’s most powerful 
men; he was defeated in battle, lost his 
power, and was finally beheaded in Egypt, 
where his body was cast out and allowed 
to lie on the beach. 

559-566. The sight of Priam so 
brutally slain reminds Aeneas of the 
danger of his own aged father, Anchises, 
and of his wife and child. 

560. subiit (meam mentem). 

561. aequaevum: Anchises was of 
about the same age as Priam. 

563. direpta: in my imagination, 
domus: nom. sing, with the final syllable 




124 


THE AENEID, 564-575 


Respicio et quae sit me circum copia lustro. 

565 Deseruere omnes defessl, et corpora saltu 

ad terram misere aut ignibus aegra dedere. 

Jamque adeo super unus eram, cum limina Vestae 
servantem et tacitam secreta in sede latentem 
Tyndarida aspicio; dant clara incendia lucem 
570 erranti passim^ite oculos per cuncta ferenti. 

Ilia sibi Infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros 
et poenas Danaum et desert! conjugis iras 
praemetuens, Trojae et patriae communis Erinys, 
abdiderat sese atque aris in visa sedebat. 

575 Exarsere ignes animo; subit ira cadentem 


abdo, ere, didi, ditus hide, bury 
adeo indeed, so much, truly 
aeger, gra, grum sick, weary, wretched* 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look 
(at)* 

cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
cl&rus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
communis, e common, mutual, generalf 
copia, ae /. abundance, plenty, forces 
defessus, a, um tired, weary, worn 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
Erinys, yos /. Fury, Curse 
everto, ere, i, rsus (over)turn, destroy 
exardesco, ere, arsi, arsus blaze (up)f 
incendium, (i)i n. blaze, conflagration 
infestus, a, um hostile, threatening 


invisus, a, um hated, hateful, odious 
lateo, ere, ui hide, lie hid, lurk* 
lustro (1) survey; traverse; purify* 
ob on account of, for ( acc .) 
passim everywhere, all about* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
Pergama, orum n. (citadel of) Troy* 
praemetuo, ere fear beforehand! 
respicio, ere, spexi, spectus look backf* 
saltus, us m. leap, bound, dancingf 
secretus, a, um remote, hidden, secret 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit* 
tacitus, a, um silent, still, quiet 
Tyndaris, idis /. daughter of Tyndarus, 
Helenf 

Vesta, ae /. goddess of the hearth 


long under the metrical accent and before 
the pause; App. 394, a. 

564. Respicio: Aeneas on the roof of 
the palace had been so fascinated in look¬ 
ing down on the murder of Priam that he 
had forgotten all else. He now looks 
around for his followers and finds them 
gone, quae copia (virorum). sit: indir. 
quest.; App. 349. me circum = circum 
me: App. 414. 

565. saltu: abl. of means or manner. 

565-566. deseruere, misere, dedere = 

deseruerunt, miserunt, dederunt. 

566. aegra (corpora) : wearied and 
wounded (bodies). 

567-633. Seeing that all is lost, Aeneas 
turns to go, when he catches sight of 
Helen, the cause of all the trouble, crouch¬ 
ing just inside a temple of Vesta. He pre¬ 
pares to kill her but is restrained by his 
mother, Venus, who appears and urges 
him to hurry home to protect his family. 

567-588. The best manuscripts of 
Vergil do not have these lines, and many 


scholars consider the passage spurious, as 
they are inconsistent with VI, 494-530. 
This inconsistency may be due to the 
unfinished condition of the poem or to 
the unaccountable caprice of the poet. 

567. super: adv. to be taken with 
eram. unus supereram: I alone sur¬ 
vived. 

569. Tyndarida: acc., a Greek form; 
App. 68. clara incendia lucem dant: 
explains why Aeneas could see Helen. 

570. (mihi) erranti. 

571-573. Ilia, communis Erinys Trojae 
et patriae (suae), praemetuens Teucros 
infestos sibi, etc. Dana (or) um: subj. 
gen.; App. 284. deserti conjugis iras: 
Menelaus’s anger. 

574. (in) aris. (Tyndaris) invisa (ab 
omnibus) sedebat. 

575. ignes (irae). Exarsere = exarsg- 
runt. (in meo) animo. subit (me) ulcisci 
et sumere : the infinitives are complemen¬ 
tary, depending on the idea of wishing 
implied in ira, the angry desire; App. 
259, 264. 




BOOK II, 576-587 


125 


ulcisci patriam et sceleratas sumere poenas. 

‘Scilicet haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas 
aspiciet, parto que Ibit regina triumpho, 
conjugiumgwe domumque patris natosque videbit 
Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris? 580 

Occident ferro Priamusf Troja arserit ignl? 

Dardanium totiens sudarit sanguine Vitus? 

Non ita. Namque etsi nullum memorabile nomen 
feminea in poena est nec habet victoria laudem, 
exstinxisse nefas tamen et sumpsisse merentis 585 

laudabor poenas, animumque explesse juvabit 
ultrlcis flammae et cineres satiasse medrum.’ 


a(d)spicio, ere, spexl, spectus see, look 
. ^ * 

cinis, eris m. cinder(s), ashes (of the 
dead) * 

comito (1) accompany, attend, escort, 
follow 

conjugium, (i)i n. marriage; husbandf 
Dardanius, a, um Dardanian, Trojan* 
etsi although, even iff 
expleo, ere, evi, etus fill (with), sate 
(gen.) 

exstinguo, ere, inxi, inctus extinguish, 
destroyf 

femineus, a, um of (over) a woman, 
feminine 

Ilias, adis /. Trojan woman 
incolumis, e safe, sound, unharmed 
ita thus, so 

juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
laudo (1) praise, commend, laud, ex¬ 
tol f 

laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 
memorabilis, e memorable, gloriousf 
mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, earn, merit* 


minister, tri m. attendant, servant 
Mycenae, arum /. a city of Greece, home 
of Agamemnon 

nefas n. indecl. wrong, impiety, impious 
wretch* 

occido, ere, i, casus fall, sink, diet 
pario, ere, peperi, partus gain, producef 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
satio (1) satisfy, sate, satiate, glutf 
sceleratus, a, um criminal, wicked, in¬ 
famous 

scilicet doubtless, of course, forsooth f 
Sparta, ae /. country of Greece, home of 
Helen and Menelaiisf 
sudo (1) sweat, perspiref 
sumo, ere, mpsi, mptus take, exact 
tamen however, nevertheless, moreover* 
totiens so many times 
triumphus, i m. triumph, victoryf 
turba, ae /. mob, crowd, throng; tumult 
ulciscor, i, ultus avenge; punishf 
ultrix, icis avenging, vengefulf 
victoria, ae/. victory, conquest, triumphf 


576. sumere: exact , inflict, sceleratas 
poenas = sceleris poenas: punishment of 
(for) her crime. 

577. Scilicet: forsooth; ironical; App. 

430. 

578. parto triumpho: abl. abs.; App. 

343. 

579. conjugium = conjugem. 

580. turba, ministris: ablatives of 
accompaniment with the participle comi¬ 
tata, which here has a passive meaning; 
App. 321. 

581-582. Occident, arserit, suda(ve)- 
rit: fut. perfects; i.e., shall she return in 
triumph home when all Troy has perished? 

583. Non ita (erit) : it shall not he! See 
App. 351, 3, a. 


584. feminea in poena: the adj. is 
here equivalent to the obj. gen.; App. 
284; punishment (exacted) of a woman. 
(feminea) victoria: victory over a 

woman. 

585-586. exstinxisse nefas laudabor: 

1 shall he praised for having destroyed that 
abomination; i.e., Helen, merentis poe¬ 
nas = meritas poenas: deserved punish¬ 
ment. 

586. (me) juvabit: used impersonally, 
with exple(vi)sse et satia(vi)sse as its 
subject; App. 258. 

587. flammae: gen. with the special 
verb, exple(vi)sse, to have sated my 
soul with the vengeful flame; App. 287. 
meorum: substantively, of my people. 




126 THE AENEID, 588-600 

Talia jactabam et furiata mente ferebar, 
cum mihi se, non ante oculis tam clara, videndam 
590 obtulit et pura per noctem in luce refulsit 

alma parens, confessa deam qualis^ue videri 
caelicolls et quanta solet, dextraque prehensum 
continuit roseoque haec Insuper addidit ore: 
‘Nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras? 
595 Quid Juris aut quonam nostri tibi ciira recessit? 

Non prius aspicies ubi fessum aetate parentem 
liqueris Anchisen, superet conjunxne Creusa 
Ascaniusgwe puerf Quos omnis undique Grajae 
circum errant acies et, nl mea cura resistat, 
eoo jam flammae tulerint inimicus et hauserit ensis. 


acies, elf. edge; battle line, army* 
addo, ere, didi, ditus add* 
aetas, atis /. age, (time of) life, time 
almus, a, um nurturing, kind(ly) 
Ascanius, (i)i m. son of Aeneas* 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look 
(at)* 

caelicola, ae m. (/.) divinity, deityf 
circum around, aboutt 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
confiteor, eri, fessus confess, revealf 
contineo, ere, ui, tentus hold together, 
restrain, checkf 

Creusa, ae /. wife of Aeneas, lost at the 
sack of Troy 

dolor, oris m. grief, anger, pain, pas¬ 
sion* 

ensis, is m. sword, knife* 
excito (1) arouse, stir up, excitef 
furio (1) madden, frenzy, infuriate 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 
haurio, ire, hausi, haustus drain, drink; 
destroy 


indomitus, a, um uncontrolled, ungovern¬ 
able 

inimicus, a, um hostile, unfriendly 
insuper in addition, above 
jacto (1) toss, buffet, ponder, blurt out* 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, forsake* 
nisi, ni unless, if not* 
offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatus present 
pre(he)ndo, ere, i, ensus seize, grasp 
prius sooner, before, first 
purus, a, um pure, bright, clean, clearf 
qualis, e (such) as, of what sort* 
quantus, a, um as great as, how great* 
quonam whither, where on earthf 
recedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart, retire, 
withdraw 

refulgeo, ere, lsi, lsus shine, gleam 
resisto, ere, stiti resist, oppose 
roseus, a, um rosy, red, pink 
soled, ere, itus sum be accustomed 
supero (1) overcome, surmount, survive* 
tam so (much), such* 
undique everywhere, from all sides* 


588. Talia (dicta). 

589-591. cum (mea) alma parens non 
ante tam clara (meis) oculis obtulit se 
mihi videndam. videndam: the gerun¬ 
dive expressing purpose, to be seen; App. 
268. alma parens Aeneae = Venus, con¬ 
fessa (se esse) deam. 

591-593. caelicolis: dat. with videri. 
qualis, quanta: the gods surpassed human 
beings in form and stature, dextra me 
prehensum continuit: grasped me by 
my right hand and held me back; Aeneas 
had already raised his sword to strike 
Helen. 

593-594. haec (dicta). Nate: voc. 


(tuas) iras. quis: the regular form of 
the interrog. adj. is qui; App. Ill, a. 

595. nostri: for me (and mine); obj. 
gen.; App. 284, 247, a. Venus thus iden¬ 
tifies herself with the family of Aeneas, 
tibi: ethical dat. or dat. of reference; 
App. 300, 301. 

596-597. Non = nonne. ubi: in what 
condition, ubi . . . liqueris, conjunxne 
superet: indir. questions; App. 349. 

598. Quos omnis circum = circum quos 
omnis; App. 414. 

599-600. ni resistat, (eos) tulerint, 
(eos) hauserit: condit. and conclusion 
contrary to fact; App. 382, c. 




BOOK II, 601-611 


127 


Non tibi Tyndaridis facies in visa Lacaenae 
culpatusve Paris, dlvum inclementia, dlvum, 
has evertit opes sternit^we a culmine Trojam. 

Aspice ( namque omnem, quae nunc obducta tuenti 

mortalis hebetat visus tibi et umida circum 605 

caligat, nubem eripiam; tu ne qua parentis 

jussa time neu praeceptis parere recusa): 

hie, ubi disjectas moles avulsague saxis 

saxa vides, mixto que undantem pulvere fumum, 

Neptunus muros maqnoque emota tridenti 6 io 

fundamenta quatit tdtamque a sedibus urbem 


a(d)spicio, ere, spexl, spectus see, look 
(at)* 

avello, ere, (vuls)I, vulsus tear from 
caligo, are, avi be dark, darkenf 
culmen, inis n. summit, top, peak, roof* 
culpo (1) blame, censure, reprove! 
disjicio, ere, jeci, jectus throw apart, 
scatter 

emoveo, ere, movi, motus remove, up¬ 
heave 

everto, ere, i, rsus (over)turn, destroy 
facies, elf. face, appearance, form* 
fumus, I m. smoke, vapor, fog, fume! 
fundamentum, i n. foundation, base 
hebeto (1) blunt, dull, dim, weakenf 
inclementia, ae /. cruelty, harshness! 
invisus, a, um hated, hateful, odious 
jussum, l n. command, order, behest 
Lacaenus, a, um Laconian, of Laconia 
(Sparta), a district of southern Greece, 
home of Helenf 

misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 
moles, is /. (huge) mass, structure, bur¬ 
den* 

mortalis, e mortal, human, earthly* 

601. tibi: ethical dat. or dat. of refer¬ 
ence. non Tyndaridis facies (has opes 
evertit). 

602. div(or)um, div(or)um: rhetorical 
repetition; App. 413; emphasizing that 
it is the vengeance of the gods, not Helen’s 
beauty, which is responsible for the de¬ 
struction of Troy. Juno and Minerva 
were vengeful toward Troy because of the 
adverse Judgment of Paris, while Nep¬ 
tune was angry at being cheated by 
Laomedon; see note on 1. 610. 

604. Aspice: imp. 

604-606. namque eripiam omnem nu¬ 
bem, quae nunc obducta hebetat mortalis 
visus tibi tuenti, et (eripiam omnem 
nubem quae) umida circum (te). tibi 
is dat. of reference with hebetat visus; 
App. 301. (quae) umida circum (te) 


murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 
Neptunus, i m. Neptune, god of the 

sea* 

neve, neu neither, nor, or not 
nubes, is /. cloud, fog, mist* 
obduco, ere, duxi, ductus draw overt 
ops, opis /. help, resources, power, wealth* 
pared, ere, ui, itus obey, yield (dat.) 
Paris, idis m. Trojan prince, eloped with 
Helen and thus caused the Trojan war 
praeceptum, i n. advice, instruction 
pulvis, eris m. dust 
quatio, ere, quassus shake, shatter! 
recuso (1) refuse, decline, object 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay low, strew, 
spread* 

timed, ere, ui fear, dread, be anxious* 
tridens, entis m. trident, symbol of 
Neptune 

tueor, eri, itus (tutus) watch, protect* 
Tyndaris, idis /. daughter of Tyndarus, 
Helen 

umidus, a, um moist, damp, dewy 

undo (1) swell, roll, wave! 

visus, us m. sight, view, aspect, vision 

caligat: which spreads a dark veil of mist 
around {you). 

606. parentis: use of the noun, in¬ 
stead of the personal pronoun, mei, for 
rhetorical effect. 

606-607. tu: emphatic; App. 247. ne 
time, neu recusa: the pres. imp. with 
ne is chiefly poetical; App. 256, a. prae¬ 
ceptis: dat. with special verb; App. 
297. 

609. mixto pulvere: abl. abs. 

610. Neptunus: Neptune and Apollo 
had built the walls of Troy for Laomedon, 
father of Priam. When the work was 
finished, Laomedon not only refused to 
pay the gods the price agreed upon, 
but expelled them from his kingdom. 
Neptune is now getting his revenge by 
destroying the walls he had built. 






128 THE AENEID, 612-628 

eruit. Hlc Juno Scaeas saevissima portas 
prlma tenet sociumgwe furens a navibus agmen 
ferro acclncta vocat. 

615 Jam summas arces Tritonia, respice, Pallas 

insedit limb 5 effulgens et Gorgone saeva. 

Ipse pater Danals animos vlrlsque secundas 
sufficit, ipse debs in Dardana suscitat arma. 
Eripe, note, fugam finemque impone labori. 

620 Nusquam abero et tutum patrio te limine sistamd 

Dlxerat et spissis noctis se condidit umbrls. 
Apparent dirae facies inimicague Trojae 
numina magna deum. 

Turn verb omne mihl visum considere in ignis 
625 Ilium et ex Imo verti Neptunia Troja; 

ac veluti summls antlquam in montibus ornum 
cum ferro accisam crebrisgwe bipennibus instant 
eruere agricolae certatim; ilia usque minatur 


absum, esse, afui be absent, be distant 
accido, ere, I, sus cut, hew! 
accingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus gird, equip 
agricola, ae m. farmer, rustic! 
appareo, ere, ui, itus appear 
bipennis, is /. double ax 
certatim in rivalry, zealously! 
condo, ere, didi, ditus establish, hide* 
consido, ere, sedi, sessus settle, sink* 
creber, bra, brum frequent, incessant* 
Dardanus, a, um Dardanian, Trojan! 
dirus, a, um dire, fearful, dreadful* 
effulgeo, ere, lsi flash, glitter, gleamf 
eruo, ere, ui, utus overthrow, tear up 
facies, ei /. face, form, appearance* 
Gorgo, onis /. Gorgon, a monster with 
serpent locks and the power of turning 
beholders into stone; the head of one of 
them, Medusa, was fixed on the Aegis, 
the serpent-fringed shield of Minervaf 
Ilium, (i)i n. Ilium, Troy 
impono, ere, posui, positus place (on) 

(dat .)* 

inimicus, a, um hostile, unfriendly 
insido, ere, sedi, sessus sit in (on), occupy 
insto, are, stiti press, urge (on) 

612-613. Juno prima (as leader , fore- 
most) furens. 

613. socium agmen (Danaorum). 

615. respice: imp. 

617. Ipse pater (Juppiter). 

618. in: against . 

619. Eripe: imp. (tuam) fugam, (tuo) 
labori. 

620. (in) limine patrio: at your father's 
threshold , on your father's doorstep . 


limbus, i m. border, hem, fringef 
minor, .ari, atus threaten, menace; tower 
Neptunius, a, um of Neptune, god of the 

seat 

nusquam nowhere, never 
ornus, i /. ash (tree) f 
Pallas, adis /. Minerva, goddess of wis¬ 
dom and the arts 

porta, ae /. gate, entrance, exit, portal* 
respicio, ere, spexi, spectus lookback (at)* 
saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* 
Scaeus, a, um Scaean, name of chief 
gate at Troyf 

secundus, a, um favorable, prosperous, 
second* 

sisto, ere, steti, status stand, set(tle), stop 

socius, a, um allied, associated, friendly 

spissus, a, um thick, dense, crowded! 

sufficio, ere, feci, fectus supply, suffuse 

suscito (1) arouse, stir up, excitef 

Tritonius, a, um Tritonian 

tutus, a, um safe, secure, protected* 

usque continuously, constantly! 

velut(i) as, just as* 

vero truly, indeed, but 

verto, ere, i, rsus (over)turn, change* 

622. dirae facies (deorum) : made 
visible to Aeneas by his mother’s magic 
power, 11. 604-606. 

623. de(or)um. 

624. visum (est) considere in ignis: 
seemed to sink into flames. 

625. Neptunia Troja: because, ac¬ 
cording to the myth, Neptune had built 
the walls of Troy. See the note on 1. 610. 

626-628. ac veluti cum agricolae in 




BOOK II, 629-642 


129 


et tremefacta comam concusso vertice nutat, 

vulneribus donee paulatim evicta supremum 630 

congemuit traxitque jugis avulsa rulnam. 

Descends ac ducente ded flammam inter et hostis 
expedior: dant tela locum flammaeque recedunt. 

Atque ubi jam patriae perventum ad llmina sedis 
antiquasque domos, genitor, quern tollere in altos 635 

optabam primum montis prlmumque petebam, 
abnegat excisa vitam producere Troja 
exsiliumg'we patl. ‘Vos 0 , quibus integer aevi 
sanguis,’’ ait, ‘solidae^ue sub stant robore vires, 
vos agitate fugam. 640 

Me si caelicolae voluissent diicere vitam, 
has mihi servassent sedes. Satis una superque 


abnego (1) deny, refuse, say no (not)f 
aevum, l n. age, life, time, eternity 
agito (1) pursue, drive, buffet, hasten 
avello, ere, (vuls)i, vulsus tear from 
caelicola, ae m. (/.) divinity, deity 
coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses, foliage* 
concutio, ere, cussi, cussus shakef 
congemo, ere, ui groan, moan, sight 
descends, ere, i, ensus descendf 
donee until, while, as long as 
evinco, ere, vici, victus overcome 
excido, ere, I, sus cut off, destroy 
expedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus extricate, bring 
out, prepare 

exsilium, (i)i n. exile, place of exilef 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 


integer, gra, grum whole, soundf 
jugum, i n. yoke, (mountain) ridge* 
nuto (1) nod, totter, swayf 
opto (1) wish, desire, choose, select* 
patior, i, passus suffer, endure; permit* 
paulatim gradually, little by little 
pervenio, ire, veni, ventus arrive 
produco, ere, duxi, ductus prolongf 
recedo, ere, cessi, cessus withdraw 
robur, oris n. oak, strength* 
ruina, ae /. ruin, downfall, collapse 
sat(is) enough, sufficient(ly) * 
solidus, a, um solid, firm, staunchf 
tremefactus, a, um trembling, quivering 
vertex, icis m. summit, top, head* 
vulnus, eris w. wound, deadly blow* 


summis montibus certatim antiquam 
ornum eruere instant: a simile; App. 
441. ilia (ornus) minatur: it threatens 
(to fall). 

629. comam: acc. of respect with 
tremefacta; App. 311. vertice: abl. of 

means; the tree nods (with) its head. 

630. supremum: substantively; has 
groaned its last. 

631. traxit ruinam: falls with a crash, 
dragging down other objects with it. (a) 
jugis (montis) avulsa. 

632. Descendo (ex arce). ducente deo 
(Venere): abl. abs.; App. 343. deo: 
feminine here, referring to Venus, inter 
flammam et hostis. 

633. expedior: middle = me expedio; 
App. 309. dant (mihi) locum: give way 
before me. 

634-704. Anchises at first refuses to 
survive the destruction of the city, but 


is finally induced by a double portent of 
the gods to flee with Aeneas. 

634. perventum (est mihi) = perveni: 

with the emphasis upon the action rather 
than the actor. 

635. tollere: Anchises had been lamed 
by lightning and could not walk; see note 
on 11. 648-649. 

635-636. altos montis. 

636. primum, primum: rhetorical repe¬ 
tition; App. 413. 

637. excisa Troja: abl. abs. 

638. Vos: emphatically contrasted 
with me in 1. 641; App. 247. quibus: dat. 
of possession; App. 299. aevi: gen. with 
integer; App. 287. 

639. sanguis (est). robore: abl. of 

means. 

640. vos: emphatic; App. 247, 413. 
641-642. si voluissent, serva(vi)ssent: 

condit. contrary to fact; App. 382. satis 




130 THE AENEID, 643-652 

vidimus excidia et captae superavimus urbi. 

Sic 0 sic positum adfati discedite corpus. 

645 Ipse manu mortem inveniam; miserebitur hostis 

exuviasgwe petet. Facilis jactura sepulcri. 

Jam prldem invisus divis et inutilis annos 
demoror, ex quo me divum pater atque hominum rex 
fulminis adflavit ventis et contigit igni.’ 

650 Talia perstabat memorans fixusgwe manebat. 

Nos contra effusi lacrimis conjunxque Creusa 
Ascaniusgue omnisque domus, ne vertere secum 


adflo (1) breathe upon, blow upon (dci.) 
adfor, fan, fatus address, accost* 
annus, I m. year, season* 

Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 
contingo, ere, tigl, tactus touch, reach* 
contra on the other side* 

Creusa, ae /. wife of Aeneas, left behind 
at the sack of Troy 

demoror, arl, atus delay, hinder, pro¬ 
long t 

discedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart, with¬ 
draw 

effundo, ere, fudl, fusus pour out* 
excidium, (i)i n. destruction, downfall 
exuviae, arum /. spoils, plunder, booty 
facilis, e easy, endurable, favorable 


figo, ere, xl, xus fix, fasten, imprint* 
fulmen, inis n. thunderbolt, lightning* 
homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human* 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
inutilis, e useless, futile, valueless 
invenio, ire, veni, ventus find, come uponf 
invisus, a, um hateful, hated, odious 
jactura, ae /. throwing away, lossf 
memoro (1) recount, (re)call, say* 
misereor, eri, itus pity, commiserate 
(gen,)* 

persto, are, stiti, status persist, continue! 
pridem long since, long ago, for some time 
sepulcrum, i n, tomb, burial 
supero (1) surmount, survive (dat.)* 
verto, ere, i, rsus (over)turn, change* 


una superque: enough and more (than 
enough) have I seen one destruction and 
have survived one capture of the city. 
Anchises refers to a previous capture of 
Troy by Hercules, who had been prom¬ 
ised the hand of the Princess Hesione 
in marriage. When her father, King 
Laomedon, broke the promise, Hercules 
captured and sacked the city. 

643. urbi: dat. with compound (su¬ 
peravimus = superfuimus); App. 298. 

644. adfati (meum) corpus: refers to 
the custom of calling “ vale ” thrice to the 
dead before the body was buried or 
burned, positum: laid out , ponere being 
the technical expression for laying out a 
corpse. Anchises thus bids them to 
treat him as already dead. Probably he 
stretches himself out on a couch as though 
dead to add vividness to his appeal. 

645. manu mortem inveniam: allit¬ 
eration; App 411. manu: I shall die 
fighting (manu), i.e., by provoking the 
enemy to kill me; or manu may hint at 
suicide. Cf. 1. 434, ut caderem meruisse 
manu. miserebitur hostis: or an enemy 
through pity (said ironically) will be 
willing to kill me. 


646. Facilis (est) jactura sepulcri: 

said with the greatest bitterness and the 
resignation of despair, since the loss of 
ceremonial burial was counted one of the 
most grievous of calamities; see notes on 
I, 95, 353. 

647-648. Jam pridem demoror annos: 

too long have I delayed the years (which wish 
to bear me to death); App. 351, 1, b. 
ex (eo tempore) quo: since the time when. 

div(or)um pater atque hominum rex = 
Juppiter. Anchises had foolishly boasted 
of the love of Venus and had been lamed 
by a stroke of lightning for his impiety. 

649. adflavit (mihi). ventis, igni: 
ablatives of means; some ancient philos¬ 
ophers thought that lightning was 
driven by swift gusts of wind. 

650. Talia (dicta). 

651. Nos: emphatic contrast; App. 
247. effusi (sumus) lacrimis: we were 
dissolved in tears, lacrimis is abl. of 
manner or means. 

651- 653. -que . . . -que . . . -que: both 
. . . and . . . and. 

652- 653. ne . . . vellet: subst. clause 
developed from the vol., dependent on 
the idea of entreaty implied in effusi 




BOOK II, 653-666 


131 


cuncta pater fatoque urgent! incumbere vellet. 

Abnegat inceptogue et sedibus haeret in isdem. 

Rursus in arma feror mortemque miserrimus opto. • 655 
Nam quod consilium aut quae jam fortuna dabatur? 

‘Mene efferre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto 

sperast! tantumque nefas patrio excidit ore f 

Si nihil ex tanta superis placet urbe relinqui, 

et sedet hoc animo perituraegwe addere Trojae 6eo 

teque tuosque juvat: patet ist! janua leto, 

jamque aderit multo Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, 

natum ante bra patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras. 

Hoc erat, alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignis 

eripis, ut mediis hostem in penetralibus utque 665 

Ascanium patremque meum juxtagwe Creusam 


abnego (1) deny, refuse, say no (not) 
addo, ere, didl, ditus add* 
almus, a, um kind(ly), nurturing 
Ascanius, (i)i m. lulus, son of Aeneas* 
consilium, (i)i n. plan, advice; council 
Creusa, ae /. wife of Aeneas, left behind 
at the sack of Troy 

effero, ferre, extuli, elatus bear forth, 
lift* 

excido, ere, i fall (from), perish 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus hang, cling 
(to)* 

hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
inceptum, i n. beginning, plan, attempt 

incumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus lean on 
( dat .) 

iste, ta, tud that (of yours)* 
janua, ae /. door, doorway, entrance 


juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
juxta next, near(by), at the same time* 
letum, i n. death, destruction, ruin* 
nefas n. indecl. crime, impiety, sin* 
nihil, nil nothing, not at all 
obtrunco (1) slay, slaughter, butcher, 
killf 

opto (1) wish, desire, choose, select* 
pateo, ere, ui lie open, extend 
penetralia, ium n. sanctuary, chamber 
pereo, ire, ii (ivi), itus perish, die 
placeo, ere, ui, itus please ( dat.) 

Pyrrhus, i m. Neoptolemus, son of 
Achilles 

rursus, um again, anew, backward* 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit, be fixed* 
spero (1) hope (for), expect, suppose* 
urgeo, ere, ursi press, urge, incite 


(sumus). secum = cum se; App. 321, a. 
vertere secum cuncta: because the rest 
of the family would remain with him, un¬ 
less Anchises were willing to go. fato: 
dat. with compound; App. 298. incum¬ 
bere: to lean on (add his weight to) our 
overwhelming fate. 

654. (in eodem) incepto et sedibus 
haeret in isdem: he remains fixed in his 
purpose and his place. One word thus 
governing two or more others in a 
different sense is an example of what is 
called zeugma. Compare Dickens, who 
says of a lady that she departed “in a 
flood of tears and a sedan chair,” and 
see App. 447. 

657-658. spera(vi) stine, genitor, me 
posse efferre pedem. te relicto: abl. abs. 

659. superis: dat. with special verb; 
App. 297. nihil: subj. of relinqui. 


660. hoc = hocc: subject of sedet, and 
explained by the following clause; App. 
107, 3, c. (tuo) animo: abl. of place 
where. 

661. teque tuosque: objects of addere. 
et si (te) juvat. 

662. jam: in a moment, immediately. 

663. patris, patrem: with varying 
quantity of the first syllable, since it is 
composed of a short vowel followed by a 
mute and a liquid, making the syllable 
common, i.e., either long or short, ac¬ 
cording to whether it is read pa-tris or 
pat-ris, pa-trem or pat-rem; App. 11, 17, 
18. (qui obtruncat) natum, (qui) patrem 
obtruncat: the pres, ind., “Pyrrhus is 
accustomed to slaughter”; App. 351, 1. 

664-665. Hoc: pronounce hocc, mak¬ 
ing a long syllable; App. 107, 3, c. Hoc 
erat quod me eripis: was it for this that 




132 THE AENEID, 667-682 

alterum in alterius mactatos sanguine cernam? 
Arma, viri, ferte arma; vocat lux ultima victos. 
Reddite me Danais; sinite instaurata revisam 
670 proelia. Numquam omnes hodie moriemur multi.’ 

Hinc ferro accingor rursus clipeogite sinistram 
insertabam aptans meque extra tecta ferebam. 

Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine conjunx 
haerebat, parvumgue patri tendebat Iulum: 

675 ‘Si periturus abis, et nos rape in omnia tecum; 

sin aliquam expertus sumptis spem ponis in armis , 
hanc primum tutare domum. Cui parvus lulus, 
cui pater et conjunx quondam tua dicta relinquorf ’ 
Talia vociferans gemitu tectum omne replebat, 
680 cum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum. 

Namque manus inter maestorumgwe ora parentum 
ecce levis summo de vertice visus lull 


abed, ire, il (Ivi), itus depart* 
accingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus gird, equip 
aliquis, qua, quid some, any* 
alter, era, erum the other (of two), 
one (of two)* 

apto (1) fit (on, out), equip, furnish 
autem however, but, moreover* 
clipeus, i m. shield, buckler* 
complector, I, plexus embrace, enfold 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
experior, Iri, pertus try, test 
extra outside, beyond (acc.)t 
gemitus, us m. groan, roar, lament* 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus hang, cling (to) * 
hodie today, this day, nowf 
inserto (1) insert, thrust intof 
instauro (1) renew, refresh, repeat 
inultus, a, um unavengedf 
lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
levis, e light, slight, flickering 
mactd (1) sacrifice, slaughter; honor 
maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 
mirabilis, e wonderful, marvelous 


monstrum, i n. omen, prodigy, monster* 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 
numquam never, at no time, notf 
orior, iri, ortus (a) rise, spring up 
parvus, a, um small, little* 
pereo, ire, ii (ivi), itus perish, die 
proelium, (i)i n. battle, fray, combat 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch, drag* 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus return, give 
back* 

repleo, ere, evi, etus fillf 
reviso, ere see again, revisit 
rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
sin but if 

sinistra, ae /. left hand 
sino, ere, sivi, situs permit, allow* 
spes, spei /. hope, expectation* 
subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected 
sumo, ere, mpsi, mptus take (up) 
tutor, ari, atus protect, guardf 
ultimus, a, um last, final, farthest* 
vertex, icis m. summit, head, peak* 
vociferor, ari, atus scream, shoutf 


you save(d) mef alma parens = Venus, 
ut, ut: rhetorical repetition, indicating 
excitement; App. 413. 

667. alterum in alterius mactatos: 
slaughtered , one in the blood of the other. 
ut . . . cernam: clause of purpose in appo¬ 
sition with hoc; App. 359. 

668. lux = dies or lux (vitae)* 

669. instaurata = instaurem et. (ut) re¬ 
visam: a subst. vol. clause used as obj. 
of sinite; App. 360. 

671. ferro accingor: middle; I gird 
( myself) with my sword; App. 309. 


674. patri = mihi: but thus used here 
to emphasize the paternal relation. 

675. et: also, tecum = cum te: App. 
321, a. 

677. tutare: imp. lulus (relinquitur). 

678. (tuus) pater (relinquitur). dicta 
( = vocata): in agreement with ego 
understood subj. of relinquor. 

679. Talia (dicta). 

680. dictix: supine; abl. of respect 
with mirabile; App. 271, 325. 

681. inter manus et ora. 

682-684. levis apex (flammae) visus 




BOOK II, 683-696 


133 


fundere lumen apex, tactugwe innoxia mollis 
lambere flamma comas et circum tempora pasci. 

Nos pavidi trepidare metu crlnemgue flagrantem 685 

excutere et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignis. 

At pater Anchlses oculos ad sldera laetus 
extulit et caeld palmas cum voce tetendit: 

1 Juppiter omnipotens, precibus si flecteris ullls, 

aspice nos, hoc tantum, et si pietate meremur, 690 

da deinde augurium, pater, atque haec omina firma.’ 

Vix ea fatus erat senior, subitogwe fragore 
intonuit laevum, et de caeld lapsa per umbras 
stella facem ducens multa cum luce cucurrit. 

Illam summa super labentem culmina tectl 695 

cernimus Idaea claram se condere silva 


apex, apicis m. point, spike, tongue! 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexl, spectus behold, look 
(at)* 

augurium, (i)I n. omen, augury 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses* 
condo, ere, did!, ditus establish; hide* 
crinis, is m. hair, locks, tresses* 
culmen, inis n. summit, top, peak, roof* 
curro, ere, cucurri, cursus run, speed 
deinde then, thereupon, next* 
effero, ferre, extuli, elatus lift, carry off* 
excutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake off, 
shake out* 

fax, facis /. torch, blaze, firebrand* 
firmo (1) confirm, strengthen, ratify! 
flagro (1) blaze, burn, glow 
flecto, ere, fiexl, flexus bend, turn 
fons, fontis m. fountain, water 
fragor, oris m. crash, thunder, roar 
Idaeus, a, um of Ida, a high mountain 
near Troyf 

innoxius, a, um harmless, innocent! 


intono, are, ui thunder, roar 
laevus, a, um left (hand), on the left* 
lambo, ere lick, lap 
mereor, eri, itus deserve, merit, earn 
metus, us m. fear, fright, anxiety* 
mollis, e soft, gentle, delicate, mild 
omen, inis n. omen, prodigy, portent 
omnipotens, entis almighty, omnipotent 
palma, ae /. palm, hand* 
pascor, i, pastus feed (on), graze 
pavidus, a, um frightened, timid 
pietas, atis /. piety, devotion, loyalty, 
sense of duty, righteousness, nobility* 
prex, precis /. prayer, entreaty!* 
restinguo, ere, inxi, metus extinguish! 
sanctus, a, um holy, sacred, revered* 
senior, oris m. old (aged) man, sire 
stella, ae /. star, meteor! 
subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected 
tactus, us m. touch! 
tantum only (so much) 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
trepido (1) tremble, hurry excitedly! 


(est) fundere lumen, flammaque, innoxia 
tactu, (visa est) lambere mollis comas, 
fundere lumen apex: supposed by those 
versed in omens to presage future royal 
power, the subject of such a divine demon¬ 
stration becoming the light of his people. 
According to the tradition, Servius Tullius, 
one of the legendary kings of early Rome, 
had a similar experience as a child, tactu: 
abl. of respect, “ doing no harm by touch¬ 
ing”; App. 325. 

685-686. Nos: emphatic; App. 247. 
trepidare, excutere, restinguere: histor¬ 
ical infinitives, with a conative mean¬ 
ing for the last two, we tried to; App. 
257; 351, 1, c. 


686. sanctos: because of their divine 
origin. fontibus = aquis: water; me¬ 
tonymy; App. 433, 243. 

688. caelo = ad caelum: dat. of direc¬ 
tion; App. 306. 

690. hoc tantum (quaero): only so 

much (do I ask). 

690-691. a(d)spice, da, firma: impera¬ 
tives. The Romans often asked for a 
second omen to confirm the first. 

692. senior: as in 11. 509, 544. 

693. intonuit laevum: it thundered on 
the left , which was considered a good omen, 
laevum: best taken as an adverbial acc.; 
App. 93, 94, 310. 

694. stella: a meteor, facem ducens: 





134 


THE AENEID, 697-711 


signantemgwe vias; turn longo limite sulcus 
dat lucem et late circum loca sulphure fumant. 

Hie vero victus genitor se tollit ad auras 
700 adfaturgue deds et sanctum sldus adorat. 

‘ Jam jam nulla mora est; sequor et qua ducitis adsum, 
dl patrii; senate domum, senate nepotem. 

Vestrum hoc augurium, vest rogue in numine Troja est. 
Cedo equidem nec, ndte, tibi comes ire recusS. ’ 

705 Dixerat ille, et jam per moenia clarior ignis 
auditor, propiusgue aestus incendia volvunt. 

‘Ergo age, care pater, cervici imponere nostrae; 
ipse subibo umeris nec me labor iste gravabit; 
quo res cumque cadent, unum et commune perlclum, 
7 io una salus ambobus erit. Mihi parvus lulus 
sit comes, et longe servet vestigia conjiinx. 


adfor, fan, fatus address, accost* 
adoro (1) entreat, worship, honor 
aestus, us m. flood, tide, surge; heat 
ambo, ae, 6 both 
augurium, (i)I n. omen, augury 
cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
earns, a, um dear, beloved, fond* 
cedo, ere, cessl, cessus yield, cease; got* 
cervix, Ids /. neck 

clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
communis, e common, mutual, general 
cumque see quo . . . cumquef 
equidem indeed, truly* 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
fumo (1) smoke, reek, fumef 
gravo (1) burden, load, oppresst 
impono, ere, posul, positus place (on) ( dat .)* 
incendium, (i) I n. flame, conflagration 
iste, ta, tud that (of yours) * 
lulus, I m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 


late widely, far and wide 
limes, itis m. path, boundary, trailf 
longe far (away), (from) afar* 
mora, ae /. delay, hesitation, hindrance* 
nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 
parvus, a, um small, little* 
perlc(u)lum, I n. danger, peril, risk 
prope near; compar. propius nearer* 
qua where (by), in any (some) way 
quo . . . cumque (quocumque) whereso¬ 
ever, whithersoeverf 
recuso (1) refuse, decline, object 
salus, utis /. safety, deliverance, health 
sanctus, a, um holy, sacred, revered* 
signo (1) mark (out), indicate 
sulcus, I m. furrow, trench, track 
sulphur, uris n. sulphur, brimstonef 
vero truly, indeed, but 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
vestigium, (i)I n. step, track, tracef* 


making a trail of light by “drawing a 
torch” across the sky. 

697. (nostras) vias: indicating that 
they should flee to the forests of Mt. Ida 
for protection, longo limite: long drawn; 
abl. of quality; App. 330. 

698. circum: adv. 

699. se tollit ad auras: arises (from his 
couch). 

702. domum: family , household; me¬ 
tonymy; App. 433. (meum) nepotem = 
Ascanium. 

703. Vestrum (est), vestro: rhetorical 
repetition; App. 413. Troja: Anchises 
considered that all that remained of Troy 
was this one family. 

705-745. Aeneas places his aged 
father, Anchises, on his shoulders, and 


thus bearing him and the images of the 
gods, he flees, accompanied by his young 
son, Ascanius, and his wife, Creiisa, but 
loses Creiisa on the way. 

706. aestus: acc. plural. 

707. imponere: imp. middle, place 
yourself; App. 309. cervici: on my 
shoulders; dat. with compound; App. 298. 

708. (te) subibo. umeris: abl. of 

means. 

709. quo . . . cumque: separated by 
tmesis; App. 445. perlc(u)lum (erit). 

710. (nobis) ambobus. Mihi: dat. 
of possession or reference; App. 299, 
301. 

711. sit, servet: volitive subjunctives; 
App. 254. (mea) vestigia: i.e., let 
Creiisa follow. 




Art Extension Society , New York Baroccio 

The Fall of Troy 

Aeneas is carrying his father, Anchises. Little lulus is at the left and Creiisa, his wife, is following him. 











Roman Ladies at the Tombs of Their Ancestors 








BOOK II, 712-725 


135 


Vos, famuli, quae dicam animis advertite vestris. 

Est urbe egressis tumulus templumgwe vetustum 
desertae Cereris, juxtague antiqua cupressus 
relligione patrum multos servata per annos. 715 

Hanc ex dlverso sedem veniemus in unam. 

Tu, genitor, cape sacra manu patriosque penatis; 

me hello e tanto digressum et caede recentl 

attrectare nefas, donee me flumine vivo 

abluero/ 72 o 

Haec fdtus latos umeros subjectagwe colla 

veste super fulvigue Insternor pelle leonis, 

succedogue onerl; dextrae se parvus lulus 

implicuit sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis; 

pone subit conjunx. Ferimur per opaca locorum, 725 


abluo, ere, i, utus wash, purify! 
adverto, ere, i, rsus turn toward, re¬ 
gard! 

aequus, a, um equal, even, just 
annus, i m. year, season* 
attrecto (1) handle, touch! 
caedes, is /. slaughter, blood(shed), mur¬ 
der 

Ceres, eris /. (goddess of) grain 
collum, i n. neck* 
cupressus, i /. cypress! 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
digredior, i, gressus (de)part, go awayf 
diversus, a, um different, various* 
donee until, as long as, while 
egredior, i, gressus go forth, depart 
famulus, i m. servant, attendant 
flumen, inis n. river, stream, flood* 
fulvus, a, um yellow, tawny, blond 
implied, are, avi (ui), atus (itus) enfold, 
wind, twine, cling ( dat .) 
insterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay on, cover, 
spread, strewf 


lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
juxta next, near (by), close, nigh* 
latus, a, um broad, wide, spacious* 
led, onis m. lionf 

nefas n. indecl. guilt, impiety, wrong* 
onus, eris n. burden, load, weight 
opacus, a, um dark, obscure, gloomyf 
parvus, a, um small, little* 
passus, us m. step, pace, gait, stride! 
pellis, is /. hide, skin, pelt! 
penates, ium m. household gods* 
pone behind, from behind 
recens, entis recent, fresh, new, late 
re(l)ligio, onis /. religion, sanctity 
subjicio, ere, jeci, jectus place under 
succedo, ere, cessi, cessus go under, 
approach {dat.) 

templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
tumulus, i m. mound, hill!* 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
vestis, is /. cloth(ing), garment, robe* 
vetustus, a, um old, ancient, former! 
vlvus, a, um living, alive; running 


712. (ea) quae dicam: what I shall 
say; dicam is fut. indie. 

713-714. (ex) urbe. (illis) egressis: 
dat. of reference; App. 301. templum 
desertae Cereris: hypallage for desertum 
templum Cereris; App. 426. cupressus 
(est). 

715. re(l)ligione: abl. of cause; App. 
332; an example of tree worship, one 
of the more primitive forms of reli¬ 
gion. 

716. in hanc unam sedem. ex dlverso: 

from different {directions ); they were not 
to go together, because so large a group 
would be sure to attract the attention of 
the Greeks. 


717. Tu: emphatically contrasted with 
me; App. 247. 

718-719. nefas (est) me, digressum e 
tanto bello et caede recenti, attrectare 
(sacra patriosque penatis). flumine vivo: 

running water was supposed to be es¬ 
pecially pure and was much used in 
religious ceremonies. 

721. umeros, colla: objects of inster¬ 
nor, used as a middle; I cover my shoulders 
and neck; App. 309. 

722. veste, pelle: ablatives of means, 
super: adv. 

723. oneri: dat. with compound; App. 
298. dextrae: dat. with compound. 

725. opaca locorum = opaca loca. 





136 


THE AENEID, 726-741 


et me, quem dudum non ulla injecta movebant 
tela neque ad verso glomeratl ex agmine Graji, 
nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis 
suspensum et pariter comitique oner! que timentem. 

730 Jamque propinquabam portis omnemque videbar 

evasisse viam, subito cum creber ad aurls 
visus adesse pedum sonitus, genitorque per umbram 
prospiciens ‘nate’ exclamat ‘fuge, note; propinquant. 
Ardentls clipeos atque aera micantia cerno.’ 

735 Hlc mihi nescio quod trepidd male numen amicum 

confusam eripuit mentem.' Namque avia cursu 
dum sequor et nota excedo regione viarum, 
heu mis^olmnjddix fathne erepta Creusa 
substitit, erravitne via seu lassa resedit, 

740 incertum; nec / post oculls est reddita nostris. 

Nec prius amissam respexi animumve reflexl 


adversus, a, um opposing, facing* 
aes, aeris n. bronze* 
amicus, a, um friendly, kind(ly)* 
amitto, ere, misi, missus let go, lose* 
auris, is /. ear* 

avius, a, um pathless, remotef 
clipeus, i m. shield, buckler* 
confundo, ere, fudi, fusus confusef 
creber, bra, brum frequent, numerous* 
Creusa, ae /. wife of Aeneas, left behind 
at the sack of Troy 
dudum for a long time, long sincef 
evado, ere, si, sus traverse, escape 
excedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart 
excito (1) arouse, startle, stir (up) 
exclamo (1) cry out, shout, exclaim 
glomero (1) roll together, assemble 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 
incertus, a, um uncertain, doubtful 
injicio, ere, jeci, jectus cast on 
lassus, a, um tired, weary, worn (out)f 
male badly, poorly, not 
mico,^ are, ui flash, glitter, vibrate, dart 
nescib, ire, ivi (ii) not know, know not 


726-729. omnes aurae me suspensum 
et timentem terrent. Graji: pronounce 
Grajji, making the first syllable long by 
position; App. 6, b. comiti: Ascanio. 
oneri: Anchisae. 

730. portis: dat. with special verb; 
App. 297. 

732. visus (est): seemed . 

733. (Danai) propinquant. 

734. aera = tela. 

735. mihi trepido: dat. of separation; 
App. 305. nescio: with the final o irreg¬ 
ularly short; nescio quod numen: I don't 


notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
onus, eris n. burden, load, weight 
pariter equally, side by side* 
porta, ae /. gate, entrance, exit, portal* 
post behind, after (acc.); afterward* 
prius sooner, before, formerly 
propinquo (1) draw near, approach {dat.) f 
prospicio, ere, spexi, spectus look forth 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus return, give back, 

render* 

reflecto, ere, flexi, flexus turn backf 

regio, onis /. region, district 

resido, ere, sedi sit down 

respicio, ere, spexi, spectus look back 

(at, for)* 

sive, seu or (if), whether 
sonitus, us m. sound, crash, roar, noise* 
sonus, i m. sound, noise, roar, 
subito suddenly, unexpectedly* 
subsisto, ere, stiti halt, stop, withstand 
suspensus, a, um doubtful, anxious 
terreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
timeo, ere, ui fear, dread, be anxious* 
trepidus, a, um agitated, alarmed 

know what divinity = some divinity or 
other . male amicum = inimicum: un¬ 
friendly, hostile; litotes; App. 431. 

736. avia(loca): out-of-the-way section. 

738-740. heu, conjunxne Creusa, 
erepta misero fato, substitit, erravitne 
(ex) via, seu lassa resedit, (est) incer¬ 
tum: snatched away , alas! by an unhappy 
fate , did my wife Creusa halt? etc. (mihi) 
misero: dat. of separation; App. 305. -ne 
. . . -ne, seu: whether ... or, or; the three 
clauses depend loosely on incertum (est). 

741. Nec (earn = Creusam) amissam 





BOOK II, 742-755 


137 


quam tumulum antlquae Cereris sedemque sacratam 
venimus: hie demum collectis omnibus una 
defuit, et comites natumque virumque fefellit. 

Quern non incusavi aniens horninumr/ue deorumque, 
aut quid in ji versa vzdi cHidelius urbef 
Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque pepatis - 
commendo sociis et curva valle rectfrltTo; Al 
ipse urbem repeto et cingor fulgentibus aruus.^ 

Stat casus rdboVare omnis omnemquc revertl 
r Trojam et rurtus caput obfectar^perlcS^y 
obscuragwe limma'mHpe, ^. 
nleram, repeto et Ve'srrgTa retro) 


745 


per 

PrincipiS muros 

qua gressum extuleram, __ 0 _ 

obsbrVata sequor per noctem et lumine lustro: 
horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent. 


750 


755 


amens, entis mad, insane, distracted 
Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 

Ceres, eris /. (goddess of) grain 
cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus gird, encircle* 
colligo, ere, legi, lectus collect, gather 
commendo (1) intrust, commit 
crudelis, e cruel, harsh, bloody* 
curvus, a, um curved, winding, bent* 
demum at length, finally 
desum, esse, ful be absent, lackf 
effero, ferre, extuli, elatus carry forth, 
raise, lift* 

everto, ere, I, rsus overturn, destroy 
fallo, ere, fefelll, falsus deceive, baffle, 
elude, escape the notice of* 
fulg(e)o, ere, lsi gleam, flash, glitterf 
gressus, us ?n. step, course, gait 
homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human* 
horror, oris m. horror, terror, shudder(ing) 
incuso (1) accuse, blame, chide 
lustro (1) survey; traverse; purify* 
murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 

respexi animumve reflexl: nor did I look 
back for her lost as she was or cast a thought 
behind . In the excitement and confusion, 
Aeneas forgets to look back for his wife 
or even to think of her. Thus he loses 
her. It may be noted here that it is 
essential to the plot that Aeneas should 
be without a wife both at Carthage and 
when he finally arrives in Latium. 

742. (ad) tumulum, (ad) sedem. 

743. collectis omnibus: abl. abs. 

745. Quern hominumque deorumque: 

partitive genitives; App. 286. deorum¬ 
que: the final e is elided before the initial 
diphthong of the next verse, making 1. 
745 hypermetric; App. 402. 

746-794. Aeneas returns to search for 


objecto (1) throw to, exposef 

obscurus, a, um dark, obscure, gloomy* 

observo (1) observe, watch, notef 

penates, ium ra. household gods* 

peric(u)lum, i n. danger, peril, risk 

porta, ae /. gate, entrance, exit, portal* 

principio first(ly), at firstf 

qua where(by), in any (some) way 

quam than, how, as* 

recondo, ere, didi, ditus establish; hide 

renovo (1) renew, revive 

repeto, ere, ivi (ii), itus seek again 

retro back(ward), again 

revertor, I, rsus return, turn backf 

rursus, um again, anew, back(ward) * 

sacro (1) consecrate, dedicate, hallow* 

silentium, (i)i n. silence, stillness, quiet 

terreo, ere, ul, itus frighten, terrify 

tumulus, i m. hill, mound* 

ubique everywhere, anywhere 

vallis, is /. valley, vale, dale 

vestigium, (i)i n. step, track, trace* 

Creiisa, but is met by her ghost, who in¬ 
forms him of her death and urges him to 
hasten his flight from Troy. 

748. (in) curva valle. 

749. urbem repeto et cingor armis: for 

the hysteron proteron, see the note on 
I, 69; App. 429. cingor: middle = me 
cingo; App. 309. 

750. Stat (mihi sententia) : I am 

determined . 

751. (meum) caput = vitam. 

752. Principio: correlative with inde, 
in 1. 756. 

754. lumine = oculo: used here for the 
sake of the alliteration or for metrical 
reasons, or both. 

755. horror (est meo) animo. 








138 


THE AENEID, 756-772 


Inde domum, si forte pedem, si forte tulisset, 
me refero: inruerant Dan'll et tectum omne tenebant. 
Ilicet ignis edax summa ad fastigia vento 
volvitur; exsuperant flammae, furit aestus ad auras. 
760 Procedo et Priami sedes arcemque reviso: 

et jam porticibus-vacuis Junonis asylo 
custodes lecti Phoenix et dims Ulixes 
praedam adservabant. Hue undique Troia gaza 
incensis erepta adytis, mensaegwe deorum 
765 crateresgwe auro solid!, captivague vestis 

congeritur. Puerl et pavidae longo ordine matres 
stant circum. 

Ausus quin etiam voces jactare per urnbram 
implevi clambre vids, maestusgue Creusam 
770 nequiquam ingeminans iterumgwe iterumgwe vocavl. 

Quaerentl et tectis urbis sine fine ruenti 
infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creusae 


adservo (1) guard, watch! 
adytum, i n. inner shrine, sanctuary 
aestus, us m. flood, tide, surge; heat 
asylum, I n. refuge, sanctuary! 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
captivus, a, um captive, capturedf 
congero, ere, gessi, gestus heap upt 
crater, eris m. mixing bowl 
Creusa, ae /. wife of Aeneas, left behind 
at the sack of Troy 

custos, odis m. (/.) guard(ian), keeper* 
dirus, a, um dire, terrible, cursed* 
edax, acis devouring, eating, consuming! 
etiam even, also, besides, yet, still* 
exsupero (1) surmount, mount (high)! 
fastigium, (i)i n. top, roof, summit 
gaza, ae /. wealth, treasure 
ilicet immediately, at once 
impleo, ere, evi, etus fill, satisfy* 
incendo, ere, T, ensus burn, kindle* 
inde thence, thereupon* 
ingemino (1) redouble, repeat, increase 
inruo, ere, ui rush in 


iterum again, anew, a second time!* 
jacto (1) hurl, toss, fling; utter* 
lego, ere, leg!, lectus choose, collect* 
maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 
mensa, ae /. table* 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
ordo, inis m. order, array, row* 
pavidus, a, um terrified, fearful 
Phoenix, icis m. Greek leader! 
porticus, us /. colonnade, portico 
praeda, ae /. booty, spoils, prey 
procedo, ere, cessi, cessus advance! 
quin nay even, (but) that* 
reviso, ere see again, revisit 
simulacrum, i n. image, phantom, likeness 
sine without ( abl .)* 
solidus, a, um solid, firm, massive 
Troius, a, um Trojan* 

Ulixes, is (ei, i) m. Ulysses, a wily Greek 
leader* 

undique everywhere, from all sides* 
vacuus, a, um empty, vacant, free 
vestis, is/, garment, cloth(ing), robe* 


756. si forte, si forte: rhetorical repe¬ 
tition, representing the repeated thought 
in the mind of Aeneas; App. 413. si 
tulisset: implied indir. disc.; App. 390. 

759. ad auras = ad caelum. 

761. (in) porticibus: ablative of place 
where, asylo : in apposition with portici¬ 
bus; the use of this Greek word, mean¬ 
ing a place not to be plundered, emphasizes 
the impiety of the Greeks in thus dese¬ 
crating the holy sanctuary of Juno’s 
temple. 


764. adytis: dat. of separation; App. 
305. mensae: tables on which food and 
other offerings were placed for the gods. 

765. auro: abl. of material; App. 324. 

766. congeritur: agreeing in number 
with the nearest subject; App. 236, b. 
Pueri, matres ( = feminae) : to be carried 
off into slavery. 

770. iterumque iterumque: rhetorical 
repetition; App. 413. 

771. (in) tectis. 

771-773. mihi quaerenti et ruenti si- 





BOOK II, 773-785 


139 



4K 


visa mihi ante oculos et riota major imago. 

Obstipul, steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesit. 
Turn sic adfarl et curds his demere dictls: 

1 Quid tantum Insano juvat indulgere dolori, 

0 dulcis conjunx? Non haec sine numine dlvum 
eveniunt; nec tehinc ^n^IeipN asnortare Cre usam 
fas, aut Me sinit superl regnator Olympl. 

Longa tibi dxsilia et vastum maris aequor arandum, 
et terrain Hesperiam venies^ is ^^ 

inter opium virum leni Quit a^tmnnT Ry ons . 
illic res laetae regnumque et regia conjunx 
parta tibi; lacrimas dilectae pelle Creusae^ 

Non ego Myrmidonum sedes Dolopumre superbas 


775 


780 


785 


adfor, fan, fatus address, accost* 
aro (1) plow, furrow, tillt 
asporto (1) carry away, carry from! 
coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses* 

Creusa, ae /. wife of Aeneas, left behind 
at the sack of Troy 

demo, ere, mpsi, mptus remove, take 
awayf 

dlligo, ere, lexi, lectus love, cherish 
Dolopes, um m. Greeks of Thessaly 
dolor, oris m. grief, anger, pain, passion* 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
evenio, Ire, veni, ventus come out, hap¬ 
pen! 

exsilium, (i)I n. exile, place of exile 
fas n. indecl. right, justice, divine will* 
fauces, ium/. jaws, throat; pass 
fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus flow, ebb, stream 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus stick, cling (to) * 
Hesperius, a, um Hesperian, western, 
Italian 

illic there, at that place 
imago, inis /. image, phantom, likeness* 
indulged, ere, lsl, ltus indulge in, yield 
to (dat.) f 


Insanus, a, um mad, frantic, insane 
juvo, are, juvl, jutus help, please* 
lenis, e gentle, soft, mildf 
Lydius, a, um Lydian, of Lydia, a country 
of Asia Minor, earlier home of the Etrus¬ 
cans who settled in Italy and probably 
founded Romef 

Myrmidones, um m. Greeks of Thes¬ 
saly 

notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
obstipesco, ere, stipul be dazed, stand 
agape* 

Olympus, I m. a Greek mountain, home 
of the gods, heaven 

oplmus, a, um rich, fertile, sumptuous 
pario, ere, peperl, partus acquire, win, 
produce 

pello, ere, pepull, pulsus drive (away), 
dismiss 

regius, a, um royal, regal, kingly* 
regnator, oris m. ruler, sovereign, lord 
sine without ( abl .)* 
sino, ere, slvl, situs permit, allow* 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
Thybris, (id) is m. Tiber, a river of Italy! 


mulacrum et umbra Creusae visa (est). 
Infelix: a transferred epithet; App. 446. 
ipsius: for the short penult, see the note 
on illius, I, 16. visa (est): agrees with 
its nearest subject, (imagine mihi) nota: 
abl. with comparative; App. 327. The 
shades of the dead, as well as the gods, 
regularly appeared as larger than human 
beings. 

774. steterunt: with short penult. 

775. (Creusa) adfarl et demere: his¬ 
torical infinitives; App. 257. 

776. Quid = cur: why? (te) juvat. 
dolori: dat. with special verb; App. 297. 

777. Non sine numine: litotes; App. 
431. dIv(or)um. 


778. comitem: (as) a comrade . 

779. fas (est). aut = nec. regnator: 
J upiter. 

780. exsilia tibi (ferenda sunt), aran¬ 
dum (est tuls navibus). 

781. (ad) terram. 

782. vir(or)um: gen. with oplma; 
App. 287. 

783. regia conjunx: Lavinia, daughter 
of King Latinus, was married to Aeneas 
shortly after his arrival in Italy. 

784. parta (est): agrees with the 
nearest subject; App. 236, h . Creusae: 
obj. gen., tears of (for) Creusa; App. 284. 

785. ego: emphatic, as always when 
expressed; App. 247. 







140 


790 


THE AENEID, 786-799 

'ffLPX ACU'C 

aspiciam aut Grajls servitum matribus ibo, 

Dardanis et divae Veneris ifiirus; 
sed me 7 “■ J ~— 7 ^~ 



Jamque 

Haec ubi.dicta dectit, lacrimantem et multa volentem 

7 - .Mi SLu&vii. ■ 


dicere deseruit, tenuTsgwe 
•VlVr - 


ssit m auras. 
us lbi collo aare braccrya circum; 


^JCXjL ICVHJ'UO UZ/llOVO V UiUbl M/O pllllllUillOi Ol/ZAfc/C/1 

795 Sic dornum socids node rcvjsp!i 

Atque hie ingentem comitum adfluxisse novorum 
invenio admlrans numerum, matresque virosque, 
collectam exsilio phloem, miserabile viftgu s. •' 
Undique convenere animis opibusgwe parati 


adfluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus flow togetherf 
admiror, arl, atus wonder (at), admiref 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look 
(at)* 

bracchium, (i)i n. (fore)armt* 
colligo, ere, legl, lectus collect, gather 
collum, i n. neck* 

communis, e common, mutual, general 
compre(he)ndo, ere, i, ensus graspt 
Conor, arl, atus attempt, try, endeavorf 
consumo, ere, mpsi, mptus consume, 
waste t 

convenio, ire, veni, ventus come together, 
assemble 

Dardanis, idis /. Trojan womanf 
demum at length, finally 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
detineo, ere, ui, tentus detain, hold 
backf 

effugio, ere, fugi escape, flee from 
exsilium, (i)i n. exile, place of exile 
frustra in vain, uselessly, ineffectually* 
genetrix, icis /. mother 
Grajus, a, um Greek* / 
ibi there, then 

imago, inis f. image, likeness, phantom* 


invenio, ire, veni, ventus find, come 
upon 

lacrimo (1) weep, shed tears, lament 
levis, e light, unsubstantial, slight 
miserabilis, e miserable, wretched 
numerus, i m. number, multitude* 
nurus, us /. daughter-in-law 
ops, opis /. help, resources, power, 
wealth* 

par, paris equal, like, similar ( dat .)* 
pubes, is /. youth, young men* 
recedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart, re¬ 
tire 

reviso, ere revisit, see again 

servio, ire, ivi (ii), itus be a slave, serve 

(dat.) f 

similis, e like, similar (dat.)* 
tenuis, e slight, thin, finef 
ter thrice, three times* 
undique everywhere, from all sides* 
valeo, ere, ui be strong, fare well, be 
able 

Venus, eris /. goddess of love and 
beauty* 

volucer, cris, ere winged, swift* 
vulgus, i n. (m.) crowd, rabble, herd 


786. servitum: supine in um after a 
verb of motion, to express purpose; App. 
270. 

788. de(or)um genetrix: Cybele, the 
Great Mother of the Gods, (in) oris. 

790. (me) lacrimantem. 

792. conatus (sum), collo dare brac- 
chia circum: to place my arms around her 
neck; circum is here an adverb. 

794. ventis, somno: dat. with the 
adj., par; App. 304. 


795-804. Aeneas returns to his com¬ 
rades and finds a great number of 
men and women collected ready to fol¬ 
low wherever he may be willing to lead 
them. 

798. exsilio: dat. of purpose; App. 
303. 

799. convenere = convenerunt. ani¬ 
mis, opibus: ablatives of respect; App. 
325. parati (ire mecum). 




BOOK II, 800-804 141 

in quascumque velim pelago deducere terras. soo 

Jamque jugls summae surgebat Lucifer Idae 
ducebatque diem, Danaique obsessa tenebant 
limina portarum, nec spes opis ulla dabatur. 

Cessi et sublato montis genitore petivi. 


cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, depart* 
deduco, ere, duxi, ductus lead forth, 
launchf 

Ida, ae /. mountain near Troyt 
jugum, i n. yoke, (mountain) ridge* 
Lucifer, eri m . morning star, light- 
bringerf 


obsideo, ere, sedi, sessus besiege, beset 
ops, opis /. help, resources, wealth 
power* 

porta, ae /. gate, entrance, exit, portal* 
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque 
whoever, whatever* 
spes, spei /. hope, expectation*^ 


800. velim: subj. in implied indir. 
disc.; App. 390. deducere: the technical 
word among the Romans for leading out 
a colony. 

801. (in) jugis: abl. of place where. 


803. spes opis: hope of helping Troy 
or of receiving help from Troy. 

804. montis: Mt. Ida, near Troy, thus 
following the trail blazed out by the 
meteor; see 1. 697. 




BOOK III 


POSTQUAM res Asiae Priamlque evertere gentem 
immeritam visum, superls, cecidit^ue superbum 
Ilium et omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troja, 
diversa exsilia et desertas quaerere terras 
5 augurils agimur dlvum, classemque sub ipsa 

Antandro et Phrygiae molimur montihus Idae, 
incerti quo fata ferant, ubi sistere detur, 
contrahimusgue virds. Vix prlma inceperat aestas 
et pater Anchises dare fatls vela jubebat, 

10 lltora cum patriae lacrimans portusque relinquo ' 

et campos ubi Troja fuit. Feror exsul in altum 


aestas, atis /. summer, summer time 
altum, l n. the deep (sea); heaven 
Antandros (us), l /. town near Troyf 
Asia, ae /. Asia (Minor) 
augurium, (i)i n. omen, prophecy 
cado, ere, cecidl, casus fall, sink, die* 
contraho, ere, traxi, tractus draw to¬ 
gether, gather! 

desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, abandon* 
diversus, a, um separated, far apart* 
everto, ere, i, rsus overturn, destroy 
exsilium, (i)i n. (place of) exile 
exsul, ulis ra. (/.) exile, refugee! 
fumo (1) smoke, reek, fume 
humus, i /. ground, soil, earth* 

Ida, ae /. mountain near Troy 


Ilium, (i)i n. Ilium, Troy 
immeritus, a, um undeserving, guilt¬ 
less! 

incertus, a, um doubtful, uncertain 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus begin, under¬ 
take* 

lacrimo (1) weep, shed tears, lament 
molior, iri, ltus do, make, build, effect 
Neptunius, a, um Neptunian, of Neptune, 
god of the sea, who with the help of 
Apollo built the walls of Troy 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
postquam after (that), when* 
sisto, ere, stetl, status set(tle), stop 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 


1-12. The Trojan survivors build a 
fleet near Antandros at the foot of Mt. 
Ida and set sail in search of new homes. 

1. res, gentem: objects of evertere. 
evertere: subj. of visum (est), it seemed 
(best); App. 258. 

2. immeritam: emphatic by position, 
superis (deis). 

3. (ab) humo: abl. of separation; App. 
340. Neptunia Troja: see II, 610, 625, 
and note. 

4. desertas: the small band of Trojans 
were too weak to seize any lands already 
occupied. 

5. augurils dIv(or)um. 

7. incerti: an inconsistency with the 
prediction of Creiisa, II, 781; due either 
to the caprice of the poet, to the un¬ 


finished condition of the poem, or to the 
fact that Aeneas did not trust the proph¬ 
ecies of his wife, (nos) ferant, detur: 
indirect questions, depending on incerti; 
App. 349. detur (nobis): it is granted; 
the subject is sistere; App. 258. 

8. prima aestas: the first (of) summer; 
App. 246; the Trojan fugitives had 
spent the winter near Antandros. 

9. pater Anchises: in ancient Roman 
times the father (pater familias) was the 
recognized head of the house, dare fatis 
vela: modeled on the expression dare 
ventis vela, but indicating the spirit of 
the Trojans as they set out trusting to 
the gods and “with a heart for any 
fate.” 

11. Troja_ fuit: cf. II, 325, fuimus 
Troes, fuit Ilium, and the note. 

142 




BOOK III, 12-22 


143 


cum socils natoque, penatibus et magnls dls. 

Terra procul vastls colitur Mavortia campls 
(Thraces arant) acri quondam regnata Lycurgo, 
hospitium antiquum Trojae socii que penates 15 

dum fortuna fuit. Feror hue et lltore curvo 
moenia prlma loco fdtls ingressus inlquis 
Aeneadas que meo nomen de nomine fingo. 

Sacra Dionaeae matri dlvlsque ferebam 
auspicibus coeptorum operum, superoque nitentem 20 
caelicolum regl mactabam in lltore taurum. 

Forte fuit juxta tumulus, quo cornea summo 


acer, cris, ere sharp, fierce, spirited* 
Aeneadae, arum ra. descendants (fol¬ 
lowers) of Aeneas 
aro (1) plow, till, cultivate 
auspex, icis ra. (/.) seer, guardian, guidef 
caelicola, ae ra. (/.) god, divinity 
coepi, isse, ptus begin, undertake 
colo, ere, ui, cultus cultivate, inhabit, 
cherish, honor* 

corneus, a, um of cornel, a kind of treef 
curvus, a, um bent, curved, winding* 
Dionaeus, a, um Dionean, of Dione, 
mother of Venusf 

fingo, ere, flnxl, fictus form, make, fash¬ 
ion 

hospitium, (i)i n. hospitality, ally, al¬ 
liance, friend (ship) 


ingredior, i, gressus enter, begin, landf 
inlquus, a, um unfavorable, unjust, un¬ 
fair, adverse 

juxta close, near, next, nigh (acc.)* 
loco (1) place, establish, locate* 
Lycurgus, I ra. king of Thrace t 
macto (1) sacrifice, slaughter; honor 
Mavortius, a, um martial, beloved of 
Mars, god of war 
nitens, entis shining, white, sleek 
opus, eris n. work, task, labor, deed* 
penates, ium ra. household gods* 
regno (1) rule, reign, govern, sway 
socius, a, um allied, friendly 
taurus, i ra. bull, bullock, ox* 

Thrax, acis ra. Thracian | 
tumulus, i ra. mound, hill, tomb* 


12. cum sociis natoque, penatibus et 
magnis dis: indicating the various factors 
of most importance for the future. The 
penates, household gods, are here dis¬ 
tinguished from the major divinities 
(magnl di), such as Jupiter, Juno, 
Neptune, Minerva, Vesta, etc. Observe 
the spondaic verse giving a solemn and 
majestic close; App. 395. 

13-18. Founding of Aenos, or Aenea, 
in Thrace. 

13. procul (a Troja): at a ( little) dis¬ 
tance, only across the Hellespont, a 
narrow strait, campis: abl. of quality 
or of place where; App. 330, 319. terra 
Mavortia: the chief god of the fierce 
Thracians was Mars, the brutal god of 
war. 

14. Thraces: nom. pi., a Greek 
form; App. 65, a. (illam terram) 
Thraces arant. acri Lycurgo: dat. of 
agent; App. 302. He had attacked the 
women attendants of Bacchus with an 
ox goad. For this he was first blinded 
and then destroyed by Jupiter. 


15. hospitium antiquum Trojae (fuit) 
et penates (fuerunt) socii (cum penatibus 
Trojae). 

16. dum fortuna (Trojae) fuit: some 
of the same pathos as in II, 325, fuit 
Ilium, (in) litore. 

17. ingressus (terram). fatis inlquis: 

abl. abs.; App. 343. 

18. Aeneadas: apposition with nomen; 
App. 241. Either Aenos, at the mouth of 
the Hebrus, or Aenea, on the west coast 
of Thrace, may be referred to here; or 
Vergil may have confused the two towns, 
nomen (meis viris) fingo. 

19- 48. Aeneas prepares to offer sacri¬ 
fice, but is deterred by the omens of the 
murdered Polydorus. 

19. Dionaeae matri: Venus, the mother 
of Aeneas and daughter of Dione. di- 

visque (aliis). 

20- 21. auspicibus: apposition with 
matri divisque; App. 241. supero regi 
caelicol(ar)um: Jupiter. 

22. tumulus: a mound formed by the 




144 


THE AENEID, 23-34 


virgulta et densis hastilibus horrida myrtus. 
Access! viridem que ab humo convellere silvam 
25 conatus, ramls tegerem ut frondentibus aras, 

horrendum et dictu video mirabile monstrum. 
Nam quae prima solo ruptls radicibus arbos 
vellitur, huic atro lTquuntur sanguine guttae 
et terram tabo maculant. Mihi frlgidus horror 
30 membra quatit gelidusgue co'it formidine sanguis. 

Rursus et alterius lentum convellere vimen 
Insequor et causas penitus temptare latentis: 
ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis. 

Multa movens animo nymphas venerabar agrestls 


accedo, ere, cessi, cessus approach, reach 
agrestis, e rustic, ruralf 
alter, era, erum another (of two), second* 
arbos (or), oris/, tree, wood(s)* 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, occasion* 
coeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus come together, 
curdle t 

Conor, ari, atus try, attempt, endeavor 
convello, ere, i, vulsus tear up, shatter 
cortex, icis m. (/.) bark, rind, shellf 
densus, a, um thick, crowded, dense* 
formido, inis /. fear, terror, fright, dread 
frlgidus, a, um cold, chilly, frosty 
frondens, entis leafy, frondedf 
gelidus, a, um cold, chilly, icy 
gutta, ae /. dropf 
hastile, ilis n. spear-shaft, shoot 
horrendus, a, um dreadful, horrible* 
horridus, a, um bristling, horrible 
horror, oris m. shudder, terror, dread 
humus, i /. ground, soil, earth* 
insequor, i, secutus follow, proceed* 
latens, entis hiding, hidden, secret 
lentus, a, um pliant, tough, flexible t 
liquor, i flow, trickle, drip, runt 


maculo (1) spot, stain, pollutef 
membrum, i n. member, limb, body* 
mirabilis, e wonderful, marvelous 
monstrum, i n. omen, prodigy, monster* 
myrtus, i /. myrtle, a shrub sacred to 
Venus and the deadf 
nympha, ae /. nymph, one of the demi- 
goddesses who presided over the sea, 
rivers, fountains, forests, trees, etc. 
penitus within, far, wholly, deeply* 
quatio, ere, quassus shake, shatter 
radix, icis /. rootf 
ramus, i m. branch, bough, shootj* 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break, burst 
(forth)* 

rursus, um again, anew, back(ward) * 
solum, i n. ground, soil* 
tabum, i n. corruption; gore, bloodf 
tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, protect* 
tempto (1) try, test, explore, examine* 
vello, ere, vulsi, vulsus tear (up) 
veneror, ari, atus reverence, supplicatef 
vimen, inis n. twig, shoot, withef 
virgultum, i n. thicket, bush, copsef 
viridis, e green, fresh, vigorousf* 


action of the wind and waves over the 
unburied body of Polydorus. quo (in) 
summo (erant): on the summit of which 
(were ); App. 246. 

23. virgulta (erant). hastilibus: the 

cornel and myrtle shoots were often used 
as spear shafts and are here called hastilia 
for the additional reason given in the 
story which follows. 

24. (tumulum) accessi. silvam: thicket. 
conatus (sum), ut tegerem: purpose; 
App. 359. 

26. dictu: supine, used as abl. of re¬ 
spect with mirabile; App. 271. 

27-28. ruptis radicibus: abl. abs.; 
App. 343. nam guttae atro sanguine 


( = atri sanguinis) liquuntur huic arbori 
( = ex hac arbore) quae vellitur prima. 
(ex) solo, arbos: attracted into the rel. 
clause, becoming nom. instead of dat.; 
App. 242, a. huic (arbori): dat. of sepa¬ 
ration; App. 305. atro sanguine: abl. of 
quality denoting material; App. 330, 
324. 

29. Mihi: dat. of reference equivalent 
to a possessive adjective. 

30. gelidus: proleptic; App. 440. 
formidine: abl. of cause; App. 332. 

31. alterius (arboris). 

34. movens: pondering, (meo) animo: 
abl. of place where or means; App. 319, 
331. nymphas: as patron deities of the 




BOOK III, 35-46 


145 


Gradlvumgue patrem, Geticis qul praesidet arvis, 35 

rite secundarent vlsus omengue levarent. 

Tertia sed postquam majore hastilia nisu 
adgredior genibusgwe adversae obluctor harenae 
(eloquar an sileam?) gemitus lacrimabilis imo 
audltur tumulo et vox reddita fertur ad auris: 40 

‘Quid miserum, Aened, laceras? Jam parce sepulto, 
parce pids scelerare manus. Non me tibi Troja 
externum tulit aut cruor hie de stipite manat. 

Heu fuge crudelis terras, fuge Vitus avarum: 

nam Polydorus ego. Hie confixum ferrea texit 45 

telorum seges et jaculis increvit acutis.’ 


acutus, a, um sharp, keen, pointed 
adgredior, i, gressus approach, attack! 
adversus, a, um opposite, facing, op¬ 
posing* 

an whether, or* 
auris, is /. ear* 

avarus, a, um greedy, avaricious 

conflgo, ere, xi, xus pierce, transfix 

crudelis, e cruel, bitter, bloody* 

cruor, oris m. blood, goref 

eloquor, i, locutus speak (out), declaret 

externus, a, um foreign, strangef 

ferreus, a, um (of) ironf 

gemitus, us m. groan, roar, lament* 

genu, us n. knee 

Geticus, a, um Getic, of the Getae, a 
people on the Danubef 
Gradlvus, I m. Mars, god of warf 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 
hastlle, ilis n. spear shaft, spear-like shoot 
incresco, ere, crevl, cretus grow up (in)f 
jaculum, i n. spear, javelinf 
lacero (1) tear, lacerate, mutilatef 
lacrimabilis, e tearful, mournfulf 
levo (1) lighten, alleviate, lift, remove 


mano (1) flow, drip, ooze (out)f 
nisus, us m. effort, struggle, exertionf 
obluctor, ari, atus struggle against 
(< dat .) f 

omen, inis n. omen, sign, portent* 
parco, ere, pepercl (pars!), parsus spare, 
refrain, forbear ( dat .) 

Polydorus, i m . son of Priam, killed by 
Polymnestor, king of Thracef 
postquam after (that), when* 
praesideo, ere, sedl, sessus preside over 
(dat.) f 

reddo, ere, didi, ditus give (back), 
utter, render, return* 
rite duly, fittingly, with due ceremonyf 
scelero (1) defile, pollute, stain 
secundo (1) prosper, make favorablef 
seges, etis /. crop, harvest, grain field 
sepultus, I m. one buried, corpse 
sileo, ere, ul be silent, be still, hush 
stipes, itis m. trunk, stock, shootf 
tego, ere, texl, tectus cover, protect* 
tertius, a, um third* 
tumulus, I m. mound, hill, tomb* 
vlsus, us m. sight, view, vision, aspect 


place. All trees, groves, fountains, and 
streams were sacred to the nymphs. 

35. arvis: dat. with compound; App. 
298. 

36. (ut) secundarent, levarent: subst. 
clauses developed from vol. or opt. and 
depending upon venerabor, I was be - 
seeching; App. 360, 253. 

38. genibus: abl. of manner or means; 
App. 328, 331. harenae: dat. with com¬ 
pound; App. 298. 

39-40. eloquar an sileam: deliberative 
questions; App. 348. (ex) Imo tumulo: 
Prom the lowest (depths of the) mound; 
App. 246. (meas) auris. 


41. (me) miserum. (mihi) sepulto: 
dat. with special verb, parce; App. 297. 

42-43. (tuas) pias manus. tibi ex¬ 
ternum. cruor (externus tuo cruorl). 
non de stipite (arboris sed de meo 
corpore) hie cruor manat. 

44. crudelis, avarum: transferred epi¬ 
thets; App. 446. 

45-46. ego (sum). (me) conflxum. 
ferrea telorum seges: Polydorus had 
been pierced with a number of spears, 
which had taken root in his slain body 
and produced the myrtle grove, jaculis 
acutls: abl. of quality or material with 
seges; App. 330, 324. 





146 THE AENEID, 47-58 

Turn vero ancipiti mentem formidine pressus 
obstipul steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesit. 
Hunc Polydorum aurl quondam cum pondere magno 
50 infellx Priamus furtim mandarat alendum 

Threicio regl, cum jam diffideret armls 
Dardaniae cingi que urbem obsidione videret. 

Ille, ut opes fractae Teucrum et Fortuna recessit, 
res Agamemnonias victricia que arma secutus 
55 fas omne abrumpit: Polydorum obtruncat, et auro 

vl potitur. Quid non mortalia pectora cogis, 
auri sacra fames! Postquam pavor ossa reliquit, 
delectos popull ad proceres prlmumque parentem 


abrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break (off)! 
Agamemnonius, a, um of Agamemnon, 
leader of the Greeks against Troyt 
alo, ere, ul, (i)tus nourish, rear! 
anceps, cipitis doubtful, doublet 
cingo, ere, clnxl, cinctus surround, 
gird(le)* 

cogo, ere, coegl, coactus force (together), 
drive* 

coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses* 

Dardania, ae /. city of Dardanus, Troy 
deligo, ere, leg!, lectus choose, select 
diffldo, ere, sus sum distrust, mistrust 
(dat.) f 

fames, is /. hunger, famine, greed 
fas n. indecl. justice, right, divine will* 
fauces, ium /. throat, jaws; pass 
formldo, inis /. fear, terror, fright, dread 
frango, ere, fregl, fractus break, shatter* 
furtim stealthily, secretly, furtively 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus stick (to) 
(dat.)* 

mando (1) intrust, commit! 


mortalis, e mortal, human, earthly* 
obsidio, onis /. siege, blockadef 
obstipesco, ere, stipui be amazed, stand 
agape* 

obtrunco (1) kill, slaughter, slay, butcher 
ops, opis /. help, resources, power, wealth* 
os, ossis n. bone 

pavor, oris m. terror, shudder(ing), alarm 
Polydorus, i m. son of Priam, treacher¬ 
ously murdered by Polymnestor, king 
of Thrace 

pondus, eris n. weight, burden, mass, load 
populus, i m. people, nation, race* 
postquam after (that), when* 
potior, iri, ltus possess, gain (abl.) 
premo, ere, pressl, pressus (op)press, 
repress, check, control* 
procer, eris m. leader, chief, noble 
recedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, depart 
Threicius, a, um Thracian, of Thrace, 
a country northeast of Greece! 
vero truly, indeed, but 
victrix, icis /. victorious, conquering! 


47. ancipiti formidine: from the sight 
and the voice, mentem: acc. of respect 
with pressus ( = oppressus); App. 311. 

48. steterunt: with short penult. 

49-56. The story of the murder of 
Polydorus. 

50. manda(ve)rat. alendum: the ge¬ 
rundive expressing purpose, to be reared; 
App. 268. 

51-52. Threicio regl: Polymnestor. 
armls: abl. or dat. with diffideret; App. 
297, 325. (Priamus) diffideret, videret: 
cum descriptive; App. 378. 

53. Ille = Threicius rex (1.51) = Polym¬ 
nestor. fractae (sunt). Teucr(or)um. 
Fortuna (Teucrorum). 

54. res: fortunes . secutus: (treacher¬ 
ously) going over to. 


55. fas omne abrumpit: he was bound 
by treaty and by the sacred ties of hospi¬ 
tality to Troy, auro: abl. with potitur; 
App. 342. 

56. vl: abl. of manner; App. 328. 
potitur: here of the third conjugation, 
but ordinarily of the fourth. Quid: cog¬ 
nate acc. (inner obj.); App. 313; or 
supply facere. 

57-68. The Trojans in solemn session 
decide to give Polydorus a proper burial 
and abandon the haunted spot. 

57. aurl: obj. gen., greed , hunger of 
(for) gold; App. 284. sacra: accursed; 
sacer meant anything set aside or conse¬ 
crated to the gods , and hence here devoted 
to destruction, (mea) ossa. 

58. prlmumparentem (meum): Aeneas 




BOOK III, 59-68 


147 


monstra deum referd, et quae sit sententia posco. 

Omnibus idem animus, scelerata excedere terra, 60 

linqui pollutum hospitium et dare classibus Austros. 

Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus: et ingens 

aggeritur tumulo tellus; stant manibus arae, 

caeruleis maestae vittis atraque cupresso, 

et circum Iliades crlnem de more solutae; 65 

inferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte 

sanguinis et sacri pateras, animamque sepulcro 

condimus et magna supremum voce ciemus. 


aggero, ere, gessi, gestus heap (up)| 
Auster, tri m. (south) wind* 
caeruleus, a, um dark (blue), sable* 
cieo, ere, civi, citus rouse, summon, 
stir (up), excite, invoke* 
condo, ere, did!, ditus lay (away), hide, 
found, establish* 
crinis, is ra. hair, locks, tresses* 
cupressus, l /. cypress, a tree sacred to 
the dead and often planted around 
tombs 

cymbium, (i)i n. bowlf 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
excedo, ere, cessl, cessus withdraw, 
depart ( abl .) 

funus, eris n. funeral, death, disaster* 
hospitium, (i)I n. hospitality, ally, alli¬ 
ance 

Ilias, adis /. Trojan (woman) 
infero, ferre, tuli, illatus bring to, offer 


consults the Trojan chiefs in turn, as 
though they were Roman senators; and 
Anchises, as princeps, first in rank and 
age, speaks first. 

59. de(or)um. refero: according to 
the Roman custom of consulting the sen¬ 
ate when important prodigies occurred, 
refero being the technical word for laying 
a matter before that body, quae sen¬ 
tentia sit: indir. quest.; App. 349. 

60-61. Omnibus (est) : dat. of posses¬ 
sion; App. 299. (nos) excedere, (nos) 
linqui, (nos) dare: in apposition with 
animus, dare classibus Austros (ven- 
tos) : a poetical variation of the more 
usual expression dare ventis classes 
(vela). Cf. Ill, 9, dare fatis vela, and 
see App. 426. 

62. instauramus: it was important 
that all funerals should be properly per¬ 
formed, with all due ceremonies, as 
otherwise the soul of the dead would 
not be able to rest in peace. Polymnes- 
tor had not given Polydorus a proper 
burial, and so this ceremony is duly per- 


instauro (1) renew, refresh, repeat 
lac, lactis n. milkf 

linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 
manes, ium ?n. (souls of) the dead, shades, 
ghost; Hadesf* 

monstrum, i n. omen, prodigy, monster* 
mos, moris m. custom, ritual, law* 
patera, ae /. (libation) bowl 
polluo, ere, ui, utus defile,^profane, pollute! 
Polydorus, i m. son of Priam 
posco, ere, poposci demand, seek, ask* 
scelero (1) defile, pollute, stain 
sententia, ae /. opinion, purpose, view 
sepulcrum, i n. tomb, grave, burial 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose, pay, free* 
spumo (1) foam, froth* 
tepidus, a, um warm, tepidf 
tumulus, i m . mound, hill, tomb* 
vitta, ae /. fillet, ribbon, band* 


formed by Aeneas. The description of 
the funeral is adapted to Roman cus¬ 
tom. 

63. manibus (Polydori) : to the soul 
(of Polydorus ), dat. of reference; App. 
301. 

65. Iliades (stant). crinem solutae: 

a conventional sign of grief; crinem is 
obj. of the middle part, solutae; App. 
309, a. 

66. tepido lacte: freshly milked; abl. 
of material; App. 324. Other common 
offerings to the dead were wine, honey, 
and oil. 

67-68. sanguinis sacri: the blood of 
victims sacrificed to the gods, animam 
condimus: we “lay the ghost,” by giving 
the body a proper burial, and thus en¬ 
abling the soul to cross the river Styx 
and to rest in peace in Hades. The souls 
of the unburied must wander in misery for 
a hundred years, supremum: adverbial; 
for the last (time ); see note on I, 219, and 
on II, 644. The poet is describing the 
usual Roman rite. 





148 


THE AENEID, 69-79 


Inde ubi prima fides pelago, placata que ventl 
70 dant maria et lenis crepitans vocat Auster in altum, 

deducunt socii navis et litora complent. 

Provehimur portu terraeque urbesque recedunt. 
Sacra marl colitur medio gratissima tellus 
Nereidum mdtri et Neptuno Aegaeo, 

75 quam pius Arquitenens oras et litora circum 

errantem Mycono e celsa Gyarogue revinxit, 
immotamgwe coli dedit et contemnere ventos. 

Hue feror v haec fessos tuto placidissima portu 
accipit. Egress! veneramur Apollinis urbem. 


Aegaeus, a, um of the Aegean Seat 
altum, I n. the deep (sea); heaven 
Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

Arquitenens (arci-), entis m. archer, 
Apollof 

Auster, tri m. (south) wind* 
celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 
colo, ere, ui, cultus cultivate, inhabit, 
cherish, honor* 

compleo, ere, evi, etus fill, complete 
contemno, ere, tempsi, temptus despise, 
scorn f 

crepito (1) crackle, rustle, creakf 
deduco, ere, duxi, ductus draw down, 
launch 

egredior, i, gressus step out, disembark 
fides, elf. faith, trust (worthiness)* 


gratus, a, um pleasing, agreeable, grate¬ 
ful 

Gyaros, i /. an island in the Aegeant 
immotus, a, um unmoved, immovable 
inde thence, after that, next* 
lenis, e gentle, soft, mild, light 
Myconus, If. an island in the Aegeanf 
Neptunus, i m. Neptune, god of the sea* 
Nereis, idis /. a sea-nymph, daughter of 
Nereusf 

placidus, a, um calm, peaceful, quiet* 
placo (1) propitiate, calm, quiet 
proveho, ere, vexi, vectus carry (for¬ 
ward), convey 

recedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart, recede 
revincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus bind (fast) 
tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
veneror, ari, atus reverence, supplicate 


69-89. They land in Delos to consult 
the oracle. 

69. (est) pelago: dat. of possession; 
App. 299; or abl. = fides (est nobis in) 
pelago; App. 319l or dat. with the 
construction of fido; App. 297. venti 
(positi). 

70. vocat (nos). 

71. deducunt: launch; subducere is 

the technical term for beaching vessels 
on the shore at the end of a voyage, and 
deduco is the technical term for launch¬ 
ing them or drawing them down into the 
water again. 

72. (a, ex) portu. recedunt: an 

optical illusion familiar to all trav¬ 
elers. 

73-74. (in) medio marl: in the midst 
of the sea. sacra tellus: the island of 
Delos, sacred to Apollo as his birthplace, 
gratissima matri Nereidum et Neptuno. 
Nereidum matri: Doris, goddess of the 
sea and wife of the sea«god Nereus. matri 
et Neptuno Aegaeo: note the two cases 


of hiatus and the spondaic fifth foot; 
App. 399, 395. 

75. pius Arquitenens: ( Apollo ) in {fil¬ 
ial) devotion. According to the story, the 
goddess Latona was an outcast and could 
find no land willing to receive her till she 
came to Delos, at that time a floating 
island. The island allowed her to remain, 
where she gave birth to the twins, Apollo 
and Diana. In gratitude for this hos¬ 
pitality, Apollo bound Delos fast to the 
neighboring islands and so made it a 
firm and habitable land, errantem cir¬ 
cum oras et litora: App. 414. 

76. e celsa Mycono Gyaroque: off 
lofty Myconus and Gyaros. Myconus is 
in fact a low island. 

77. dedit (illam terram esse) immotam 
et coli et contemnere ventos: formerly 
the island had been floating around at 
the mercy of the wind and waves and 
was uninhabitable. 

78-79. haec (tellus) accipit (nos) 
fessos. Apollinis urbem: Delos, a city of 
the same name as the island. 




BOOK III, 80-92 149 

Rex Anius, rex Idem hominum Phoeblgwe sacerdos, so 

vittis et sacra redimltus tempora lauro 
occurrit; veterem Anchlsen agnovit amiciim. 

Jungimus hospitio dextras et tecta subimus. 

Templa del saxo venerabar structa vetusto: 

‘Da propriam, Thymbraee, domum; da moenia fessls 85 
et genus et mansuram urbem; serva altera Trojae 
Pergama, relliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli. 

Quem sequimurf Quove Ire jubesf Ubi ponere sedesf 
Da, pater, augurium atque animls inlabere nostrls.’ 

Vix ea fatus eram: tremere omnia visa repente, 90 

llminaque laurus^we del, totusque moverl 
mons circum et mugire adytls cortina reclusis. 


Achilles, is (ei, I) m. Greek leader* 
adytum, i n. inner shrine, sanctuary 
agnosco, ere, novi, nitus recognize* 
alter, era, erum another (of two), second* 
amicus, i m. friend, comrade* 

Anius, (i)I m. king of Delosf 
augurium, (i)i n. augury, omen, portent 
cortina, ae /. tripod, caldron, on which 
the priestess sat when delivering 
oraclesf 

homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human* 
hospitium, (i)i n. hospitality, ally, alliance 
immitis, e cruel, harsh, fierce, unfeeling 
inlabor, i, lapsus glide (into) ( dat.) 
jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke* 
laurus, i (us) /. laurel, an evergreen tree 
sacred to Apollo 

mugio, ire, ivi (ii), itus bellow, roarf 
occurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus (run to) 
meet {dat.) 

Pergama, drum n. (citadel of) Troy* 


Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 

proprius, a, um one’s own, secure, per¬ 
manent 

recludo, ere, i, sus open, disclose 
redimio, ire, ii (ivi), itus bind around, 
encirclef 

re(l)liquiae, arum /. rest, remnant, leav¬ 
ings 

repente suddenly, unexpectedly, quickly 
sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
struo, ere, uxi, uctus heap up, build 
templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
Thymbraeus, a, um of Thymbra, a city 
of the Troad, sacred to Apollot 
tremo, ere, ui tremble, quiver, shake* 
veneror, ari, atus reverence, supplicate 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 
vetustus, a, um old, ancient, former 
vitta, ae /. fillet, ribbon, band* 


80. idem: the union of government 
and religion is common among primitive 
peoples, as at Rome under the early 
kings. 

81. vittis: as a symbol of his priestly 
office, tempora: temples; object of the 
middle participle redimitus; App. 309, a . 
lauro sacra (Apollini). 

82. (nobis) occurrit. veterem amicum. 

83. hospitio: abl. of manner; App. 
328. 

84. saxo vetusto: abl. of material; 
App. 324. 

85. Thymbraee (Apollo): voc. Da 
(nobis), da (nobis) fessis. 

86. mansuram: that shall abide. 

87. re(l)liquias Dana(or)um atque 
immitis Achilli: subj. genitives, as in I, 
30, the remnants of (allowed to escape by) 
the Danaans, etc.; App. 284. 


88. Quem sequimur: the pres. ind. is 
occasionally used where one would ex¬ 
pect the fut. ind. (quem sequemur) or 
the deliberative subj. (quem sequamur); 
App. 348, a, 351, 1, c. See note on II, 
322, quam prendimus arcem. (jubesj 
ponere. 

89. pater: a common appellation for 
an ancient god. animis: dat. with com¬ 
pound; App. 298. 

90-98. The oracle bids them seek the 
“ancient mother of their race,” i.e., the 
original home of the Trojans. 

90. ea (dicta). visa (sunt): true 
pass, of video, were seen. 

91. liminaque: with e forming a long 
syllable; App. 394, a. Cf. pulvis, I, 478, 
and domus, II, 563. 

92. mons: Mt. Cynthus, sacred to 





150 . THE AENEID, 93-106 

SummissI petimus terram et vox fertur ad auris: 

‘ Dardanidae duri, quae vos a stirpe parentum 
95 prlma tulit tellus, eadem vos ubere laeto 

accipiet reduces. Antlquam exquirite matrem. 
Hlc domus Aeneae cunctls dominabitur oris 
et ndtl ndtorum et qul nascentur ab illls.’ 

Haec Phoebus; mixtogwe ingens exorta tumultu 
ioo laetitia, et cunctl quae sint ea moenia quaerunt, 

quo Phoebus vocet err antis jubeatque revertl. 

Turn genitor veterum volvens monimenta virorum 
‘Audlte, 0 proceres/ ait ‘et spes discite vestras. 
Creta Jovis magnl medio jacet Insula pontS, 

105 mons Idaeus ubi et gentis cunabula nostrae. 

Centum urbes habitant magnds, uberrima regna, 


auris, is /. ear* 
centum hundred* 

Creta, ae /. large island in the eastern 
Mediterranean! 

cunabula, drum n. cradle, birthplace! 
Dardanides, ae m. Dardanian, Trojan 
disco, ere, didici learn (how) 
dominor, ari, atus hold sway, rule, govern 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, rough* 
exorior, Iri, ortus (a)rise, spring up 
exquiro, ere, quislvi, quisitus search 
(out)! 

habito (1) dwell, inhabit, possess! 
Idaeus, a, um Idaean, of Ida, a mountain 
near Troy and one in Crete 

insula, ae /. island 

jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
laetitia, ae /. joy, delight, gladness 


misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mingle, mix* 
monimentum (monumentum), i n. re¬ 
minder, memorial, record, tradition! 
nascor, i, natus be born, arise* 

Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 
pontus, i m. sea, waves* 
procer, eris m. leader, chief, noble 
redux, ducis returning, restored 
revertor, i, rsus turn back, return 
spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
stirps, is /. stock, lineage, stem, race 
summissus, a, um prostrate, humble! 
tumultus, us m. tumult, uproar, din 
uber, eris n. fertility, wealth, bosom; 
adj. rich, fertile! 

vester, tra, trum your (own), yours* 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 


Apollo, cortina: the kettle on the tripod 
which served as a seat for the priestess 
when she delivered the oracles. 

93. Summissi petimus terram: we fall 
low on the ground , fall prostrate . 

94-95. Dardanidae: descendants of 
Dardanus . Dardanus had once lived in 
Italy, making the term especially appro¬ 
priate here, quae tellus prima tulit vos: 
as later developments show, this reference 
was to Italy, but the Trojans failed to 
understand it so. Ancient oracles were 
commonly ambiguous, eadem (tellus). 

97. Hie = in hac terra, vestra antiqua 
matre. oris: dat. with special verb, or 
abl. of place where; App. 297, 319. 

98. et (ei) qui. 

99-120. Led by Anchises’s false in¬ 
terpretation of the oracle they sail for 
Crete. 


99. Haec (dicta) Phoebus (fatus est). 
exorta (est). mixto tumultu: abl. abs.; 
App. 343. 

100-101. ea moenia: the city; prom¬ 
ised by Apollo, 11. 95-98. sint, vocet, 
jubeat: subjunctives in indirect questions; 
App. 349. quo Phoebus (nos) errantis 
vocet jubeatque (nos) revertl. 

102. volvens: as though written on a 
scroll, the form of the ancient book, 
(meus genitor): Anchises. 

104. Creta Jovis magni: since Jove 
was born and reared there, medio (in) 
ponto: in the midst of the sea; App. 246. 

105. mons Idaeus (est) et cunabula 
(sunt). There was a Mt. Ida in Crete as 
well as in the Troad, evidence to Anchises 
of the Cretan origin of the Trojans. 

106. (illi viri Cretae) habitant, regna: 
each city formed an independent king¬ 
dom. 




BOOK III, 107-118 


151 


maximus unde pater, si rite audita recordor, 

Teucrus Rhoeteas primum est advectus in oras, 
optavitgwe locum regno. Nondum Ilium et arces 
Pergameae steterant; habitabant vallibus imis. no 

Hinc mater cultrix Cybeli Corybantiague aera 
Idaeumgwe nemus, hinc fida silentia sacris, 
et juncti currum dominae subiere leones. 

Ergo agite et divum ducunt qua jussa sequamur: 
placemus ventos et Gnosia regna petdmus. 115 

Nec longo distant cur sit: modo Juppiter adsit, 
tertia lux classem Cretaeis sistet in oris.’ 

Sic fatus meritos aris mactavit hondres, 


adveho, ere, vexi, vectus carry to, con¬ 
vey 

aes, aeris n. bronze, bronze cymbals, used 
in the worship of Cybele* 

Corybantius, a, um of the Corybantes, 
priests of Cybele, Mother of the Godsf 
Cretaeus, a, um Cretan, of Cretef 
cultrix, Icis /. dweller, inhabitantf 
currus, us m. chariot, car* 

Cybelus, i m. mountain in Phrygia, 
sacred to Cybele, the Great Mother of 
the Godsf 

disto, are stand apart, be distantf 
domina, ae /. mistress, queen, ladyf 
ergo therefore, hence, consequently* 
fldus, a, um faithful, true, trustworthy* 
Gnos(s)ius, a, um of Gnossus, a city of 
Cretef 

habito (1) dwell, inhabit, possess 
Idaeus, a, um of Mt. Ida, near Troy and 
in Crete 

Ilium, (i)I n. Ilium, Troy 


jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke* 
jussum, i n. command, order, behest 
leo, onis m. lion 

macto (1) sacrifice, slaughter; honor 
mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, merit, earn* 
modo only, (just) now 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 
nondum not yetf 

opto (1) wish (for), choose, hope (for)* 
Pergameus, a, um of Pergamum, Trojanf 
placo (1) propitiate, calm, quiet, soothe 
qua where(by), in any (some) way 
recordor, ari, atus recall, rememberf 
Rhoeteus, a, um of Rhoeteum, a prom¬ 
ontory near Troyf 
rite duly, with proper ceremonies 
silentium, (i)I n. silence, mystery, quiet 
sisto, ere, steti, status station, set(tle) 
tertius, a, um third* 

Teucrus (cer), cri m. early king of Troy 
unde whence, from which place* 
vallis, is /. valley, vale, dale 


107. (noster) maximus (natu) pater: 

our eldest ( earliest) ancestor . audita: 

what I have heard. 

109. regno: dat. of purpose; App. 303. 

110. (ill! viri) habitabant: cf. 1. 106, 
habitant, (in) vallibus. 

111. Hinc: ex Creta. Hinc (venit) 
mater (deorum) cultrix (montis) Cybeli. 
Cybeli: obj. gen. with cultrix; App. 284. 
Corybantia aera: the Corybantes, priests 
and attendants of Cybele, accompanied 
the processions of the goddess with loud 
clashing of cymbals and violent, ecstatic 
dancing and leaping. 

112. Idaeum nemus: a grove on Mt. 
Ida sacred to the goddess, nemus: with 
the last syllable lengthened under the 
verse accent and before the pause; App. 
394, a. silentia sacris: according to this 
account, the secret and mysterious 


ceremonies of Cybele and the custom of 
representing her as being drawn in a 
chariot by a yoke of lions all came from 
Crete, sacris: dat. of reference with 
venit understood. 

113. currum subiere ( = subierunt): 

went beneath the car = went beneath the 
yoke of the car. Cybele was often repre¬ 
sented in a chariot drawn by lions or 
other wild animals. 

114-115. sequamur, qua jussa de- 
(or)um (nos) ducunt. sequamur, place¬ 
mus, petamus: vol.; App. 254. 

116. Nec longo cursu: about 150 
miles; abl. of degree of difference; App. 
335. Juppiter: as the god of the sky, of 
the weather, and of storms, adsit: subj. 
in a proviso clause; App. 375. 

117. lux (diei). (nostram) classem. 

118. sic fatus (Anchlses). 





152 


THE AENEID, 119-130 


taurum Neptuno, taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo, 

120 nigram Hiemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam. 

Fama volat pulsum regnis cessisse paternis 
Idomenea ducem, desertague lltora Cretae, 
hoste vacare domum sedesque astare relictds . 
Linquimus Ortygiae portus pelagdque volamus 
125 bacchatamgwe jugis Naxum viridemgwe Donusam, 

Olearum niveamgwe Parum sparsasgue per aequor 
Cycladas, et crebris legimus freta consita terns. 
Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor: 
hortantur socil Cretam proavosgwe petamus. 

130 Prosequitur surgens a puppl ventus euntis, 


albus, a, um white!* 

Apollo, inis m . god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

a(d)sto, are, stiti stand (by, ready)* 
bacchor, ari, atus revel (over), traverse 
in Bacchic revel, celebrate the rites 
of Bacchusf 

cedo, ere, cessi, cessus withdraw, yield* 
certamen, inis n. rivalry, contest!* 
consero, ere, sevi, situs sow, scatter, 
sprinklef 

creber, bra, brum frequent, numerous* 
Creta, ae /. large island in the eastern 
Mediterranean 

Cyclades, um /. islands of the Aegean! 
desero, ere, ui, rtus abandon, desert* 
Donusa, ae /. island of the Aegean! 
dux, ducis m. leader, guide, pilot* 
exorior, iri, ortus (a)rise, spring up 
felix, icis happy, favorable, fortunate* 
fretum, i n. strait, sea, waters 
Hiems, emis/. Winter, Storm* 
hortor, ari, atus urge, encourage, incite* 
hostis, is ra. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
Idomeneus, ei ra. king of Crete! 
jugum, i n. yoke, (mountain) ridge* 

120. albam (pecudem): white victims 
were offered to kindly divinities, black 
victims to destructive ones. 

121-134. The founding of the Cretan 
Pergamum. 

121-123. (ex) regnis. cessisse, de- 
serta (esse), vacare, astare: indir. state¬ 
ment depending on fama volat = dicunt; 
App. 390. Observe the differences of 
tense; App. 351, 1 and 4. Idomenea: 
acc. sing., a Greek form; App. 69. The 
legend relates that Idomeneus was over¬ 
taken by a storm while returning from 
the expedition against Troy, and vowed 
to the god of the sea that he would 
sacrifice the first one who met him on 


lego, ere, legi, lectus gather, skim* 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
nauticus, a, um of sailors, nautical! 
Naxos, If. island of the Aegean! 
Neptunus, i m . Neptune, god of the sea* 
niger, gra, grum black, gloomy, dusky* 
niveus, a, um white, snowy 
Olearus (os), i /. island of the Aegean! 
Ortygia, ae /. early name of Delos, an 
island of the Aegean! 

Paros, l f. island of the Aegean, famous 
for its clear white marble! 
paternus, a, um paternal, ancestral! 
pecus, udis /. animal, member of flock* 
pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus drive (out) 
proavus, i m. ancestor, forefather! 
prosequor, i, secutus accompany, attend 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, handsome, 
illustrious, noble* 

spargo, ere, rsi, rsus strew, scatter* 
taurus, i m. bull, bullock, ox* 
vaco (1) be empty, be free ( abl .) 
varius, a, um varied, different, diverse* 
viridis, e green, fresh, vigorous* 
volo (1) fly (forth, abroad)* 

Zephyrus, l m. the (west) wind 

his safe return home. This proved to 
be his own son, and the gods in anger 
at such a sacrifice sent a pestilence which 
caused Idomeneus to be driven from 
Crete and later to settle in Italy, deserta 
(esse), hoste: abl. of separation with 
vacare; App. 340. 

124. pelago: abl. of route; App. 338. 
125-127. bacchatam: used passively, 
(in) jugis. Naxum, Donusam, Olearum, 
Parum, Cycladas, freta: objects of 
legimus. 

128. vario certamine: the ships are 
racing each other. 

129. (ut) petamus: subst. vol. clause; 
App. 360. 

130. (nos) euntis: as we sail . 




BOOK III, 131-141 


153 


et tandem antiquis Curetum adlabimur oris. 

Ergo avidus muros optatae molior urbis 
Pergameamgite voco, et laetam cognomine gentem 
hortor amare focos arcemque attollere tectls. 

Jamque fere sicco subductae litore puppes; 135 

conubiis arvlsque novis operata juventus; 
jura domosque dabam: subito cum tabida membris 
corrupto caell tractu miserandagwe venit 
arboribusgue satis que lues et letifer annus. 

Linquebant dulcis animas aut aegra trahebant uo 

corpora; turn sterilis exurere Sirius agros, 


adlabor, i, lapsus glide to (dat.) t 
aeger, gra, grum sick, weary, wretched* 
ager, gri m. field, territory, land* 
amo (1) love, cherish, like* 
annus, I m. year; season* 
arbos (or), oris/, tree; wood(s)* 
attollo, ere raise, lift, rear* 
avidus, a, um eager, desirous 
cognomen, inis n. (sur)name, title 
conubium, (i)i n. marriage, wedlock 
corrumpd, ere, rupi, ruptus break up, 
spoil, taint 

Curetes, um m. Cretan priests of Jupiter 
identified with the Corybantesf 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
exuro, ere, ussi, ustus burn (up), con¬ 
sume 

fere almost, aboutf 
focus, i m. hearth, fireplace, hornet 
hortor, ari, atus urge, encourage, incite* 
jus, juris n. law, right, justice, decree 


131. Curetum: priests and attendants 
of Jupiter during his infancy in Crete, 
oris: dat. with compound; App. 298. 

133. (et hanc urbem) voco Perga- 
meam: Pergamum, a Cretan city, is thus 
connected by Vergil with Troy (Perga¬ 
mum) and the wanderings of Aeneas, 
cognomine: abl. of cause with laetam; 
App. 332. 

134. hortor amare = hortor ut ament: 

App. 360, a. tectis: for (to protect) their 
homes; dat. of reference; App. 301. 

135-146. A grievous pestilence falls 
upon man and beast and all living things, 
and they prepare to consult the oracle 
again. 

135. (in) litore subductae (erant): 
the ships were drawn up on land when 
not in active use and were launched only 


juventus, utis /. youth, young men* 
letifer, era, erum deadly, death-bearingf 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, give up* 
lues, is /. blight, pestilence, plaguet 
membrum, l n. member, limb, body* 
miserandus, a, um piteous, pitiable 
molior, iri, itus do, make, build, effect 
murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 
operor, ari, atus be busy, be occupied 
with (dat.) f 

opto (1) desire, choose, wish, hope (for)* 
Pergameus, a, um of Pergamum, Tro¬ 
jan 

sata, drum n. crops, harvest 
siccus, a, um dry, thirsty 
Sirius, (i)i m. the dog start 
sterilis, e barren, unfruitful, sterilef 
subdued, ere, duxi, ductus draw up, 
beach, remove 

subito suddenly, unexpectedly* 
tabidus, a, um wasting, decayedf 
tractus, us m. region, quarterf 


on the occasion of a voyage. See the 
note on 1. 71. 

136. conubiis: pronounced here as 
though spelled conubjis, for the sake of 
the meter; App. 401. conubiis, arvis: 
datives or ablatives of means with operata 
(erat); App. 331. 

137-139. cum subito, corrupto caeli 
tractu, venit (there came) membris arbori- 
busque satisque tabida miserandaque 
lues, membris: dat. of direction with 
venit, or of reference; App. 306, 301. 

138. corrupto tractu: abl. abs., or abl. 
of source; App. 343, 323. This was 
formerly a common explanation of 
plagues, usually interpreted as being pro¬ 
duced by divine wrath. 

141. sterilis: proleptic; Sirius parched 
the fields bare , i.e., till they became bare; 
App. 440. Sirius: the Dog Star rises 
with the sun in the latter part of summer, 





154 THE AENEID, 142-154 

arebant herbae et vlctum seges aegra negabat. 
Rursus ad oraclum Ortygiae Phoebumgwe remenso 
hortatur pater Ire marl veniam que precarl, 

145 quam fessls flnem rebus ferat, unde laborum 

temptare auxilium jubeat, quo vertere cursus. 

Nox erat et terrls animalia somnus habebat: 
effigies sacrae dlvum Phrygiigwe penates, 
quos mecum ah Trojd medilsque ex ignibus urbis 
iso extuleram, vlsl ante oculos astare jacentis 
in somnls multo manifest! lumine, qua se 
plena per Insertas fundebat luna fenestras; 
turn sic adfar! et curds his demere dictls: 

1 Quod tibi delato Ortygiam dicturus Apollo est, 


adfor, fan, fatus address, accost* 
aeger, gra, grum sick, weary, wretched* 
animal, alis n. animal, living thingf 
Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

areo, ere, ui be dry; parcht 
a(d)sto, are, stiti stand (by, ready)* 
auxilium, (i)i n. aid, help, assistance* 
defero, ferre, full, latus bring (down) to, 
convey t 

demo, ere, mpsi, mptus remove 
effero, ferre, extull, elatus carry forth, 
raise* 

effigies, ei /. image, likeness, ghost 
fenestra, ae /. window, opening 
herba, ae /. grass, herbage, sward* 
hortor, ari, atus urge, encourage, incite* 
insero, ere, ui, rtus place, insertf 
jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
luna, ae /. moon, moonlight* 
manifestus, a, um clear, plain, manifest 


nego (1) deny, refuse, say no (not) 
orac(u)lum, i n. oracle, prophecy 
Ortygia, ae /. ancient name of Delos, 
an island in the Aegean 
penates, ium m. household gods* 
Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 

Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
plenus, a, um full, complete, swelling 
precor, ari, atus pray (for, to), invokef* 
qua where, where(by), in any (some) 
way 

remetior, iri, mensus remeasure, re¬ 
traverse 

rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
seges, etis /. crop, harvest, grain field 
tempto (1) try, seek, test, examine* 
unde whence, from what source* 
venia, ae /. favor, pardon, grace 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, (ex)change* 
victus, us m. food, living, victuals 


during the intensely hot weather known 
as “dog days” (canicular days), once 
thought to be due to the combined heat 
of the Dog Star (Sirius) and the sun. 
exurere: hist, inf.; App. 257. 

143-144. remenso mari: abl. abs., 
remenso being used as a passive, pater 
(Anchises) hortatur (nos) ire = ut eamus; 
App. 360, a. 

145-146. quam finem ferat (Phoebus), 
unde (nos) temptare auxilium jubeat, 
quo (jubeat nos) vertere cursus: indir. 
questions depending on the idea of asking 
implied in veniam precari; App. 349. 
(nobis) fessis. laborum auxilium: help 
of (for) our troubles; obj. gen.; App. 
284. 

147-171. The penates (household gods) 
appear to Aeneas by night and tell him 


to leave Crete and seek a western land 
called Hesperia by the Greeks but Italy 
by the inhabitants. 

147. (in) terris. 

148-151. effigies Phrygiique penates 
. . . visi (sunt) astare. div(or)um. jacen¬ 
tis (mei) in somnis: as I lay asleep. 

151. manifest!: modifying effigies 
Phrygiique penates, and agreeing with 
the latter, qua: adv. 

152. insertas: set (in the walls). 

153. adfari, demere: depending on 
visi sunt understood, or else historical in¬ 
finitives, with effigies Phrygiique penates 
(understood) as subject; App. 257. 
curas (meas). 

154. delato: having arrived , i.e., if you 
should go. Ortygiam: acc. of place to 
which; App. 315, a. 




BOOK III, 155-168 


155 


hie canit et tua nos en ultro ad limina mittit. 155 

Nos te Dardania incensa tuaque arma secuti, 

nos tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor, 

idem venturos tollemus in astra nepotes 

imperiumque urbi dabimus. Tu moenia magnis 

magna para longumque fugae ne linque laborem. 160 

Mutandae sedes. Non haec tibi litora suasit 

Delius aut Cretae jussit considere Apollo. 

Est locus, Hesperiam GrajI cognomine dicunt, 
terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae; 

Oenotri coluere viri; nunc fama minores 165 

Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem: 
hae nobis propriae sedes, hinc Dardanus ortus 
Iasius^we pater, genus a quo principe nostrum. 


Apollo, inis ra. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

astrum, i n. star, constellation* 
cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), proph¬ 
esy, proclaim, chant* 
cognomen, inis n. (sur)name, title 
colo, ere, in, cultus cultivate, inhabit, 
cherish, honor, foster* 
considb, ere, sedi, sessus sit (down), 
settle 

Creta, ae /. large island in the eastern 
Mediterranean 

Dardania, ae /. city of Dardanus, Troy 
Dardanus, i m. early king of Troyf 
Delius, a, um Delian, of Delos, birth¬ 
place of Apollo f 

dux, ducis ra. leader, guide, pilot* 
en lo! behold! see! look! 
glaeba, ae /. soil, sod, glebe 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 

Hesperia, ae /. Italy, Westland 


lasius, (i)i m. brother of Dardanust 
incendo, ere, i, ensus kindle, burn* 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert, 
omit* 

minores, um m. descendants, posterity 
muto (1) (ex)change, transform, alter* 
nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 
Oenotr(i)us, a, um of Oenotria, a dis¬ 
trict of southern Italy 
orior, iri, ortus (a)rise, spring up 
permetior, iri, mensus measure through, 
traverse f 

potens, entis powerful, mighty* 
princeps, cipis m. first, chief, leader 
proprius, a, um one’s own, secure, per¬ 
manent 

suadeo, ere, suasi, suasus persuade, rec¬ 
ommend 

tumidus, a, um swollen, surging 
uber, eris n. udder, bosom, fertility 
ultro beyond, voluntarily* 


156-157. Dardania incensa: abl. abs. 
sub te = te duce. Nos secuti (sumus), 
nos permensi (sumus). 

158. (nos) idem, tuos nepotes: refers 
to the power and the glory of the Roman 
race, and especially to the deification of 
Julius and Augustus Caesar, who traced 
their ancestry to Aeneas. 

159-160. (tuae) urbi: Rome, moenia 
magnis magna: mighty walls for the 
mighty . With magnis understand either 
viris or rebus. Perhaps the poet deliber¬ 
ately left it ambiguous, moenia magnis 
magna, longum linque laborem: inten¬ 
tionally impressive alliteration; App. 411. 

160. para, linque: imperatives; the 
use of ne with the imp. is poetic; App. 
256, a. 


161. Mutandae (sunt). 

162. Cretae: loc.; the only example 
in the Aeneid of the loc. case of an island; 
App 345. 

163. Graji: pronounce Grajji; App 
6, 6. (quern) Graji dicunt ( = vocant) 
Hesperiam. 11. 163-166 = I, 530-533. 

164. armis, ubere: ablatives of re¬ 
spect; App. 325. 

165. Oenotri viri coluere ( = coluerunt 
terram). fama (est) = dicunt. 

166. dixisse ( = vocavisse) gentem 
Italiam. de nomine ducis (Itali). 

167. sedes (sunt), ortus (est). 

167-168. Dardanus lasiusque: Dar¬ 
danus and his brother lasius were born 
in Etruria. On growing up, Dardanus 
emigrated to Asia Minor and married the 




156 THE AENEID, 169-182 

Surge age et haec laetus longaevo dicta parenti 
170 hand dubitanda refer: Corythum terrasque requirat 

Ausonias: Dictaea negat tibi Juppiter arva.’ 

Tdlibus attonitus visis et voce dedrum 

{nee sopor illud erat, sed coram agnoscere vultus 

velatasgwe comas praesentiagwe ora videbar; 

175 turn gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor) 

corripio e stratis corpus tendoque supinas 
ad caelum cum voce mantis et munera libo 
intemerata focls. Perfects laetus honore 
Anchisen facio certum remque ordine pando. 
iso Agnovit prolem ambiguam geminosque parentis, 

seque novo veterum deceptum errore locorum. 

Turn memorat: ‘Nate, Iliacis exercite fails, 


agndsco, ere, novi, nitus recognize* 
ambiguus, a, um doubtful, ambiguous 
attonitus, a, um thunderstruck, as¬ 
tounded t 

Ausonius, a, um Italian, Ausonian 
certus, a, um determined, sure, fixed, 
reliable; certum facere inform* 
coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses* 
coram face to face, before the face 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* 
Corythus, i ra. a city of northern Italy, 
Cortona f 

decipio, ere, cepi, ceptus deceive! 
Dictaeus, a, um Dictean, of Dicte, a 
Cretan mountain! 
dubito (1) waver, doubt, hesitate! 
error, oris ra. mistake, wandering 
exerceo, ere, ui, itus drive, harass* 
focus, i ra. hearth, fireplace, home 
gelidus, a, um cold, chilly, icy 
Iliacus, a, um Trojan, Ilian* 


daughter of Teucer or Teucrus (1. 108), 
from whom he inherited the kingdom of 
Troy. Iasius emigrated to Samothrace. 
pater: a purely honorary title here, a 

quo principe (Dardano ortum est) nos¬ 
trum genus. 

169. longaevo parenti (tuo): Anchises. 

170. refer: imp. (Anchises) requirat: 
vol. (jussive) subj. or indir. command; 
App. 254. 

172-191. Aeneas reports his vision to 
Anchises, and the Trojans set sail happy 
at the prospect of soon ending their 
wanderings. 

172. (ego) attonitus. 

173. vultus (dedrum). 


intemeratus, a, um pure, undefiled 
libo (1) taste, pour (as a libation) 
longaevus, a, um long-lived, aged 
mano (1) flow, drip, ooze (out) 
memord (1) (re)call, relate, recount, say* 
nego (1) deny, refuse, say no (not) 
ordo, inis ra. order, arrangement, array* 
pando, ere, i, passus spread, open, reveal* 
perficio, ere, feci, fectus accomplish, 
execute, finish, perfect! 
praesens, entis present, at hand 
proles, is /. offspring, progeny, race* 
requiro, ere, quisivi, quisitus (re)seek 
sopor, oris ra. slumber, sleep 
strata, drum n. bed; pavement 
sudor, oris ra. sweat, perspiration 
supinus, a, um supine, upturned! 
velo (1) cover, veil, envelop, wrap (up) 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 
visum, i n. sight, appearance, vision! 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 


175. corpore: abl. of separation; App. 
340. 

176-177. supinas manus: the attitude 
of prayer; compare the note on palmas, 
I, 93. munera: offerings of wine. 

178. focis: upon the hearth , which 
served as the altar of the penates; dat. 
of direction; App. 306. 

180. ambiguam prolem geminosque 
parentis: i.e., Teucer in Crete and 
Dardanus in Italy. 

181. deceptum (esse), locorum: obj. 
gen.; App. 284. novo veterum: the 
words are contrasted by being brought 
together, a Vergilian conceit. novo 
veterum errore locorum: interlocked 
order; App. 442. 

182. Nate, exercite: vocatives. 




BOOK III, 183-197 


157 


sola mihl tails casus Cassandra canebat. 

Nunc repeto haec generl portendere debita nostro 
et saepe Hesperiam, saepe Itala regna vocare. iss 

Sed quis ad Hesperiae venturos lltora Teucros 
crederet? Aut quern turn vates Cassandra mover et? 

Cedamus Phoebo et monitl meliora sequamurd 
Sic ait, et cunctl dido paremus ovantes. 

Hanc quoque deserimus sedem paucisgwe relictls 190 

vela damus vastumque cava trabe currimus aequor. 

Postquam altum tenuere rates nec jam amplius ullae 
apparent terrae, caelum undique et undique pontus, 
turn mihi caeruleus supra caput astitit imber 
noctem hiememgwe ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. 195 

Continuo ventl volvunt mare magnaque surgunt 
aequora, dispersi jactamur gurgite vasto; 


altum, i n. the deep (sea); heaven 
amplius comp. adv. more, farther 
appareo, ere, ui, itus appear 
a(d)sto, are, stiti stand (by, near)* 
caerul(e)us, a, um dark (blue), gloomy* 
cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), proph¬ 
esy, chant, proclaim* 

Cassandra, ae /. daughter of Priam, a 
prophetess whom none believed 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, fall to* 
continuo immediately, at oncef 
credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust ( dat .)* 
curro, ere, cucurrl, cursus run (over) 
debeo, ere, ui, itus owe, be due, be 
destined 

desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, abandon* 
dispergo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, disperse! 
gurges, itis m. whirlpool, wind), flood* 
Hesperia, ae /. Italy, Westland 
hiems, emis /. storm, winter* 
imber, bris m. rain, storm, flood, water 
inhorreo, ere, ui shiver, bristle! 


184. repeto (Cassandram) porten¬ 
dere ( = portendisse). See the note on 
II, 247, for Cassandra’s prophecies, de¬ 
bita: (as) due. 

185. (Cassandram) saepe Hesperiam 
(vocare), saepe Itala regna vocare. vo¬ 
care: spoke of, mentioned. 

186-187. crederet, moveret: deliber¬ 
ative subjunctives; App. 348. vates: 
(as) a seer. 

188. Cedamus: vol. subj.; App. 
254. 

189. dicto: dat. with special verb; 
App. 297. 

190. paucis relictis: to account for 


Italus, a, um Italian, of Italy 
jacto (1) toss (about), buffet, hurl, fling* 
melior, ius better, superior, preferable 
moneo, ere, ui, itus advise, warn (of) 
ovo (1) triumph, rejoice, exult! 
pareo, ere, ui, itus obey, yield (dat.) 
paucus, a, um small, few, meager* 
Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 
pontus, i m. sea; waves* 
portendo, ere, i, ntus foreshadow, stretch 
forth! 

postquam after (that), when* 
quoque also, even, too, likewise* 
ratis, is /. raft, ship, boat* 
repeto, ere, ivi (ii), itus reseek, recall, 
repeat 

saepe often, frequently* 
supra over, above (acc.)! 
tenebrae, arum /. darkness, gloom 
trabs (trabes), trabis /. beam, timber, 
ship 

undique on (from) all sides* 


the legend that Cretan Pergamum was 
founded by Trojans. See 1. 133. 

191. vela (ventis) damus. 

192-218. Soon after leaving Crete a 
violent storm drives the Trojans out of 
their course to the Strophades, some 
small islands infested by Harpies. 

192. tenuere = tenuerunt. 

193. (et postquam) caelum (apparet). 

195. tenebris: abl. of manner or 
means; App. 328, 331. 

196. venti volvunt mare magna: 
double alliteration of v v and m m. 

197. (in) gurgite. 




158 THE AENEID, 198-211 

involvere diem nimbi et nox umida caelum 
abstulit, ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes. 

200 Excutimur cursu et caecis errdmus in undis. 

Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere caelo 
nec meminisse viae media Palinurus in unda. 

Tris adeo incertos caeca caligine soles 
errdmus pelago, totidem sine sidere nodes. 

205 Quarto terra die primum se attollere tandem 

visa, aperire procul montis ac volvere fumum. 

Vela cadunt, remis Insurgimus; haud mora, nautae 
adnixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt. 
Servdtum ex undis Strophadum me litora primum 
210 excipiunt. Strophades Grajo stant nomine dictae 
Insulae lonio in magno, quas dlra Celaeno 


abrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break off 
adeo to such an extent, indeed 
adnitor, i, sus (nixus) lean upon, strive 
aperio, ire, ui, rtus open (out)* 
attollo, ere lift, rear, raise* 
aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus carry away, 
robf 

cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
caerul(e)us, a, um dark (blue), gloomy* 
callgo, inis /. fog, darkness, gloomf 
Celaeno, us /. a harpyf 
dirus, a, um terrible, dire, dreadful* 
discerno, ere, crevl, cretus distinguish, 
discern f 

excipio, ere, cepl, ceptus receive, catch 
excutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake off, drive 
from* 

fumus, i vi. smoke, vapor, fume 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 
incertus, a, um indistinguishable, un¬ 
certain 

ingemino (1) redouble, increase, repeat 


198. involvere = involverunt. 

201. Ipse Palinurus: the master {pilot ). 
(se) discernere (in) caelo. 

202. viae: gen. with meminisse; App. 
288. nec meminisse = et (negat se) me¬ 
minisse : inf. of indir. statement; App. 263. 

203. Tris incertos soles ( = dies): it 
was so dark that it was uncertain whether 
day or night prevailed; acc. of duration 
of time; App. 314. caeca caligine: abl. 
of cause with incertos; App. 332. 

204. (in) pelago: or abl. of the route; 
App. 338. totidem noctes (erramus). 

205-206. terra visa (est) se attollere, 
aperire, ac volvere. volvere fumum: to 
send up wreaths of smoke . 


Insula, ae /. island 

Insurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus rise (on) 

(dat.) f 

involvo, ere, I, volutus envelop, wrap in 
lonius, a, um Ionian (Sea), Greekf 
meminl, isse remember, recall {gen.) 
mora, ae /. delay, pause, hindrance* 
nauta, ae m. sailor, seaman, mariner f 
nego (1) deny, refuse, say not (no) 
nimbus, I m. storm cloud, rainstorm* 
nubes, is /. cloud, fog, mist* 

Palinurus, I m. Trojan pilotf* 
quartus, a, um fourthf 
sine without ( abl .)* 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
spuma, ae /. foam, froth, spray 
Strophades, um /. islands of the Ionian 
Seat 

torqueo, ere, rsl, rtus twist, toss, sway* 
totidem an equal number, so many 
tres, tria three* 

umidus, a, um wet, damp, moist 
verro, ere, I, rsus sweep (over), scour 


207. Vela cadunt: on nearing the 
shore, the ancients furled the sails of 
their boats and used the oars, remis: 
dat. with compound; App. 298. mora 
(est). 

208. caerul(e)a (aequora). 

210. dictae == vocatae. stant = sunt, 

but more picturesque. 

211-213. insulae: with the final diph¬ 
thong shortened before the initial vowel 
of the following word. This is called 
semi-hiatus; App. 400. lonio (marl). 
Phlneia domus: to punish Phineus 
for his crimes, Jupiter blinded him 
and sent the Harpies, which defiled 
his food when he attempted to eat. Two 




BOOK III, 212-224 


159 


Harpyia eque colunt aliae, Phineia posfquam 
clausa domus mensas que metu llquere priores. 
Tristius hand illls monstrum, nec saevior tilla 
pestis et Ira deum Stygils sese extulit undis. 
Virginei volucrum vultus, foedissima ventris 
proluvies unc&eque mantis et pallida semper 
ora fame. 

Htic ubi delatl porttis intravimus, ecce 
laeta bourn passim campis armenta videmus 
caprigenum^e pecus ntillo custode per herbas. 
Inruimus ferro et divos ipsumque vocamus 
in partem praedam que Jovem; turn litore curvo 
exstruimusgwe toros dapibusgue epulamur opimls. 


armentum, I n. herd, drove (of cattle) 
bos, bovis m. (/.) ox, bull, cow 
caprigenus, a, um goat(-born)t 
claudo, ere, i, sus shut (in), (in)close* 
colo, ere, ul, cultus cultivate, inhabit* 
curvus, a, um bent, curved, wind¬ 
ing* 

custos, odis m. (/.) guard(ian), keeper* 
daps, is /. (sacrificial) feast, banquet* 

defero, ferre, tuli, latus bring down, 
convey 

ecce see! look! behold!* 
effero, ferre, extuli, elatus carry (out), 
raise* 

epulor, ari, atus feast, banquet (abl.) f 
exstruo, ere, struxl, structus build (up), 
pile! ^ 

fames, is /. hunger, famine, greed 
foedus, a, um foul, filthy, loathsomef 
Harpyia, ae /. harpy, a ravenous monster 
with the body of a bird and the face 
of a woman f 

herba, ae/. grass, herb(age), sward* 
inruo, ere, ui fall (on), rush on 
intro (1) enter, penetratef 

linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
mensa, ae /. table* 


metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* 
monstrum, i n. portent, monster, prodigy* 
opimus, a, um rich, sumptuous, fer¬ 
tile 

pallidus, a, um pale, pallid, wan 
passim everywhere, all about* 
pecus, oris n. herd, flock, drove* 
pestis, is /. plague, pestilence, curse 
Phlneius, a, um of Phineus, king of 
Thrace, blinded by the gods and 
tormented by the harpies for his crimesf 
postquam after (that), when* 
praeda, ae /. booty, plunder, spoils 
prior, ius former, previous, prior* 
proluvies, el /. overflow, excrement! 
saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* 
semper always, ever* 

Stygius, a, um Stygian, infernal, of the 
River Styx in Hadesf* 
subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected 
torus, l m. (banqueting) couch, bed* 
uncus, a, um curved, hooked, bent 
venter, tris m. belly, maw 
virgineus, a, um of a girl, maidenly; 
pure 

volucris, is /. bird, fowl! 

vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 


of the Argonauts, Zetes and Calais, 
finally chased the Harpies away, and 
they then took up their abode in the 
Strophades. Harpyiae: yi form a diph¬ 
thong, pronounced we. 

213. clausa (est). metu: abl. of cause; 
App. 332. liquere = liquerunt. 

214. illls: abl. with comparative; App. 
327. monstrum (se extulit). 

215. de(or)um. 

216. vultus (erant). 

218. fame: with long e, as though of 
the fifth declension; abl. of cause. 


219-244. The Harpies rudely disturb 
the sacrificial banquet of the Trojans 
but are finally beaten off. 

221. caprigenum pecus: flock of goats . 
null6 custode: with no one to guard them; 
abl. abs.; App. 343. 

222-223. ferro: abl. of means, divos 
vocamus: i.e., a portion of the booty was 
promised to the gods as a sacrifice, on 
condition that they would help the Tro¬ 
jans secure it. (in) litore. 

224. toros: couches of turf on which 




160 THE AENEID, 225-238 

225 At subitae horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt 

Harpyiae et magnls quatiunt clangoribus alas, 
diripiuntgwe dapes contactu^ue omnia foedant 
immundo; turn vox taetrum dlra inter odorem. 
Rursum in secessu longo sub rupe cavata 
230 [arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris] 

instruimus mensas arlsque reponimus ignem; 
rursum ex diverso caeli caecis que latebris 
turba sonans praedam pedibus circumvolat uncis, 
polluit ore dapes. Socils tunc arma capessant 
235 edico, et dira bellum cum gente gerendum. 

Haud secus ac jussi faciunt tectosgwe per herbam 
disponunt ensis et scuta latentia condunt. 

Ergo ubi delapsae sonitum per curva dedere 


ala, ae /. wing* 

arbos (or), oris/, tree, wood(s)* 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
capesso, ere, ivi (ii), ltus seize (eagerly) 
cavo (1) hollow (out) 
circumvolo (1) fly around 
clangor, oris m. noise, whir, clang 
claudo, ere, si, sus shut (in), (in)close* 
condo, ere, didi, ditus establish, found, 
place; hide* 

contactus, us m. contact, touch f 
curvus, a, um bent, curved, winding* 
daps, is /. (sacrificial) feast, banquet* 
delabor, i, lapsus glide down, slip (down) 
diripio, ere, ui, reptus tear apart, plunder 
dirus, a, um terrible, dire, dreadful* 
dispono, ere, posui, positus arrange, dis¬ 
tribute f 

diversus, a, um separate(d), different* 
edico, ere, dixi, dictus proclaim, orderf 
ensis, is m. sword, knife* 
ergo therefore, hence, consequently* 
foedo (1) defile, pollute, befoul 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus bear, wage* 
Harpyia, ae /. harpy, a ravenous monster 
with the face of a woman and the 
body of a bird 


herba, ae/. grass, herb(age), sward* 
horreo, ere, ui bristle, shudder (at)* 
horrificus, a, um horrible, horrifyingf 
immundus, a, um foul, filthy, dirtyf 
instruo, ere, struxi, structus build (up), 
equip, array, heap up, instruct 
lapsus, us m. gliding, slip, swoop 
latebra, ae /. hiding place, retreat, lair 
latens, entis hiding, hidden, secret 
mensa, ae /. table* 
odor, oris m. odor, scent, stench 
polluo, ere, ui,utus defile, pollute, profane 
praeda, ae /. booty, plunder, spoils 
quatio, ere, quassus shake, shatter 
repono, ere, posui, positus replace* 
rupes, is /. rock, cliff, crag* 
rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
scutum, i n. shield 
secessus, us m. retreat, recess, nook 
secus otherwise, differently 
sonitus, us m. sound, roar, crash, noise 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected 
taeter, tra, trum foul, filthy, loathsome! 
tego, ere, texi, tectus hide, cover* 
turba, ae /. crowd, mob, throng, uproar 
uncus, a, um curved, bent, hooked 


to recline at the banquet, dapibus: abl. 
with epulamur = vescimur; App. 342; 
a variety of the abl. of means. 

226. magnis clangoribus; with a terri¬ 
ble din of their wings. 

228. vox dira (est). 

229-230. Almost the same as I, 
310-311. 

232. diverso = diversa parte. 

233. pedibus: abl. of means, turba 
(Harpyiarum). 


234. (nostras) dapes. (ut) capessant: 

a subst. vol. clause, depending on edico; 
App. 360. 

235. gerendum (esse): indir. state¬ 
ment, depending on edico; App. 263, 
360, a. dira gente (Harpyiarum). 

236-237. ac: than . tectos, latentia: 
proleptic; equivalent to ita disponunt 
ensis ut tegantur et ita condunt scuta ut 
lateant; App. 440. 

238. dedere = dederunt. 




BOOK III, 239-252 


161 


lltora, dat signum specula Misenus ab altd 

aere cavo. Invadunt socil et nova proelia temptant, 240 

obscenas pelagi ferro foedare volucris. 

Sed neque vim plumis ullam nec vulnera tergo 
accipiunt, celerl que fug a, sub sidera lapsae 
semesam praedam et vestigia foeda relinquunt. 

Una in praecelsa consedit rape Celaeno, 245 

infelix vates, rumpitgwe hanc pectore vocem: 

‘Bellum etiam pro caede bourn stratis^we juvends, 

Laomedontiadae, bellumne inferre paratis 

et patrio Harpyias insontis pellere regnof 

Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite dicta, 250 

quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mihi Phoebus Apollo 

praedixit, vobis Furiarum ego maxima pando. 


aes, aeris n. bronze (utensil, trumpet)* 
Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

bos, bovis m. (/.) bull, ox, cow 
caedes, is /. slaughter, murder, massacre 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 

Celaeno, us /. a harpy 
celer, eris, ere swift, quick, speedy* 
consido, ere, sedi, sessus sit, settle* 
ergo therefore, hence, consequently* 
etiam also, even, besides, yet, still* 
figo, ere, xi, xus fix, fasten, (im)print* 
foedo (1) defile, mangle, disfigure 
foedus, a, um filthy, foul, loathsome 
Furiae, arum /. Furies, avenging spirits 
Harpyia, ae /. harpy, a foul and ravenous 
monster with the body of a bird and 
the face of a woman 

infero, ferre, full, illatus bring to, offer, 
wage 

Insons, ontis innocent, guiltless 
invado, ere, si, sus go (into), attack 
juvencus, i m. bullock, steer, oxf* 
Laomedontiades, ae m . descendant of 
Laomedon; Trojanf 
Misenus, i m. Trojan trumpeterf 

240. aere cavo = tuba, with the trumpet. 
nova proelia: strange ( unusual) combats. 

241. foedare: in loose apposition with 

proelia. 

242. (in) plumis, (in) tergo: the 
weapons of the Trojans glance from the 
feathers and the backs of the Harpies. 

243. sub: up toward. 

245-258. In revenge, Celaeno, leader 
of the Harpies, gives a horrifying oracle. 

246. rumpit vocem: breaks forth (with) 
this cry; vocem is cognate acc.; App. 313. 
See II, 129, and note, (ex) pectore. 


obscenus, a, um disgusting, filthy, foulf 
omnipotens, entis almighty, omnipotent 
pando, ere, i, passus open (up), disclose* 
pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus drive (away), 
strike 

Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 
pluma, ae /. feather, plumef 
praecelsus, a, um lofty, highf 
praeda, ae /. booty, plunder, spoils 
praedico,ere, dixi, dictus foretell, predictf 
pro in behalf of, (in return) for ( abl .)* 
proelium, (i)i n. battle, conflict, fray 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break, burst 
(forth), utter* 

rupes, is /. rock, cliff, crag* 
semesus, a, um half-eatenf 
signum, i n. sign(al), mark, token* 
specula, ae/. lookout, height, watch-towerf 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay (low, 
down), strew, spread, fell* 
tempto (1) try, seek, test, examine* 
tergum, i n. back, hide, rear* 
vestigium, (i)I n. step, track, trace* 
volucris, is /. bird, fowl 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 

247. Bellum: emphatic by position and 
by rhetorical repetition; App. 413. pro 
(in return for) caede bo(v)um: sarcastic. 

248. Laomedontiadae: in derision, as 
Laomedon, the legendary ancestor of the 
Trojans, was a famous perjurer and cheat. 
See II, 610, and note, inferre (nobis). 

249. (e) patrio regno (nostro). Har¬ 
pyias: yi form a diphthong pronounced 
we. 

250-251. (in) animis. quae Phoebo 
pater omnipotens (praedixit). pater om¬ 
nipotens: Jupiter. 

252. (quae) ego maxima (natu) Furia- 




162 


255 


260 


265 


THE AENEID, 253-266 

Italiam cursu petitis ventisque vocatis: 
ibitis Italiam portiisque intrare licebit. 

Sed non ante datam cingetis moenibus urbem 
quam vos dira fames nostraeque injuria caedis 
ambesas subigat mails absumere mensas.’ 

Dixit, et in silvam pennis ablata refugit. 

At sociis subita gelidus formidine sanguis 
deriguit: cecidere animi, nec jam amplius armis, 
sed votis precibusgwe jubent exposcere pacem, 
sive deae seu sint dirae obscenaegwe volucres. 

Et pater Anchises passis de litore palmis 
numina magna vocat meritosgwe indicit honores: 

‘ Di, prohibete minas; di, tdlem avertite casum 
et placid! senate pios.’ Turn litore funem 


absumo, ere, mpsl, mptus consume, 
destroy 

ambedo, ere, edi, esus eat, gnaw aroundf 
amplius more (abundantly) 
aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus carry off, 
remove, bear away 
averto, ere, i, rsus avert, turn away* 
cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
caedes, is /. slaughter, murder, massacre 
cingo, ere, cinxl, clnctus surround, 
gird(le)* 

derigesco, ere, rigui stiffen, freezef 
dirus, a, um terrible, dire, dreadful* 
exposed, ere, poposci demand, beg, askf 
fames, is /. hunger, famine, greed 
formido, inis /. fear, fright, terror, dread 
funis, is m. rope, cable, line, cord 
gelidus, a, um cold, chilly, icy 
indico, ere, dlxl, dictus proclaim 
injuria, ae /. wrong, injury, injustice 
intro (1) enter, penetrate 


rum pando: a poetic confusion of the 
Furies and Harpies, which were supposed 
to be distinct. 

253-254. cursu: abl. of manner; App. 
328. ventls vocatls: alliteration. Italiam, 
Italiam: intentionally impressive itera¬ 
tion. (ad) Italiam. (vobls) licebit. 

255. ante . . . quam: sooner . . . than , 
until . datam (a fatls). 

256. fames: a punishment to fit the 
crime, nostrae injuria caedis: the wrong 
of our (attempted slaughter) = the wrong 
you have done by trying to slay us, appo- 
sitional gen.; App. 281. nostrae: equiva¬ 
lent to an obj. gen.; App. 284. 

257. subigat: with ante quam; App. 
376, a. ambesas mensas (vestras) : this 
dreadful prophecy is fulfilled in a harmless 
manner. The Trojans after arriving in 


licet, ere, uit, itum it is allowed* 
mala, ae /. jaw, cheek-bonef 
mensa, ae /. table* 

mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, merit, earn* 
minae, arum /. threat, menace, dangerf 
obscenus, a, um filthy, disgusting 
palma, ae /. palm, hand* 
pando, ere, I, passus spread (open), re¬ 
veal* 

pax, pads /. peace, indulgence, favor 

penna, ae /. wing, featherf 

placidus, a, um peaceful, gracious, calm* 

prex, precis /. prayer, entreaty* 

prohibeo, ere, ui, itus forbid, hinder 

quam than, how, asf 

refugio, ere, fugi flee (back), retire 

sive, seu whether, or (if) 

subigo, ere, egi, actus compel, force under 

subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected 

volucris, is /. bird, fowl 

votum, i n. vow, prayer, (votive) offering* 


Italy use broad cakes as plates on which 
to spread their food. After consuming 
the layer of food, they finally eat these 
cakes, thus devouring their “ tables ” and 
fulfilling the prophecy. See VII, 112-129. 

259-288. In great alarm the Trojans 
depart and soon reach Actium where they 
celebrate games in honor of Apollo, and 
then remain for the winter. 

259. sociis: dat. of reference; App. 
301. 

260. cecidere = ceciderunt. 

261. jubent (me). 

262. sive (illae Harpyiae) sint deae: 

subj. in informal indir. disc.; App. 390, a. 

263. passis palmis: the usual attitude 
of prayer. See I, 93, and note. 

266. (nos) pios. funem: collective. 




BOOK III, 267-280 


163 


deripere excussosgwe jubet laxare rudentls. 
Tendunt vela Not!: fugimus spumantibus undls 
qua cursum ventusque gubernatorgue vocabat. 
Jam medio apparet fluctu nemorosa Zacynthos 
Dulichiumgwe Samegue et Neritos ardua saxis. 
Effugimus scopulos Ithacae, Laertia regna, 
et terram altricem saevi exsecramur Ulixi. 

Mox et Leucatae nimbosa cacumina montis 
et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo. 

Hunc petimus fessi et parvae succedimus urbi; 
ancora de prora jacitur, stant litore puppes. 

Ergo inspSrata tandem tellure potltl 
lustramurgwe Jovi votis que incendimus dras, 
Actiagwe Iliacis celebramus litora ludis. 


Actius, a. um of Actium, a promontory 
of western Greece f 
altrlx, icis /. nurse, nourisherf 
ancora, ae /. anchor 
aperio, ire, ui, rtus open (out), loom* 
Apollo, inis ra. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

appareo, ere, ui, itus appear 
arduus, a, um high, steep, difficult 
cacumen, inis n. summit, top, peakf 
celebro (1) throng, celebrate, solemnize 
deripio, ere, ui, reptus tear away 
Dulichium, (i)i n. island of the Ionian 
Seat 

effugio, ere, fugi escape (from), flee 
ergo therefore, then, thence, conse¬ 
quently* 

excutio, ere, i, cussus shake out, loose(n), 
unfold* 

exsecror, ari, atus curse, execrate, re- 
vilef 

formido (1) fear, dread, be afraidf 
gubernator, oris m. helmsman, pilotf 
Iliacus, a, um Trojan, Ilian, of Ilium* 
incendo, ere, i, ensus kindle, burn* 
insperatus, a, um unhoped forf 
Ithaca, ae /. island of the Ionian Sea, 
kingdom of Ulysses, wily Greek leaderf 
jacio, ere, jeci, jactus throw, hurlf 


Laertius, a, um of Laertes, father of 
Ulysses f 

laxo (1) loose(n), relax, open, free 
Leucata, ae /. promontory of Leucas 
in western Greece f 

ludus, i m. play, game, sport, contestf 

lustro (1) purify, traverse, survey* 

mox presently, soonf 

nauta, ae m. sailor, seaman, mariner 

nemorosus, a, um wooded, woodyf 

Neritos, i /. island of the Ionian Seaf 

nimbosus, a, um cloudy, stormy 

Notus, i m. (south) wind 

parvus, a, um small, little* 

potior, iri, itus gain, possess ( abl .) 

prora, ae /. prow 

qua where (by), in any (some) way 
rudens, entis m. rope, cable, sheet 
saevus, a, um cruel, fierce, stern* 

Same, es /. island of the Ionian Seaf 
scopulus, i m. rock, crag, cliff* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
succedo, ere, cessi, cessus approach 
( dat .) 

Ulixes, is (ei, i) m. Ulysses, wily Greek 
leader* 

votum, i n. vow, prayer, (votive) offering* 
Zacynthus (os), i /. island of the Ionian 
Seat 


268. undis: abl. of the route; App. 
338. 

270. (in) fluctu. 

271. saxis: abl. of cause, ardua saxis: 

with its lofty crags. 

273. Ulixi: obj. gen.; App. 284. 

275. nautis: dat. of agent or reference; 
App. 302, 301. Apollo: i.e., the temple 
of Apollo at Actium, dreaded by sailors 
on account of the dangers to navigation 
in that region. 


276. Hunc (Apollinem) = hoc templum 
Apollinis. urbi: dat. with compound. 
Actium became famous as the scene of 
the great naval victory of Augustus over 
Antony and Cleopatra in 31 b.c. 

277. (in) litore. 

278. tellure: abl. with potior; App. 
342. 

279. votis: abl. of means. 

280. Iliacis ludis: abl. of means. A 
festival had been celebrated here in an- 





164 


THE AENEID, 281-292 


Exercent patrias oleo labente palaestras 
nudatl soon: juvat evasisse tot urbes 
Argolicas mediosque fugam tenuisse per hostls. 

Interea magnum sol circumvolvitur annum 
285 et glacialis hiems Aquilonibus asperat undas: 
aere cavo clipeum, magnl gestamen Abantis, 
postibus adversis figo et rem carmine signo: 

AENEAS HAEC DE DANAIS VICTORIBUS ARMA. 

Linquere turn portus jubeo et considere transtris. 

290 Certatim socil feriunt mare et aequora verrunt. 

Protinus aerias Phaeacum abscondimus arces 
lltoraque Eplri legimus portuque sublmus 


Abas, antis m. king of Argosf 
abscondo, ere, (di)dl, ditus hide; see 
disappear! 

adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
aerius, a, um airy, lofty, towering! 
aes, aeris n. bronze (implement)* 
annus, I m. year, circuit; season* 

Aquilo, onis m. (north) wind 
Argolicus, a, um Argive, Greek 
aspero (1) roughen! 
carmen, inis n. song, verse, poemf 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
certatim in rivalry, emulously, eagerly 
circumvolvo, ere, volutus roll around! 
clipeus, i m. shield, buckler* 
consldo, ere, sedl, sessus sit (down), 
settle* 

Epirus, I /. a district of northwestern 
Greece! 

evado, ere, si, sus go forth, escape (from) 
exerceo, ere, ul, itus practice, drive, 
engage in, harass* 
ferio, Ire strike, smite, kill 
figo, ere, xl, xus fasten, fix (im)print* 


gestamen, inis n. equipment, accoutre¬ 
ment! 

glacialis, e icy, cold! 
hiems, emis /. winter, storm* 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
juvo, are, juvl, jutus help, please* 
lego, ere, leg!, lectus gather, choose, pass 
(by), skirt* 

linquo, ere, llqul, lictus leave, desert* 
nudo (1) bare, strip, expose, uncover 
oleum, i n. oil! 

palaestra, ae /. wrestling (place, bout)! 
Phaeaces, um m. Phaeacians, a mythi¬ 
cal people off the western coast of 
Greece! 

postis, is m. column, post, portal, door 
protinus immediately, continuously 
signo (1) sign, mark, designate 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
tot so many, as many* 
transtrum, I n. cross bench, rowers’ 
bench, thwart! 

verro, ere, I, rsus sweep (over), scour 


cient times and was renewed by Augustus 
in honor of his victory at Actium in 31 b.c. 
Vergil assigns the original foundation of 
the festival and games to Aeneas, to add 
to their renown and to bestow a bit of 
delicate flattery on Augustus. 

281. oleo labente: the ancient ath¬ 
letes, especially wrestlers, oiled them- 
seives. 

282. nudatl: ancient athletes wore no 
clothing while playing their games, juvat 
(nos) : we rejoice. 

284. annum: obj. of circum in circum¬ 
volvitur, or cognate acc. of the middle 
verb; App. 308, 309, 313. 


286. aere cavo: abl. of quality denot¬ 
ing material; App. 330, 324. 

287. (in) postibus adversis: on the 
entrance pillars (of the temple), carmine: 
such poetical inscriptions were common. 

288. Aeneas (dedit ApollinI) Haec 
Arma (tracta) De Danais Victoribus. 
Victoribus: victorious , but not wholly so, 
as Aeneas’s inscription means to show. 

289-299. They land in Epirus, now 
under the rule of Trojan Helenus and 
Andromache, after the death of Pyrrhus. 

289. (in) transtris. 

292. portu: dat. with compound. 




BOOK III, 293-304 


165 


Chaonio et celsam Buthrotl accedimus urbem. 

Hie incredibilis rerum fama occupat aurfs, 

Prlamiden Helenum Grajas regnare per urbls 295 

conjugio Aeacidae Pyrrhi sceptris^we potitum, 
et patrio Andromachen iterum cessisse marito. 

Obstipui mlroque incensum pectus amore 
compellare virum et casus cognoscere tantos. 

Progredior portu classls et lltora linquens, 300 

sollemnis cum forte dapes et tristia dona 
ante urbem in luco falsi Simoentis ad undam 
libabat cineri Andromache mamsgwe vocabat 
Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quern caespite inanem 


accedo, ere, cessi, cessus approach, reach 
Aeacides, ae m. descendant of Aeacus, 
grandfather of Achilles 
Andromache, es /. wife of Hector 
auris, is /. ear* 

Buthrotum, i n . city of Epirusf 
caespes, itis m. turf, sodf 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, retire, 
fall to* 

celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 
Chaonius, a, um Chaonian, of Chaonia, 
a district of northwestern Greecef 
cinis, eris m. ashes (of the dead), em¬ 
bers* 

cognosco, ere, novi, nitus learn 
compello (1) address, speak to, accost 
conjugium, (i)i n. wedlock, wife, husband 
daps, is /. (sacrificial) feast, banquet* 
falsus, a, um false, pretended, mock, 
counterfeit 

Grajus, a, um Greek* 

Hectoreus, a, um of Hector, a Trojan 
hero 

Helenus, i m. a prophet, son of Priamf 

294. (nostras) auris. 

295. regnare: indir. statement depend¬ 
ing on the idea of saying implied in fama; 
App. 390, 263. 

296. conjugio (=conjuge=Andromache) 
sceptrisque: ablatives with the verb 
potior; App. 342. Andromache, the ill- 
fated wife of Hector, had been allotted 
in the distribution of the booty to 
Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), son of Achilles 
and descendant of Aeacus. sceptris: 
poetic plural; App. 243. 

297. patrio: i.e., Trojan. 

298-299. amore: abl. of means, in¬ 
censum (est) pectus (meum). amore 
compellare: desire to speak to. Cf. 
amor cognoscere, II, 10, and see App. 264. 

300-343. The pathetic meeting of 


inanis, e empty, vain, useless* 
incendo, ere, i, census kindle, burn* 
incredibilis, e unbelievable, incrediblef 
iterum again, a second time, anew* 
llbo (1) pour out, offer (as a libation) 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
lucus, I m. (sacred) grove, wood 
manes, ium m. (souls of) the dead* 
maritus, i m. husband f 
minis, a, um wonderful, marvelous 
obstipesco, ere, stipui be amazed, stand 

agape* 

occupo (1) possess; surprise; occupyf 
potior, iri, itus gain, possess (abl.) 
Priamides, ae m. descendant of Priamf 
progredior, i, gressus advancef 
Pyrrhus, i m. Neoptolemus, son of 

Achilles 

regno (1) reign, rule, govern, sway 
sceptrum, i n. scepter, (royal) power 
Simois, entis m. river near Troy 
sollemnis, e annual, solemn, customary 
tumulus, i m. mound, tomb* 
viridis, e green, fresh, vigorous* 

Aeneas with Andromache at the empty 
tomb of Hector. 

300. (a) portu. 

301. dapes, dona: food offerings to 
the dead. Such offerings usually con¬ 
sisted of wine, milk, oil, honey, and some¬ 
times of more solid foods, such as eggs 
and beans. 

302. falsi Simoentis: i.e., a Simois 
named after the one at Troy. 

303. cineri: i.e., of Hector, manis 
vocabat: to the sacrificial meal. 

304. tumulum inanem: an empty 

tomb erected here in honor of Hector, 
whose ashes had been buried at Troy. 
Such monuments, common in antiquity, 
were called cenotaphs, caespite: abl. of 
material; App. 324. 





166 


THE AENEID, 305-319 


305 et geminas, causam lacrimls, sacraverat aras. 

Ut me conspexit venientem et Troia circum 
arma amens vldit, magnls exterrita monstris 
deriguit visu in medio, calor ossa reliquit; 
labitur et longo vix tandem tempore fatur: 

310 ‘Vera ne te facies, verus mihi nuntius adfers, 

nate ded? Vivisne? Aut, si lux alma recessit, 
Hector ubi estt ’ Dixit, lacrimasque effudit et omnem 
implevit clamore locum. Vix pauca furenti 
subjicio et raris turbatus vocibus hisco: 

315 ‘Vivo equidem vitamque extrema per omnia duco; 
ne dubita, nam vera rides. 

Heu! quis te casus dejectam conjuge tanto 
excipit, aut quae digna satis fortuna revisit, 

Hectoris Andromache? Pyrrhin conubia servasf ’ 


adfero, ferre, tuli, latus bring to, present! 
almus, a, um kind(ly), nourishing 
amens, entis crazy, frantic, distracted 
Andromache, es /. wife of Hector 
calor, oris m. heat, warmth, glow! 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, occasion* 
conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look at 
conubium, (i)I n. marriage, wedlock 
dejicio, ere, jeci, jectus cast down! 
derigesco, ere, rigui stiffen, freeze 
dignus, a, um worthy (of), suitable ( abl .) 
dubito (1) doubt, hesitate, waver 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out, shed* 
equidem indeed, surely, truly* 
excipio, ere, cepi, ceptus receive, catch 
exterreo, ere, ui, itus frighten, startle! 
extrema, orum n. extremity, death, end* 
facies, el /. appearance, face, form* 
Hector, oris m. Trojan leader* 
hisco, ere gape, falter, stammer! 


impleo, ere, evi, etus fill, satisfy* 
monstrum, i m. prodigy, omen, marvel* 
nuntius, (i)I m. messenger, message 
os, ossis n. bone* 
paucus, a, um small, few, scanty* 
Pyrrhus, I m. Neoptolemus, son of 
Achilles 

rams, a, um rare, disjointed, broken 
recedo, ere, cessi, cessus withdraw, re¬ 
cede, depart 

reviso, ere revisit, see again 
sacro (1) consecrate, dedicate, hallow* 
sat(is) enough, sufficient(ly) * 
subjicio, ere, jeci, jectus place beneath, 
interpose 

Troius, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
turbo (1) disturb, trouble, agitate* 
verus, a, um true, real, genuine* 
visus, us m. sight, view, vision, aspect 
vivo, ere, vixi, victus live, be alive 


305. causam lacrimis: a cause for 
tears; dat. of reference; App. 301. 

306. Ut (Andromache) me conspexit. 

Ut: as, when. 

307. monstris: the sudden appearance 
of Aeneas, whom she thought dead, seems 
miraculous to her, and she thinks it must 
be his ghost. 

308. visu in medio: as she gazed; 
App. 246. 

309. longo tempore = post longum 
tempus; App. 322. 

310. facies, nuntius: in apposition 
with the subject of adfers, (as) a true 
appearance and true messenger , do you 
present yourself? 

312. Hector ubi est: if Aeneas had 


come from the land of the shades, he 
should be accompanied by Hector or at 
least be able to bring news of him, since 
Hector was his old friend and comrade. 
Andromache’s first thought is of her be¬ 
loved Hector. 

313. (ei) furenti: with difficulty do I 
reply briefly to her in her passionate 
appeal. 

314. raris vocibus: with broken words, 
abl. of manner; App. 328. 

317. dejectam conjuge tanto: fallen 
from the high honor of being Hector’s wife. 

319. Pyrrhin(e): Andromache had 
been married, against her will, to her 
captor Pyrrhus (Neoptolemus), son of 
Achilles, but he was now dead. 




BOOK III, 320-331 


167 


Dejecit vultum et demissa voce locuta est: 320 

‘0 felix una ante alias Priameia virgo, 

hostilem ad tumulum Trojae sub moenibus altis 

jussa morl, quae sortitus non pertulit ullos 

nec victoris her! tetigit captiva cublle! 

Nos patria incensa diversa per aequora vectae 325 

stirpis Achilleae fastus juvenemgwe superbum 
servitio enixae tulimus; qui deinde seciitus 
Ledaeam Hermionen Lacedaemoniosg'ue hymenaeos 
me famulo famulamgwe Heleno transmisit habendam. 

Ast ilium ereptae maqno flammatus amove 330 

conjugis et scelerum Furiis agitatus Orestes 


Achilleus, a, um of Achilles, a Greek 
leaderf 

agito (1) drive, harass, pursue, agitate 
captivus, a, um captive, captured 
cublle, is n. couch, bedf 
deinde then, thereafter, next* 
dejicio, ere, jeci, jectus cast down 
demitto, ere, misi, missus send down, 
lower* 

diversus, a, um separate(d), different* 
enitor, i, sus (nixus) bear, give birth tof 
famula, ae /. bondwoman, maidservant 
famulus, i m. slave, manservant 
fastus, us m. disdain, insolence, pridef 
felix, ids happy, fortunate, blessed* 
flammo (1) inflame, fire, kindlef 
Furiae, arum /. Furies, avenging spirits 
Helenus, im. a prophet, son of Priam 
Hermione, es /. daughter of Helenf 
herus, i ra. master, owner, lordf 
hostilis, e hostile, of an enemyf 
hymenaeus, i ra. Hymen, (god of) 
marriage 

incendo, ere, i, census kindle, burn* 
juvenis, is ra. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

321. Priameia ( = Priami) virgo: Poly- 
xena, who was sacrificed by the Greeks 
as an offering at the tomb of Achilles. 

323. sortitus: the captives and other 
booty were regularly distributed among 
the victors by lot. 

325. nos = ego: the “editorial we,” 
contrasted with Polyxena; App. 247. 

326. stirpis Achilleae: Pyrrhus (Neop- 
tolemus), son of Achilles, fastus, juve- 
nem: objects of tulimus. 

327. (in) servitio: as a captive slave . 
enixae: having borne (him) children , a 
son Molossus according to tradition, qui 
= is = Pyrrhus. 

328. Ledaeam Hermionen: Hermione, 
daughter of Helen and granddaughter of 


Lacedaemonius, a, um of Lacedaemon 
(Sparta), a district of southern Greecef 
Ledaeus, a, um of Leda, mother of Helenf 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say, talk* 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 

Orestes, is m. son of Agamemnon; he 
killed his mother to avenge the murder 
of his father, and for this was pursued 
by the Furiesf 

patria, ae /. fatherland, country, home 
town* 

perfero, ferre, tuli, latus endure, bear 
(to the end) 

Priameius, a, um of Priam, king of Troy 
scelus, eris n . crime, guilt, sin, villainy* 
servitium, (i)i n. slavery, bondage 
sortitus, us m. (drawing of) lots, allotmentf 
stirps, is /. stock, lineage, stem, race 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
tango, ere, tetigi, tactus touch, reach* 
transmitto, ere, misi, missus transmit, 
hand overf 

tumulus, i m. mound, tomb* 
veho, ere, vexi, vectus bear, convey* 
virgo, inis /. (unmarried) girl, daughter* 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 

Leda. Her home was in Lacedaemon, a 
district of southern Greece. 

329. famulo famulam: the words are 
intentionally emphasized by being brought 
together, me famulo famulam Heleno: 
interlocked order; App. 442. habendam: 
gerundive expressing purpose; App. 268. 

330-331. ilium: Pyrrhus, ereptae con¬ 
jugis: obj. gen.; App. 284. Hermione 
had been betrothed to Orestes, but was 
later given in marriage to Pyrrhus, 
scelerum Furiis agitatus Orestes: on his 
return from the Trojan war, Agamemnon, 
father of Orestes, had been murdered by 
his own wife, Clytaemnestra, and her 
lover, Aegisthus. To avenge this crime, 
Orestes killed the guilty pair, but for 





168 THE AENEID, 332-345 

excipit incautum patriasque obtruncat ad aras. 
Morte Neoptolemi regnorum reddita cessit 
pars Heleno, qui Chaonios cognomine campos 
335 Chaoniamgue omnem Trojano a Chaone dixit, 

Pergama que Iliacamgue jugis hanc addidit arcem. 
Sed tibi qul cur sum ventl, quae fata dedere? 

Aut quisnam ignarum nostrls deus appulit oris? 
Quid puer Ascanius? Superatne et vescitur aura f 
340 quem tibi gam Troja — 

Ecqua tamen puero est amissae cur a parentis? 
Ecquid in antlquam virtutem animosque virllis 
et pater Aeneas et avunculus excitat Hector?’ 
Talia fundebat lacrimans longosque ciebat 
345 incassum fletus, cum sese a moenibus heros 


addo, ere, didi, ditus add* 
amitto, ere, misi, missus let go, lose* 
appello, ere, pull, pulsus drive to ( dat .) 
Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 
avunculus, i m. maternal uncle! 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, fall to* 
Chaon, onis m . son of Priam 
Chaonia, ae /. a region of northwestern 
Greece! 

Chaonius, a, um Chaonian, of Chaonia, 
a district of northwestern Greece! 
cieo, ere, civi, citus arouse, excite, pro¬ 
duce, stir up* 

cognomen, inis n. (sur)name, title 
ecquis, qua, quid any(one, at all)! 
excipio, ere, cepi, ceptus receive, catch 
excito (1) arouse, excite, stir up 
fletus, us m. weeping, lamentation, tears 
Hector, oris ra. Trojan leader* 

Helenus, i m. a prophet, son of Priam 


heros, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, unaware* 
lliacus, a, um Trojan, Ilian* 
incassum in vain, uselessly! 
incautus, a, um heedless, unaware 
jugum, l n. yoke, (mountain) ridge* 
lacrimo (1) weep, shed tears, lament 
Neoptolemus, i m. Pyrrhus, son of Achilles 
obtrunco (1) slay, kill, slaughter, butcher 
Pergama, orum n. (citadel of) Troy* 
quisnam, quaenam, quidnam who (which, 
what) in the world! 

reddo, ere, didi, ditus give (back, duly), 
cede, return, render* 
supero (1) overcome, surmount, survive* 
tamen nevertheless, however, but* 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
vescor, i feed on, breathe ( abl .) 
virilis, e manly, heroic, virile! 
virtus, utis /. manliness, valor, virtue* 


murdering his mother he was driven mad 
by the Furies. 

332. patrias ad aras: at an altar raised 
to Achilles at Delphi. 

333. Morte: abl. of time; App. 322. 

334. cognomine: abl. of respect; App. 
325. 

335. omnem: for omne, attracted to 
the gender of the predicate noun Chao- 
niam, called the plains Chaonian and the 
whole land Chaonia , from Chaon, a brother 
of Helenus, who had been accidentally 
killed by him. dixit = vocavit. 

337. venti (dederunt). dedere = de- 
derunt (cursum tibi). 

338. (te) ignarum: unaware (that we 
lived here), oris: dat. with compound; 
App. 298. 

339. Quid (agit) Ascanius: how fares 

Ascanius? the usual Roman formula for 


inquiring of one’s health, aura: abl. with 
vescor; App. 342. 

340. An incomplete verse and sentence, 
broken off for the pathetic effect. See 
the note on I, 534. 

341. amissae parentis: Creiisa; An¬ 
dromache assumes that Creiisa has been 
killed or captured; parentis is obj. gen.; 
App. 284. 

343. avunculus Hector: Creiisa was 
a sister of Hector, excitat: does the 
glory of their achievements rouse him to 
emulate them? 

344-440. Helenus, who is both prophet 
and king, receives the Trojans hospitably 
and warns them of their coming dangers 
on land and sea. 

344. Talia (dicta). 




BOOK III, 346-358 


169 


Priamides multls Helenus comitantibus adfert, 
agnoscitgwe suds laetusque ad llmina ducit, 
et multum lacrimas verba inter singula fundit. 

Procedo et parvam Trojam simulatag'ue magnis 
Pergama et arentem Xanthi cognomine rlvum 350 

agnosco, Scaeaegwe amplector limina portae. 

Nee non et Teucri socia simul urbe fruuntur. 

Illos porticibus rex accipiebat in amplls: 
aulal medio libabant pocula Bacchi 
impositls auro dapibus, pateras^we tenebant. 355 

Jamque dies altergwe dies processit, et aurae 
vela vocant tumido^we inflatur carbasus Austro: 
his vatem adgredior dictls ac tdlia quaeso: 


adfero, ferre, tull, latus bring to, present 
adgredior, i, gressus approach, address 
agnosco, ere, novi, nitus recognize* 
alter, era, erum another (of two), second* 
amplector, i, plexus embrace, enfold* 
amplus, a, um large, spacious, broad,* full 
arens, entis dry, parched, arid 
aula, ae /. hall, court, palace 
Auster, tri m. (south) wind* 

Bacchus, i m. (god of) wine 
carbasus, i /. flax, sailf 
cognomen, inis n. (sur)name, title 
comito (1) accompany, attend, escort, 
follow 

daps, dapis /. (sacrificial) feast, banquet* 
fruor, i, fructus enjoy (abl.) t 
Helenus, i m. a prophet, son of Priam 
impono, ere, posul, pos(i)tus place (on)* 
inflo (1) blow in(to), inflate, swellf 
libo (1) pour (as a libation), offer 


medium, (i)i n. middle, midst, center 
parvus, a, um small, little* 
patera, ae /. (libation) bowl 
Pergama, orum n. (citadel of) Troy* 
poculum, i n. (drinking) cup, goblet 
porta, ae /. gate, exit, portal, entrance* 
porticus, us m. colonnade, portico 
Priamides, ae m. descendant of Priam 
procedo, ere, cessi, cessus advance, pass, 
proceed 

quaeso, ere, slvi, situs beg, seek, inquiref 
rivus, i m. stream, rivulet, brookf 
Scaeus, a, um Scaean, name of a famous 
gate in the walls at Troy 
simulo (1) imitate, pretend, make like 
singulus, a, um separate, single, one by one 
socius, a, um allied, associated, friendly 
tumidus, a, um swollen, swelling 
verbum, i n. word, speech, talk 
Xanthus, i m. river near Troyf 


347. suos: his fellow countrymen = 

nos. ducit (nos). 

348. multum lacrimas fundit: weeps 
copious tears (of joy), multum: adverb. 

349-350. magnis (Pergamis): dat. 
with simulata. parvam, arentem: in this 
reproduction of their old Trojan home, 
everything is on a much smaller scale than 
the original; the city itself is parva and the 
river arens in marked contrast with 
the lofty Troy and the “deep-eddying” 
Xanthus in Asia Minor. Xanthi: apposi- 
tive gen. with cognomine. cognomine: 
abl. of quality; App. 330. 

351. amplector limina: in joy at the 
revival of old memories, Aeneas em¬ 
braces the gateway copied after the great 
Scaean gate at Troy. Embracing the 
gate or doorpost was an ancient custom 
of those who had been away from home 
a long time. 


352. Nec non et: likewise also . urbe: 
abl. with fruor; App. 342. 

353. rex: Helenus. accipiebat: im- 

perf. of repeated action; App. 351, 2; 
day after day the king entertained them , 
1. 356. 

354. aulai = aulae: an archaic form; 
App. 34, b. Observe that it has three 
syllables (au-la-i) whereas aulae has only 
two (au-lae). (in) medio. Bacchi: by 
metonymy for vim, wine; App. 433. 
libabant: a ceremony regularly performed 
at each banquet; App. 351, 2. 

355. impositis dapibus: abl. abs.; 
App. 343. auro: gold = golden trays; 
App. 433; dat. with compound, impo¬ 
sitis; App. 298. pateras tenebant: a 
detail added for the sake of vividness. 

356. dies alterque dies: day after day. 
358. vatem: Helenus was a famous 

seer, quaeso: old form of quaero. 




170 THE AENEID, 359-372 

‘Trojugena, interpres divum, qui numina Phoebi, 
360 qui tripodas, Claril lauros, qui sidera sentis 

et volucrum linguas et praepetis omina pennae, 
fare age (namque omnis cursum mihi prospera dixit 
relligio, et cuncti suaserunt numine divi 
Italjam petere et terras temptare repostas; 

365 sola novum dictuque nefas Harpyia Celaeno 
prodigium canit et tristis denuntiat iras 
obscenamgwe famem) quae prima pericula vito? 
Quidve sequens tantos possim superare laboresf’ 

Hie Helenus caesis primum de more juvencis 
370 exorat pacem divum vittasgwe resolvit 

sacrati capitis, meque ad tua limina, Phoebe, 
ipse manu multo suspension numine ducit, 


caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus cut (down), 
kill 

cano, ere, cecinl, cantus sing (of), chant, 
prophesy, proclaim* 

Celaeno, us /. chief harpy 
Clarius, a, um Clarian, of Claros, a 
center of the worship of Apollo f 
denuntio (1) announce, foretell, threaten f 
exoro (1) entreat, beg, win, persuade! 
fames, is /. hunger, famine, greed 
Harpyia, ae /. harpy, a foul and ravenous 
monster with the body of a bird and 
the face of a woman 
Helenus, i ra. a prophet, son of Priam 
interpres, pretis m. interpreter, agentf 
juvencus, i m. bullock, ox, steer* 
laurus, i (us) /. laurel, an evergreen sacred 
to Apollo 

lingua, ae /. tongue, language 
mos, moris m. custom, rule, ritual, law* 
nefas n. indecl. wrong, impiety, sin* 
obscenus, a, um filthy, disgusting, foul 
omen, inis n. omen, portent, sign* 

359-360. Trojugena, interpres: voca¬ 
tives. div(or)um. qui (sentis) numina 
Phoebi, qui (sentis) tripodas, (qui sentis) 
lauros. tripodas, lauros: sacred to 
Apollo, sidera sentis: as an astrologer. 

361. volucrum linguas: ancient seers 
were supposed to understand and in¬ 
terpret the language and movements of 
birds and animals. 

362. fare: imp. of for. 

363-364. suaserunt (me) petere. repo- 
s(i)tas: the uncontracted form (^ v - /v -'-) 
could not be used in hexameter. 

365-366. Harpyia: yi form a diph¬ 
thong, pronounced we. novum prodigium. 
dictu nefas: a horror to tell , dictu being 
the abl. of the supine; App. 271. 


pax, pads /. peace, favor, grace, repose 
penna, ae /. wing, feather 
peric(u)lum, i n. peril, danger, risk 
Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 

and prophecy* 
praepes, etis flying, flyerf 
prodigium, (i)i n. omen, portentf 
prosperus, a, um favorable, fortunatef 
re(l)ligio, onis/. religion, prophecy 
repos(i)tus, a, um stored (up), remote 
resolvo, ere, i, solutus loose, open 
sacro (1) consecrate, dedicate, hallow* 
sentio, ire, sensi, sensus feel, perceive, 

understand, know 

suadeo, ere, suasi, suasus persuade, urge 
supero (1) surmount, overcome, survive* 
suspensus, a, um suspended, anxious 
tempto (1) try, seek, test, attempt* 
tripus, podis m. tripod, oraclef 
Trojugena, ae m. Trojan-bornf 
vito (1) avoid, shun, dodge, escape 
vitta, ae /. fillet, ribbon, wreath* 
volucris, is /. bird, fowl 

367. vito: for the ind. compare the 
note on sequimur, III, 88, and see App. 
351, 1, c; 348, a. 

368. Quid sequens: (by) following 
what (course), possim: conclusion of a 
future less vivid condition, the condition 
being implied in sequens; App. 381. 

369. caesis juvencis: abl. abs. 

370. pacem divum (Phoebum): two 
accusatives; App. 316. vittas resolvit: 
in order that he may yield himself com¬ 
pletely to the influence of the god, the 
seer loosens the fillets, which he had worn 
while sacrificing, and unbinds his gar¬ 
ments. 

372. (me) suspensum multo numine: 

deeply moved by the divine presence. 




BOOK III, 373-386 


171 


atque haec deinde canit dlvlno ex ore sacerdos: 

1 Nate dea (nam te majoribus Ire per altum 
auspiciis manifesta fides, sic fata deum rex 375 

sortitur volvitque vices, is vertitur ordo), 
pauca tibi e multis, quo tutior hospita lustres 
aequora et Ausonio possis consldere poj-tu, 
expediam dictis: prohibent nam cetera Parcae 
scire Helenum farique vetat Saturnia Juno. 380 

Principio Italiam, quam tu jam rere propinquam 
viclnosgwe, ignare, paras invadere portus, 
longa procul longis via dlvidit invia terris. 

Ante et Trlnacria lentandus remus in unda 

et salis Ausonii lustrandum navibus aequor 385 

intern! que lacus Aeaea eque Insula Circae, 


Aeaeus, a, um of Aeaea, of Colchis, 
original home of Circef 
altum, I n. the deep (sea); heaven 
Ausonius, a, um Ausonian, Italian! 
auspicium, (i)i n. augury, auspice(s)! 
cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), chant, 
prophesy, proclaim* 
ceterus, a, um other, rest, remaining 
Circe, es (ae) /. famous enchantress, 
daughter of the Sun, who settled on an 
island off the western coast of Italy! 
consido, ere, sedi, sessus sit (on), set¬ 
tle* 

deinde then, thereupon, next* 
divido, ere, visi, visus divide, separate 
dlvinus, a, um divine, inspired, sacred 
expedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus disentangle, 
explain 

fides, ei /. faith, fidelity, evidence* 
Helenus, i m. a prophet, son of Priam 
hospitus, a, um strange; hospitable! 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, unaware* 
infernus, a, um of the underworld, in¬ 
fernal! 

insula, ae /. island 

invado, ere, si, sus go (into), attack 

374-375. Nate dea: goddess-born! ma¬ 
joribus auspiciis: abl. of attendant 

circumstance; App. 329. te ire: indir. 
statement with manifesta fides (est), it 
is clearly true; App. 263. 

376. ordo (rerum). 

377-379. pauca expediam. quo ( = ut 
eo) lustres et possis: purpose; App. 
359. (in) portu. 

380. Helenum = me: intentionally im¬ 
pressive use of the third person instead of 
the first. vetat (eum = me). 

381. Italiam: the eastern coast of Italy 
was quite near, but not the part of Italy 


invius, a, um pathless, trackless 
lacus, us m. lake, marsh, mere 
lento (1) bend! 

lustro (1) traverse; survey; purify* 
manifestus, a, um clear, evident 
ordo, inis m. arrangement, order, rank* 
Parcae, arum /. the Fates 
paucus, a, um little, slight, few* 
principio first(ly), in the first place 
prohibeo, ere, ui, itus forbid, hinder 
propinquus, a, um near, neighboring 
reor, reri, ratus think, suppose, reckon 
sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
sal, salis m. (n.) salt, sea, brine 
Saturnius, a, um of Saturn, father of the 
gods 

scio, ire, ivi, itus know (how), under¬ 
stand 

sortior, iri, itus obtain by lot, allot 
Trinacrius, a, um Trinacrian, Sicilian 
tutus, a, um protected, safe, secure* 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change* 
veto, are, ui, itus forbid, prevent, hinder 
vicinus, a, um near, close at hand! 
vicis (genno nom.) f. change, alterna¬ 
tion, fortune 

where Aeneas was fated to settle; this 
he must reach by a long and circuitous 
journey, rere = reris, from reor; App. 
204, 4. 

381-383. longa via invia dividit Italiam 
procul (a te) longis terris. (cujus) portus 
paras invadere. Line 383 is an allitera¬ 
tive and jingling verse, to give an oracular 
effect. Observe the cumulative effect of 
longa procul longis, to indicate the great 
distance to be traveled. 

384-385. Ante: with quam in 1. 387. 
lentandus (est), lustrandum (est). 

386. inferni lacus: the region of 






172 THE AENEID, 387-400 

quam tuta possis urbem componere terra. 

Signa tibi dlcam, tu condita mente teneto: 
cum tibi sollicito secret! ad fluminis undam 
390 lltorels ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus 

triginta capitum fetus enixa jacebit, 
alba, sol5 recubans, alb! circum tibera nati, 
is locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum. 

Nec til mensarum morsus horresce futiiros: 

395 fata viam invenient aderitque vocatus Apollo. 

Has autem terras Italigwe hanc litoris dram, 
proxima quae nostri perfunditur aequoris aestu, 
effuge; ciincta malls habitantur moenia Grajls. 
Hie et Narycii posuerunt moenia Locrl, 

400 et Sallentinos obsedit milite campos 


aestus, us m. boiling, surge, tide 

albus, a, um white* 

Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

autem but, however, moreover* 
certus, a, um certain, sure, fixed, reliable* 
compono, ere, posui, positus put together, 
build, compose 

condo, ere, didi, ditus establish, found; 
hide* 

effugio, ere, fugi escape (from), avoid 

enitor, i, sus (nixus) bear, give birth (to) 

fetus, us m. young, offspring, brood 

flumen, inis n . river, stream, flood 

Grajus, a, um Greek* 

habito (1) inhabit, dwell (in), possess 

horresco, ere, horrui shudder (at), dread 

ilex, icis /. holm oakf 

invenio, Ire, veni, ventus find, come 

* upon 

Italus, a, um Italian, of Italy 
jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
litoreus, a, um of the shoref 
Locrius, a, um Locrian, Greekf 


malus, a, um bad, wicked, evil* 
mensa, ae /. table* 
miles, itis m. soldier(y), troops 
morsus, us m. bite, eating, gnawing 
Narycius, a, um of Naryx, a city of 
Greecef 

obsideo, ere, sedi, sessus besiege, beset 
perfundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour through, 
bathe 

proximus, a, um next, nearest, closest 
quam than, how, as* 
recubo (1) lie, reclinef 
requies, etis (el) /. rest, repose, respitef 
Sallentinus, a, um Sallentinian, of the 
Sallentini, an Italian tribef 
secretus, a, um secret, secluded, remote, 
lonely 

signum, i n. sign, token, signal, mark* 
sollicitus, a, um anxious, worriedt 
solum, i n. ground, soil, earth* 
sus, suis m. (/.) hog, pig, swine 
triginta thirty 

tutus, a, um protected, safe, secure* 
uber, eris n. udder, bosom, fertility 


Avernus in Campania, where one of the 
entrances to the lower world was reputed 
to be. 

387. possis: subj. with ante quam; 
App. 376, a. (in) terra. 

388. (haec signa) condita mente te¬ 
neto. teneto: fut. imp. of teneo. 

389-390. tibi sollicito: dat. of agent 
with inventa, or dat. of reference; App. 
302, 301. litoreis: growing on the hanks 
(of the Tiber). 

391. triginta capitum: gen. of defini¬ 
tion; App. 282. fetus: obj. of enixa. 

392. (in) solo = in terra = humi. albi 


nati (jacebunt) : the prophecy is fulfilled 
in VIII, 82. 

393. ea (erit) certa requies. 

394. horresce: imp. 

396-398. Has terras, hanc oram effuge: 

apparently Helenus points toward the 
nearest parts of Italy, inhabited by Greeks 
and hence called Magna Graecia, con¬ 
trasted with the more remote section 
where Aeneas was to settle. Grajls: 
pronounce Grajjis; App. 6, h ; dat. of 
agent; App. 302. 

400. milite: collective, soldiery; abl. 
of means. 




BOOK III, 401-413 


173 


Lyctius Idomeneus; hie ilia ducis Meliboei 
parva Philoctetae subnixa Petelia muro. 

Quin ubi transmissae steterint trans aequora classes 

et positis arts jam vota in litore solves, 

purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu, 405 

ne qua inter sanctos ignis in honore dedrum 

hostilis facies occurrat et omina turbet. 

Hunc socii morem saerdrum, hunc ipse teneto; 
hac cast! maneant in relligione nepotes. 

Ast ubi digressum Siculae te admoverit orae 410 

ventus, et angustl rarescent claustra Pelorl, 
laeva tibi tellus et longo laeva petantur 
aequora circuitu; dextrum fuge litus et undas. 


admoveo, ere, movi, motus move to, 
bring to {dat.) f 
adoperio, ire, ui, rtus covert 
amictus, us m. veil, wrap, robe 
angustus, a, um narrow, strait 
castus, a, um pure, chaste, holyf 
circuitus, us m. circuit, detourf 
claustrum, i n. barrier, straits, bar 
coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses* 
digredior, i, gressus separate, depart 
dux, ducis m. (/.) leader, guide, chief* 
facies, ei /. appearance, face, form* 
hostilis, e hostile, unfavorable 
Idomeneus, ei m. Cretan king who settled 
in Italy 

laevus, a, um left (hand), on the left* 
Lyctius, a, um Lyctian, of Lyctus, a 
Cretan cityt 

Meliboeus, a, um of Meliboea, a city of 
Thessalyf 

mos, moris m. custom, ceremony, ritual* 
murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 
nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 

occurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus (run to) 
meet ( dat.) 


omen, inis n. omen, portent, sign* 
parvus, a, um small, little* 

Pelorus (um), i m. (n.) northeastern 
promontory of Sicilyt 
Petelia, ae /. city of southern Italy 
founded by Philoctetesf 
Philoctetes, ae m. Greek leader of Meli¬ 
boeus who settled in Italyf 
purpureus, a, um purple, crimson 
quin nay even, but that, why not* 
raresco, ere widen, (grow) thinf 
re(l)ligio, onis /. religion, ritual, sacred 
custom 

sanctus, a, um sacred, holy, revered* 
Siculus, a, um Sicilian, of Sicily 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), discharge, 
pay* 

subnitor, i, sus (nixus) rest on, lean on 

{dat.) 

trans across, over, beyond (acc.)t 
transmitto, ere, misi, missus send across, 
transmit 

turbo (1) disturb, confuse, agitate* 
velo (1) veil, adorn, wrap, wreathe 
votum, i n. vow, prayer, (votive) offering* 


401. Lyctius Idomeneus: expelled 

from Crete; see III, 121—123. ilia: that 
renowned. 

402. Petelia (est). muro: abl. of 
means with subnitor. 

405. velare: imp. passive, with middle 
force; veil {for yourself) your head; refers 
to the old Roman custom of covering the 
head while praying, to avoid seeing or 
hearing anything of evil omen (hostilis 
facies); cf. 1. 407. comas: obj. of velare; 
App. 309, a. 

408. Hunc morem: Vergil thus assigns 
a Trojan origin to this good old Roman 


custom, socii (tenento). (tu) teneto: 
fut. imp. 

410. orae: dat. with compound; App. 
298. 

412. laeva tellus: Sicily, tibi: dat. 
of agent; App. 302. 

413. dextrum litus: Italy; i.e., in¬ 
stead of rounding the southern point of 
Italy, passing along the Italian coast 
through the straits and turning to the 
north, Aeneas is told to make the larger 
circuit around Sicily and thus avoid the 
dangers of Scylla and Charybdis. fuge: 
imp. 





174 THE AENEID, 414-426 

Haec loca vl quondam et vasta convulsa ruina 
415 ( tantum aevl longinqua valet mutare vetustas) 

dissiluisse ferunt, cum protinus utraque tellus 
una foret: venit medio vl pontus et undls 
Hesperium Siculo latus abscidit, arvaque et urbes 
litore diductas angusto interluit aestu. 

420 Dextrum Scylla latus, laevum implacata Charybdis 
obsidet, atque Imo barathri ter gurgite vastos 
sorbet in abruptum fluctus rursusgwe sub auras 
erigit alternos, et sldera verberat undo,. 

At Scyllam caecis cohibet spelunca latebris 
425 ora exsertantem et navis in saxa trahentem. 

Prlma hominis facies et pulchro pectore virgo 


abruptum, l n. depth, abyss, bottom! 

abscindo, ere, scidi, scissus cut off, 
tear (off), rend! 

aestus, us m. boiling, surge, tide 
aevum, I n. age, life, time, eternity 
alternus, a, um alternate, alternating 
angustus, a, um narrow, strait 
barathrum, i n. abyss, chasm, pitf 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
Charybdis, is /. famous whirlpool near 
Scylla, between Italy and Sicilyf 
cohibeo, ere, ui, itus restrain, confine! 
convello, ere, i, vulsus tear (up), shatter, 
rend 

diduco, ere, duxl, ductus draw apart, 
separate! 

dissilio, ire, ui leap apart! 
erigo, ere, rexi, rectus raise, erect! 
exserto (1) thrust forth! 
facies, ei /. appearance, face, form* 
gurges, itis m. whirlpool, gulf, abyss* 
Hesperius, a, um Hesperian, western, 
Italian! 

homo, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human* 
implacatus, a, um implacable, insatiable! 
interluo, ere flow between, wash between! 
laevus, a, um left (hand), on the left* 


latebra, ae /. hiding place, lair, retreat 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 
longinquus, a, um long, distant! 
medium, (i)i n. middle, midst, center 
muto (1) (ex)change, transform, alter* 
obsideo, ere, sedi, sessus besiege, beset 
pontus, i m. sea; waves* 
protinus continually, continuously, right 
on(ward) 

pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, hand¬ 
some, illustrious, noble* 
ruina, ae /. downfall, convulsion 
rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
Scylla, ae /. ravenous sea-monster with 
the body of a beautiful woman en¬ 
circled about the waist with dogs or 
wolves, and with the tail of a fish! 
Siculus, a, um Sicilian, of Sicily 
sorbed, ere, ui suck in, swallow (up)! 
spelunca, ae /. cave, cavern, grotto 
ter thrice, three times* 
uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two), 
either* 

valeo, ere, ui, itus be strong, be able 
verbero (1) beat, lash, strike, whip! 
vetustas, atis/. antiquity, (lapse of) time! 
virgo, inis /. girl, daughter, maiden* 


414-417. ferunt ( = dicunt) haec loca 
quondam convulsa vi et vasta ruina dis¬ 
siluisse. aevi = temporis. foret: cum 
concessive; App.379. medio = in medium: 
dat. of direction; App. 306. vi: abl. of 
manner; App. 328. undis: abl. of means. 

418. Hesperium latus: the western 
side (of Italy). Siculo (latere): from 
the Sicilian (side). 

419. litore: abl. of respect; App. 325; 
the singular for the plural, referring to 


the shores on either side of the straits, 
angusto aestu: with a narrow tideway. 

420. Scylla (obsidet). 

421. (in) gurgite. ter: three times (a 
day). 

422. (Charybdis) sorbet. 

424-425. Scyllam ora exsertantem et 
navis trahentem. 

426. Prima: in front, hominis facies 

(est): her appearance is that of a human . 
pectore: abl. of quality; App. 330. 




BOOK III, 427-438 


175 


pube terms, postrema immarii corpore pistrix 
detphlnum caudas utero commissa luporum. 

Praestat Trinacrii metas lustrare Pachynl 

cessantem, longos et circumflectere cursus, 430 

quam semel informem vasto vldisse sub antro —» 

Scyllam et cae'ruleis canibus resonantia saxa. 

Praeterea, si qua est Heleno prudentia vatl, 

si qua tides, animum si veris implet Apollo, 

unum illud tibi, nate dea, pro que omnibus unum 435 

praedicam et repetens iterumgue iterumgue monebo, 

Jundnis magnae prlmum prece numen adora, 

Junonl cane vota libens dominamgwe potentem 


adoro (1) honor, entreat, worship 
antrum, i n. cave, cavern, grotto* 

Apollo, inis m . god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

caerul(e)us, a, um dark (blue)* 
canis, is ra. (/.) dog, houndt 
cano, ere, cecinl, cantus sing (of), chant, 
prophesy, proclaim* 
cauda, ae /. tail! 

cesso (1) loiter, linger, delay, stop 
circumfiecto, ere, flexl, flexus bend 
around, turn around, doublet 
committo, ere, misi, missus join 
to(gether) 

delphin, inis ra. dolphin, a kind of fisht 
domina, ae /. lady, mistress, queen 
fides, el/, faith, trust (worthiness) * 
Helenus, i ra. a prophet, son of Priam 
impleo, ere, evl, etus fill, satisfy* 
informis, e shapeless, monstrous! 
iterum again, anew, repeatedly* 
libens, entis willing(ly), glad(ly)f 
lupus, i m. wolf 

lustro (1) survey; traverse; purify* 
meta, ae /. goal, turning point, limit 

427. postrema (facies est): behind . 

428. caudas: obj. of commissa used 
as a middle; App. 309, a. The tails of 
dolphins are joined to the bodies of 
wolves. Cf. Paradise Lost , 2, 650-655. 

“ The one seemed woman to the waist, 
and fair, 

But ended foul in many a scaly fold 
Voluminous and vast, a serpent armed 
With mortal sting; about her middle 
round 

A cry of hell-hounds never ceasing barked 
With wide Cerberean mouths full loud.” 

429. metas: used figuratively to in¬ 
dicate that they should sail around 
Pachynus as around a turning post in 


moneo, ere, ui, itus advise, warn 
Pachynus (um), i m. (n.) southeastern 
promontory of Sicily! 
pistrix, icis /. fish-like sea monster! 
postremus, a, um hindmost, last! 
potens, entis powerful, ruling ( gen .)* 
praedico, ere, dixi, dictus foretell, predict 
praesto, are, stiti, stitus stand before, 
be superior (better) 
praeterea besides, also, in addition* 
prex, precis /. prayer, vow, entreaty* 
pro for, in behalf of, before (a6Z.)* 
prudentia, ae /. foresight, discretion! 
pubes, is/, waist, loins; youth* 
quam than, how, as!* 
repeto, ere, ivi (ii), itus reseek, repeat, 
recall 

resono (1) (re)sound, roar! 

Scylla, ae /. a sea-monster 

semel once (for all)! 

tenus up to, down to, as far as ( abl .) 

Trinacrius, a, um Trinacrian, Sicilian 

uterus, i m. womb, belly 

verum, i n. truth, right(eousness) 

votum, i n. vow, prayer, (votive) offering* 

a race course. (te) lustrare: subj. of 
praestat; App. 258. 

430. cessantem (te): subj. of lustrare. 

432. canibus = the dogs or wolves of 
1. 428; a touch of the poetic caprice which 
scorns an unimaginative consistency. 

433. Heleno = mihi: the third person 
is used in order to be more impressive. 

434. fides (estmihi). animum (meum). 

435. unum: emphatic by repetition, 
as is iterum below; App. 413. 

437-438. adora: imp. Junonis, Ju- 
noni: emphatic by position and repeti¬ 
tion. cane vota: utter {chant) your 
prayers; Roman prayers were often made 
according to rhythmic formulas. Com¬ 
pare the English word cant from Latin 
cano. dominam potentem = Junonem. 





176 


440 


445 


450 


THE AENEID, 439-450 

supplicibus supera donls: sic denique victor 
Trinacria finis Italos mittere relictd. 

Hue ubi delatus Cumaeam accesseris urbem 
divinosgue lacus et Averna sonantia silvls, 
insanam vatem aspicies, quae rupe sub Ima 
fata canit foliisgwe notas et nomina 'mandat. 
Quaecumque in foliis descripsit carmina virgo 
digerit in numerum atque antro seclusa relinquit: 
ilia manent immota locls neque ab ordine cedunt. 
Verum eadem, verso tenuis cum cardine ventus 
impulit et teneras turbavit janua frondes, 
numquam deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo 


accedo, ere, cessi, cessus go to, approach 
antrum, I n. cave, cavern, grotto* 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look 
(at) 

Averna, orum n . region about Lake 
Avernus in Italyf 

cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), chant, 
prophesy, proclaim* 
cardo, inis ra. hinge, pivot, socket 
carmen, inis n. song, verse, prophecy 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield (to), move* 
Cumaeus, a, um Cumaean, of Cumae, an 
Italian city, home of the Sibyl, an an¬ 
cient prophetessf 

defero, ferre, tuli, latus carry down, 
convey 

deinde then, thereupon, next* 
denique finally, at last 
describo, ere, psi, ptus write (down)f 
digero, ere, gessi, gestus distribute, 
arrange 

divinus, a, um divine, sacred, celestial 
folium, (i)I n. leaf, foliage 
frons, frondis /. leaf, frond, foliage* 
immotus, a, um unmoved, immovable 


impello, ere, puli, pulsus drive, stir 
insanus, a, um insane, frenzied, inspired 
Italus, a, um Italian, of Italy 
janua, ae /. door, gate, entrance 
lacus, us m. lake, marsh, mere 
mando (1) intrust, command, commend 
nota, ae /. mark, sign, letter, writing! 
numerus, i m. number, order, multitude* 
numquam never, at no time 
ordo, inis m. order, rank, position* 
pre(he)ndo, ere, i, ensus grasp, seize 
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque 
whoever, whichever, whatever* 
rupes, is /. rock, cliff, crag* 
secludo, ere, si, sus shut (off, up) 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
supero (1) surmount, overcome, surpass* 
supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
tener, era, erum tender, soft, delicate 
tenuis, e thin, slight, fine 
Trinacria, ae /. Trinacria, Sicily! 
turbo (1) disturb, confuse, agitate* 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change* 
verum but, truly, however 
virgo, inis/, (unmarried) girl, maid(en)* 
volito (1) fly, flutter! 


439. supera: imp. 

440. (ad) finis mittere ( = mitteris): 

App. 204, 4. 

441-462. But Aeneas must first visit 
the Sibyl, the mad prophetess of Cumae, 
who will tell him all the rest he needs 
to know. 

442. divinos: sacred to the gods of the 
lower world, silvis: abl. of means with 

sonantia. 

443. insanam vatem: the famous 
Cumaean Sibyl. Compare the note on 
furens, II, 345. 


444. notas et nomina: written on 
leaves as prophetic utterances. 

445. virgo: the Sibyl. 

446. in numerum: in the order of 
occurrence of the events which she 
predicts, (in) antrd = rupe sub ima of 
1. 443. 

447. (in) locis. 

448. eadem (folia) : obj. of pre(he)n- 
dere, in 1. 450. verso cardine (januae): 
abl. abs.; App. 343. 

449. janua: when opened. 

450. (in) cavo saxo = (in) antrd of 
1. 446. 




BOOK III, 451-462 

nec revocare situs aut jungere carmina curat. 
Inconsultl abeunt sedemque Sdere Sibyllae. 

Hlc tibi ne qua morae fuerint dispendia tanti, 
quamvis increpitent socii et vl cursus in altum 
vela vocet, possisque sinus implere secundos, 
quin adeas vatem precibusgwe oracula poscas, 
ipsa canat vocemque volens atque ora resol vat. \ 

Ilia tibi Italiae populos venturaque bella 

et quo quemque modo f ugidsque ferdsque laborem 

expediet, cursusque dabit venerata secundos. 

Haec sunt quae nostra liceat te voce monerl. 

Vade age et ingentem factls fer ad aethera Trojam.’ 


abeo, Ire, il (Ivl), itus go away, depart* 
adeo, Ire, il (Ivl), itus approach, visit 
aether, eris, acc. era, m. upper air, heaven, 
ether 

altum, I n. the deep (sea); heaven 
cano, ere, cecinl, cantus sing (of), chant, 
prophesy, proclaim* 
carmen, inis n. song, verse, prophecy 
euro (1) care (to, for), regard, heed 
dispendium, (i)I n. expenditure, cost, 
lossf 

expedio, Ire, Ivl (il), Itus disentangle, 
explain 

factum, I n. deed, achievement, exploit* 

impleo, ere, evl, etus fill, satisfy* 
inconsultus, a, um unconsulted; un¬ 
counseled f 

increpito (1) chide, challenge, rebuke 

jungo, ere, junxl, junctus join, yoke, 
unite* 

licet, ere, uit, itum it is allowed* 


modus, I m. measure, manner, way* 
moneo, ere, ul, itus advise, warn 
mora, ae /. delay, pause, hindrance* 
odl, isse hate, detest, loathe 
orac(u)lum, I n. oracle, prophecy 
populus, I m. people, nation, race* 
posco, ere, poposcl demand, ask (for)* 
prex, precis/, prayer, entreaty, vow* 
quamvis although, however muchf 
quin not that, but that, nay even, why 
not* 

quisque, quaeque, quodque each (one), 
every (one) 

resolvo, ere, I, solutus loose, open 
revoco (1) call back, recall, restore 
secundus, a, um second, favorable* 
Sibylla, ae /. ancient Italian prophetessf 
sinus, us m. fold, bosom, bay, hollow* 
situs, us m. situation, position! 
vado, ere go, proceed, rush 
veneror, arl, atus reverence, worship 


451. revoc&re situs: to restore (them 
to) their places. 

452. abeunt: the subject is general, 
people who have come to consult the oracle. 

odere = oderunt. 

453-457. morae: subj. gen., damage 
of delay , i.e., damage caused by delay; 
App. 284; or appositional gen.; App. 
281. Hlc ne qua dispendia morae fue¬ 
rint tanti tibi quin adeas vatem preci- 
busque poscas (ut) ipsa (Sibylla) canat 
oracula. fuerint: vol. subj.; App. 254. 
tanti: of so great value (importance ); 
gen. of value; App. 292. vl: abl. of 
manner, increpitent, vocet, possls: con¬ 
cessive subjunctives introduced by quam¬ 
vis; App. 384. sinus (velorum). sinus 
implere secundos = sinus implere se- 
cundls vends; secundos thus being a 
transferred epithet; App. 446. quin 


adeas, poscas: result; App. 366; or with 
a negatived expression of preventing ; 
App. 362. (ut) canat, (ut) resolvat: 
subst. clauses developed from the volitive 
depending on poscas; App. 360. ipsa: 
directly, not with leaves, as described in 
11. 444 ff. 

459. quo modo fugias, feras: indir. 

questions, how you can avoid trouble (as 
far as possible) and how you can bear the 
rest; App. 349. 

460. venerata: used passively, modify¬ 
ing ilia in 1. 458. 

461. Haec sunt (dicta) quae liceat: 

rel. clause of characteristic; App. 389. 
quae: retained secondary obj. of monerl; 
App. 309, a. te: subj. of monerl. 

462. Vade, age, fer: imperatives, 
aethera: acc. sing., a Greek form; App. 
68 . 





178 THE AENEID, 463-476 

Quae postquam vates sic ore effatus amlco est, 
dona dehinc auro gravia secto que elephanto 
465 imperat ad navis fern, stipatgue carims 

ingens argentum Dodonaeosgwe lebetas, 
loricam consertam hamis auroque trilicem, 
et conum insignis galeae cristasgwe comantis, 
arma Neoptolemi. Sunt et sua dona parenti. 

470 Addit equos, additgue duces, 

remigium supplet, socios simul instruit armis. 

Interea classem veils aptare jubebat 
Anchlses, fieret vento mora ne qua ferenti. 

Quem PhoebI interpres multo compellat honore: 
475 ‘Conjugio, Anchlsa, Veneris dignate superbo, 

cur a deum, bis Pergameis erepte ruinis, 


addo, ere, didi, ditus add* 
amicus, a, um friendly, kind(ly)* 
apto (1) fit, equip, prepare, furnish 
argentum, i n. silver 
bis twice* 

carina, ae f. keel, ship, boat* 
comans, antis hairy, shaggy 
compelld (1) address, accost, speak to 
conjugium, (i)i n. marriage, wedlock 
conserd, ere, ui, rtus join, fasten (to¬ 
gether) 

conus, i m. cone, peak (of helmet) f 
crista, ae /. crest, plumef 
dehinc thence, thereupon, next 
dignor, ari, atus deem worthy ( abl .) 
Dodonaeus, a, um of Dodona, seat of a 
famous Greek oracle t 
dux, ducis ra. leader, guide, pilot* 
effor, fari, fatus speak out, say 
elephantus, i m. elephant, ivoryf 
fid, fieri, factus become, be made 
galea, ae /. helmet 
gravis, e heavy, serious, weighty* 


463-505. The Trojans, richly laden 
with gifts, depart amid the tears and 
lamentations of all. 

464. dona: making gifts at the meet¬ 
ing and parting of friends was a common 
mark of esteem and affection. An 
exchange of gifts was also common, as in 
I, 647. gravia: with the final syllable 
lengthened under the metrical accent. 

466. Dodonaeos lebetas: such kettles 
as were suspended in the sacred grove at 
Dodona, from the sound of which when 
struck the priests interpreted the will of 
Jupiter, lebetas: acc. pi., a Greek 
form; App. 65, a. 


hamus, l m . hook, linkf 
impero (1) command, bid, orderf 
insignis, e marked, distinguished* 
instruo, ere, struxi, structus build up, 
equip 

interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
interpres, etis m. interpreter, prophet 
lebes, etis m. basin, kettle, caldronf 
lorica, ae /. breastplate, cuirassf 
mora, ae /. delay, pause, hindrance* 
Neoptolemus, i m. Pyrrhus, son of Achilles 
Pergameus, a, um of Pergamum, Trojan 
Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 

postquam after (that), when* 
remigium, (i)i n. oarage, body of oarsmen 
ruina, ae /. downfall, ruin, destruction 
seco, are, ui, sectus cut, saw, slice* 
stipo (1) stuff, cram, stow, crowd 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
suppled, ere, evi, etus fill (up), supplyf 
trilix, icis three-ply, triplet 
Venus, eris /. goddess of love and beauty* 


467. loricam consertam etc.: a coat of 
mail triply woven of gold chains. 

469. sua: appropriate; sua is usually 
reflexive, but here refers to parenti in¬ 
stead of to the subject; App. 248, a. pa¬ 
renti (meo) : Anchises. 

473. fieret: negative purpose; App. 
359. vento: dat. of reference, ferenti: 
favorable. 

474. Phoebi interpres: Helenus. 

475-476. Conjugio: abl. with dignor; 

App. 337, a. dignate: deponent parti¬ 
ciple used in passive sense. Anchlsa, 
dignate, cura, erepte: vocatives. de- 
(or)um. bis: compare the notes on II, 
642-643. 




BOOK III, 477-489 


179 


ecce tibi Ausoniae tellus: hanc arripe veils. 

Et tamen hanc pelago praeterlabare necesse est: 

Ausoniae pars ilia procul quam pandit Apollo. 

Vade,’ ait ‘0 felix nati pietate. Quid ultra 480 

provehor et fando surgentls demoror Austros?’ 

Nec minus Andromache digressu maesta supremo 
fert picturatas aurl subtemine vestis 
et Phrygiam Ascanio chlamydem ( nec cedit hondre) 
textilibusg'we onerat donis, ac tdlia fatur 485 

‘ Accipe et haec, manuum tibi quae monimenta medrum 
sint, puer, et longum Andromachae testentur amorem. 
conjugis Hectoreae. Cape dona extrema tuorum, 

0 mihi sola mei super Astyanactis imago. 


Andromache, es (ae) /. wife of Hector 
Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

arripio, ere, ui, reptus seize (upon)! 
Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 
Astyanax, actis ra. infant child of Hector 
and Andromache, dashed to death 
from the walls of Troy by the Greeks 
Ausonia, ae/. Ausonia, Italy f 
Auster, tri ra. (south) wind* 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield (to), depart; 
be inferior* 

chlamys, ydis /. cloak, mantlet 
demoror, ari, atus delay, detain, hinder 
digressus, us ra. departuref 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
extremus, a, um final, uttermost, last* 
felix, icis happy, blessed, fortunate* 
Hectoreus, a, um of Hector, a Trojan 
leader 

imago, inis /. likeness, image, phan¬ 
tom* 


477-478. tibi: ethical dat.; App. 300; 
best left untranslated, ecce tellus (est): 
yonder lies the land, hanc, hanc: the first 
hanc refers to Italy in general, including the 
part where Aeneas was destined to settle, 
the second hanc refers to the eastern coast 
of Italy, forbidden to Aeneas, arripe: imp. 

478. (ut) praeterlabare = (ut) prae- 
terlabaris: substantive clause developed 
from the volitive; App. 204, 4; 360; it 
is subject of necesse est. 

479. pars ilia (est) procul: refers to 
Latium on the western coast where 
Aeneas was destined to settle. 

480. Vade: imp. pietate: abl. of cause 
with felix; App. 332. Quid demoror 
Austros: why do I delay the winds , which 
are eager to waft your ships on their way? 


maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 
minus less 

monimentum (monumentum), i n. re¬ 
minder, memorial 
necesse necessary; necessityf 
onero (1) burden, load, overwhelm 
pando, ere, i, passus spread (open), dis¬ 
close* 

Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
picturo (1) embroider, picturef 
pietas, atis /. devotion, loyalty, sense of 
duty, righteousness, nobility* 
praeterlabor, i, lapsus glide past! 
proveho, ere, vexi, vectus carry forward, 
convey 

subtemen, inis n. woof, threadsf 

tamen nevertheless, however, but* 

testor, ari, atus call to witness, testify (to) 

textilis, e woven, textile! 

ultra beyond (acc.); further! 

vado, ere go, proceed, rush 

vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 


That is, why do I detain you from sailing 
with the favorable winds? 

481. fando: from for; gerund, abl. 
of means. 

482. digressu: abl. of cause. 

484. honore: abl. of respect; App. 
325. nec (Heleno) cedit honore: and 
she vies with Helenas in showing us honor . 

485. talia (dicta). 

486-488. et haec: these also , as well 
as the gifts of Helenus. Accipe, Cape: 
imperatives, quae sint, et testentur: rel. 
clauses of purpose; App. 388. 

489. sola super: sole surviving . super: 
adverbial = quae superes. Astyanactis: 
at the capture of Troy, the Greeks killed 
the boy Astyanax by hurling him from 
the wall. 




180 THE AENEID, 490-503 

490 Sic oculos, sic ille manus, sic ora ferebat; 

et nunc aequall tecum pubesceret aevo.’ 

Hos ego digrediens lacrimls adfabar obortls: 
‘Vivite felices, quibus est for tuna peracta 
jam sua: nos alia ex alils in fata vocamur. 

495 Vobis parta quies: nullum maris aequor arandum, 

arva neque Ausoniae semper cedentia retro 
quaerenda. Effigiem Xanthl Trojamque videtis 
quam vestrae fecere manus, melioribus, opto, 
auspicils, et quae fuerit minus obvia Grajis. 

500 Si quando Thybrim vlclnagwe Thybridis arva 

intraro gentlque meae data moenia cernam, 
cognatas urbes olim populosgue propinquos, 

Epiro Hesperiam ( quibus Idem Dardanus auctor 


adfor, far!, fatus address, accost* 
aequalis, e equal, of the same agef 
aevum, l n. age, life, time, eternity 
aro (1) plow, furrow, till 
auctor, oris ra. founder, author, sponsor 
Ausonia, ae /. Ausonia, Italy 
auspicium, (i)I n. omen, auspice(s) 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield (to), depart; 
be inferior* 

cognatus, a, um kindred, akinf 
Dardanus, I ra. early Trojan king 
digredior, i, gressus depart, separate 
effigies, ei /. likeness, image, statue 
Epirus, i/. district of northwestern Greece 
felix, icis happy, fortunate, blessed* 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 

Hesperia, ae/. Hesperia, Italy, Westland 
intro (1) enter, penetrate 
melior, ius better, superior 
minus less 


oborior, iri, ortus (a)rise, spring upf 
obvius, a, um in the way, exposed ( dat .) 
olim once, at some time, formerly* 
opto (1) desire, choose, hope (for)* 
pario, ere, peperi, partus bear, gain 
perago, ere, egi, actus accomplish, fin¬ 
ish f 

populus, i ra. people, nation, race* 
propinquus, a, um near, neighboring 
pubesco, ere, pubui be a youth, grow 
(up)t 

quando ever, when, since 
quies, etis /. rest, quiet, peace, repose* 
retro back(ward), again, anew 
semper always, ever, continually* 
Thybris, (id)is m. Tiber, a river of Italy 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
vicinus, a, um near, neighboring 
vivo, ere, vixi, victus live, be alive 
Xanthus, i m. river near Troy 


490. Sic (ille ferebat) oculos. 

491. pubesceret: implied condition 
contrary to fact; App. 382. aevo: abl. 
of quality; App. 330. Astyanax, if he 
had lived, would have been about as 
old as his cousin Ascanius. 

493. Vivite: imp. farewell! quibus: 
dat. of reference. 

494. sua: irregularly referring to 
quibus instead of to the subject; App. 
248, a. alia ex aliis in fata: from one fate 
to another . 

495. Vobis: dat. of reference or of 
agent, parta (est) quies. arandum (est 
vobis). 

497. quaerenda (sunt vobis). 

498-499. fecere = fecerunt. meliori¬ 
bus auspiciis: (under) with better auspices 


(than those of the original Troy); abl. 
of attendant circumstance; App. 329. 

499. fuerit: fut. perf., will prove to be . 

500. Thybridis: gen. with vicina; 
App. 287. 

501. intra(ve)ro. 

502- 505. olim faciemus cognatas ur¬ 
bes populosque propinquos utramque 
unam Trojam animis. After the battle 
of Actium in 31 b.c., Augustus founded 
Nicopolis in Epirus to commemorate his 
victory. Vergil is probably alluding to 
this fact in this passage. 

503- 504. Epiro (cognatam et propin- 
quam) Hesperiam. Hesperiam: in parti¬ 
tive apposition with populos. quibus: dat. 
of possessor, idem auctor (erat), idem 
casus (erant). utramque = ambas urbes. 




BOOK III, 504-516 


181 


atque idem casus), unam faciemus utramque 
Trojam animis: maneat nostros ea cura nepotcs/ 505 

Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia juxta, 
unde iter Italiam cursusque brevissimus undls. 

Sol ruit interea et monies umbrantur opacl. 

Sternimur optatae gremio telluris ad undam 

•sortlti remos passimgwe in litore sicco 510 

corpora curamus: fessos sopor inrigat artus. 

Necdum orbem medium Nox Horis acta subibat: 

haud segnis strato surgit Palinurus et omnis 

explorat ventos atque auribus aera captat; 

sidera ciincta notat tacito labentia caelo, 515 

Arcturum pluviasgue Hyadas geminosque Triones 


aer, aeris, acc. aera, m. air, cloud, mist 
Arc turns, i m. a bright star in the con¬ 
stellation Bootes 
artus, us m. limb, joint, body* 
auris, is /. ear* 
brevis, e short, brief, shallow 
capto (1) (try to) catch, listen (to, for)t 
Ceraunia, orum n. mountain range of 
the western coast of Greecet 
euro (1) care (for, to), heed, refresh 
exploro (1) search (out), test, examine 
gremium, (i)i n. bosom, lap, embrace 
hora, ae /. hour, season, timet 
Hyades, um /. constellation supposed to 
bring rain 

inrigo (1) irrigate, flow into, bedew 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
juxta near, next (acc.)f* 
necdum not yet 

nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 

no to (1) mark, observe f 

opacus, a, um dark, shady, gloomyf 


opto (1) desire, choose, hope (for, to)* 
orbis, is m. circle, orbit, earth* 
Palinurus, I m. Trojan pilot 
passim everywhere, all about* 
pluvius, a, um rainy, rain-bringing 
proveho, ere, vexl, vectus bear forward, 
convey 

segnis, e slow, slothful, inactivef 
siccus, a, um dry, thirsty 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
sopor, oris m. sleep, slumber 
sortior, Iri, itus get by lot, allot 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay (low), 
spread, stretch out* 
stratum, i n. bed, couch; pavement 
tacitus, a, um silent, quiet, still 
Triones, um m. northern constellations, 
the Great and Little Bear 
umbro (1) shade, shadow, covert 
unde whence, from which source* 
uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of 
two), both* 

viclnus, a, um near, neighboring 


utramque: in apposition with urbes and 
populos, but attracted to the gender of Tro¬ 
jam. animis: abl. of respect; App. 325. 

506-529. The Trojans skirt the coast 
of Greece to the point nearest Italy and, 
after a short rest, sail straight across; at 
dawn they catch sight of the Promised 
Land, which they joyfully greet as their 
future home. 

506-507. pelago, undls: abl. of route, 
iter (est ad) italiam. brevissimus: 
modifies both iter and cursus, but agrees 
with the nearest; the Adriatic is only 
some forty miles wide at this point. 


508. Sol ruit (in mare). 

509. Sternimur: middle (reflexive), we 
lay ourselves down . (in) gremio. ad 
undam: near the water. 

510. sortlti: the hard work is dis¬ 
tributed by lot as in I, 507-508; this is 
done in the evening, so that they may 
start during the night, if weather condi¬ 
tions prove favorable. 

512. orbem: its course through the 
vaulted heavens. It was not yet mid¬ 
night, as is. seen from necdum medium, 
horis: abl. of means. 

513. strato: abl. of separation. 

514. auribus captat: listens to. 




182 THE AENEID, 517-531 

armatumgwe auro circumspicit Oriona. 

Postquam cuncta videt caelo constare sereno, 
dot clarum e puppi signum: nos castra movemus 
520 temptamusgwe viam et velorum pandimus alas. 

Jamque rubescebat stellis Aurora fugatis 
cum procul obscuros collis humilemgwe videmus 
Italiam. Italiam primus conclamat Achates, 
Italiam laeto socii clamore salutant. 

525 Turn pater Anchises magnum cratera corona 

induit implevitg'we mero, divosque vocavit 
steins celsa in puppi: 

‘ Dl maris et terrae tempestatumg'Me potentes, 
ferte viam vento facilem et splrate secundid 
530 Crebrescunt optatae aurae portusque patescit 

jam propior, templurngwe apparet in arce Minervae. 


Achates, ae m. faithful comrade of Ae¬ 
neas* 

ala, ae /. wing* 

appareo, ere, ul, itus appear 

armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 

Aurora, ae /. (goddess of) the dawn* 
castra, orum n. camp, encampment* 
celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 
circumspicio, ere, spexl, spectus look 
around (upon) 

clams, a, um clear, distinct, illustrious* 
collis, is m. hill 

conclamo (1) shout, exclaim, cry out 
consto, are, stiti, status stand firm, be 
settled f 

corona, ae /. garland, wreath, crown 
crater, eris, acc. era, m. mixing bowl 
crebresco, ere, brui become frequent, 
renew f 

facilis, e easy, smooth, favorable 
fugo (1) put to flight, rout, disperse 
humilis, e low(ly), low-lying, humblef 
impleo, ere, evi, etus fill, satisfy* 
induo, ere, ui, utus put on, clothe, wreathe 
me rum, 1 n. (unmixed) wine 


Minerva, ae /. goddess of wisdom and the 
arts 

obscurus, a, um dark, obscure, gloomy* 
opto (1) desire, choose, hope (for, to)* 
Orion, onis, acc. ona, m. a bright constel¬ 
lation, supposed to represent a famous 
hunter armed with shining golden 
weapons 

pando, ere, I, passus spread (open), re¬ 
veal* 

patesco, ere, patul open (up) 
postquam after (that), when* 
potens, entis powerful, ruling {gen.)* 
propior, ius nearer, closer, nigher 
rubesco, ere, rubui blush, reddenf 
saluto (1) greet, salutef 
secundus, a, um second, favorable* 
serenus, a, um clear, calm, tranquil 
signum, I n. sign, signal, token, mark* 
spiro (1) breathe, blow, exhale 
Stella, ae /. star, constellation 
tempestas, atis /. weather, storm, season* 
templum, I n. temple, shrine, sanc¬ 
tuary* 

tempto (1) try, test, attempt, examine* 


517. auro: referring to Orion’s belt 
and upraised gword composed of shining 
golden stars. Oriona: acc. sing., a Greek 
form; note the spondaic fifth foot; App. 
395. 

518. (in) caelo. 

519. clarum signum: probably with a 
trumpet, castra movemus: a military 
term, used also of naval expeditions. 

523-524. Italiam: thrice repeated for 
effect; the Promised Land at last; cf. 
App. 413. clamore: abl. of manner, 
socii (mei). 


525. cratera: acc. sing., a Greek form; 
see note on I, 724. 

527. in puppi: where the images of 
the patron gods of the ship were carried. 

528. maris, terrae, tempestatum: ob¬ 
jective genitives, with potentes; App. 284. 

529. (nobis) ferte: imp. vento: abl. 
of means, splrate: imp. 

530-547. The Trojans land and sacri¬ 
fice according to the Trojan ritual. 

530. portus: probably Portus Veneris 
in southeast Italy. 




BOOK III, 532-544 


183 


Vela legunt socil et proras ad lltora torquent. 

Portus ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum, 

objectae salsa spumant aspergine cautes, 

ipse latet : gemind dlmittunt bracchia muro 535 

turrit! scopul! refugitgue ab litore templum. 

Quattuor hie, primum omen, equos in gramme vidi 
tondentis campum late, candore nival!. 

Et pater Anchises: ‘ Bellum, 0 terra hospita, portas: 

bello armantur equi, bellum haec armenta minantur. 540 

Serf tamen idem olim curru succedere suet! 

quadripedes et frena jugo concordia ferre: 

spes et pads’ ait. Turn numina sancta precamur 

Palladis armisonae, quae prima accepit ovantls, 


arcus, us ra. arch, bow* 
armentum, i n. herd, drove (of cattle) 
armisonus, a, um (re)sounding with armsf 
armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 
a(d)spergo, inis/, sprinkling, sprayf 
bracchium, (i)i n. arm, forearm* 
candor, oris ra. whiteness, gleam, glowf 
cautes, is /. rock, cliff, ledgef 
concors, rdis harmonious, concordantf 
currus, us ra. chariot, car* 
curvo (1) curve, bend, arch, windf 
dimitto, ere, misi, missus send away, 
extend 

Eurous, a, um East, Easternf 
frenum, i n. rein, curb, bridlef 
gramen, inis n. grass, herb(age), sward 
hospitus, a, um strange, hospitable 
jugum, l n. yoke, (mountain) ridge* 
late widely, far and wide 
lateo, ere, ui lie hid, hide, lurk* 
lego, ere, legi, lectus collect, choose, 
furl, gather in* 

minor, arl, atus threaten, menace; tower 
murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 
nivalis, e snowyf 

objicio, ere, jeci, jectus place before 
olim once, (at) some time, formerly* 


omen, inis n. omen, portent, sign* 
ov6 (1) exult, rejoice, triumph 
Pallas, adis /. Minerva, goddess of wis¬ 
dom and the arts 

pax, pads /. peace, favor, repose, grace 
porto (1) carry, bear, bring, convey* 
precor, arl, atus pray, beg, entreat* 
prora, ae /. prow* 

quadripes (upes), edis m. quadruped, 
horse t 

quattuor fourf 

refugio, ere, fugi flee back, recede 
salsus, a, um briny, salty 
sanctus, a, um sacred, holy, revered* 
scopulus, i m. rock, cliff, crag* 
spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
succedo, ere, cessi, cessus approach, 
submit (to) (dat .) 

suesco, ere, suevl, suetus accustom, be 
accustomed f 

tamen nevertheless, however, but* 
templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
tondeo, ere, totondl, tonsus shear, crop 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus turn, twist, sway* 
turrltus, a, um tower-like, with towers, 
turretedf 


532. Vela legunt: they furl their sails 
and then row the ships to the land. 

533. ab Euroo fluctu: abl. of agent, 
of a non-person, a rare usage; App. 333, 
437. 

535. ipse (portus). gemino muro: 
abl. of quality; App. 330. dimittunt 
(in mare). 

536. refugit: as they near the shore, 
the temple is seen to be farther back than 
appeared at a distance. 

537. primum omen: the first sight to 


strike the eyes in a new-land was often 
taken as an omen. 

538. candore: abl. of quality. 

540. bello: dat. of purpose; App. 303. 
bellum: observe the rhetorical repetition; 
App. 413. 

541-542. idem quadripedes sueti (sunt) 
succedere curru. curru: dat. with com¬ 
pound; App. 298. jugo: abl. of means. 

543. spes (est) et (also) pads. 

544. Palladis armisonae: they had 
landed near a temple of Minerva at 





184 THE AENEID, 545-557 

545 et capita ante aras Phrygio velamur amictu, 

praeceptisgwe Helen!, dederat quae maxima, rite 
Junoni Arglvae jussos adolemus honoris. 

Hand mora, continuo perfectis ordine votls 
cornua velatarum obvertimus antemnarum, 

550 Grajugenum^we domos suspectagwe linquimus arva. 

Hinc sinus Herculei (si vera est fama) TarentI 
cernitur, attollit se diva Lacinia contra, 

Caulonis^ae arces et navifragum Scylaceum. 

Turn procul e fluctu Trinacria cernitur Aetna, 

555 et gemitum ingentem pelagi pulsatagwe saxa 
audimus longe fractasgwe ad litora voces, 
exsultantgwe vada atque aestu miscentur harenae. 


adoleo, ere, ui, adultus worship, burn 
aestus, us m. boiling, surge, tide 
Aetna, ae /. volcano in Sicilyf 
amictus, us m. wrap, robe, garment 
antemna, ae /. sail-yardf 
Argivus, a, um Argive, Greek 
attollo, ere lift, rear, raise* 

Caulon, onis m. city of South Italyf 
continuo immediately, forthwith 
contra opposite, in reply (to) ( acc .)* 
cornu, us n. horn, tip, end 
exsulto (1) leap up, rejoice, exult 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus break, smash* 
gemitus, us m. groan, roar, lament* 
Grajugena, ae m. Grecian-born, Greekf 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 

Helenus, i m. a prophet, son of Priam 
Herculeus, a, um Herculean, of Hercules, 
god of strength, son of Jupiter and 
Alcmena, celebrated for his twelve 
' labors while on earthf 
Lacinius, a, um of Lacinium, a promon¬ 
tory of South Italy with a temple of 
Junof 

linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
longe far (away), at a distance* 


misceo, ere, ui, mrxtus mix, mingle* 
mora, ae /. delay, pause, hindrance* 
navifragus, a, um ship-wreckingf 
obverto, ere, i, rsus turn towardf 
ordo, inis ?n. order, arrangement, row* 
perficio, ere, feci, fectus finish, accom¬ 
plish 

Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
praeceptum, i n. precept, command 
pulso (1) strike, beat, lash, batterf 
rite duly, according to custom 
Scylaceum, i n. city in southern Italyt 
sinus, us m. fold, bosom, bay, hol¬ 
low* 

suspicio, ere, spexi, spectus look up at; 

suspect ^ 

Tarentum, i n. city of southern Italy, 
founded by Hercules! 

Trinacrius, a, um Trinacrian, Sicilian 
vadum, i n. shallow, depths (of waters) 
velo (1) veil, cover (the face), wrap, equip 
with sails 

verus, a, um true, real, genuine, hon¬ 
est* 

votum, i n. vow, prayer, (votive) offer¬ 
ing* 


Castrum Minervae; see 1. 531. accepit 
(nos). 

545. capita: object of the middle verb 
velamur, we veil (for ourselves); App. 
309. They thus follow the instructions 
given in 11. 405-409. 

546. praeceptis: according to the be¬ 
hests; abl. of accordance; App. 326. 
maxima: (as) most important . 

547. Junoni Argivae: Argos was a 
famous center of the worship of Juno. 

548-569. They sail southward along 
the eastern coast of Italy and of Sicily to 
Mt. Etna, where they land. 


548. Haud mora (est). ordine: in 

due form. 

549. cornua antemnarum: the tips of 
the yards. Note the spondaic fifth foot; 
App. 395. 

550. Grajugen(ar)um. 

552. diva Lacinia = Juno; here refers 
to a temple of Juno on the promontory 
of Lacinium. 

553. arces (se attollunt). 

554. e fluctu: (rising) from the 
waves. 

555. pulsata (undis). 

556. voces (undarum) : the roar of the 
breakers. 




BOOK III, 558-572 


185 


Et pater Anchises: ‘Nlmlrum hlc ilia Charybdis: 
hos Helenus scopulos, haec saxa horrenda canebat. 

Eripite, 0 socii, paritergwe insurgite remis.’ 560 

Hand minus ac jussi faciunt, primusque rudentem 
contorsit laevas proram Palinurus ad undas; 
laevam ciincta cohors remis ventisque petivit. 

Tollimur in caelum curvato gurgite, et idem 

subducta ad manls imos desedimus undo,. 565 

Ter scopull clamorem inter cava saxa dedere, 

ter spumam ellsam et rorantia vidimus astra.^ 

Interea fessos ventus cum sole reliquit, 
ignarlgwe viae Cyclopum adlabimur oris. 

Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus et ingens 570 

ipse: sed horrificls juxta tonat Aetna rulnis, 
interdumgwe dtram prorumpit ad aethera nubem 


accessus, us m. approach, accessf 
adlabor, i, lapsus glide to ( dat.) 
aether, eris, acc. era, m. upper air, sky, 
heaven* 

Aetna, ae /. volcano of Sicily 
astrum, i n. star, constellation* 
cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), chant, 
prophesy, proclaim* 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 

Charybdis, is /. whirlpool opposite Scylla, 
between Sicily and Italy 
cohors, rtis /. troop, mass, fleetf 
contorqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, whirl 
curvo (1) curve, bend, arch, wind 
Cyclops, opis m . one of a race of one-eyed 
giants on the eastern coast of Sicily 
near Mt. Etnaf 

desldo, ere, sedi sink down, subsidef 
elldo, ere, si, sus dash (out, up)t 
gurges, itis m. whirlpool, wind), depth* 
Helenus, im. a prophet, son of Priam 
horrendus, a, um dreadful, horrible* 
horrificus, a, um terrifying, horrify¬ 
ing 

ignarus, a, um ignorant, unaware* 
immotus, a, um unmoved, immovable 


Insurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus rise (on) 

(dat.) 

interdum at times, meanwhile 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
juxta near, next (acc .); close at hand* 
laevus, a, um left (hand), on the left* 
manes, ium m. (souls of) the dead, Hades* 
minus less 

nimirum doubtless, no wonder, of coursef 
nubes, is /. cloud, mist, fog* 

Palinurus, i m. Trojan pilot* 
pariter equally, all together, in unison, 
side by side* 
prora, ae /. prow* 

prorumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break forth, 
shoot forth 

roro (1) drip with dew, be dewyf 
rudo, ere, ivl (il), ltus roar, creakf 
ruina, ae /. downfall, ruin; convulsion 
scopulus, 1 m. rock, cliff, crag* 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
spuma, ae f. foam, froth, spray 
subduco, ere, duxl y ductus withdraw 
(from beneath), remove 
ter thrice, three times* 
tono, are, ui, itus thunder, roarf 


558. hie (est) ilia Charybdis. 

559. Helenus (canebat), (Helenus) 
canebat. 

560. Eripite (vos), insurgite: impera¬ 
tives. 

561. ac: than. 

564. (nos) idem. 

565. subducta unda: abl. abs., imply¬ 
ing cause. 

566. dedere = dederunt. 

568. cum sole: at sundown. (nos) 
fessos. 


569. Cyclopum oris: dat. with com¬ 
pound; the east coast of Sicily near Mt. 
Etna. 

570-587. The Trojans pass an uneasy 
night in the neighborhood of the volcano. 

570-571. Portus (est). ingens ipse: 

spacious (in) itself. 

571. minis: downfall (of lava, etc.); 
abl. of cause. 

572. nubem: cognate acc. with pro- 
rumpit; App. 313. Compare rumpit 




186 


THE AENEID, 573-586 


turbine fumantem piceo et candente favilla, 
attollitgwe globos flammarum et sidera lafribit, 

575 interdum scopulos avulsa que viscera montis 

erigit eructans, liquefactague saxa sub auras 
cum gemitu glomerat fundogwe exaestuat Imo. 
Fama est EnceladI semustum fulmine corpus 
urgeri mole hac, ingentemque insuper Aetnam 
580 impositam ruptis flammam exspirare caminis, 

et fessum quotiens mutet latus, intremere omnem 
murmure Trinacriam et caelum subtexere fumo. 
Noctem illam tectl silvis immania monstra 
perferimus, nec quae sonitum det causa videmus. 

585 Nam neque erant astrorum ignes nec lucidus aethra 

siderea polus, obscuro sed nubila caelo, 


aethra, ae /. radiance, bright lightf 
Aetna, ae /. volcano of Sicily 
astrum, i n. star, constellation* 
attollo, ere lift, rear, raise* 
avello, ere, (vuls)i, vulsus tear away 
camlnus, I m. furnace, chimneyf 
candens, entis shining, white, hott 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, occasion* 
Enceladus, i m. one of the fire-breathing 
giants who attempted to capture 
heaven, overthrown by Jupiter’s thun¬ 
derbolt and buried under Mt. Etnaj 
erigo, ere, rexl, rectus raise, upheave 
eructo (1) belch forth, vomit forthf 
exaestuo (1) boil forth, seethe, surget 
exspiro (1) breathe out, exhale, die 
favilla, ae /. hot ashes, embersf 
fulmen, inis n. thunderbolt, lightning* 
fumo (1) smoke, steam, fume, reek 
fumus, l m. smoke, vapor, fume, fog 
fundus, i m. bottom, foundation, base 
gemitus, us m. groan, roar, lament* 
globus, l m. ball, globe, spheref 
glomero (1) roll together, assemble 
impono, ere, posui, positus place upon, 
pile upon* 

insuper (from) above 
interdum at times, meanwhile 
intremo, ere, ui tremble, quake, shakef 


lambo, ere lick, lap 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 
liquefacio, ere, feci, factus melt, liquefyf 
lucidus, a, um bright, clear, shiningf 
moles, is /. (huge) mass, bulk, burden* 
monstrum, i n. portent, marvel, mon¬ 
ster* 

murmur, uris n. murmur, roar, rumble 
muto (1) (ex)change, turn, transform* 
nubila, drum n. clouds, cloudinessf 
obscurus, a, um dark, gloomy, obscure* 
perfero, ferre, tuli, latus endure 
piceus, a, um pitchy, blackj 
polus, i m. pole, sky, heaven 
quotiens as often asf 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break, burst 
(forth) * 

scopulus, i m. rock, cliff, crag* f 

semustus, a, um half-burnt, half-con¬ 
sumed f 

sidereus, a, um starry, of the starsf 
sonitus, us m. sound, roar, crash, noise* 
subtexo, ere, ui, xtus weave beneath, 
veil (from below) f 

tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, bury, hide* 
Trinacria, ae /. Trinacria, Sicily 
turbo, inis m. whirlpool, wind), storm 
urged, ere, ursi press (upon), urge, incite 
viscus, eris n. vitals, bowels, flesh 


vocem, II, 129; III, 246. aethera: acc. 
sing., a Greek form. 

577. fundo: abl. of separation. 
578-580. corpus exspirare flammam: 

thus the ancients accounted for the 
volcano by the story of a great fire- 
breathing giant buried beneath the 
mountain. 

578. Fama est = dicunt, and so fol¬ 
lowed by indir. disc.; App. 390. 


579. mole hac (montis). 

581. mutet latus: turns over; thus the 
ancients accounted for earthquakes, by 
the story of a great giant buried alive 
who shook the earth when he tried to 
turn over. 

583. monstra: the mysterious noises. 

585-586. polus (erat) lucidus. aethra: 
abl. of cause. nubila (erant) caelo. 
caelo: dat. of possessor or abl. of place. 




BOOK III, 587-601 187 

et lunam in nimbo nox intempesta tenebat. 

Postera jamque dies primo surgebat Eoo 
umentemgwe Aurora polo dlmoverat umbram, 
cum subito e silvis macie confecta suprema 590 

ignotl nova forma viri miserandagwe cultu 
procedit supplexgwe manus ad litora tendit. 

Respicimus. Dira inluvies immissague barba, 

consertum tegimen splnis: at cetera Grajus, 

et quondam patriis ad Trojam missus in armis. 595 

Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et TrSia vidit 

arma procul, paulum aspectu conterritus haesit 

continuitgwe gradum; mox sese ad litora praeceps 

cum fletu precibusgue tulit: 1 Per sidera testor, 

per super os atque hoc caeli splrabile lumen, 600 

tollite me, Teucri; quascumque abducite terras: 


abducd, ere, duxi, ductus lead away, carry 
away! 

a(d)spectus, us m. appearance, sight 
Aurora, ae /. (goddess of the) dawn* 
barba, ae /. beard, whiskers 
ceterus, a, um other, rest, remaining 
conficid, ere, feci, fectus accomplish, 
finish, do thoroughly, wear out! * 
cdnsero, ere, ui, rtus fasten, join 
conferred, ere, ui, itus frighten, terrify! 
confined, ere, ui, tentus hold together, 
check 

cultus, us m. dress, mode of lifef 
Dardanius, a, um Dardanian, Trojan* 
dimoveo, ere, movi, motus move apart, 
disperse! 

dirus, a, um terrible, dire, dreadful* 
Eous, i ra. eastern star, morning star, 
dawn 

fletus, us m. weeping, tears, lament 
forma, ae /. form, shape, beauty* 
gradus, us m. step, gait, stride, rung 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 
habitus, us m. garb, appearance, dress 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus stick (to, 
fast), halt* 

ignotus, a, um unknown, strange 


immittd, ere, misi, missus let go, let 

grow 

inluvies, ei /. filth, dirt, squalorf 
intempestus, a, um unseasonable, gloomy! 
luna, ae /. moon, moonlight* 
macies, ei /. leanness, emaciation! 
miseror, ari, atus pity, commiserate* 
mox soon, presently 
nimbus, i m. (rain-)cloud* 
paulum a little, slightly! 
polus, i m. pole, sky, heaven 
posterus, a, um following, rear, next 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, headforemost* 
prex, precis /. prayer, entreaty, vow* 
procedo, ere, cessi, cessus advance 
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque 
whoever, whichever, whatever; any* 
respicio, ere, spexi, spectus look (back), 
look at* 

spina, ae /. thorn, backbone! 
spirabilis, e breathable, vital! 
subito suddenly, unexpectedly* 
supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
teg(i)men, inis n. covering, garment 
testor, ari, atus call to witness, testify 
Troius, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
umens, entis dewy, wet! 


587. nox intempesta: the dead of 
night . 

588-611. While preparing to set sail 
the Trojans discover Achaemenides, a 
Greek who had been deserted by Ulysses 
when he escaped from the cave of the 
Cyclops. 

588. primo Eoo: at daybreak, abl. of 
time. 

591. nova: strange. 


593. Respicimus: the Trojans were 
departing when their attention is called 
by the appearance of the strange figure, 
and they look back, inluvies (erat illi), 
barba (erat illi). 

594. consertum (erat). cetera: acc. 
of respect; App. 311. Grajus (erat). 

599. testor (vos) = oro, precor. 

600. lumen = aera. 

601. tollite me (vobiscum): take me 
(with you), (ad) quascumque terras. 




188 THE AENEID, 602-615 

hoc sat erit. Scio me Danais e classibus unum 
et hello Iliacos fateor petiisse penatis. 

Pro quo, si sceleris tanta est injuria nostri, 

605 spargite me in fluctus vastoque immergite ponto; 

si pereo, hominum manihus periisse juvabit.’ 
Dixerat et genua amplexus genibusgue volutans 
haerebat. Qui sit fari, quo sanguine cretus, 
hortamur, quae deinde agitet fortiina fateri. 

6io Ipse pater dextram Anchises haud multa moratus 

dat juveni atque animum praesenti pignore firmat. 
Ille haec deposita tandem formidine fdtur: 

‘Sum patria ex Ithaca, comes infelicis Ulixi, 
nomine Achaemenides, Trojam genitore Adamasto 
615 paupere (mdnsissetque utinam fortiina!) profectus. 


Achaemenides, ae m. comrade of Ulysses, 
rescued by Aeneas from the land of the 
Cyclopesf 

Adamastus, i m. father of Achaemenidesf 
agito (1) drive, pursue, agitate, harass 
amplector, i, plexus embrace, enfold* 
cresco, ere, crevi, cretus grow, spring 
deinde then, thereupon, next* 
depono, ere, posui, positus lay aside 
fateor, eri, fassus confess, admit 
firmo (1) confirm, strengthen, encourage 
formido, inis /. fear, terror, fright, dread 
genu, us n. knee 

haereo, ere, haesi, haesus stick (to), 
cling (to) (dat.)* 

homS, inis m. (/.) man, mortal, human* 
hortor, ari, atus encourage, urge, incite* 
Iliacus, a, urn Trojan, Ilian* 
immergo, ere, rsi, rsus plunge into (dat.)] 
injuria, ae /. wrong, injury, injustice 
Ithaca, ae /. island-kingdom of Ulysses, 
wily Greek leader 


juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
moror, ari, atus delay, hesitate, detain* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
pauper, eris poor, needy 
penates, ium m. household gods* 
perdo, ire, ii (ivi), itus perish, die 
pignus, oris n. pledge, token, security! 
pontus, i m. sea, waves* 
praesens, entis present, immediate 
pro for, in behalf of, before (abl.)* 
proficiscor, i, fectus set out, go 
sat(is) enough, sufhcient(ly) * 
scelus, eris n. crime, guilt, sin, villainy* 
scio, ire, ivi, itus know (how), under¬ 
stand 

spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, strew* 
Ulixes, is (ei, i) m. Ulysses, a wily Greek 
leader* 

utinam would that! O that! 

voluto (1) roll (over and over), revolve 


602. Scio: with final vowel irregularly 
short, me (esse). 

605. spargite, immergite: imperatives, 
(in) ponto. 

606. pereo hominum: hiatus; App. 
399. juvabit (me). 

607-609. genua (nostra) amplexus 
genibus (suis) volutans (nobis) haerebat. 
hortamur (ilium) fari qui (= quis) sit 
(ille) (et) quo sanguine (sit) cretus. 
(hortamur eum) fateri quae fortiina 
(eum) agitet. 

611. praesenti pignore: by an im¬ 
mediate pledge (of friendship); i.e., the 
right hand just given him by Anchises. 


612-654. Warned by Achaemenides of 
the ferocity of the Cyclopes, the Trojans 
immediately set sail, taking Achaemeni¬ 
des with them. 

613. infelicis: from the point of view 
of a Greek. 

614-615. nomine: abl. of respect; 
App. 325. (ad) Trojam. genitore pau¬ 
pere: abl. abs.; because of my father’s 
poverty; said to excuse his part in the 
Trojan War and to win the sympathy 
of his hearers. Compare Sinon’s tale 
to the same effect, II, 87. mansisset 
utinam fortiina: opt. subj.; App. 253; 





BOOK III, 616-630 


189 


Hie me, dum trepidi crudelia llmina linquunt, 

immemores socil vasto Cyclopis in antro 

deseruere. Domus same dapibusgwe cruentls, 

intus opaca, ingens. Ipse arduus, altaque pulsat 

sldera (di talem terris avertite pestem!) 620 

nec vlsu facilis nec dictu adfabilis ulli; 

visceribus miserorum et sanguine vescitur atro. 

Vidi egomet duo de numero cum corpora nostro 

prensa manu magna medio resupinus in antro 

frangeret ad saxum, saniegwe aspersa natarent 625 

limina; vidi atro cum membra fluentia tabo 

manderet et tepidl tremerent sub dentibus artus — 

haud impune quidem, nec talia passus Ulixes 

oblituswe sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto. 

Nam simul expletus dapibus vino que sepultus 630 


adfabilis, e may be addressed, may be 
spoken to, approachable, affable f 
antrum, i n. cave, cavern, grotto* 
arduus, a, um lofty, steep, towering* 
artus, us m. joint, limb, body* 
a(d)spergo, ere, rsl, rsus scatter, sprinklef 
averto, ere, I, rsus turn aside, avert* 
crudelis, e cruel, bloody, bitter* 
cruentus, a, um bloody, cruel 
Cyclops, opis m. one of a race of one- 
eyed, man-eating giants in Sicily 
daps, dapis /. (sacrificial) feast, banquet* 
dens, dentis m. tooth f 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
discrimen, inis n . crisis, danger, dis¬ 
tinction, difference 
duo, ae, o two, a pair* 
expleo, ere, evi, etus fill, stuff, fulfil 
facilis, e easy, endurable, favorable 
fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus flow, stream 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus break, smash, 
crush* 

immemor, oris unmindful, forgetful 
impune with impunity, without punish- 
mentf 

intus within, on the inside 


would that our fortune had remained , so 
that it would not have been necessary 
for me to go forth as a soldier of for¬ 
tune! 

616. dum: regularly with the pres, 
ind.; App. 372. trepidi (socii). 

617. immemores (mei). Cyclopis: 
Polyphemus was the name of this particu¬ 
lar Cyclops. 

618 deseruere = deseruerunt. Domus 
(Cyclopis est). sanie, dapibus: abla¬ 
tives of quality; App. 330 


Ithacus, i m. native of Ithaca, Ulysses 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
mando, ere, i, mansus crunch, chewf 
membrum, l n. member, limb, body* 
nato (1) swim, float, overflowf 
numerus, l m. number, order* 
obliviscor, i, litus forget {gen.) 
opacus, a, um dark, gloomy, obscure 
patior, i, passus suffer, endure, permit* 
pestis, is /. plague, curse, scourge 
pre(he)endo, ere, i, ensus seize, grasp 
pulso (1) beat, smite, lash, batter 
quidem indeed, surely, at leastf 
resupinus, a, um supine, flat on the 
back 

sanies, ei /. blood, gore 
sepelio, ire, ivi (ii), sepultus bury, inter 
tabum, i n . corruption, gore 
tepidus, a, um warm, tepid 
tremo, ere, ui tremble, quiver, shake* 
trepidus, a, um trembling, alarmed 
Ulixes, is (ei, i) m. Ulysses, a wily Greek 
leader* 

vescor, i feed on ( abl .) 

vinum, i n. wine* 

viscus, eris n. vitals, flesh, bowels 


619. Ipse (Cyclops est) arduus. 

620. di: voc. avertite: imp. 

621. visu, dictu: supines; ablatives of 
respect; App. 271. ulli: dat. of refer¬ 
ence. 

622. visceribus, sanguine: ablatives 
with vescor; App. 342. 

628. passus (est). 

629. sui: gen. with obliviscor; App. 
288; forgot himself , i.e., his accustomed 
cunning. 

630. simul (afque): as soon as. 




190 


THE AENEID, 631-645 


cervlcem Inflexam posuit, jacuit que per antrum 
immensus saniem eructans et frusta cruento 
per somnum commixta mero, nos magna precati 
numina sortiti^ue vices una undique circum 
635 fundimur, et telo lumen terebramus acuto 
ingens quod torva solum sub fronte latebat, 

Argolici clipei aut Phoebeae lampadis instar, 
et tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras. 

Sed fugite, 0 miseri, fugite atque ab litore funem 
640 rumpite. 

Nam qualis quantusgize cavo Polyphemus in antro 
lanigeras claudit pecudes atque ubera pressat, 
centum alii curva haec habitant ad litora vulgo 
Infandi Cyclopes et altis montibus errant. 

645 Tertia jam lunae se cornua lumine complent 


acfitus, a, um sharp, pointed, acute 
antrum, i n. cave, cavern, grotto* 
Argolicus, a, um Argive, Greek 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
centum hundred* 
cervix, icis /. neck 

claudo, ere, si, sus shut (in), (in)close* 
clipeus, i m. shield, buckler* 
commisceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, minglef 
compleo, ere, evi, etus fill, complete 
cornu, us n. horn, tip, end 
cruentus, a, um bloody, cruel 
curvus, a, um curved, curving, arched* 
Cyclops, opis m. one of a race of one- 
eyed, man-eating giants 
erficto (1) belch out, vomit (forth) 
frons, frontis /. forehead, front, brow* 
frustum, i n. piece, fragment, morsel 
funis, is m. rope, cable, cord 
habito (1) inhabit, dwell (in), possess 
immensus, a, um enormous, immense 
infandus, a, um unspeakable, accursed 
inflecto, ere, flexi, flexus bend, turnf 
instar n. likeness, appearance {gen,) 
jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
lampas, adis /. torch, lamp, lightf 
laniger, era, erum wool-bearing, woollyf 


lateo, ere, ui lie hid, hide, lurk* 
luna, ae /. moon, moonlight* 
merum, i n. (unmixed) wine 
pecus, udis /. animal, member of flock* 
Phoebeus, a, um of Phoebus (Apollo), 
god of light, music, and prophecyf 
Polyphemus, i m. a one-eyed, man-eating 
giant, one of the Cyclopesf 
precor, ari, atus pray (to, for), entreat* 
presso (1) press, squeeze, crushf 
qualis, e of what sort, what kind* 
quantus, a, um how great, how much, 
as great as* 

rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break, burst 
(forth)* 

sanies, ei /. blood, gore 
sortior, iri, itus obtain by lot, allot 
terebro (1) bore, pierce 
tertius, a, um third* 
torvus, a, um fierce, scowling, grimf 
fiber, eris n. udder, breast, fertility 
ulciscor, i, ultus avenge, punish 
fina together, at the same time 
undique on (from) all sides* 
vicis {gen.; no nom.) f. change, alterna¬ 
tion; danger 

vulgo commonly, everywheret 


631. (Cyclops) posuit. per: denoting 
the huge size of the monster. 

633. mero: given to the Cyclops by 
Ulysses. 

634. vices (nostras): the part each is 
to play in the following action. 

635. telo: a sharpened stake, with 
blazing point, lfimen = oculum, as often. 

636. latebat: the deep-set eye seemed 
to hide beneath his beetling brow. 

637. Argolici clipei (instar): the 
clipeus was a large round shield, bright 


and shining, and big enough to cover 
the body of a man. Phoebeae lampadis: 
the sun; gen. with instar, referring to the 
size and dazzling effect of the Cyclops’s 
eye. 

639-640. fugite, rumpite: imperatives. 

641-643. qualis quantusque (est) 
Polyphemus (qui) claudit, centum (tales 
tantique) alii habitant. 

644. (in) montibus. Cyclopes: with 
short e, a Greek form; App. 65, a. 

645. Tertia: translate as though an 





BOOK III, 646-658 


191 


cum vltam in silvis inter deserta ferarum 
lustra domosque traho, vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas 
prospicio sonitumgwe pedum vocemque tremesco. 

Victum infellcem, bacas lapidosague corna, 

dant rami, et vulsls pascunt radicibus herbae. 65 o 

Omnia conlustrans hanc primum ad lltora classem 

conspexl venientem. Huic me, quaecumque fuisset, 

addixl: satis est gentem effugisse nefandam. 

Fos animam hanc potius quocumque absumite leto/ 

Vix ea fatus erat summo cum monte vidimus 655 

ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole moventem 
pastorem Polyphemum et lltora nota petentem, 
monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum. 


absumo, ere, mpsl, mptus consume, de¬ 
stroy 

addlco, ere, dixi, dictus assign to, surren- 
derf 

adimo, ere, emi, emptus removef 
baca, ae /. berryf 

conlustro (1) light up, survey, traversef 
conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look 
at 

cornum, i n. cornel berryj 
Cyclops, opis m. one of a race of one- 
eyed, man-eating giants 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
effugio, ere, fugi escape, shun, avoid 
fera, ae /. wild beast, animal 
herba, ae/. herb(age), grass, plant* 
horrendus, a, um horrifying, horrible* 
informis, e shapeless, monstrous 
lapidosus, a, um stony, hardf 
letum, l n. death, destruction, ruin* 
lustrum, i n. bog, fen, lairf 
moles, is /. (huge) mass, bulk, bur¬ 
den* 


monstrum, i n. portent, monster, mar¬ 
vel* 

nefandus, a, um unspeakable, terrible 
notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
pasco, ere, pavi, pastus feed (on), graze 
pastor, oris m. shepherd, herdsman 
pecus, udis /. animal, member of a 
herd* 

Polyphemus, i m. a one-eyed, man-eating 
giant, one of the Cyclopes 
potius rather, preferablyf 
prospicio, ere, spexi, spectus discern, 
look forth (on) 

quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque 

whoever, whichever, whatever* 
radix, icis /. root 
ramus, i m. branch, bough, twig* 
rupes, is /. rock, cliff, crag* 
sat (is) sufficient (ly), enough* 
sonitus, us m. sound, roar, crash, noise* 
tremesco, ere tremble (at), shakef 
vello, ere, vulsi, vulsus pluck, pull (up) 
victus, us m. food, victuals, living 


adverb, for the third time; i.e., the moon 
has been full three times since . . . 

646-647. cum traho: English employs 
the perfect, since I have been dragging 
{out). The present tense is used, as in 
French, to indicate that this condition 
continues into the present: I am still 
dragging {out); App. 351, 1, b. 

650. dant (mihi), pascunt (me), vul- 
sis radicibus: abl. of means. 

652. quaecumque fuisset: whatever it 
should be , implied indir. disc.; App. 390. 

653. gentem nefandam = the Cyclopes. 

654. hanc (meam) animam = vitam. 
potius (quam me relinquads). absumite: 
imp. 


655-714. Frightened by the appear¬ 
ance of Polyphemus and the other 
Cyclopes, the Trojans flee in terror, but 
remembering the advice of Helenus, 
they avoid the dangers of Scylla and 
Charybdis and sail around the eastern, 
southern, and western coast of Sicily to 
Drepanum, where Anchises dies. 

655. summo (in) monte. 

656. vasta mole: abl. of quality or 
manner; App. 330, 328. 

658. A shaggy verse, corresponding 
to the sense, cui: dat. of separation; 
App. 305. lumen (= oculus) ademptum 
(erat). 





192 THE AENEID, 659-671 

Trunca manum plnus regit et vestigia firmat; 

660 lanigerae comitantur oves; ea sola voluptas 
solamengwe mall. 

Postquam altos tetigit fluctus et ad aequora venit, 
luminis effossi fluidum lavit inde cruorem 
dentibus Infrendens gemitu, graditurgwe per aequor 
665 jam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit. 

Nos procul inde fugam trepidi celerare recepto 
supplice sic merito tacitl que incidere funem, 
vertimus et prom certantibus aequora remis. 

Sensit, et ad sonitum vocis vestigia torsit. 

670 Verum ubi nulla datur dextra adfectare potestas 

nec potis Ionios fluctus aequare sequendb, 


adfecto (1) grasp (at), seize! 
aequo (1) equal(ize), match, even, level* 
arduus, a, um lofty, steep, towering* 
celero (1) hasten, hurry, speed 
certo (1) strive, struggle, vie 
comitor, arl, atus accompany, attend, 
escort, follow* 
cruor, oris m. blood, gore 
dens, dentis ra. tooth 
effodio, ere, fodl, fossus dig out, gouge 
out, excavate 

firmo (1) strengthen, support 
fluidus, a, um flowing, liquid, fluidf 
funis, is m. rope, cable, cordage 
gemitus, us ra. groan, roar, lament* 
gradior, i, gressus walk, stride, march, 
go 

incldo, ere, I, sus cut! 

inde then(ce), thereupon, next* 

infrend(e)o, ere gnash, grate! 

Ionius, a, um Ionian, a sea off the western 
coast of Greece 

laniger, era, erum wool-bearing, woolly 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 
lavo, are (ere), (av)I, atus (lautus) wash! 
malum, i n. trouble, evil, woe, misfor¬ 
tune* 

mereor, eri, itus deserve, earn, merit* 


659. manum: i.e., he uses the trunk 
of a pine tree as a cane. 

660. (ilium) comitantur. ea (erat illi): 
ea, although referring to oves, is attracted 
into the number and gender of the predi¬ 
cate noun voluptas; App. 240, a. 

662. aequora (alta). 

663. inde: with water from the sea. 

664. dentibus: abl. of means, gemitu: 
abl. of manner. 

666-667. celerare, incidere: historical 
infinitives; App. 257, recepto supplice: 


necdum not yet 
ovis, is /. sheep, ewef 
plnus, us (I) /. pine treef 
postquam after (that), when* 
potestas, atis /. power, ability, oppor¬ 
tunity f 

potis, e able, powerfulf 
pi onus a, um bending forward, sloping 
recipio, ere, cepl, ceptus take (back), 
welcome, receive* 
rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, guide* 
sentio, Ire, sensl, sensus perceive, under¬ 
stand, feel 

solamen, inis n. solace, consolation! 
sonitus, us m. sound, roar, crash, noise* 
supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
tacitus, a, um silent, noiseless, still 
tango, ere, tetigl, tactus touch, reach* 
ting(u)o, ere, tlnxl, tlnctus wet, tinge 
torqueo, ere, rsl, rtus twist, whirl, sway, 
turn* 

trepidus, a, um trembling, alarmed 
truncus, a, um lopped, trimmed! 
verro, ere, I, rsus sweep (over), scour 
verto, ere, I, rsus (over)turn, change* 
verum but, indeed, truly 
vestigium, (i)I n. (foot)step, trace, track* 
voluptas, atis /. pleasure, joy, delight! 


abl. abs., referring to Achaemenides. sic 
merito: having deserved (it, by warning us 
of the danger). 

668. vertimus et = et vertimus. remis: 

abl. of means. 

669. (Polyphemus id) sensit. vocis: the 
splash (of the oars). 

670. adfectare (nos) potestas: for the 
prose construction adfectandl (nos) po¬ 
testas; App. 264. 

671. potis (est Polyphemus) = potest 
Polyphemus, sequendo (nos). 




BOOK III, 672-683 


193 


clamorem immensum tollit, quo pontus et omnes 
contremuere undae, penitusgue exterrita tellus 
Italiae curvis que immugiit Aetna cavernis. 

At genus e silvls Cyclopum et montibus altls 675 

excltum ruit ad portus et litora complent. 

Cernimus astantls nequiquam lumine torvo 

Aetnaeos fratres caeld capita alta ferentls, 

concilium horrendum: quales cum vertice celso 

aeriae quercus aut coniferae cyparissl 680 

constiterunt, silva alta Jovis lucuswe Dianae. 

Praecipitis metus acer agit quocumque rudentis 
excutere et ventis intendere vela secundis. 


acer, cris, ere sharp, fierce, spirited* 
aerius, a, um airy, lofty 
Aetna, ae /. volcano of Sicily 
Aetnaeus, a, um of Etna, a volcano of 
Sicilyt 

a(d)sto, are, stiti stand (ready, by)* 
caverna, ae /. cave, cavern, grotto 
celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 
compleo, ere, evi, etus fill, complete 
concilium, (i)i n. gathering, assem¬ 
blage 

conifer, era, erum cone-bearingf 
consto, are, stiti, status stand (firm) 
contremisco, ere, tremui tremble, shaket 
curvus, a, um curved, curving, wind¬ 
ing* 

Cyclops, opis m. one of a race of one- 
eyed, man-eating giants 
cyparissus, if. cypress, an evergreen tree 
sacred to Diana and the deadf 
Diana, ae /. goddess of the chase, of the 
moon, and of Hades 

excio, ire, ivi (ii), ltus summon (forth), 
arousef 


excutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake out, 
loosen* 

exterreo, ere, ui, itus frighten, terrify 
frater, tris m. brother* 
horrendus, a, um horrifying, terrible* 
immensus, a, um immense, enormous 
immugio, ire, ivi (ii) bellow, roarf 
intendo, ere, i, ntus stretch (out, to, 
toward) 

lucus, i m. (sacred) grove, wood* 
metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
penitus within, deep(ly), wholly* 
pontus, i m. sea, waves* 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, headforemost* 
qualis, e of what sort, of what kind, 
such (as)* 

quercus, us /. oak, a tree sacred to Jovef 
quocumque where(so)ever 
rudens, entis m. cable, rope, cordage 
secundus, a, um favorable, second* 
torvus, a, um savage, scowling, grim 
vertex, icis m. peak, summit, head, 
top* 


672. quo: abl. of cause. 

673. contremuere = contremuerunt. 
exterrita (est). 

675-676. genus ruit et complent: ob¬ 
serve the singular verb followed by the 
plural, since genus is collective and may 
take either; App. 236, a. 

677. lumine torvo: with glaring eye; 
effective use of the singular to emphasize 
the fact that each Cyclops had but one 
eye. nequiquam: because unable to do 
us harm. 

678. caelo: dat. of direction; App. 
306. Aetnaeos fratres: the Cyclopes 
who lived around Mt. Etna. 

679. (in) vertice (montis). 


681. constiterunt: with the penult 
irregularly short, silva Jovis = quercus; 
lucus Dianae = cyparissi; since the oak 
was sacred to Jove and the cypress to 
Hecate, the Diana of Hades. 

682. metus acer agit (nos) praecipitis. 

683. ventis secundis: abl. of means; 
apparently a south wind. In their anxiety 
to escape the Cyclopes the Trojans flee 
with the wind, in spite of the warning of 
Helenus, but suddenly recalling the 
dangers of Scylla and Charybdis, they 
turn back, and with the aid of the 
wind, which has veered to the north, 
they sail safely past the land of the 
Cyclopes. 





194 


THE AENEID, 684-694 


Contra jussa monent Helen!, Scyllam atque Charybdim 
685 inter, utramque viam let! discrimine parvo, 

n! teneant cursus; certum est dare lintea retro. 

Ecce autem Boreas angusta ab sede Pelori 
missus adest: vivo praetervehor ostia saxo 
Pantagiae Megarosgwe sinus Thapsurngwe jacentem. 

690 Talia monstrabat relegens errata retrorsus 
litora Achaemenides, comes injelicis Ulixi. 

Sicanio praetenta sinu jacet insula contra 
Plemyrium undosum, nomen dixere priores 


Ortygiam. Alpheum fama 

Achaemenides, ae m. comrade of Ulysses, 
rescued by Aeneas from the land of the 
Cyclopes 

Alpheus, i m. Greek river (god) in love 
with the nymph Arethusa, whom he 
pursued under the sea to Sicily where he 
reappeared in her fountain at Syracuse! 
amnis, is m. river, stream* 
angustus, a, um narrow, strait 
autem moreover, however, but* 

Boreas, ae m. north wind! 
certus, a, um certain, fixed, sure, de¬ 
termined* 

Charybdis, is /. dangerous whirlpool op¬ 
posite Scylla, between Italy and Sicily 
contra opposite, on the contrary, fac¬ 
ing ( acc .)* 

discrimen, inis n. crisis, difference; danger 
ecce see! look! behold!* 

Elis, idis /. district of southwestern 
Greecef 

Helenus, im. a prophet, son of Priam 
insula, ae /. island 

jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
jussum, i n. command, order, behest 
letum, i n. death, destruction, ruin* 
linteum, i n. linen; sail! 

Megarus, a, um of Megara, a city of Sicily! 
moneo, ere, ui, itus advise, warn 
monstro (1) show, point out, teach* 


est hue Elidis amnem 


nisi, ni if not, unless* 

Ortygia, ae /. an island off Syracuse 
ostium, (i)i n. mouth, entrance, harbor 
Pantagias, ae m. river of Sicily! 
parvus, a, um small, little* 

Pelorus, i m. promontory of northeast 
Sicily 

Plemyrium, (i)i n. promontory of Sicily 
near the harbor of Syracuse! 
praetendo, ere, i, ntus stretch before! 
praeterveho, ere, vexi, vectus carry 
(beyond), convey (past)! 
prior, ius former, sooner, prior* 
relego, ere, legi, lectus retrace, pass over 
again! 

retro back(ward), again, anew 
retrorsus, um back(ward)! 

Scylla, ae /. sea-monster, with the head 
and body of a woman, girt with dogs 
or wolves 

Sicanius, a, um Sicanian, Sicilian! 
sinus, us m. fold, bosom, bay, hollow* 
Thapsus, i m. city of Sicily! 

Ulixes, is (ei, i) m. Ulysses, a wily Greek 
leader* 

undosus, a, um full of waves, wave- 
beaten! 

uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of 
two), both* 

vivus, a, um living, alive, natural 


684-685. Contra inter Scyllam atque 
Charybdim: App. 414. utramque viam: 
in apposition with Scyllam atque Cha¬ 
rybdim. discrimine parvo: abl. of at¬ 
tendant circumstance; App. 329. Trans¬ 
late, each a way of death with little 
difference . 

686. ni (socii mei) teneant cursus: 

that they should not hold their course; sub¬ 
stantive clause developed from volitive, 
the object of monent; App. 360. ni 
is here equivalent to ne. certum est 
(nobis): we decide; i.e., we determine 
to risk the dangers of the Cyclopes 


rather than those of Scylla and Cha¬ 
rybdis. 

688. missus: by some thoughtful and 
sympathetic divinity, vivo saxo: living 
(i.e., natural) rock , as in I, 167; abl. of 
material; App. 324. 

690. errata: having been wandered over 
(before), modifies litora, and refers to his 
previous voyage with Ulysses. 

692. Sicanio sinu: dat. with com¬ 
pound, refers to the harbor of Syracuse. 

693. dixere = dixerunt = vocaverunt. 

694-695. fama est Alpheum amnem 

Elidis egisse hue occultas vias. 




BOOK III, 695-706 


195 


occultas egisse vias subter mare, qul nunc 
* ore, Arethusa, tud Siculis confunditur undls. 

Jussl numina magna loci veneramur, et inde 
exsupero praepingue solum stagnantis Helori. 

Hinc alias cautes projectagwe saxa Pachyni 
radimus, et fatls numquam concessa moverl 
apparet Camerina procul camplque GeloT, 
immanisque Gela fluvil cognomine dicta. 

Arduus inde Acragas ostentat maxima longe 
moenia, magnanimum quondam generator equorum: 
teque datls linquo ventls, palmosa Selinus, 
et vada dura lego saxls Lilybeia caecls. 


Acragas, antis m. Agrigentum, a Greek 
city of southwestern Sicilyf 
appareo, ere, ui, itus appear 
arduus, a, um lofty, steep, towering* 
Arethusa, ae /. nymph of a famous 
Syracusan fountain, beloved by the 
river (god) Alpheiisf 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, secret* 
Camerina, ae /. a Greek city of southern 
Sicilyf 

cautes, is /. rock, cliff, ledge 
cognomen, inis n . (sur)name, title 
concedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, allow 
confundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour together, 
mix 

durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, dangerous* 
exsupero (1) rise above, (sur)pass 
fluvius, (i)I m. river, stream, flood 
Gela, ae /. a Greek city of southern Sicilyf 
Gelous, a, um of Gela, a city of southern 
Sicilyf 

generator, oris m. producer, breederf 
Helorus, i m. river of southeastern Sicilyf 
inde then(ce), thereupon, next* 
lego, ere, legi, lectus gather, collect, 
traverse, skim, skirt* 


Lilybeius, a, um Lilybean, of Lilybaeum, 
a promontory on the western coast of 
Sicilyf 

linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
longe far (away), at a distance* 
magnanimus, a, um great-souled, gen¬ 
erous, spirited 
numquam never, at no time 
occulo, ere, ui, ltus hide, secrete, con¬ 
ceal 

ostento (1) show, display, exhibit, pa- 
radef 

Pachynus (um), i m. (n.) promontory of 
southeastern Sicily 

palmosus, a, um full of palms, paln^f 
praepinguis, e very fat, very richf 
projicio, ere, jeci, jectus cast forth, jutf 
rado, ere, i, sus scrape, graze, skirtf 
Selinus, untis /. city of southwestern 
Sicilyf 

Siculus, a, um Sicilian, of Sicily 
solum, i n. ground, soil, earth* 
stagnans, antis stagnant, marshyf 
subter beneath, under (acc.)t 
vadum, i n. shallow, ford, depth 
veneror, ari, atus reverence, entreat 


696. ore, Arethusa, tuo: at your 
fountain (ore), Arethusa. According to 
the story, the river Alpheiis of Elis in 
Greece fell in love with the nymph of 
the fountain Arethusa and pursued her 
under the sea to Syracuse, where she 
emerged. Cf. Shelley's Arethusa. 

697. Jussi: presumably by Helenus. 

700. fatis: abl. of accordance; App. 

326. 

701. Camerina: contrary to the com¬ 
mands of an oracle, the people of Camerina 
drained a neighboring marsh of the same 
name, and through this space their ene¬ 
mies advanced and captured the city. 


702. Gela: nom. sing, with long final 
vowel, a Greek form, fluvii: there is 
only one other example in Vergil (IX, 
151) of the double i in the gen. ending of 
nouns in ius, ium. dicta = vocata. 

704. magnanim(or)um: spirited. 

quondam: from the point of view of 
Vergil, not Aeneas. 

705. datis ventis: the gods are with 
them and have again changed the winds 
for them, as they have now rounded the 
southern point of Sicily and are veering 
toward the north. 

706. saxls: abl. of cause with dura, 

dangerous. 





196 


THE AENEID, 707-718 


Hinc DrepanI me portus et inlaetabilis ora 
accipit. Hie pelagi tot tempestatibus actus 
heu, genitorem, omnis curae casusque levamen, 

710 amitto Anchisen. Hie me, pater optime, fessum 

deseris, heu, tantis nequlquam erepte pencils! 
Nee vates Helenus, cum multa horrenda moneret, 
hos mihi praedixit luctus, non dira Celaeno. 

Hie labor extremus, longarum haec meta viarum. 
715 Hinc me digressum vestrls deus appulit oris.” 

Sic pater Aeneas intentis omnibus unus 
fata renarrabat divum cursusque docebat. 
Conticuit tandem factoque hie fine quievit. 


amitto, ere, misi, missus let go, lose* 
appello, ere, puli, pulsus drive to ( dat .) 
Celaeno, us /. chief of the harpies, foul 
monsters with bodies of birds and faces 
of women 

conticesco, ere, ticui become silent, hush 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
digredior, i, gressus depart, separate 
dims, a, um terrible, dire, dreadful* 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, inform, tell* 
Drepanum, i n. city of western Sicily t 
extremus, a, um utmost, last, extreme* 
Helenus, i m. a seer, son of Priam 
horrendus, a, um horrifying, dreadful* 
inlaetabilis, e mournful, desolatef 


707. inlaetabilis: because Anchises 
died there. 

709. curae casusque: objective geni¬ 
tives; App. 284. 

710-711. pater: voc., modified by op¬ 
time and erepte. nequlquam: since he 
did not live to reach the Promised Land. 
peric(u)lis: dat. of separation; the 
longer form (*-*") could not be used 
in hexameter. 

712. moneret: cum concessive; App. 
379. 

713. Celaeno non (hos mihi praedixit 
luctus). 

714. Hie (fuit), haec (fuit): the pro¬ 
nouns agree with their predicate nouns, 
labor and meta; App. 240, a. 

715-718. Setting sail from Drepanum 
for Italy, the goal of their wanderings, 


intendo, ere, i, ntus stretch (toward, to, 
out) 

levamen, inis n. alleviation, solacef 
luctus, us 7u. grief, sorrow, lament 
meta, ae /. turning point, goal, limit 
moneo, ere, ui, itus advise, warn 
nequlquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
optimus, a, um best, finest, dearest 
peric(u)lum, i n. danger, peril, risk 
praedico, ere, dixi, dictus foretell, predict 
quiesco, ere, evi, etus become quiet, rest* 
renarro (1) relate, recountf 
tempestas, atis/. weather, storm; season* 
tot so many, as many* 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 


the Trojans are overtaken by a violent 
storm and driven to the northern coast 
of Africa, as described in the first book 
of the Aeneid. Aeneas thus completes 
the story of his adventures. During the 
whole recital Dido’s interest has been 
growing, and she has fallen deeply in 
love with Aeneas as the hero of these 
marvelous adventures. 

715. Hinc: the story thus connects 
with I, 34 (vix e conspectu Siculae 
telluris, etc.). 

716. intentis omnibus: just as in II, 
1, at the beginning of Aeneas’s speech. 

717. renarrabat: recounted, related ( not 
retold , but went through them again by 
thus recalling them). div(or)um. 

718. facto fine: abl. abs. and allit¬ 
eration; App. 343, 411. 






fMtsf 


bookie: 

AT reglna gravl jar^dudurn saucia curd 
vulnus'ant venis et c^eco carpitur igni. 

Multa pirl virtus animo multusque recursat - 
gentis bonds: haerent infixl pqctore vultus 
vcrbar/ue, nec placidgfon mdmfrris dot cura quietem. 
P(Me:n\ Phoebea lustrabat la^pade terras 
umentem^we Aurora polo dimdveifal umbram, 
cum sic unanimam adloquitur male sana sororem: 

“ Anna soror, quae me suspensam Insomnia terrent! 
Quis novus hie nostris successit sedibus hospes, 


10 


adloquor, I, locutus address, accost 
alo, ere, ui, (i)tus nourish, cherish 
Anna, ae /. sister of Didof 
Aurora, ae /. (goddess of) dawn* 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
carpo, ere, psi, ptus pluck, Consume, waste 
dimoveo, ere, ovl, otus divide, remove 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
haereo, ere, haesl, haesus stick (to), 

cling (to) ( dat .)* 

hospes, itis m. (/.) guest, host, stranger 
Infigo, ere, xi, xus fix (in, on), fasten 
insomnium, (i)i n. dream, vision in sleept 
jamdudum long since, for some time 
lampas, adis /. torch, lamp, light 
lustro (1) traverse; survey; purify* 
male badly, ill, scarce, not 
membrum, I n. member, limb, body* 
Phoebeus, a, um of Phoebus (Apollo), 

god of light, music, and prophecy* 

1-30. Dido, madly in love with Aeneas, 
discloses her feelings to her sister Anna. 

The Dido episode is one of the most 
famous in all literature, and its effect on 
later writers has been marked. One of 
the best known of the English versions is 
found in Chaucer’s Legend of Good Women . 

1. At: denotes the return of the poet 
to his own narrative and contrasts the 
restlessness of Dido with the calm (qui- 
evit) indicated by the last line of III. 
reglna: Dido, gravi cura: passionate love. 

2. venis, igni: ablatives of means. 

3. Multa, multus: the repetition in¬ 
tentionally strengthens and makes more 
vivid the idea of frequency and repetition; 
App. 413. viri = Aeneae. animo = ad 
animum: dat. of direction. 


placidus, a, um calm, kindly, quiet* 
polus, i m. pole, sky, heaven 
-posterns, a, um following, later, next 
quies, etis /. quiet, sleep, rest* 
recurso (1) run back, come back, recur 
sanus, a, um sane, sound, rational! 
saucius, a, um wounded, hurt 
soror, oris /. sister* 

succedo, ere, cessi, cessus approach 

{dat.) 

suspensus, a, um suspended, agitated 
terreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
umens, entis moist, dewy, wet 
unanimu§7a7um one-minded, sympathiz- 
"mgt 

vena, ae /. veinf 
verbum, i n. word, speech, talk 
virtus, utis /. manliness, virtue, valor* 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 

4. gentis honos: his noble birth, being 
a member of the royal family and de¬ 
scended from Jupiter and Venus, (in) 
pectore. 

5. verba: the four causes mentioned as 
arousing the love of the queen for Aeneas 
are: his courage (virtus), his noble birth 
(gentis honos), his handsome appearance 
(vultus), and his fine words (verba). 

6-7. Postera Aurora lustrabat. Phoe¬ 
bea lampade = with the sun's rays . 

7. IV, 7 = III, 589. 

8. male sana = non sana = insana: cf. 

male fida = infida, II, 23; litotes; App. 
431. f 

10. Quis (est) hie novus hospes, (qui) 
nostris sedibus successit: what a mar - 
velous stranger this is, who has come to our 
house! 





198 THE AENEID, 11-22 

quern sese ore ferens, quam fortl pectore et armls! 
Credo equidem, nec vana fid e s,. genus esse deorum . 
Degeneres animos timor arguit. Heu, quibus ille 
jactatus fdtls! Quae bella exhausta canebat! 

15 Si mihi non animo flxum immotumgue sederet 

ne cui me vinclo vellem sociare jugali, 
postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit; 
si non pertaesum thalaml taedaegue fuisset, 
huic uni forsan potul succumbere culpae. 

20 Anna, fatebor enim, miserl post fata Sychaei 

conjugis et sparsos fraterna caede pena^s 
solus hie Inflexit sensus animumque labantem 


Anna, ae /. sister of Dido 
arguo, ere, ui, utus prove, make clearf 
caedes, is /. slaughter, murder, massacre 
cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), chant, 

prophesy, recount* 

credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust ( dat .)* 
culpa, ae /. fault, blame, weakness, sin 
decipio, ere, cepl, ceptus deceive 
degener, eris degenerate, base, ignoble 
enim for, indeed, truly* 
equidem indeed, truly* 
exhaurio, Ire, hausi, haustus drain, ex¬ 
haust; bear [mock* 

fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus deceive, cheat, 
fateor, erl, fassus confess, agree 
fides, el /. faith, belief, trust (worthiness) * 
flgo, ere, xl, xus fix, fasten, imprint* 
fors(it)an perhaps, perchance 
fortis, e brave, strong, valiant, stout* 
fraternus, a, um fraternal, of a brotherf 
immotus, a, um unmoved, immovable 

11. quern sese ore ferens: how noble 
in appearance. quam fortl pectore et 
(fortibus) armls: ablatives of quality; 
App. 330. 

12. (ilium) esse genus deorum. nec 
(mea) fides (est) vana. 

13. Degeneres: therefore Aeneas’s soul 
is not degener, as he has always been so 
fearless. 

14. jactatus (est). 

15. (in) animo. SI... non ... sederet: 

condition contrary to fact; App. 382. 

16. ne vellem: not to be willing , sub¬ 
stantive clause, subject of sederet; App. 
360. cui: indefinite, any one. vinc(u)lo 
jugali: in bonds of wedlock. 

17. (me) deceptam fefellit = me decepit 
et fefellit. 

18. si non (me) pertaesum fuisset. 
thalaml, taedae: genitives with the im¬ 
personal pertaedet; App. 290. taedae: 
the ( marriage) torch , by metonymy for 


Inflecto, ere, flex!, flexus bend, turn 
jacto (1) toss, buffet, hurl, fling* 
jugalis, e of wedlock, matrimonialf 
labo (1) totter, waver, vacillate 
penates, ium m. household gods* 
pertaedet, ere, taesum it wearies {gen.) f 
post after, behind (acc.); later* 
postquam after (that), when* 
quam how, than, as* 
sedeo, ere, sedl, sessus sit, settle* 
sensus, us m. feeling, perception, sensef 
socio (1) unite, ally, share (as partner) 
spargo, ere, rsl, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 
succumbo, ere, cubul, cubitus yield (to) 

{dat.) f 

Sychaeus, I m. deceased husband of Dido 
taeda, ae/. (bridal) torch, pine (faggot) f 
thalamus, I m. (bridal) chamber, wedlock* 
timor, oris m. fear, dread, cowardice 
vanus, a, um vain, empty, idle, groundless 
vinc(u)lum, I n. chain, bond, cable* 

marriage; App. 433. Torches were 
carried by attendants in the wedding 
procession. Cf. Milton, Paradise Lost , 
XI, 590-591: 

11 They light the nuptial torch and bid 
Invoke Hymen.” 

19. potul: the ind. instead of the more 
usual subj. expresses the conclusion in a 
more positive way, as though it were prac¬ 
tically realized; App. 382, d. huic uni cul¬ 
pae: dat. with compound; Dido refers 
to the sin (culpa) of loving Aeneas after 
having sworn eternal fidelity to her former 
husband, Sychaeus. 

21. fraterna: equivalent to a subj. 
gen. with caede; the murder of Sychaeus 
by my brother. Cf. I, 343-356. 

22-23. solus hie (Aeneas), hie: with 
a short syllable here instead of the more 
usual long; App. 107, 3, c. (meum) 





Gramstorff Bros. 


The Gods Deciding the Fate of Troy 


Luigi Sabatelli 



g 

CD 


Aeneas at Dido's Court 

Behind Dido and leaning on her couch is Anna. At her side is Cupid, disguised as Ascanius. 







BOOK IV, 23-34 


199 


impulit. Agnosco veteris vestigia flammae. 

Sed mihi vel tellies optem prius ima dehlscat 
vel pater omnipotens abigat me fulmine ad umbras, 
pallentls umbras Erebo noctemque profundam, 
ante, pudor, quam te violo aut tua jura resolvo. 

I liemeos, primus qul me sibi ju^nxit, amores — 


25 


i^nna refert : 0 luce dlfecta^sorprl, 

solamje jjjetua m&ergt^arpere 
nec dmc;s natos ^ne^l^ri^c praemia norist' * 

Id cmerem aut rfiams crems curare sepultos? 

1AK - 


30 




abigo, ere, egi, actus drive (away), forcet 
agnosco, ere, novi, nitus recognize* 
Anna, ae /. sister of Dido 
aufero, erre, abstuli, ablatus take away, 
carry off 

carpo, ere, psi, ptus pluck, consume, 
waste 

cinis, eris m. ashes (of the dead), embers* 
credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, tryst ( dat .)* 
euro (1) care (for, to), heed, regard 
dehisco, ere yawn, gape, open (up) 
diligo, ere, lexi, lectus love, cherish 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
effor, ari, atus speak out, say 
Erebus, i m. underworld, Hadesf 
fulmen, inis n. thunderbolt, lightning* 
impello, ere, pull, pulsus strike, drive on 
impleo, ere, evl, etus fill, sate* 
jungd, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke* 
jus, juris n. right, law, decree, justice 
juventa, ae /. youth, young manhood, 
young womanhood 
maereo, ere mourn, grieve, pine 


magis more, ratherf 
manes, ium m. (souls of) the dead, Hades* 
nosco, ere, novi, notus learn; perf. know* 
oborior, iri, ortus (a)rise, spring up 
omnipotens, entis almighty, omnipotent 
opto (1) desire, choose, hope (for, to)* 
pallens, entis pale, pallid, wanf 
perpetuus, a, um continual, lastingf 
praemium, (i)i n. reward, prize* 
prius sooner, before 
profundus, a, um deep, profound, vast 
pudor, oris m. shame, modesty, honorf 
quam how, than, as* 
resolvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), relax 
sepelio, ire, ivi (ii), pultus bury, inter 
sepulcrum, i n. tomb, grave, burial 
sinus, us m. fold, bosom, bay, hollow* 
soror, oris /. sister* 

Venus, eris/. goddess of love and beauty, 
love* 

vestigium, (i)i n. step, track, trace* 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 
violo (1) outrage, violate, defile 


animum labantem impulit = meum ani- 
mum sic impulit ut labaret; App. 440. 

24-25. tellusima: the lowest {deeps of) 
the earth; App. 246. prius: with quam, 
1. 27, but repeated as ante in 1. 27 because 
of the intervening clauses. optem: 
potential subj.; App. 252. (ut) dehlscat, 
(ut) abigat: substantive clauses developed 
from the optative; App. 360. pater om¬ 
nipotens = Juppiter. ad umbras = ad 
mortem, defined by the next verse. 

27. ante: repeating prius of 1. 24. 
pudor: the Romans considered it quite 
discreditable for a widow to marry. 

28. Ille: Sychaeus. 0 

29. habeat (meos amores) servetque 
(eos in) sepulcro: volitive (jussive) sub¬ 
junctives; App. 254. 

30. lacrimis: an indication of the 


strength of the feeling she is trying to 
suppress. 

31-53. Anna encourages Dido to look 
forward to marriage with Aeneas. 

31. magis dilecta: more beloved = 
dearer, luce ( = vita): abl. with com¬ 
parative; App. 327. sorori = mihi: dat. 
of agent; App. 302. 

32. juventa: abl. of time; practically 

equivalent to an acc. of duration; App. 
322, 314. carpere = carperis; App. 

204, 4. 

33. Veneris praemia: the joys of love. 
no(ve)ris: fut. perf.; with force of a fut. 

34. Id: whether you remarry or not. 
cinerem aut manis (Sychaei): subjects 
of curare. Anna’s answer to Dido’s 
statement in 11. 28-29 is that her actions 





200 


35 


40 


45 


"HE AENEID, 35-45 

nulll quondam flexere marltl, 
non Libyae, non ante Tyro; despectus Iarbas 
ductores^we alii, quos Africa terra triumphis 
dives alit: placitone etiam pugnabis amorlf 
Nec venit in mentem quorum consederis arvlsf 
Hinc Gaetulae urbes, genus Insuperabile hello, 
et Numidae Infreni cingunt et inhospita Syrtis; 
hinc deserta siti regio lat eque furentes 
Barcaei. Quid bella Tyro surgentia dlcam 
german! que minas? 

Dls equidem auspicibus reor et Junone secunda 


Esto: &egram 


aeger, gra, grum sick, weary, wretched* 
Africus, a, um African, of Africaf 
aid, ere, ui, (i)tus nourish, rear 
auspex, icis m. protector, guide; seer 
Barcaei, drum m. tribe of North Africaf 
cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus surround, 
gird(le)* 

cdnsldo, ere, sedl, sessus sit (down), 
settle* 

desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
despicio, ere, spexi, spectus look down 
on, scorn, despise, disdainf 
di(ve)s, di(vi)tis rich, wealthy 
ductor, oris m. leader, chieftain, guide 
equidem indeed, surely, truly* 
etiam also, even, besides, yet, still* 
flecto, ere, flexl, flexus bend, move 
Gaetulus, a, um of the Gaetuli, a tribe 
of North Africaf 
germanus, i m. brother* 

Iarbas, ae m. African chieftain, one of 
Dido’s suitorsf 


infrenus, a, um unbridled, without 
bridles f 

inhospitus, a, um inhospitable, wildf 
insuperabilis, e unconquerablef 
late widely, far and wide 
Libya, ae /. country of North Africa* 
marltus, i m. (prospective) husband, 
suitor 

minae, arum /. threat, mehace, peril 
Numidae, arum m. tribe of North Af¬ 
ricaf 

placed, ere, ui, itus please ( dat.) 
pugno (1) fight, oppose, resist (dat.) f 
regio, onis /. region, district, quarter 
reor, reri, ratus think, suppose, reckon 
secundus, a, um second, favorable* 
sitis, is /. thirst, droughtf 
Syrtis, is /. region of quicksand on the 
northern coast of Africa 
triumphus, i m. triumph, victory 
Tyrus, i /. famous city of Phoenicia, 
birthplace of Dido 


cannot possibly disturb the ashes and 
shade of Sychaeus. 

35. Esto: imp. 3d sing, of sum; (so) 
be it , granted that, (te) aegram: while you 
mourned for your husband (during the 
time immediately following his death). 

36. Libyae: loc.; App. 345. (in) 
Tyro: loc. abl. despectus (est tibi). 

37-38. Africa terra triumphis dives: 
Vergil is thinking of the many triumphs 
later celebrated by Roman generals for 
their victories in Africa, triumphis being 
abl. of respect with dives; App. 325. 
placito: with active force, agreeable , 
pleasing (to you), pugnabis = resistes. 
amorl: dat. with special verb; App. 297. 

39. Nec venit in (tuam) mentem: does 
it not occur to youf quorum consederis 
(in) arvis: indir. quest.; App. 349; 


subject of venit; what sort of people 
(i.e., how fierce and hostile) they are in 
whose territory you have settled. 

40-42. Hinc . . . hinc: from this side 
. . . from that side. Infreni: unbridled; 
possibly a play on words, denoting that 
the Libyans rode their horses without 
bridles and that they were a wild, 
fierce, unrestrained (unbridled) tribe, 
cingunt (te). siti: abl. of cause with 
deserta. 

43. Barcaei (sunt). Tyro: abl. of 
place from which; App. 320, a. 

44. german!: Pygmalion. See I, 
346-364, 563-564. 

45. Dls auspicibus, Junone secunda: 

ablatives absolute. Junone: both as god¬ 
dess of marriage and as guardian of 
Carthage. 




BOOK IV, 46-58 


201 


k'unc cursurn Iliacas vento tenuisse Carinas. 

Quam tu urbem, soror, hanc cernes, quae surgere regna 
conjugio tall! Teucrum comitantibus armls 
Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus! 

Tu modo posce deds veniam, sacrlsque litatis 50 

indulge hospitib causasgue innecte morandi, 
dum pelago desaevit hiems et aquosus Orion, 
quassataegite rates, dum non tractabile caelum 
His dictls impenso animum flammavit amove 
spem que dedit dubiae mentl solvitgwe pudorem. 55 

Principio delubra adeunt pac emque per aras 
exquirunt; mactant lectas de more bidentis 
legiferae Cererl Phoebogue patrlque Lyaeo, 


adeo, ire, ii (ivl), itus approach 
aquosus, a, um watery, rainy! 
attollo, ere lift, rear, raise* 
bidens, entis /. with two teeth, two- 
year old sheep f 
carina, ae /. keel; ship, boat* 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, pretext* 

Ceres, eris /. (goddess of) grain 
comitor, ari, atus accompany, escort, 
attend, follow* 

conjugium, (i)i n. wedlock, husband, wife 
delubrum, i n. shrine, temple, sanctuary 
desaevio, ire, ivi (ii), itus rage (furiously) t 
dubius, a, um doubtful, wavering 
exquiro, ere, quisivi, quisitus seek (out) 
flammo (1) inflame, burn, fire 
gloria, ae /. renown, glory, fame, pride 
hiems, emis /. winter, storm* 
hospitium, (i)i n. hospitality, welcome 
Iliacus, a, um Trojan, Ilian* 
impensus, a, um vast, vehement! 
indulged, ere, lsi, Itus indulge, favor 
(dat.) 

innecto, ere, x(u)i, xus weave, connect! 
legifer, era, erum law-bringing! 
lego, ere, legi, lectus choose, collect* 


lito (1) sacrifice (favorably), appease 
Lyaeus, i m. Bacchus, (god of) wine 
macto (1) sacrifice, slaughter, kill; honor 
modo only, (just) now 
moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, hinder* 
mos, moris m. custom, ritual, manner* 
Orion, onis m. the storm-bringing con¬ 
stellation, named for a famous hunter 
transported to heaven 
pax, pads /. peace, favor, grace, repose 
Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 

posed, ere, poposci demand, seek, ask* 
principio first(ly), in the first place 
pudor, oris m. shame, modesty, honor 
Punicus, a, um Punic, Carthaginian 
quantus, a, um how great, how much, 
how many* 

quasso (1) shake, shatter, toss 
ratis, is /. raft, ship, boat* 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), release, 
break down, free, pay* 
soror, oris /. sister* 
spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
tractabilis, e manageable, favorable! 
venia, ae /. favor, pardon, grace 


46. hunc cursum: their course hither. 

47. Quam, quae: how great! what ( a)! 

quam urbem hanc cernes (surgere), quae 
regna (cernes) surgere. 

48. conjugio tali: abl. of cause, 
/eucr (or)um. 

49. quantis rebus: to what heights of 
achievement! 

50. deds veniam: two accusatives with 
a verb of asking; App. 316. 

52. Orion: a constellation rising at 
the rainy and stormy season. 

53. quassatae (sunt) rates, non trac¬ 
tabile (est) caelum. 


54-89. Love drives Dido to frenzy. 

54. (jam) impenso. 

56. (Dido Annaque) adeunt. delubra 
(urbis), aras (urbis). pacem (deorum), 
or pacem (deds). 

57. bidentis: literally two-toothed , be¬ 
cause of the two prominent teeth sheep 
have when about two years old. At this 
age they were considered especially ac¬ 
ceptable for sacrifice. 

58. legiferae: law-giving , because of 
the civilizing influence of agriculture on 
early man. 




202 


THE AENEID, 59-72 


60 




65 


Junonl ante omnls, cui vincla iugalia cMrae. 
Zpsa tenens dextra pfhoram pulcfierrima Dido 
candentis ^accae media interjiBrnda fundit, 


- «f r 


4 “ 


57 




5 ante ora deum pinguis sgatiatur ad aras, 
Instauratgwe diem donis. pecudumg'ite reclusi; 
pectoribus s^fe&tia (SSfSffit extaf' 5 ' 

Heu, vatum ij^arae mentes! Quid vota furentem, 
quid delubra juvant? Est mollis flamma medullas 
intereij, et taciturn vlvit sub pectore vulnus. 

Utlitlir infelix Dido tota 
urbe f wrens, Qualis 




ue v. 



Ktaer 
ur 


cxa cj!f$a sagitta 


70 


TSt> 

i LCLy 


^ quam procul iricautanY ne$nora inter Cresia fixit 
3 pastor agens tells l! (ffinfique vm&Zrfe ferrum 
nescius: ilia fug a silvds saltusgwe peragrat 


5 Hoof 

4 -> \ 




candens, entis white, shining, sleek 
cerva, ae /. deer, doef 
conjicio, ere, jeci, jectus hurl, shoot 
consulo, ere, ui, ltus consult, considerf 
cornu, us n. horn, tip, end 
Cresius, a, um of Crete, Cretan t 
delubrum, i n. shrine, temple, sanctuary 
edo, ere (esse), edi, esus eat, consume! 
exta, orum n. entrails, vitalst 
figo, ere, xi, xus fix, pierce, imprint* 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, unaware* 
incautus, a, um unaware, unsuspecting 
inhio (1) yawn, gapef .. 
instauro (1) renew, refresh, repeat 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
jugalis, e of wedlock, matrimonial 
juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
medulla, ae /. marrowf 
mollis, e soft, yielding, tender 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, wood* 
nescius, a, um ignorant, unaware 


pastor, oris m. shepherd, herdsman 
patera, ae /. (libation) bowl 
pecus, udis /. animal (of the flock) * 
peragro (1) wander through, scour 
pinguis, e fat, rich, fertile 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, noble, 
splendid, handsome, illustrious* 
qualis, e of what sort, (such) as* 
recludo, ere, si, sus open, disclose 
sagitta, ae /. arrow 
saltus, us m. forest, glade, pasture! 
spatior, ari, atus walk, stride! 
spiro (1) breathe (forth), blow, quiver 
tacitus, a, um silent, noiseless, secret 
uro, ere, ussi, ustus burn, consume 
vacca, ae /. heifer, young cow! 
vagor, ari, atus wander, roam 
vinc(u)lum, i n. chain, bond, cable* 
vivo, ere, vixi, victus live, be alive 
volatilis, e flying, winged, swift! 
votum, i n. vow, prayer, (votive) offering* 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 


59. Junoni: as presiding over marriage, 
ante omnis (alios deos). cui vinc(u)la 
(sunt) curae: cui and curae are double 
datives; App. 308, a. 

61. fundit (vinum, wine): it was 
customary to pour an offering of wine 
between the horns of the victim as part 
of the sacrificial ceremony. 

62. ante ora de(or)um: i.e., before 
their images, pinguis: modifying aras; 
observe the long vowel of the ending. 
The altars were fat (rich) with offerings. 

63. donis: gifts (to the gods), sacri¬ 
fices. 

64. pectoribus: with the final syllable 
irregularly long under the metrical ac¬ 
cent; App. 394, a . 


65. vatum: the seers who interpret 
the omens apparently encourage Dido 
in her hopeless love, not realizing (mentes 
ignarae) that she is past praying for. 
quid vota (juvant) furentem (amdre): how 
can sacrifices help one crazed (with love)? 

66. Est: from edo; observe the long 
vowel. 

69-71. (in) urbe. furens (amore). 
qualis cerva (vagatur), sagitta conjecta 
(abl. abs.), quam incautam inter 
Cresia nemora pastor agens telis procul 
fixit. The chance shot of a shepherd has 
taken effect without his knowing it. 
quam: refers to the deer (cerva). 

72. nescius: i.e., of the success of his 
shot, fuga: abl. of manner. 




BOOK IV, 73-85 


203 


Dictaeos; haeret lateri letalis harundo. 

Nunc media Aenean secum per moenia ducit 
Sidoniasgue ostentat opes urbemque paratam, 75 

incipit effari mediaque in voce resistit; 
nunc eadem labente die convlvia quaerit, 

Iliacosgwe iterum demens audire labores 
exposcit pendetgwe iterum narrantis ab ore. 

Post ubi digress!, lumenque obscura vicissim so 

luna premit suadentgwe cadentia sidera somnds, 

sola domo maeret vacua stratlsgue relictis 

incubat. Ilium absens absentem auditque videtque , 

aut gremio Ascanium genitoris imagine capta 

detinet, infandum si fallere possit amorem. 85 


absens, entis absent, separated, distant 
Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 
cado, ere, cecidl, casus fall, sink, set* 
convlvium, (i)I n. feast, banquet 
demens, entis crazy, mad, distracted 
defined, ere, ui, tentus retain, hold back 
Dictaeus, a, um of Dicte, a mountain in 
Crete; Cretan 

digredior, i, gressus (de)part, separate 
effor, arl, atus speak (out), say 
exposed, ere, poposci demand, entreat 
fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus deceive, cheat, 
mock, beguile* 

gremium, (i)i n. bosom, lap, embrace 

haereo, ere, haesi, haesus cling to, stick 
to ( dat .)* 

harundo, inis /. reed, arrowf 
Iliacus, a, um Trojan, Ilian* 
imago, inis /. likeness, form, phantom* 
incipio, ere, cepl, ceptus begin, under¬ 
take* 

incubo, are, ui, itus recline (upon) {dat.) 


infandus, a, um unspeakable, unutterable 
iterum again, anew, a second time* 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 
letalis, e deadly, mortal, lethal, fatalf 
luna, ae /. moon, moonlight* 
maereo, ere mourn, grieve, pine 
narro (1) narrate, tell, recount 
obscurus, a, um dark, obscure, gloomy* 
ops, opis /. help, resources, wealth, 
power* 

ostento (1) show (off), display, exhibit, 
parade 

pended, ere, pependi hang, depend* 
post after, behind (acc .); afterward* 
premo, ere, pressi, pressus (re)press* 
resisto, ere, stiti stop, resist (dat.) 
Sidonius, a, um of Sidon, a famous city 
of Phoenicia 

stratum, i n. bed, couch; pavement 
suadeo, ere, asi, asus persuade, advise 
vacuus, a, um empty, free, vacant 
vicissim in turn, by turnsf 


75-76. SIdonias: Dido came from 
Tyre not from Sidon. Vergil’s knowl¬ 
edge of geography is hazy, and he often 
confuses Tyre and Sidon, the two great 
cities of Phoenicia. Cf. I, 338. opes 
urbemque: subtle temptations to the 
needy Aeneas and his followers (omnium 
egenos, I, 599), who were so eager to 
found a city where they might end their 
wanderings, media: App. 246. 

77. labente die: as the day wanes , the 
usual time for the chief meal. 

78. demens: Aeneas’s presence would 
serve to aggravate her unhappy pas¬ 
sion. 

79. pendet ab ore (Aeneae) narrantis: 
hangs on his words . 

80. Post: adv. ubi (omnes) digress! 
(sunt), lumen (suum). 


81. premit = reprimit. 

82. stratls relictis (ab Aenea): in the 
banqueting hall, after the guests have 
departed, she throws herself on the 
couch which Aeneas had occupied, to 
appease her sense of desolation felt in 
the absence of one secretly loved. 

83. absens absentem: bringing the 
same or similar words together is a 
favorite type of play on words among 
many classical authors. 

84. Ascanium: he has now been 
brought back from Idalium, and Cupid 
is no longer substituting for him. Vergil, 
however, tells us nothing of this second 
exchange, genitoris imagine: i.e., his 
resemblance to his father. 

85. si possit: implied indir. quest.; 
App. 349. 





204 


THE AENEID, 86-99 


Non coeptae adsurgunt turres, non arma juventus 
exercet portusve aut propugnacula bello 
tuta parant: pendent opera interrupta mina eque 
murorum ingentes aequatagwe machina caelo. 

90 Quarn simul ac tall persensit peste tenerl 

cara Jovis conjunx nec fdmam obstare furorl, 
talibus adgreditur Venerem Saturnia dictls: 
“Egregiam vero laudem et spolia ampla refertis 
tuque puerque tuus (magnum et memorabile numen), 

95 iina dolo dlvum si femina victa duorum est. 

Nec me adeo fallit veritam te moenia nostra 
suspectas habuisse domos Karthaginis altae. 

Sed quis erit modus, aut quo nunc certamine tantof 
Quin potius pacem aeternam pactosgwe hymenaeos 


adeo to such an extent, so (much) 
adgredior, I, gressus attack, address 
adsurgd, ere, surrexi, surrectus rise 
aequo (1) (make) equal, match, level, 
even* 

aeternus, a, um everlasting, eternal* 
amplus, a, um large, grand, ample, wide 
carus, a, um dear, beloved, fond* 
certamen, inis n. contest, rivalry, strife* 
coepi, isse, ptus begin, commence 
dolus, i m. deceit, stratagem, fraud* 
duo, ae, o two* 

egregius, a, um remarkable, noble 
exerceo, ere, ui, itus drive, exercise* 
fallo, ere, fefelll, falsus deceive, cheat, 
mock, escape the notice (of)* 
femina, ae /. woman, female 
furor, oris m. madness, frenzy, passion* 
hymenaeus, l m. wedding (hymn); Hymen 
interrumpo, ere, rupl, ruptus interrupt! 
juventus, utis /. youth, young men* 
Karthago, inis /. Carthage, a city of 
North Africa 

laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 
machina, ae /. machine, engine, device 
memorabilis, e memorable, glorious 


minae, arum /. threat, menace, pinnacle 
modus, i m. manner, measure, limit* 
murus, I m. (city) wall, battlement* 
obsto, are, stiti, status oppose, resist 
(dat .) 

opus, eris n. work, labor, deed, task* 
paciscor, i, pactus stipulate, bargain, fixf 
pax, pads /. peace, favor, grace, repose 
pendeo, ere, pependl hang, depend* 
persentio, ire, sensl, sensus feel deeply, 
perceive (thoroughly)! 
pestis, is /. plague, destruction, scourge 
potius rather, preferably 
propugnaculum, i n. rampart, battlement! 
quin that not, but that, why not, nay 
even* 

Saturnia, ae /. daughter of Saturn, Juno 
spolium, (i)i n. booty, spoils, plunder 
suspicio, ere, spexi, spectus look from 
beneath, suspect 
turris, is /. tower, turret 
tutus, a, um protected, safe, secure* 
Venus, eris/. goddess of love and beauty; 
love* 

vereor, eri, itus fear, dread, revere 
vero truly, indeed, but 


87. bello: dat. of purpose. 

88-89. minae murdrum: threateniuffs 
of walls = threatening walls. Cf. II, 235, 
rot arum lapsus, glidings of wheels — glid¬ 
ing wheels. 

90-128. Juno favors the marriage, that 
she may turn Aeneas aside from Italy, 
and so agrees to help Venus consummate 
the affair, promising to devise a suitable 
situation. 

90. Quam: Dido; subj. of teneri, 
that she was held, peste = amore; or = 
peste amoris. 


91. famam: (regard for) her reputa¬ 
tion , good name. Jovis conjunx: Juno. 

93. Egregiam: scornful sarcasm, re¬ 
fertis: a technical term for carrying off 
the spoils won in battle. 

94. puer tuus: Cupid, (est) numen 
(vestrum). 

96-97. adeo: to such an extent (as you 

think), te habuisse: subj. of fallit. 

98. modus (certaminis), aut quo 
(tendimus) certamine tanto. quo: 

whither , how far. 

99. Quin = cur non. hymenaeds (Di- 
donis Aeneaeque). 




BOOK IV, 100-113 


205 


exercemus? Habes tota quod mente petistl: 100 

ardet amans Dido traxitque per ossa furorem. 

Communem hunc erg 5 populum paribus que regamus 
auspiciis; liceat Phrygio servlre marito 
dotalisgue tuae Tyrios permittere dextrae.” 

Olll (sensit enim simulata mente locutam, 105 

quo regnum Italiae Libycas averteret oras) 
sic contra est ingressa Venus: “ Quis talia demens 
abnuat aut tecum malit contendere hello f 
Si modo quod memoras factum fortuna sequatur. 

Sed fatls incerta feror, si Juppiter unam 110 

esse velit Tyrils urbem Trojaque profectis, 
miscerive probet populos aut foedera iungi. 

1 u conjunx, tibi ias J ammum temptare precando. 


abnuo, ere, ui, utus nod dissent, refusef 
amo (1) love, like, cherish* 
auspicium, (i)i n. auspices, power 
averto, ere, i, rsus turn aside, avert* 
communis, e (in) common, joint, mutual 
contendo, ere, i, ntus strive, contend 
contra opposite, facing, in reply* 
demens, entis crazy, mad, distracted 
dotalis, e of a dower, as a dowerf 
enim for, indeed, truly* 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
exerceo, ere, ui, itus drive, exercise, 
perform* 

factum, i n. deed, act, exploit* 
fas n. right, justice, decree, law* 
foedus, eris n. treaty, pact, alliance 
furor, oris m . madness, frenzy, passion* 
incertus, a, um uncertain, doubtful 
ingredior, i, gressus enter, proceed 
jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke* 
Libycus, a, um of Libya, a country of 
North Africa* 


licet, ere, uit, itum it is permitted* 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say, tell, talk* 
malo, malle, malul prefer, wish ratherf 
maritus, i m. husband 
memoro (1) recall, recount, relate, say* 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 
modo only, (just) now 
os, ossis n . bone* 
par, paris equal, like, similar* 
permitto, ere, misi, missus intrust, allow 
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
populus, i m. people, nation, race* 
precor, arl, atus pray, entreat, invoke* 
probo (1) test, prove, approvef 
proficiscor, i, fectus set out, go 
rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, direct* 
sentio, ire, sensl, sensus feel, perceive 
servio, ire, ivi (ii), itus serve ( dat.) 
simulo (1) simulate, counterfeit, pretend 
tempto (1) try, test, seek, examine* 
Venus, eris /. goddess of love and beauty; 
love* 


101. ardet amans Dido = ardet amore 
Dido. 

102-103. paribus auspiciis: with equal 
authority , since only the highest Roman 
magistrates had the right to take the 
auspices. Juno proposes that she and 
Venus shall preside over the united 
peoples (Trojans and Carthaginians) with 
equal authority. 

103. liceat (Didoni): vol. (jussive) 
subj.; App. 254. marito = Aeneas: dat. 
with special verb, servire; App. 297. 

104. dotalis: predicatively, as a dowry. 

105. Olli (Junoni): an archaic form of 
illi; it depends on ingressa est (dicere) in 
1. 107. sensit (Junonem) locutam (esse). 


106. regnum Italiae: the ( destined) 
kingdom of Italy, quo ( = ut) averteret: 
purpose; App. 388. (ad) oras. 

107. Quis demens abnuat: delibera¬ 
tive subj.; App. 348. 

109. Si modo ( = utinam) factum for¬ 
tuna sequatur: may fortune attend the 
deed (of uniting the two peoples); 
opt. subj.; App. 253. Venus implies, 
but does not definitely promise, that she 
would consent under certain vaguely sug¬ 
gested conditions. 

110-111. si... velit: indir. quest.; 
App. 349. (illis) Troja profectis: dat. 
of possession; equivalent to Teucris. 

113. Tu (es) conjunx (Jovis), tibi (est). 




206 


115 


120 


125 






THE AENEID, 114-126 


'{O'- 






o^r 


Perge, sequar.’^^um sic 6 xcepit regia Juno: 

“ Mecum eritQ. ste labor. Nunc qua ratione quod instat 
confieri possit, paucls (adverte) docebo. 

Venatum Aeneas antique miserrima Dido 
in nemus Ire parant, ubi prlmos crastinus ortus 
extulerit Titan radiis que retexerit orbem. 

His ego nigrantem commixta grandine nimbum, 
dum trepidant alae saltusgwe indagine cingunt, 
desuper infundam et tonitru caelum omne ciebo. 
Diffugient comites et node tegentur opaca: 
speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem 
devenient. Adero et, tua si mihi certa voluntas, 
coniibio jungam stabili propriarngwe dicabo. 


adverto, ere, I, rsus turn to, heed 
ala, ae /. wing, hunters, beaters* 
certus, a, um fixed, sure, certain, relia¬ 
ble* 

cieo, ere, clvl, citus stir up, arouse* 
cingo, ere, clnxl, cinctus surround, 
gird(le)* 

commisceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle 
conflo, fieri, fectus be done, be finishedf 
conubium, (i)I n. wedlock, matrimony 
crastinus, a, um tomorrow’s, of tomorrowf 
desuper from above 

devenio, ire, venl, ventus come down, 
arrive (at) 

dico (1) consecrate, assign, proclaim 
diffugio, ere, fugi flee apart, scatter 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, tell, inform* 
dux, ducis m. (/.) leader, guide, chief* 
effero, ferre, extuli, elatus carry (out), 
raise* 

excipio, ere, cepi, ceptus take up, rejoin 
grando, inis/, hail (storm, stones) f 
indago, inis /. (circle of) nets, toilsf 
infundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour (into, 
upon) f 

insto, are, stiti press on, desire, urge 


iste, ta, tud that (of yours)* 
jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke* 
nemus, oris n . (sacred) grove, wood* 
nigrans, antis black, dusky, darkf 
nimbus, i m. (storm)cloud, rainstorm* 
opacus, a, um dark, gloomy, dusky 
orbis, is m. circle, orb(it), earth* 
ortus, us m. rising, sourcef 
paucus, a, um little, few, slight, scanty* 
pergo, ere, perrexi, rectus proceed 
proprius, a, um one’s own, permanent 
radius, (i)i m. rod, spoke, rayf 
ratio, onis /. manner, purpose, reason 
regius, a, um royal, regal, kingly* 
retego, ere, texl, tectus uncover, recover 
saltus, us m. forest, glade, pasture 
spelunca, ae /. cave, cavern, grotto 
stabilis, e firm, stable, lasting 
tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, protect* 
Titan, anis m. a god, the sunf 
tonitrus, us m. thunderf 
trepido (1) tremble; scurry; quiver 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
una at the same time, together 
venor, arl, atus hunt, go huntingf 
voluntas, atis /. will, wish, consentf 


115-116. mecum = cum me; App. 
321, a; here equivalent to meus. quod 
Instat: the business in hand; subj. of 
possit. qua ratione . . . possit: indir. 
quest.; App. 349. paucls (dictls). 

117. Venatum: supine of venor, after 
a verb of motion, to express purpose; 
App. 270. 

120-122. His (Dldonl et Aeneae), dum 
alae trepidant cinguntque saltus indagine, 
ego Infundam desuper nimbum. alae: 

troops of beaters, who frighten the game 
and drive them past the hunters. 


122. tonitru: ordinarily the preroga¬ 
tive of Jove, but here wielded by Juno, 
as by Pallas (Minerva) in I, 42. 

124. (in) speluncam. 

125. Adero: in her capacity of goddess 
of marriage (Juno Pronuba). voluntas 
(est). 

126. conubio: pronounced here as 
though spelled conub jo, for the sake 
of the meter; App. 401. jungam (DI- 
donem Aeneae) et (earn) propriam 
dicabo. This verse is repeated from 
I, 73. 




BOOK IV, 127-139 


207 


Hie hymenaeus erit." Non adversata petenti 
adnuit atque dolls risit Cytherea repertls. 

Oceanum interea surgens Aurora rellquit. 

It portis jubare exorto delecta juventus, 130 

retia rara, plagae, lato venabula ferro, 

Massyll^we ruunt equites et odora canum vis. 

Reginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi 

Poenorum exspectant, ostro que Insignis et auro 

stat sonipes ac frena ferox spumantia mandit. 135 

Tandem progreditur magna stipante caterva 

Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo; 

cui pharetra ex auro, crlnes nodantur in aurum, 

aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem. 


adnuo, ere, ul, utus nod assent, promise 
adversor, ari, atus oppose, resist (dat.) f 
aureus, a, um gold(en), of gold* 

Aurora, ae /. (goddess of) dawn* 
canis, is m. (/.) dog, hound 
caterva, ae /. band, troop, crowd 
chlamys, ydis /. cloak, mantle, cape 
circumdo, dare, dedl, datus surround, 
encircle 

crinis, is m. hair, tresses, locks* 
cunctor, ari, atus delay, linger, waitf 
Cytherea, ae /. Venus, born at Cythera 
deligo, ere, leg!, lectus choose, select 
dolus, 1 m. deceit, stratagem, fraud* 
eques, itis m. horseman, knightf 
exorior, Iri, ortus (a) rise, spring up 
ex(s)pecto (1) expect, (a)wait, linger* 
ferox, ocis fierce, spirited, fiery, wild 
fibula, ae /. brooch, buckle, claspt 
frenum, I n . bridle, bit, curb 
hymenaeus, I m. wedding (hymn); Hymen 
Insignis, e marked, notable, splendid* 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
jubar, aris n. ray of light, sunshinet 
juventus, utis /. youth, young men* 
latus, a, um broad, wide, spacious* 
limbus, I m. border, fringe, hem 


mando, ere, I, mansus champ, chew 
Massylus, a, um of the Massyli, a people 
of North Africaf 

nodo (1) (tie in a) knot, bind, fastenf 
Oceanus, I m. Ocean 
odorus, a, um smelling, keen-scentedf 
ostrum, I n. purple, scarlet, crimson 
pharetra, ae /. quiver 
pingo, ere, plnxl, pictus paint, embroider 
plaga, ae /. net, snare, toilst 
Poenus, I rrt. Carthaginian, Phoenician 
porta, ae /. gate, entrance, exit, portal* 
progredior, I, gressus advance, proceed 
purpureus, a, um purple, crimson 
rams, a, um scattered, wide-meshed 
reperio, Ire, repperl, repertus find (out)f 
rete, is n. net, snare, toilsf 
rldeo, ere, risl, rlsus smile, laugh (at)f 
SIdonius, a, um of Sidon, Sidonian 
sonipes, pedis m. prancing steedf 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
stlpo (1) stuff, stow, crowd, throng 
subnecto, ere, nex(u)I, nexus tie (be¬ 
neath), fasten 

thalamus, I m. (bridal) chamber, wedlock* 
venabulum, I n. hunting spearf 
vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 


127. Hie: attracted into the gender of 
the predicate; App. 240, a; pronounce 
hicc, making a long syllable; App. 107, 
3, c. Non adversata (Junoni) petenti: not 
opposing her request . 

128. dolls (Junonis) repertls: abl. 
abs. 

129-159. Aeneas and Dido go on a 
hunting party. 

130. portis: abl. of the route or of 
separation, jubare (solis) exorto: abl. 
abs. juventus, collective noun = Tyril et 
Teucri. 


132. ruunt: zeugma, as it strictly 
applies to only the last two of its subjects, 
while with the first three it means are 
hurried forth; App. 447. odora canum 
vis: keen-scented pack of hounds , odora 
being a transferred epithet;' App. 446. 

135. Note the alliteration; App. 411. 

136. progreditur (Dido). 

137. chlamydem: object of circum¬ 
data used as a middle; App. 309, a. 

138. cui pharetra (est); dat. of posses¬ 
sion. crlnes nodantur in aurum: her hair 
is tied into a knot with gold, i.e., with a 
golden cord or clasp of some sort. 





208 

140 


145 


150 


Ne 


ML 



THE AENEID, 140-152 

. _ ( 

Nec non et Phrygii comites et laetus lulus 

iQe&'dunt. Ipse ante alios pulcferrinius omms 
Infert se socium Aeneas atque agmina jungit. 

Qualis ubi hi&ernam Lyciam Xanthigwe fluenta 
deserit ac Delum maternam in visit Apollo 
Instkuratgwe choros, mixtigwe altaria circum 
Cretesgwe Dryopesgue fremunt ptvng^e Agathyrsi: 
ipse jjigls CynthI graditur molllgue fliifirittu'ii 
fronde premit crlnem fiagens atque implicat auro, 
tela sbnant umeris: haud illo segnior ibat 
Aeneas, tantum egregio decus enitet ore. 

Postquam altos ventum in montis atque invia lustra, 
ecce ferae saxi dejectae vertice caprae 


Agathyrsi, drum m. people of Scythia in 
southeastern Europet 

altaria, ium n. altar 

Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

capra, ae /. she-goatf 
chorus, i m. song, dance, choral band 
Cretes, ium m. Cretans, inhabitants of 
Crete f 

crinis, is m. hair, tresses, locks* 

Cynthus, i ra. mountain of Delos 
decus, oris n. ornament, glory, dignity 
dejicjd, ere, jeci, jectus throw (down), 
dislodge 

Delos, i /. island of the Aegean, birth¬ 
place of Apollo t 

desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
Dryopes, um m. a people of northern 
Greece t 

ecce see! look! behold!* 
egregius, a, um remarkable, noble 
eniteo, ere, ui shine forth, gleam, glitterf 
ferus, a, um wild, savage, fierce, cruel* 
fingo, ere, finxi, fictus form, fashion, mold 
fluentum, i n. stream, floodf 
fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus flow, stream, ebb 
fremo, ere, ui, itus roar, shout, groan* 
frons, frondis /. leaf, foliage, garland* 
gradior, i, gressus walk, stride, march, go 

140. Nec non: likewise . 

142. Aeneas agmina (sua) jungit 
(agminibus Didonis). 

143. Qualis: Aeneas is here likened to 
Apollo, as Dido was likened to Diana in 
I, 498 ff. hibernam Lyciam: his winter 
quarters in Lycia. 

146. Cretesque: with a long final 
syllable under the verse accent, before the 
pause, and before the following Dr(-); 
App. 394, a; 16. Cretes, Dryopes, Aga¬ 
thyrsi : strange worshippers come from all 
sorts of remote regions. 


hibernus, a, um wintry, of the winter, 
stormy 

implied, are, avi (ui), atus (itus) entwine 
incedo, ere, cessi, cessus go (proudly) 
infero, ferre, tuli, latus bring (to), present 
instauro (1) renew, refresh, repeat 
inviso, ere, i, sus visit, look on, viewf 
invius, a, um pathless, trackless 
lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
jugum, i n. yoke, (mountain) ridge* 
jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke* 
lustrum, i n. marsh, bog, lair 
Lycia, ae /. country of Asia Minorf 
maternus,a, um maternal, of one’s motherf 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 
mollis, e soft, yielding, tender 
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
pingo, ere, pinxi, pictus paint, embroider, 
tattoo 

postquam after (that), when* 
premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 
cover, confine* 

pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, handsome, 
splendid, illustrious* 
qualis, e of what sort, (such) as* 
segnis, e slow, slothful, inactive 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
vertex, icis m. peak, summit, head, top* 
Xanthus, i m. river near Troyf 

147. ipse: Apollo. 

148. fronde: of the laurel, sacred to 
Apollo. 

149. tela sonant umeris: from 
Homer. Apollo was the archer god. 
illo: abl. with comparative; App. 
327. 

150. tantum (quantum Apollinis). 

151. ventum (est illis): they came , 
with the emphasis on the action rather 
than on the actors. 

152. dejectae: by the beaters com¬ 
posing the alae of 1. 121. 




BOOK IV, 153-166 


209 


decurrere jugis; alia de parte patentis 

transmittunt cursu campos atque agmina cervi 

pulverulenta fuga glomerant montisque relinquunt. 155 

At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acrl 

gaudet equo jamque hos cursu, jam praeterit Mbs, 

spumantemgwe dari pecora inter inertia votis 

optat aprum, aut fulvum descendere monte leonem. 

Interea magno misceri murmure caelum igo 

incipit, Insequitur commixta grandine nimbus, 
et Tyril comites passim et Trojana juventus 
Dardaniusgwe nepos Veneris dlversa per agros 
tecta metu petiere; ruunt de montibus amnes. 

Speluncam Dido dux et Trojanus eandem 165 

deveniunt. Prima et Tellus et pronuba Juno 


acer, cris, ere sharp, spirited, fiery* 
ager, gri m. field, territory, land* 
amnis, is ra. river, stream* 
aper, pri ra. wild boar 
Ascanius, (i)i ra. son of Aeneas* 
cervus, i ra. deer, stag 
commisceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle 
Dardanius, a, um Dardanian, Trojan* 
decurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus run 
(down), hasten 

descendo, ere, i, ensus descend 
devenio, ire, veni, ventus come (down), 
arrive (at) 

diversus, a, um separated, different* 
dux, ducis ra. (/.) leader, guide, chief* 
fulvus, a, um tawny, yellow, blond 
gaudeo, ere, gavlsus sum rejoice, exult 
glomero (1) roll together, gather, collect 
grando, inis /. hail(storm, stones) 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus begin, undertake* 
iners, rtis lazy, spiritless, tame, idle 
insequor, i, secutus follow* 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
jugum, i n. yoke, (mountain) ridge* 
juventus, utis /. youth, young men* 


leo, onis m. lion 

metus, us m. fear, fright, anxiety* 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle, 
confuse* 

murmur, uris n. murmur, roar, rumble 
nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 
nimbus, i m. rainstorm, (storm)cloud* 
opto (1) choose, desire, hope (for, to)* 
passim everywhere, all about* 
pateo, ere, ui lie open, extend 
pecus, oris n . flock, herd 
praetereo, ire, ii (ivi), itus surpass, pass 
(by)t 

pronuba, ae /. matron of honor, bride- 
womanf 

pulverulentus, a, um dustyf 
spelunca, ae /. cave, cavern, grotto 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
transmitto, ere, misi, missus cross, send 
across 

Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
vallis, is /. valley, vale, dale 
Venus, eris/. goddess of love and beauty; 
love* 

votum, i n. vow, prayer, desire* 


154. (se) transmittunt cursu campos: 
campos is object of the preposition trans 
in composition, while cursu is abl. of 
manner; App. 308, 328. 

157. equo: abl. of cause. 

158. pecora inertia: as ferae caprae 
and cervi, which Ascanius disdainfully 
calls tame herds . votis: (in answer) to 
his prayers; indir. obj. with dari. 

160-172. While all are intent on the 
chase, Juno sends a sudden tempest, 
scattering the party and driving Aeneas 
and Dido to the same lonely cave, where 


they go through a form of marriage under 
unlucky omens. 

163. nepos Veneris = Ascanius. 

166-168. Vergil here indicates the vari¬ 
ous features in a Roman wedding and 
represents Nature herself as performing 
these ceremonies. Earth and Heaven, 
as universal parents, take the part of 
human parents in bringing the couple 
together; the lightnings (ignes) are the 
wedding torches (taedae); Juno performs 
the duty of the matron of honor (pronuba), 
and the cries of the mountain nymphs 




210 THE AENEID, 167-179 

dant signum; fulsere ignes et conscius aether 
coniibils, summoque ulularunt vertice nymphae. 

I lie dies primus let! primusque malorum 
170 causa fuit; neque enim specie famave movetur 

nec jam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem: 
conjugium vocat, hoc praetexit nomine culpam. 

Extemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urhes, 
Fama, malum qua non aliud velocius iillum: 

175 _ mobilitate viget virisque adquirit eundo, 

-parva metu prlmo, mox sese attollit in auras 

-mgrediturgwe solo et caput inter nubila condit. 

Illam Terra parens ira inritata deorum 
extremam, ut perhibent, Coeo Enceladogwe sororem 


adquiro, ere, quisivi, situs acquire, gainf 
aether, eris m. upper air, heaven, ether* 
attollo, ere lift, rear, raise* 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, occasion* 
Coeus, i m. one of the Titans, a giant, 
son of Earth f 

condo, ere, didi, ditus establish, hide* 
conjugium, (i)I n . wedlock, husband, 
wife 

conscius, a, um conscious, confederate, 
witness 

conubium, (i)i n. wedlock, marriage 
culpa, ae /. fault, offense, guilt, blame 
Enceladus, i m. one of the Titans, a giant, 
son of Earth 
enim for, indeed, truly* 
extemplo immediately, at once, suddenly 
extremus, a, um final, last, furthest* 
fulg(e)o, Ire, lsi shine, flash, gleam 
furtlvus, a, um secret, stolenf 
ingredior, i, gressus enter, proceed 
inrito (1) vex, enrage, provokef 


letum, i n. death, destruction, ruin* 
Libya, ae /. country of North Africa* 
malum, i n. evil, misfortune, trouble* 
meditor, ari, atus meditate, design 
metus, us m. fear, fright, anxiety* 
mobilitas, atis /. activity, motion, speedf 
mox soon, presently 
nubila, drum n . clouds, cloudiness 
nympha, ae /. nymph, minor female di¬ 
vinity of the forests, waters, etc. 
parvus, a, um small, little* 
perhibeo, ere, ui, itus present, sayf 
praetexo, ere, ui, xtus fringe, cloakf 
prlmo at first, in the beginning 
signum, i n. sign, signal, token, mark* 
solum, i n. ground, soil, earth* 
soror, oris /. sister* 
species, ei /. appearance, sight, aspect 
ululo (1) howl, wail, shout, shriek 
velox, ocis swift, quick, rapid, fleetf 
vertex, icis m. peak, summit, head, top* 
vigeo, ere, ui flourish, be strong, thrive 


take the place of the wedding song and 
festal cries. Prima Tellus: Earth was 
called prima as the oldest of the gods; as 
Mother Earth, the producer and nurse of 
life, she presided over marriage, pro- 
nuba: the matron whose function it was 
to join the hand of the bride to that of 
the groom at the wedding. 

167. dant signum: i.e., for the 
wedding, ignes ( lightnings ): instead of 
the marriage torches ordinarily employed 
at weddings, conscius: witness (to the 
marriage). 

168. conubiis: to the marriage; poetic 
plural; pronounced here as though 
spelled conubjis, for the sake of the 
meter; App. 401. ulula(ve)runt : in¬ 
stead of the marriage songs ordinarily 
sung at weddings, (in) vertice (montis). 


170-171. specie famave: by (regard 
for) appearances or (for) her reputation. 
movetur nec Dido meditatur: in Latin 
the subject of two such clauses is often 
placed in the second, contrary to English 
usage. 

173-197. Dame Gossip (Rumor) 
spreads exaggerated reports of the love 
affair, finally carrying the news to Iar- 
bas, an African chieftain and one of 
Dido’s rejected suitors. 

174. qua: abl. with compar.; App. 
327. non (est). 

175. eundo: abl. of the gerund of eo; 
App. 269. 

177. (in) solo = (in) terra. 

178. deorum: obj. gen. with ira; App. 
284. In anger at the gods for slaying her 





BOOK IV, 180-192 


211 


progenuit pedibus celerem et pernicibus alls, iso 

monstrum horrendum, ingens, cut quot sunt corpore plumae, 
tot vigiles oculi subter (mlrabile dictu), 
tot linguae, totidem ora sonant, tot subrigit auris. 

Node volat caeli medib terraeque per umbram 
stridens, nec dulci declinat lumina somno; 
luce sedet custos aut summi culmine tecti 
turribus aut altis, et magnas territat urbes, 
tam ficti pravique tenax quam nuntia verb 
Haec turn vt (\pfflos ^e¥mone^reple 


185 


"^gaudens, et pniner facna atque Ififec 

venisse Aenean Trojano sanguine- ere turn, 
ie pulchra viro di^fSttfr jtliijfere Dido; 


190 


cui se 


ala, ae /. wing* 
auris, is /. ear* 

cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), chant, 
tell, proclaim, prophesy* 
celer, eris, ere swift, speedy, quick* 
cretus, a, um grown, sprung 
culmen, inis n. roof, summit, top, peak* 
custos, odis m. (/.) guard(ian), sentinel* 
decllno (1) turn aside, bend down, droopf 
dignor, ari, atus deem worthy, deign 
(abl .) 

dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
factum, i n. deed, act, exploit* 
fictum, i n. falsehood, fictionf 
gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum rejoice, exult 
horrendus, a, um awful, terrible, dire* 
infectus, a, um not done, falsef 
jungo, ere, junxl, junctus join, yoke* 
lingua, ae /. tongue, language 
medium, (i)i n. middle, center 
mirabilis, e wonderful, marvelous 
monstrum, i n. prodigy, portent, mon¬ 
ster* 

multiplex, icis manifold, multiplef 
nuntia, ae /. messengerf 
pariter equally, alike* 
pernix, Icis active, nimble, swiftf 


pluma, ae /. feather, plume 
populus, l m. people, nation, race* 
pravum, I n. wrong, perverse actf 
progigno, ere, genul, genitus bring forth, 
bearf 

pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, handsome, 
splendid, illustrious, noble* 
quam how, than, as* 
quot as many as 
repleo, ere, evl, etus fill, stuff 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit (down), 
settle* 

sermo, onis m. conversation, gossip 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
strid(e)o, Ire, I hiss, whir, rustle 
subrigo, ere, surrexi, rectus raise, risef 
subter beneath, belowf 
tam so, as, such* 

tenax, acis tenacious, holding (to)f 
territo (1) frighten, terrify, alarmf 
tot so many, as many* 
totidem the same number, so many 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
turris, is /. tower, turret 
verum, I n. truth, right, reality 
vigil, ilis wakeful, watchful, sleeplessf 
volo (1) fly, flit, speed* 


children, the Titans, Earth bore the 
giants, Rumor being one of them. 

181. Rumor is covered with feathers; 
and beneath each feather is an eye, a 
tongue, a mouth, and an ear. cui: dat. of 
possessor. 

182. oculi (sunt) subter (plumas). 

183. (Fama) subrigit tot auris: Rumor 
raises as many listening ears. 

184. caeli medio terraeque: 1 twixt 
heaven and earth. 

185. stridens: with her wings as she 


flies, referring to the buzz of gossip, 
lumina (sua) = oculos, as often. 

186-187. luce: by day , abl. of time; 
App. 322. (in) culmine aut (in) tur¬ 
ribus. 

188. ficti: gen. with tenax; App. 287. 

189. Haec = Fama. 

190. facta atque Infecta: “fact and 
fiction .’ 9 Literally, things done and not 
done, canebat: followed by indir. disc. 

192. viro = conjugl. jungere: com¬ 
plementary inf.; App. 259. 




212 


195 


200 


205 


Z 



THE AENEID, 193-205 

('Jtvt&l _ i^wuf tC 

nunc hiemem intense lu^u, (yiajn lorn a, fovere 
regnorum imm$m$rqs furpi que cimumie captos. 

smfiaealdficm virmn dfmmcfil in dra9^^\ 

\ ad regem cursus a^torcftm Iarban 
in$enclitgwe animum dictis atque aggerat Iras. 

Hie Hammone satus rapta Garamantide nympha 
templa Jovi centum latis immania regnis, 
centum aras posuit vigilem< 7 we sacraverat ignem, 
excubias divum aeternas, pecudumgwe cruore 
pingue solum et varils florentia limina sertis. 

Isque amens animi et rumore accensus amaro 
dicitur ante aras media inter numina divum 
multa Jovem manibus supplex orasse supinis: 


accendo, ere, i, ensus kindle, inflame 
aeternus, a, um eternal, everlasting* 
aggero (1) heap up, pile up, increase! 
amarus, a, um bitter, unpleasant! 
amens, entis mad, crazy, frenzied 
centum hundred* 
cruor, oris m. blood, gore 
cupido, inis /. love, desire, longing 
detorqueo, ere, rsi, rtus turn (away)! 
diffundo, ere, fudi, fusus scatter, spread 
excubiae, arum /. watch(fire), senti¬ 
nel! 

floreo, ere, ui bloom, flourish, blossom! 
foedus, a, um foul, loathsome, filthy 
foveo, ere, fovi, fotus cherish, fondle 
Garamantis, idis of the Garamantes, an 
African tribe! 

Hammon, onis m. god of North Africa, 
famous for his oracle and identified by 
the Romans with Jupiter! 
hiems, emis /. winter, storm* 

Iarbas, ae m. African chieftain, one of 
Dido’s unsuccessful suitors 
immemor, oris unmindful, forgetful 


incendo, ere, I, ensus kindle, burn, inflame* 
latus, a, um wide, broad, spacious* 
luxus, us m. luxury, splendor, excess 
nympha, ae /. nymph, one of the minor 
divinities of the forests, waters, etc. 
oro (1) beseech, pray (for), entreat* 
passim everywhere, all about* 
pecus, udis /. animal (of the flock) * 
pinguis, e fat, rich, fertile 
protinus continuously, immediately 
quam how, than, as* 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch (away), seize, 
ravish* 

rumor, oris m. rumor, report, gossip! 
sacro (1) consecrate, hallow, dedicate* 
sero, ere, sevi, satus sow, beget* 
sertum, i n. wreath, garland 
solum, I n. ground, soil, earth* 
supinus, a, um flat, upturned 
supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
turpis, e shameful, disgraceful 
varius, a, um varied, different, diverse* 
vigil, ilis watchful, wakeful, sleepless 


193. (Didonem et Aenean) inter se 
fovere hiemem quam longa (ea hiems 
sit), inter se fovere: were caressing one 
another the whole long winter; inter se is 
commonly thus employed to denote re¬ 
ciprocal action, quam longa (sit): however 
long it may he. 

194. regnorum: Carthage and Italy. 

195. vir(or)um. 

198-218. Iarbas prays to his father, 
Jupiter Ammon, for help, reproaching 
him that he had allowed Aeneas, a mere 
adventurer, to be preferred to himself. 

198. Hie: pronounce hicc. 


199-200. templa centum (posuit), cen¬ 
tum aras posuit: Latin commonly ex¬ 
presses the verb with only the second 
of two such clauses, English with 
the first. Compare the note on 11. 
170-171. 

201. excubias: apposition with ignem; 
the never-dying fire stands sentry in honor 
of the gods, like the sacred fire of Vesta 
at Rome. 

202. pingue: from the blood and the 
fat of the many sacrifices. 

203. Is: Iarbas. animi: gen. with 
amens; or loc.; App. 287, 37, c. 

204. media inter numina: amid the 
divine presences. 




BOOK IV, 206-219 


213 


“ Juppiter omnipotens, cui nunc Maurusia pictis 

gens epulata torls Lenaeum llbat honorem, 

aspicis haecf An te, genitor, cum fulmina torques 

nequiquam horremus, caecl que in nubibus ignes 

terrificant animos et inania murmura miscent? 210 

Femina, quae nostris errans in finibus urbem 

exiguam pretio posuit, cui litus arandum 

cuique loci leges dedimus, conubia nostra 

reppulit ac dominum Aenedn in regna recepit. 

Et nunc ille Paris cum semiviro comitatu, 215 

Maeonia mentum mitra crlnem que madentem 
subnexus, rapto potitur: nos munera templis 
quippe tuis ferimus fdmamque fovemus inanem.” 

Tdlibus orantem dictis ardsque tenentem 


an whether, or* 
aro (1) plow, till, furrow 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, behold* 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
comitatus, us m. retinue, train, company! 
conubium, (i)i n. wedlock, marriage 
crinis, is m. long hair, locks, tresses* 
dominus, i m. master, lord, ruler 
epulor, arl, atus feast, banquet ( abl .) 
exiguus, a, um small, scanty, petty! 
femina, ae /. woman, female 
foveo, ere, fovi, fotus cherish, fondle 
fulmen, inis n . thunderbolt, lightning* 
horreo, ere, ui shudder (at), quake 
inanis, e empty, useless, vain, idle* 
Lenaeus, a, um Lenaean, Bacchic, of 
Bacchus, god of winef 
lex, legis /. law, jurisdiction, term 
libo (1) pour (as a libation), offer 
madeo, ere, ui drip, be wet, reekf 
Maeonius, a, um Maeonian, Lydian, 
Asiatic! 

Maurusius, a, um Moorish! 


mentum, i n. chin, beard! 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 
mitra, ae /. mitre, cap, turban! 
murmur, uris n. murmur, roar, rumble 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
nubes, is /. cloud, fog, mist* 
omnipotens, entis almighty, omnipotent 
oro (1) pray (for), beseech, entreat* 
Paris, idis m. Trojan prince, eloped with 
Helen and thus caused the Trojan war 
pingo, ere, pinxi, pictus paint, embroider 
potior, in, itus possess, gain (abl.) 
pretium, (i)i n. price, reward, value! 
quippe forsooth, surely, indeed 
raptum, i n. plunder, prey, booty! 
recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus receive, recover* 
repello, ere, reppuli, repulsus reject, repel 
semivir, viri half-man, effeminate! 
subnecto, ere, nex(u)i, nexus tie (under) 
templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
terrified (1) frighten, terrify, alarm! 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, sway, hurl* 
torus, i m. (banqueting) couch, bed* 


206-207. Maurusia gens: the people 
of Iarbas. 

208-210. “Are all your thunders and 
lightnings but empty threats? You do 
not really reward the good and punish 
the wicked.” 

211- 212. Femina: Dido; emphatic by 
position, pretio: abl. of price; App. 
336. She had not taken the place by 
force, but had been compelled to buy it, 
a confession of weakness. 

212- 213. See the note on 11. 199-200. 

214. dominum: said with bitter dis¬ 
dain. 

215. Paris: Aeneas is another Paris in 
stealing the woman Iarbas was planning 
to marry, semiviro: the hardy African 


chieftain despises the more cultured Tro¬ 
jans as being effeminate Orientals. 

216-217. mentum, crlnem: objects of 
the middle participle subnexus; App. 
309, a. madentem: dripping (with 
perfume), another mark of effeminacy, 
rapto: abl. with potior; App. 342. poti¬ 
tur: with i irregularly short. 

218. quippe: ironical, famamfovemus 
inanem: we keep alive a baseless belief in 
your power and justice. 

219-237. Moved by the prayer of 
Iarbas, Jupiter sends Mercury to Aeneas 
to remind him of his high destiny and of 
his duty to his son Ascanius. 

219. (Iarban) orantem: obj. of audiit. 




214 


THE AENEID, 220-233 


220 audiit Omnipotens, oculosque ad moenia torsit 
regia et oblitos famae melioris amantis. 

Turn sic Mercurium adloquitur ac tdlia mandat: 

“ Vade age, nate, voca Zephyr os et labere pennis 
Dardaniumg'ue ducem, Tyria Karthagine qul nunc 
225 exspectat fatlsque datas non respicit urbes, 

adloquere et celeris defer mea diqta per auras. 
"'^^ss^Ndn ilium nobis genetrix pulcherrima talem 
promisit Grajumgwe ideo bil vindicat armls; 
sed fore qul gravidam imperils belloque freiiientem 
230 Italiam regeret, genus alto d sanguine Teucri 
proderet, ac totum sub l£ges mitteret orbem. 

Si nulla accendit tantarum gloria rerum 
nec super ipse sud molitur laude laborem, 


accendo, ere, I, ensus kindle, inflame 
adloquor, i, locutus address, accost 
amans, antis m . (/.) lover 
bis twice* 

celer, eris, ere swift, speedy, quick* 
Dardanius, a, um Dardanian, Trojan* 
defero, ferre, tuli, latus carry (down), 
report 

dux, ducis m. (/.) leader, guide, chief* 
ex(s)pecto (1) (a)wait, expect, linger, 
tarry, dally* 

fremo, ere, ul, itus rage, roar, ring* 
genetrix, tricis /. mother 
gloria, ae /. renown, glory, fame, pride 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 
gravidus, a, um heavy, burdened, preg¬ 
nant, filled, teemingf 
ideo therefore, for this reasonf 
Karthago, inis /. Carthage, a city of 
North Africa 

laus, laudis /. glory, praise, merit* 
lex, legis /. law, jurisdiction, term 
mando (1) command, intrust, enjoin 


melior, ius better, superior, preferable 
Mercurius, (i)I m. messenger of the gods, 
god of commerce, and escort of de¬ 
parted souls to Hadesf 
molior, iri, itus do, (strive to) accomplish 
obliviscor, i, litus forget {gen.) 
omnipotens, entis almighty, omnipotent 
orbis, is m. circle, orb(it), earth* 
penna, ae f. wing, feather 
prodo, ere, didi, ditus betray, transmit 
promitto, ere, misi, missus promise* 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, noble, 
splendid, handsome, illustrious* 
regius, a, um royal, regal, kingly* 
rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, direct, guide* 
respicio, ere, spexi, spectus look (back) 
at, regard* 

Teucer (crus), cri m. early king of Troy 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, sway, hurl* 
vado, ere go, proceed, advance 
vindico (1) vindicate, claim (as free), 
rescue t 

Zephyrus, i m . (west) wind 


220-221. moenia regia: of Carthage, 
famae: gen. with oblitos; App. 288. 

222. adloquitur: with final syllable 
irregularly long, due to the pause and 
the verse accent; App. 394, a. 

223. Zephyros, pennis: he is to use 
every contrivance for speed. labere: 
imp. pennis: attached to his sandals. 

224. ducem: obj. of the imp. ad¬ 
loquere, 1 . 226. 

226. defer: imp.; App. 202. 

227. talem (virum). 

228. ideo: for this purpose; that he 
might dally at ease in Carthage, bis 
vindicat: rescued; once from Diomedes 
(I, 96-98, and notes), and again at the 


fall of Troy (II, 620 ff.). armis: abl. of 
separation. 

229-230. sed (genetrix promisit ilium) 
fore (talem) qui regeret: rel. clause of 
characteristic; App. 389. imperiis: with 
(future) empire . 

231. totum orbem: through the later 
development of the Roman Empire, 
especially under Augustus, who is here 
thus complimented by the poet. 

232. accendit (ilium). 

233-234. super laude sua. pater: em¬ 
phatic; could a father do this, and have 
so little true paternal feeling? Ascanio: 
indir. obj. of invidet. arces: dir. obj. of 
invidet. 




BOOK IV, 234-247 


215 


Ascanione pater Romanas invidet arcesf 

Quid struit? Aut qua spe inimica in gente moratur 235 

nec prolem Ausoniam et Lavlnia respicit arvat 
Naviget! Haec summa est, hie nostri nuntius esto.” 

Dixerat. Ille patris magni parere parabat 
impend: et primum pedibus talaria nectit 
aurea, quae sublimem alls sive aequora supra 240 

seu terram rapido pariter cum flamine portant. 

Turn virgam capit: hac animas ille evocat Oreo 

pallentls, alias sub Tartara tristia mittit, 

dat somnds adimit que, et lumina morte resignat. 

Ilia fretus agit ventos et turbida tranat 245 

nubila. Jamque volans apicem et latera ardua cernit 
Atlantis duri caelum qui vertice fulcit, 


adimo, ere, emi, emptus take away 
ala, ae /. wing* 

apex, icis ra. peak, summit, head 
arduus, a, um lofty, steep, towering* 
Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 

Atlas, antis m. god who supports heaven 
on his shoulders, grandfather of Mer¬ 
cury; a mountain of Northwest Africa 
aureus, a, um gold(en), of gold* 
Ausonius, a, um Ausonian, Italian 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stem* 
evoco (1) call out, summonf 
flamen, inis n. breeze, blast, windf 
fretus, a, um relying (on) (abl.) f 
fulcio, ire, lsi, ltus support, propt 
inimicus, a, um hostile, unfriendly 
invideo, ere, vidi, visus begrudge ( dat .)* 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 

Lavin(i)us, a, um of Lavinium, an early 
Italian city 

moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, detain* 
navigo (1) (set) sail, navigate 
necto, ere, nex(u)i, nexus bind, fasten 
nubila, drum n. clouds, cloudiness 
nuntius, (i)i m. messenger, message 


Orcus, i m. Hades, (god of) the lower 
world 

pallens, entis pale, pallid, wan 
pared, ere, ui, itus obey, yield ( dat .) 
pariter equally, alike* 
porto (1) carry, bear, convey* 
proles, is /. progeny, offspring, race* 
rapidus, a, um swift, snatching* 
resigno (1) (un)seal, open, closet 
respicio, ere, spexi, spectus look (back) 
at, regard* 

Romanus, a, um Roman, of Rome* 
sive, seu whether, or, either if, or if 
spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
struo, ere, struxi, structus build, plan 
sublimis, e on high, towering, lofty 
summa, ae /. sum, substance, chief thingf 
supra over, above (acc.) 
talaria, ium n. (winged) sandals, ankletsf 
Tartara, drum n. Hades, the lower worldt 
trano (1) swim across, floatf 
turbidus, a, um troubled, stormyf 
vertex, icis m. peak, summit, head, top* 
virga, ae /. staff, wand, twigf 
void (1) fly, speed, flit* 


235. spe inimica: hiatus; App. 399. 
inimica gente: Vergil is thinking of later 
times when Rome and Carthage were such 
bitter foes. 

237. Naviget: vol. subj.; App. 254. 
hie nostri nuntius esto: this be our ( my ) 
message . nostri: gen. pi. of ego. esto: 
imp. 

238-258. Mercury hastens from 
Olympus to Carthage. 

240. alis: attached to the talaria. 
(ilium) sublimem. aequora supra = 
supra aequora: anastrophe; App. 414. 


242. virgam: the caduceus or magic 
winged wand entwined with serpents, 
hac (virga): as escort of the souls of the 
dead, Mercury conducted them in both 
directions; to Hades after death, and 
back to the upper world as ghosts. 

245. Compare the flight of Raphael in 
Paradise Lost , V, 255 ff. Ilia (virga): 
abl. of means with fretus. agit ventos: 
outstrips the winds . 

247. Atlantis: in the following de¬ 
scription, Vergil skillfully mingles the 
conception of Atlas as a god and as a 
mountain. 




216 


THE AENEID, 248-261 


250 


255 


2G0 


Atlantis, cinctum adsidue cui nubibus atrls 
piniferum caput et vento pulsatur et imbri, 
nix umeros Infusa tegit, turn flumina mento 
praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba. 
Hie primum paribus nltens Cyllenius alls 
constitit: hinc toto praeceps se corpore ad undas 
mlsit avi similis, quae circum lltora, circum 
piscosos scopulos humilis volat aequqpa juxta. 
Haud aliter terras inter caelumque vblabat 
litush a!enos <5 rn act Litjyae, ventosc 


secaEat 

maferno vemen§ ab avo Oyllema prores. * 

Ut primum atalis tnftgit magalia pl^fifis, 
Aenedn fimSantem arces ac tecta nd'van'tem 
conspicit. Atque till ^effatus islsj 5 ide fMva' 



adsidue constantly, ever, continually! 
ala, ae /. wing* 

alatus, a, um winged, furnished with 
wingsf 

aliter otherwise, differently* 

Atlas, antis m. god who supports heaven 
on his shoulders, grandfather of Mer¬ 
cury; mountain of Northwest Africa 
avis, is /. bird, fowl! 
avus, i m. grandfather; ancestor 
barba, ae /. beard, whiskers 
cingo, ere, clnxi, cinctus surround, 
gird(le)* 

conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look at 
consto, are, stitl, status stand firm, 
halt 

Cyllenius, (i)I m. the Cyllenean, of, Mt. 
Cyllene in Arcadia, birthplace of 
Mercury; adj., Cyllenius^ a, um (Jyl- 
leneanTof Mt. Cyllene in Arcadia, birth¬ 
place of Mercury! 
flumen, inis n. river, stream, flood* 
fulvus, a, um yellow, tawny, blond 
fundo (1) found, build, establish! 
glacies, ei /. ice! 
harenosus, a, um sandy! 
horridus, a, um bristling, awful, rough 
humilis, e low(ly), low-lying, humble 
iaspis, idis /. jasper, a semi-precious 
stone! 

imber, bris m. rain, flood, storm, water 


Infundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour on (in) 
juxta close (to), next (to) ( acc .)* 

Libya, ae /. country of Northwest 
Africa* 

magalia, ium n. huts, hovels 
maternus, a, um maternal, of a mother 
mentum, l n. chin, beard 
nltor, i, sus (nixus) strive, rest on ( abl .) 
nix, nivis /. snow! 
novo (1) renew, make (new), build! 
nubes, is /. cloud, fog, mist* 
par, paris equal, balanced, like* 
plnifer, era, erum pine-bearing! 
piscosus, a, um fishy, fish-haunted! 
planta, ae/. heel; sole of foot! 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, headfore¬ 
most* 

praecipito (1) fall headlong, hasten 
proles, is /. progeny, offspring, race* 
pulso (1) beat, strike, lash, batter 
rigeo, ere, ui be stiff, be rigid 
scopulus, I m. rock, cliff, crag* 
seco, are, ui, ctus cut, cleave, slice* 
senex, senis m. old man* 
similis, e like, similar ( dat ., gen .)* 
stellatus, a, um starred, star-spangled! 
tango, ere, tetigi, tactus touch, reach* 
tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, pro¬ 
tect* 

umerus, i m. shoulder 
volo (1) fly, speed, flit* 


248. cinctum (est). cui: whose. 

250. (de) mento: abl. of separation. 
252. Hie: on the summit of Atlas, 
alis: abl. of means with nitens. 

257. ad litus: App. 414. 

258. materndavo: Atlas. The mother 
of Mercury was Maja, daughter of Atlas. 


259-278. Mercury finds Aeneas bus¬ 
ily engaged in furthering Dido’s plans; 
he delivers his message and disap¬ 
pears. 

261-262. stellatus ensis: only the hilt 
was studded. 





217 


. BOOK IV, 262-278 

_& i _ l cj'imtriv QsloStk^ 

ensis erat Tyrioque ardebat murice laena 

gMl'TL _ .££(c_>ru _ 

demissa ex umens, dives quae munera Dido 
fecerat, et ttlKm ttlas discreverat auro. 

Continuo invadit: “ Tii nunc Karthaginis altae 265 

fundamenta locas pulchramgwe uxorius urbem 
exstruis? Heu, regni rerumque oblite tuarum! 

Ipse deurn tibi me clarS demittit Olympo 

regnator, caelum ac terras qui niimine torquet: 

ipse haec ferre jubet celeris mandata per auras: 270 

Quid struis? Aut qua spe Libycls teris otia terrisf 

Si te nulla, movet tantdrum gloria rerum 

[nee super ipse tua moliris laude laborem,~\ 

Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis lull 

respice, cui regnum Italiae Romanagwe tellus 275 

debetur.” Tali Cyllenius ore locutus 

mortalls visus medio sermone reliquit 

et procul in tenuem ex oculis evanuit. auram. 


Ascanius, (i)i m. son of Aeneas* 
celer, eris, ere swift, quick, speedy* 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
continuo immediately, at once 
Cyllenius, (i)i m. the Cyllenean; Mercury, 
born on Mt. Cyllene 

debeo, ere, ui, itus owe, be due, be 
destined 

demitto, ere, misi, missus let down, send 
down, lower, drop* 
dl(ve)s, dl(vi)tis rich, wealthy 
discerno, ere, crevl, cretus separate 
ensis, is m. sword, knife* 
evanesco, ere, nui vanish, disappear! 
exstruo, ere, struxl, structus build (up), 
rear 

fundamentum, i n. foundation, base 
gloria, ae /. glory, renown, fame, pride 
heres, edis m. heir, successor! 
invado, ere, si, sus attack, address 
lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
Karthago, inis /. Carthage, a city of 
North Africa 

laena, ae /. (woolen) mantle, cloak! 
laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 
Libycus, a, um Libyan, of Libya, a coun¬ 
try of North Africa* 


loco (1) place, lay, establish, locate* 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say, tell, talk* 
mandatum, i n. command, order, behest 
molior, iri, Itus undertake, accomplish, do 
mortalis, e mortal, human, earthly* 
murex, icis m. purple (dye), crimson, 
scarlet! 

obliviscor, I, litus forget {gen.) 

Olympus, i m. Greek mountain, home of 
the gods; heaven ^ 

otium, (i)i n. leisure, idleness, quiet! 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, handsome, 
noble, splendid, illustrious* 
regnator, oris m. ruler, lord, director 
respicio, ere, spexi, spectus look (back) 
at, regard* 

Romanus, a, um Roman, of Rome* 
sermo, onis m. conversation, speech 
spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
struo, ere, struxi, structus build, contrive 
tela, ae /. web, textile! 
tenuis, e slight, thin, fine, delicate 
tero, ere, triviftritus rub, wear, waste! 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, hurl, sway* 
uxorius, a, um wife-ruled, uxorious, hen¬ 
pecked! 

visus, us m. sight, vision, view, aspect 


264. tenui auro: she had interwoven 
the warp with fine gold thread. 

266. uxorius: wife-enslaved; used as 
a term of reproach. 

267. oblite: vocative of the participle 
of obliviscor. regni rerumque: genitives 
with a verb of forgetting; App. 288. 

274. lull: obj. gen. 


277. medio (in) sermone: in the 

middle {of his ) speech , abruptly; App. 246. 

278. in tenuem auram: cf. Shake¬ 
speare, Tempest , IV, i, 148-150: 

'‘These our actors. 
As I foretold you, were all spirits and 
Are melted into air, into thin air.” 




218 


280 


285 


290 


THE AENEID, 279-291 

At vero Aeneas aspectu obmutuit amens, 
arrecta eque horrore comae et vox faucibus haesit. 
Ardet abire fug a dulcisgwe relinquere terras, 
attonitus tanto monitu imperioque dedrum. 

Heu quid agatf Quo nunc reglnam ambire furentem . 
audeat adfatu? Quae prlma exordia sumat? 

Atque animum nunc hue celerem nunc dividit illuc 
in partisque rapit varias perque omnia versat. 

Haec alternant! potior sententia visa est: 

Mnesthea Sergestumgwe vocat iortemque Serestum, 
classem aptent tacit! sociosque ad lltora cogant, 
arma parent et quae rebus sit causa novandis 
dissimulent; sese interea, quando optima Dido 


abed, ire, il (Ivi), itus depart* 
adfatus, us m. address, speecht 
alterno (1) change, alternate, waverf 
ambio, Ire, Ivi (il), itus go around; con¬ 
ciliate f 

amens, entis mad, frenzied, distraught 
apto (1) equip, make ready, furnish 
arrigo, ere, rexl, rectus erect, stand on 
end 

a(d)spectus, us ra. sight, appearance 
attonitus, a, um thunderstruck, astounded 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, occasion* 
celer, eris, ere swift, speedy, quick* 
cogd, ere, coegl, coactus muster, com¬ 
pel* 

coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses* 
dissimulo (1) conceal, dissimulate, pre¬ 
tend otherwise 

dlvido, ere, visl, visus divide, distribute 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
exordium, (i)I n. beginning, commence- 
mentf 

faux, faucis /. jaws, throat; gulf 


279-295. Obeying the divine com¬ 
mands Aeneas instructs his followers 
to prepare secretly for the voyage, and 
seeks a favorable opportunity for in¬ 
forming Dido of his plan to depart. 

281. fuga: abl. of manner, relinquere 
terras (Carthaginis): Vergil constantly 
endeavors to represent his hero Aeneas 
as a man of such thorough devotion (pius 
Aeneas) that he is ever ready to sacri¬ 
fice self to the will of Heaven and to 
surrender whatever life holds most dear, 
if it be the divine will. 

283-284. agat, audeat, sumat: deliber¬ 
ative subjunctives; App. 348. furentem 
(amore). 


fortis, e brave, strong, valiant, stout* 
haereo, ere, haesl, haesus cling (to), 

halt ( dat .)* 

horror, orism. shudder(ing), horror, alarm 
illuc thither, to that placet 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
Mnestheus, el (eos), acc. ea, m . Trojan 

leaderf* 

monitus, us m. advice, warningf 
novo (1) renew, make new, alter, build 
obmutesco, ere, tul be dumb, stand 

speechless f 

optimus, a, um best, finest 
potior, ius preferable, better 
quando when, since, because 
rapid, ere, ul, ptus seize, snatch, rob* 
sententia, ae /. Opinion, resolve, view 
Serestus, I m. Trojan leader 
Sergestus, I m. Trojan leader* 
sumo, ere, mpsl, mptus take, employ 
tacitus, a, um silent, still, secret 
varius, a, um various, different, diverse* 
vero truly, indeed, but 
verso (1) keep turning, roll, revolve 

285. animum celerem dividit: Cf. 

Tennyson, Passing of Arthur , 

4 4 This way and that dividing the swift 
mind. ,, 

286. rapit (animum), versat (animum). 

287. (Aeneae) alternant!: whether he 
should inform Dido. 

289-291. (ut) aptent, cogant, parent, 
dissimulent: indir. commands after 

vocat, which implies et imperat or some 
such expression; App. 390. rebus no¬ 
vandis : an expression commonly used 
for taking a new step, such as a revolution, 
quae ... sit causa: indir. quest.; App. 
349. 

291-293. sese temptaturum (esse): 




BOOK IV, 292-303 


219 


nesciat et tantos rump! non speret amores, 
temptaturum aditus et quae mollissima fandl 
tempora, quis rebus dexter modus. Ocius omnes 
impend laeti parent et jussa facessunt. 295 

At regina dolos (quis fallere possit amantem?) 
praesensit, motus^we excepit prima futuros 
omnia tuta timens. Eadem impia Fdma furenti 
detulit armari classem cursumque parari. 

Saevit inops animi totamque incensa per urbem 300 

bacchatur, qualis commotls excita sacris 
Thyias, ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho 
orgia nocturnusg'ue vocat clamore Cithaeron. 


aditus, us m. approach, access 
amans, antis m. (/.) lover 
armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 
bacchor, arl, atus rush wildly, rave 
Bacchus, i m. (god of) wine 
Cithaeron, onis m. Greek mountain near 
Thebes, on which the rites of Bacchus 
were celebratedf 

commoveo, ere, movl, motus move, stir, 
shake, agitate 

defero, ferre, tuli, latus carry down, re¬ 
port 

dolus, I m. deceit, stratagem, fraud* 
excio, ire, ivi, itus arouse, excite, stir 
excipio, ere, cepl, ceptus receive, catch, 
understand, reply 

facesso, ere, (iv)i, itus do, make, fulfillf 
fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus deceive, cheat, 
mock* 

impius, a, um wicked, accursed, disloyal 
incendo, ere, i, ensus inflame, burn* 
inops, opis needy, destitute, bereft (of)f 
jussum, i n. command, behest, order 


implied indir. disc., dependent on vocat, 
1. 288, which implies et dicit or some 
such expression; App. 390. nesciat: 
subj. in a dependent clause in indir. disc.; 
App. 390, b. 

293-294. quae tempora (sint), quis 
modus (sit): indir. questions, objects of 
temptaturum (esse); App. 349. 

296-330. Dido, learning that the fleet 
was being equipped and suspecting the 
truth, bitterly reproaches Aeneas and 
with tears and prayers attempts to pre¬ 
vail on him to remain. 

296. possit: deliberative subj.; App. 
348. 

298. tuta: (no matter how) safe, with 

omnia, furenti (Dldonl). 

300. animi: gen. with adj. inops; 
App. 287. 


modus, I m. manner, limit, method* 
mollis, e soft, yielding, easy, mild 
motus, us m. movement, emotionf 
nescio, Ire, Ivi (il) not know, be igno¬ 
rant 

nocturnus, a, um of the night, nocturnal 
ocior, ius swifter, quicker; very swiftf 
orgia, drum n. mystic rites, orgiesf 
pared, ere, ul, itus obey, yield ( dat .) 
praesentio, Ire, sensl, sensus perceive 
first, suspectj 

qualis, e of what sort, (such) as* 

rumpo, ere, rupl, ruptus break, burst 
(forth), utter* 

saevio, Ire, Ivi (il), Itus rage, storm 
spero (1) hope (for, to), expect, suppose* 
stimulo (1) spur, goad, prick, incite! 
tempto (1) try, attempt, seek, test* 
Thyias, adis /. Bacchante, a woman 
devotee of the worship of Bacchus! 
timed, ere, ul fear, dread* 
trietericus, a, um triennial! 
tutus, a, um protected, safe, secure* 


302-303. Thyias: yi form a diphthong 
pronounced we. The Bacchic revels 
celebrated every third year on Mt. 
Cithaeron, near Thebes, were famous. 
When the sacra were brought out of the 
temple and shaken, the Thyiads or 
Bacchantes ran wild, dressed themselves 
in fawn skins, and joined the Bacchic 
orgies, where they brandished the thyrsi 
(wands), and danced to the accom¬ 
paniment of clashing cymbals. Cf. 
Wordsworth, Duddon Sonnets, 20: 

“Dance like a Bacchanal from rock to 
rock, 

Tossing her frantic thyrsus wide and 
high.” 

audito Baccho: abl. abs.; as the cry 
1 Bacchus' is heard. The worshippers 





220 THE AENEID, 304-321 

Tandem his Aenedn compellat vocibus ultro: 

305 “ Dissimulate etiam sperastl, perfide, tantum 

posse nefas tacitusgwe med decedere terra? 

Nec te noster amor nec te data dexter a quondam 
nec moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido? 

Quin etiam hiberno mollris sldere classem 
310 et medils properas Aquilonibus Ire per altum, 

crudelis? Quid, si non arva aliena domosque 
ignotas peteres, et Troja antlqua maneret, 

Troja per undosum peteretur classibus aequor? 

Mene fugis? Per ego has lacrimas dextramque tuam te 
315 (quando aliud mihi jam miserae nihil ipsa rellqul), 

per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos, 
si bene quid de te merul,' fuit aut tibi quicquam 
dulce meum, miserere domus labentis et istam, 
oro, si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem. 

320 Te propter Libycae gentes Nomadumg'Me tyranni 

odere, Infensi Tyril; te propter eundem 


adhuc to this point, till now 
alienus, a, um belonging to another, 
other’s, alien, foreign! 
altum, i n. the deep (sea); heaven 
Aquilo, onis m. (north) wind 
bene well, rightly, securely, fullyf 
compello (1) address, accost, speak to 
conubium, (i)i n. wedlock, marriage 
crudelis, e cruel, bloody, bitter* 
decedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart! 
dissimulo (1) conceal, dissimulate, pre¬ 
tend otherwise 

dulcis, e sweet, dear, pleasant, delightful* 
etiam also, even, besides, yet, still* 
exuo, ere, ui, utus bare, doff, discard 
funus, eris n. funeral, death, disaster* 
hibernus, a, um wintry, of the winter 
hymenaeus, l m. marriage (song), god 
of marriage, Hymen 
ignotus, a, um unknown, strange 
incipio, ere, cepl, ceptus begin, undertake* 
infensus, a, um hostile, bitter 
iste, ta, tud that (of yours)* 


shouted ‘io Bacche,’ and i Euoe Bacche.’ 
stimulant (illam), vocat (illam). 

305-306. etiam spera(vi)stl, perfide, 
(te) posse dissimulare tantum nefas? 

309. hiberno sidere = tempore. The 
ancients regularly suspended navigation 
during the winter months. 

311-313. Quid, si, etc.: you wouldn’t 
sail now, even if you were going back to 
secure homes in Troy, and were not (as 
you are) sailing away to strange foreign 


Libycus, a, um of Libya, a country of 
North Africa* 

mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, earn, merit* 
misereor, eri, itus pity, commiserate ( gen .)* 
molior, iri, itus prepare, attempt, do 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 
nefas n. indecl. impiety, sin, crime* 
nihil, nil nothing, not at all 
Nomas, adis m. tribe of North Africaf 
odi, isse hate, detest, loathe 
oro (1) pray (for), entreat, beseech* 
perfidus, a, um treacherous, perfidious! 
prex, precis /. prayer, entreaty, vow* 
propero (1) hasten, hurry, speed 
propter on account of, near (acc.)f 
quando when, since, if ever, because 
quin why not, but that, nay even* 
quisquam, quicquam anyone, anything 
spero (1) hope (for, to), expect, suppose* 
tacitus, a, um silent, noiseless, secret 
tyrannus, i m. ruler, chieftain, tyrant 
ultro further, voluntarily* 
undosus, a, um billowy, wavy 


lands (arva aliena). Troja peteretur 
(hiberno sidere): the conclusion of the 
conditions contrary to fact, si peteres 
and si maneret; App. 382. 

314-319. Me: emphatic by position, 
obj. of fugis. per lacrimas et per dex- 
tram. te: obj. of oro. miserere: imp. 
domus: gen. with misereor; App. 289. 

319. si quis (indef.). locus (sit). 

320-321. gentes et tyranni odere (me), 
odere = oderunt. infensi (mihi sunt) 




BOOK IV, 322-334 


221 


exstinctus pudor et, qua sola sidera adlbam, 
fama prior. Cui me moribundam deseris, — hospes 
(hoc solum nomen quoniam de conjuge restat) ? 

Quid moror? An mea Pygmalion dum moenia frater 325 
destruat aut captam ducat Gaetulus Iarbas? 

Saltern si qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset 
ante fugam suboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula 
luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret, 
non equidem omnlno capta ac deserta viderer.” 330 

Dixerat. Ille Jovis monitls immota tenebat 
lumina et obnixus cur am sub corde premebat. 

Tandem pauca refert: “ Ego te, quae plurima fando 
enumerate vales, numquam, regina, negabo 


adeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus approach 
an whether, or* 
aula, ae /. hall, palace, court 
cor, rdis n. heart, spirit, feelings, soul* 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
destruo, ere, struxi, structus destroy! 
enumero (1) recount, enumerate! 
equidem indeed, truly, surely* 
exsting(u)o, ere, inxi, inctus extinguish, 
blot out, destroy, ruin 
frater, tris m. brother* 

Gaetulus, a, um of the Gaetuli, an African 
tribe 

hospes, itis m. (/.) stranger, guest, host 
Iarbas, ae m. African prince, one of Dido’s 
suitors 

immotus, a, um unmoved, unshaken 
ludo, ere, si, sus play, sport, mock 
monitum, i n. advice, warning 
moribundus, a, um dying, about to 
diet 

moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, hinder* 


nego (1) deny, refuse, say no (not) 
numquam never, at no time 
obnitor, i, sus (nixus) struggle! 
omnlno altogether, completely, utterly! 
parvulus, a, um tiny, very small, lit¬ 
tle! 

paucus, a, um little, few, scanty* 
premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 
crush* 

prior, ius sooner, former, first, prior* 
pudor, oris m . shame, modesty, honor 
Pygmalion, onis m. wicked brother of 
Dido 

quoniam since, because! 
resto, are, stiti remain, be left 
saltern at least, at any rate 
suboles, is/, offspring, progeny, child! 
suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus take up, beget, 
bear 

tamen however, nevertheless, but* 
valeo, ere, ui, itus be strong, be able, 
fare well 


Tyrii: the native chieftains, as well as 
her own people, resented her kindly 
attitude toward Aeneas and the Trojans, 
who were foreigners. 

322. et (f^ma) qua sidera adibam: 
was about to gain immortal fame . (ex- 
stincta est) fama (mea): (my) reputation . 

323. moribundam = morituram. 

324. hoc nomen = hospes. de con¬ 
juge = de nomine conjugis. 

325. Quid (= cur) moror (mortem 
meam). An (moror): am I waiting? dum 
destruat, ducat: anticipatory subjunc¬ 
tives with dum; App. 374. 

327. suscepta: refers to the Roman 
custom of placing a new-born child on the 
ground before the father, who picked it 


up if he wished to acknowledge and rear 
it as his own. 

329. referret: characteristic; App. 
389. 

331-361. Aeneas replies that he is 
not following his own desires but the 
plans of the gods and the stern decrees 
of fate. 

331. Dixerat (Dido), monitis: abl. 
of cause with tenebat. 

332. lumina = oculos. premebat = re- 
primebat: repressing all outward indica¬ 
tions of his feelings. 

333-335. Ego, regina, numquam ne¬ 
gabo te promeritam (esse de me) plurima 
quae: answer to Dido’s si merui of 1. 317. 





222 


THE AENEID, 335-349 


335 promeritam, nec me meminisse pigebit Elissae 

dum memor ipse mei, dum spiritus hos regit artus. 

Pro re pauca loquar. Neque ego hanc abscondere furto 
speravi (ne finge) fugam, nec conjugis umquam 
praetendi taedas aut haec in foedera veni. 

340 Me si fata meis paterentur diicere vitam 
auspiciis et sponte med componere curds, 
urbem Trojanam primum dulcisgwe meorum 
relliquias colerem, Priami tecta alta manerent, 
et recidiva manu posuissem Pergama victis. 

345 Sed nunc Italiam magnam Gryneus Apollo, 

Italiam Lyciae jussere capessere sortes; 
hie amor, haec patria est. Si te Karthaginis arces 
Phoenissam Libyca eque aspectus detinet urbis, 
quae tandem Ausonia Teucros considere terra 


abscondo, ere, (di)dl, ditus hide 
Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

artus, us m . joint, limb, member, body* 
a(d)spectus, us m. sight, appearance 
Ausonius, a, um Ausonian, Italian 
auspicium, (i)i n. auspices, authority 
capesso, ere, ivi, itus (try to) seize, reach 
colo, ere, ul, cultus cultivate, dwell (in), 
cherish, honor* 

compond, ere, posui, positus put together, 
settle, calm, quiet 

considd, ere, sedi, sessus sit (down), 
settle* 

defined, ere, ul, tentus hold back, detain 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 

Elissa, ae /. Didof 

fingo, ere, finxi, fictus fashion, pretend, 
imagine, form, mold 
foedus, eris n. treaty, agreement, pact 
furtum, i n. stealth, theft, trickf 
Gryneus, a, um of Grynium, a town in 
Asia Minor, with an oracle of Apollof 
Karthago, inis /. Carthage, a city of 
North Africa 

Libycus, a, um Libyan, of Libya, a 
country of North Africa* 


loquor, i, locutus speak, say, tell, talk* 
Lycia, ae /. country of Asia Minor 
memini, isse remember, recall ( gen .) 
memor, oris mindful, remembering ( gen .)* 
patior, i, passus suffer, endure, allow* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
paucus, a, um little, few, scanty* 
Pergama, drum n. (citadel of) Troy* 
Phoenissa, ae /. Phoenician woman, Dido 
piget, ere, uit it displeasesf 
praetendo, ere, I, ntus hold before, use as 
screen 

pro instead of, in behalf of, for, before 
0 abl .)* 

promereor, eri, itus deserve, render 
service, merit, earnf 
recidivus, a, um revived, renewedf 
rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, direct, guide* 
re(l)liquiae, arum /. remnants, relics, 
leavings 

sors, rtis /. lot, fate, portion, oracle* 
spero (1) hope (for, to), expect, suppose* 
spiritus, us m. breath, spirit, life, soulf 
spons, spontis /. wish, will, desiref 
taeda, ae /. (bridal) torch, pine (faggot) 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
umquam ever, at any time 


vales = potes. Elissae = Didonis; gen. 
with memini; App. 288. 

336. dum memor (sum) mei. 

337. Pro re: in defense of my course . 

338. ne finge: poetical negative imper¬ 
ative for prose noli fingere; App. 256, a. 

339. praetendi taedas: held out (the 
prospect of) marriage . haec in foedera: 
i.e., of marriage. 

340. paterentur: condition contrary to 
fact; App. 382. 


343-344. colerem, manerent, posuis¬ 
sem: conclusions contrary to fact; App. 
382. victis (Teucris): dat. of reference. 

346. Lyciae sortes = sortes Lycii 
Apollinis. 

347. hie: pronounce hicc, making a 
long syllable; App. 107, 3, c . hie (est) 
amor, haec patria est: refer to Italy, 
each pronoun being attracted into the 
gender of its predicate noun; App. 240, a. 

349-350. quae invidia est (tibi) Teu- 




BOOK IV, 350-364 


223 


invidia est? Et nos fas extera quaerere regna. 

Me patris Anchlsae, quotiens umentibus umbris 
nox operit terras, quotiens astra ignea surgunt, 
admonet in somnis et turbida terret imago; 
me puer Ascanius capitisque injuria carl, 
quem regno Hesperj^e fraudo et fatalibus arvis. 

Nunc $ ti'ain infexpres divum Jove missus ab ipso 
(tMtorutraWfque capi^^C(M‘s mao^ata per auras 
swd&Z detuUt: ipse deum mamtesto in lumine vidi ■ /•/> 

infranfem mferos ^vocemque his ai^nlous ^ 

DJsmcNneque tui^ im^ndere teque a^er^sf^^ * 

Italiam non s$ 3 n te sequord^ . 

Talia dicentem jal^dclum aversa tuetur 
hue rlluc volvens oculos totumgue pererrat toAiotle.r 
luminibus tacitis et sic acCGnsa-profatur: 


350 


355 ^*^ 


360 


accendo, ere, I, ensus inflame, kindle, 
burn 

admoneo, ere, ui, itus advise, warnf 
Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 
astrum, i n. star, constellation* 
auris, is /. ear* 

avertor, i, rsus turn away, avert 
carus, a, um dear, beloved, fond* 
celer,‘eris, ere swift, quick, speedy* 
defero, ferre, tuli, latus carry down, re¬ 
port 

desino, ere, slvi (ii), situs cease, desistf 
etiam also, even, besides, furthermore* 
exterus, a, um outside, foreign 
fas n. indecl . right, justice, divine law* 
fatalis, e fated, fatal, destined 
fraudo (1) defraud, deprive, cheatf 
haurio, ire, hausi, haustus drink (in), 
drain 

Hesperia, ae/. Hesperia, Italy, Westland 
igneus, a, um fiery, flamingf 
illuc thither, to that place 
imago, inis /. image, likeness, ghost* 
incendo, ere, i, ensus inflame, kindle, 
burn* 


injuria, ae /. wrong, injury, injustice 
interpres, etis m . (/.) interpreter, agent 
intro (1) enter, penetrate 
invidia, ae /. grudge, envy, jealousy 
jamdudum long since, for a long time 
mandatum, l n. command, mandate 
manifestus, a, um clear, manifest 
murus, l m. (city) wall, battlement* 
operio, ire, ui, rtus cover, hidef 
pererro (1) wander over, survey 
prof or, ari, atus speak (out), say 
querela, ae /. complaint, lamentf 
quotiens how often, as often as 
spons, spontis /. wish, will, desire 
tacitus, a, um silent, quiet, still, se¬ 
cret 

terreo, ere, ui, itus frighten, terrify 
testor, ari, atus call to witness, swear 
by, testify 

tueor, eri, itus (tutus) watch, protect, 
eye* 

turbidus, a, um troubled, agitated 
umens, entis moist, dewy, damp 
uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two), 
both* 


cros considere: considere is the subject 
and invidia the predicate of est. 

350. Et: also , too (as well as you). 

fas (est). 

351-353. patris Anchlsae: with imago. 

354. me puer Ascanius (movet): (the 
thought of) my son Ascanius urges me on . 
capitis carl = Ascani; obj. gen., the wrong 
(I am doing) to Ascanius; App. 284. 

355. regno, arvis: abl. of separation. 

356. interpres div(or)um: Mercury. 


357. utrumque = et meum et tuum. 

361. sponte (mea). 

362-392. Carried away by her furious 
passion, Dido curses Aeneas and all his 
race, hurries from his presence, and falls 
fainting into the arms of her attendants. 

362. tuetur: of past action continued 
into the present, has long been eyeing and 
is still eyeing; App. 351, 1, b. 

363. totum (Aenean) pererrat. 






224 


365 “Nec tibi diva 
perfide, sed du: 


370 


375 


THE AENEID, 365-377 

j^arin^aeneris^nec Dardanus 

cauubus horrens ^ 
Caucasus Hyrcanaegwe admorunt ubera ttg^es. 

Nam quid disfeirhulb aut quae me ad major a reservo? 
Num fletu ingemuit nostrot Num lumina flexit? 

Num lacrimas victus dedit aut miseratus amantem estf 
Quae quibus anteferam? Jam jam nee maxima Juno 
nee Saturnius haec oculis pater aspicit aequis. 
Nusquam tuta tides. Ejectum More, egentem 
excepi et regnl demens in parte locavi. 

Amissam classem, socids a morte reduxi 
([heu furils incensa feror !): nunc augur ApollS, 
nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et Jove missus ab ipso 


admoveo, ere, movi, motus move to 
aequus, a, um equal, propitious, favor¬ 
able, just 

amans, antis m. (/.) lover 
amitto, ere, misi, missus lose, let go* 
antefero, ferre, tuli, latus set before, 
prefer, choose firstf 

Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, behold, 
look (at)* 

auctor, oris m. (/.) author, founder, spon¬ 
sor 

augur, uris m. (/.) augur, prophetf 
Caucasus, i m. rugged mountain range 
between Europe and Asiaf 
cautes, is /. rock, cliff, crag 
Dardanus, l m. early king of Troy 
demens, entis crazy, mad, frenzied 
dissimulo (1) pretend otherwise, conceal, 
dissimulate 

durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, rough* 
egens, entis needy, in want, desti¬ 
tute 

ejicio, ere, jecl, jectus cast out, eject 
excipio, ere, cepl, ceptus receive, take 
fides, ei /. faith, trust, confidence* 


flecto, ere, flexi, flexus bend, move 
fletus, us m. weeping, tears, lament 
furiae, arum /. furies, madness, frenzy 
gigno, ere, genui, genitus bear, produce, 
beget 

horreo, ere, ui shudder, be rough* 
Hyrcanus, a, um Hyrcanian, of Hyrcania, 
a wild district on the Caspian Seat 
incendo, ere, i, ensus inflame, kindle, 
burn* 

ingemo, ere, ui groan, roar, lament 
loco (1) place, locate, establish* 

Lycius, a, um Lycian, of Lycia, a country 
of Asia Minor 

miseror, ari, atus pity, commiserate* 
num interrog., expecting answer no f 
nusquam nowhere, never 
perfidus, a, um treacherous, perfidious 
reduco, ere, duxi, ductus lead back, re¬ 
store 

reservo (1) reserve, keep back, savef 
Saturnius, a, um (born) of Saturn, father 
of Jupiter and Juno 

sors, rtis /. lot, destiny, portion, oracle* 
tigris, (id)is m. (/.) tiger, tigressf 
tutus, a, um protected, safe, secure* 
fiber., eris n . udder, breast, fertility 


365. tibi (est). 

366-367. dfiris cautibus: abl. of cause 
with horrens or of place where. These are 
stock comparisons for hard-heartedness 
in love. admo(ve)runt fibera (tibi): 

suckled you. 

368. majora (mala): greater wrongs. 

369. fletfi: abl. of cause, ingemuit: 
the third person, since she contemptu¬ 
ously talks about rather than to him. 
lfimina = oculos. 

370. miseror: with the acc., while 


misereor takes the gen. (me) aman¬ 
tem. 

371. Quae quibus anteferam: what 
shall I say (do) firstf 

372. Saturnius pater = Juppiter. 

373. (in) lltore. (eum or te) egentem: 

Aeneas had said of himself and his 
followers that they were omnium egenos, 

I, 599. 

376-377. nunc, nunc, nunc: a scorn¬ 
ful rejoinder to the nunc, nunc of Aeneas, 

II. 345, 356; App. 413. 




BOOK IV, 378-391 


225 


interpres dlvum fert horrida jussa per auras. 

Scilicet is superls labor est, ea cura quietos 
sollicitat. Neque te teneo neque dicta refello: 
i, sequere Italiam ventls, pete regna per undas. 

Spero equidem mediis, si quid pia numina possunt, 
supplicia hausurum scopulis et nomine Dido 
saepe vocaturum. Sequar atrls ignibus absens 
et, cum frigida mors anima seduxerit artus, 
omnibus umbra locls adero. Dabis, improbe, poends. 
Audiam et haec manis veniet mihi fdma_ sub Imos.” 
His medium dictls s^rmonem allrurif^)^ et auras 
;ra fugit seque ex ocuhs ay|rtit et aufert, 


IniQuens multa linetu cqnclanfie^^tjn parantem 
. SustTpiutt famulae conlapsauwe membra /v. 


380 


385 


dicere. suscipmtii 


apsag^6 


390 


abrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break off 
absens, entis absent, separated 
aeger, gra, grum sick, weary, wretched* 
artus, us ra. joint, limb, body* 
aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatus carry 
away, remove 

averto, ere, i, rsus turn away, avert* 
conlabor, i, lapsus collapse, faint! 
cunctor, ari, atus delay, hesitate, linger 
equidem indeed, truly, surely* 
famula, ae /. maid servant 
frigidus, a, um cold, chilly, frigid 
haurio, ire, hausi, haustus drink (in), 
drain 

horridus, a, um rough, horrible 
improbus, a, um wicked, cruel 
interpres, etis ra. (/.) interpreter, agent 


jussum, l n. command, order, behest 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
manes, ium ra. (souls of) the dead, Hades* 
membrum, i n. member, limb, body* 
metus, us ra. fear, dread, anxiety* 
quietus, a, um quiet, serene, calm 
refello, ere, i, contradict, refutef 
saepe often, frequently, again and again* 
scilicet of course, forsooth, doubtless 
scopulus, l ra. rock, cliff, crag* 
seduco, ere, duxi, ductus withdraw, 
separate! 

sermo, onis ra. conversation, speech 
sollicito (1) agitate, disquiet, disturb! 
spero (1) hope (for, to), expect, suppose* 
supplicium, (i)i n. punishment, torture! 
suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus take up, rear 


378-380. Scornfully sarcastic, isisubj., 
attracted into the gender of the predicate, 
App. 240, a. (superos) quietos. 

381. i, sequere: imperatives, sequere 
Italiam: a contemptuous rejoinder to the 
Italiam sequor of 1. 361. 

382-384. mediis (in) scopulis: Dido 
hopes that the ships of Aeneas may be 
wrecked on reefs in the midst of the sea; 
App. 246. quid: indef., anything, (te) 
hausurum (esse). Dido: acc., a Greek 
form; obj. of vocaturum. atris ignibus: 
the remorseful thoughts about Dido will 
pursue Aeneas like furies with their smok¬ 
ing torches. The idea is that, although 
far away (absens), she will pursue him 
with the pangs of a guilty conscience, and 
after death her ghost will haunt him 
wherever he may be. Cf. Tasso, Jerusa¬ 
lem Delivered , 16, 59-60: 

li Go, cruel man, and take with thee that 
peace 


Thou leav’st with me; I do not bid thee 
stay. 

But I will follow — hope for no release — 
My angry shade shall haunt thee on thy 
way; 

Like a new Fury I will dog thy path, 
With torch and serpents armed, to wreak 
my wrath.” 

385. anima: the ancients often thought 
of death as the separation of the body 
from the soul. 

386. umbra: (as) a ghost. Dabis 

poenas: you shall pay the penalty , suffer 
punishment. 

388-389. auras ( = lucem) fugit: she 

rushes indoors. 

390. metu: abl. of cause; for fear (of 
making matters worse). 

391-392. Suscipiunt: catch her (as she 
faints and falls), thalamo: dat. of direc¬ 
tion; equivalent to in thalamum. (in) 
stratis. 




226 




THE AENEID, 392-406 

ta^TYO 


•eponu 


395 


400 


405 


ma'rmoreo referunt thalamo stratls que reporiimt. w 

trkt pius Aeneas, qu^mquam lemre^dolentem 
^^■^solando cup if et dictls averted curds, 

multa gemens magnoque animum labefactus amore 
jussa tamen dlvum exsequitur classemque revisit. 
Turn vero Teucrl incumbunt et litore celsas 
deducunt toto navis. Natat uncta carlna, 
fron den tissue ferunt remos et robora silvls 
infabricata fugae studio. 

Migrantis cernds totaque ex urbe mentis. 

A c ._velu t ingentem formic ae f arris acervu m 
cum populant hiernis mcmores teddque reponunt, 
it nigrum campis agmen praedamr/ue per he rims 
convectant calle angusto: pars grandia trudunt 
obnixae frumenta umeris, pars agmina cogunt 


acervus, I m. heap, pile, massf 
angustus, a, um narrow, strait 
averto, ere, i, rsus turn away, avert, di¬ 
vert* 

callis, is m. path, trackf 
carina, ae/. keel; ship, boat* 
celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 
cogo, ere, coegi, coactus bring together, 
force* 

convecto (1) convey, carry alongf 
cupio, ere, ivi (ii), ltus desire, wish 
deduco, ere, duxi, ductus lead down, 
launch 

doleo, ere, ui, itus grieve, suffer, resent 
exsequor, i, secutus follow out, performf 
far, farris n. spelt, a kind of grainf 
formica, ae /. antf 
frondens, entis leafy, fronded 
frumentum, i n. grain, cornf 
gemo, ere, ui, itus groan, lament, roar 
grandis, e large, great, tall, hugef 
herba, ae/. herb(age), grass, plant* 
hiems, emis /. winter, storm* 
incumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus recline upon, 
urge on (work) 

Infabricatus, a, um unfashioned, roughf 


jussum, i n. command, order, behest 
labefacio, ere, feci, factus shake, staggerf 
lenio, ire, ivi (ii), itus soothe, calm 
marmoreus, a, um (of) marble, whitef 
memor, oris mindful, remembering ( gen .)* 
migro (1) migrate, departf 
nato (1) swim, float, overflow 
niger, gra, grum black, dark, dusky* 
obnitor, i, sus (nixus) push against, strive 
populo (1) devastate, plunder, ravage 
praeda, ae /. booty, spoils, prey 
quamquam although, and yet, however 
repono, ere, posui, pos(i)tus replace, lay 
away, store (up), deposit* 
reviso, ere revisit, see again, return to 
robur, oris n. oak, strength* 
solor, ari, atus console, comfort, solace 
stratum, i n. bed, couch; pavement 
studium, (i)I n. eagerness, desire, zeal 
tamen nevertheless, however, but* 
thalamus, i m. bridal chamber, bedroom* 
trudo, ere, si, sus push, shovef 
ung(u)o, ere, unxi, unctus anoint, smear, 
calkf 

velut(i) as, just as* 
vero truly, indeed, but 


393-449. Her own efforts proving un¬ 
availing, Dido sends her sister Anna, 
hoping that she may persuade Aeneas; 
but he is deaf to all entreaties. 

393. dolentem (Didonem). 

395. animum: acc. of respect; App. 

311. 

397. incumbunt (labori). 

399. frondentis: in their eagerness, 


studio, they do not take time to strip off 
the leaves. 

401. cernas: potential subj.; App. 

252. 

404-405. it, convectant: the collective 
noun, agmen, may take its verb either 
in the sing, or pi.; App. 236, a. 

406* agmina cogunt: close up the ranks , 
to keep the others from straggling; a 
military term. 









BOOK IV, 407-422 


227 


castlgantgwe moras, opere omnis semita fervet. 
Quis tibi turn, Dido, cernenti talia sensus, 
quosve dabas gemitus, cum lltora fervere late 
prospiceres arce ex summa, totumque videres 
misceri ante oculds tantls clamoribus aequor! 
Improbe Amor, quid non mortalia pectora cogis! 
/rejterum in lacrimas, iterum temptare precando 
cogitur et supplex animos summittere amori, 
ne quid inexpertum frustra moritura relinquat. 


410 


415 


Anna fvides toto properari litore circum: 
undique convenere; vocal jam narbasus auras, 
puppibus et foetTnaUtae imposuere coronas. 

Hunc ego si potui tantum sperare dolorem, 
et perferre, soror, poterd. Miserae hoc tamen unum 420 
exsequere, Anna, mihi; solam nam perfidus ille 
te colere, arcanos etiam tibi Credere sensus 


Anna, ae /. sister of Dido 
arcanus, a, urn secret, hidden 
carbasus, if. linen; sail 
castigo (1) reprove, chastise, punishf 
cogo, ere, coegi, coactus bring together, 
force* 

colo, ere, ui, cultus cultivate, honor* 
conveniG, ire, veni, ventus come together, 
convene 

corona, ae /. wreath, garland, crown 
credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, (in)trust 
( dat .)* 

dolor, oris m. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
etiam also, even, besides, yet, still* 
exsequor, I, secutus follow out, perform 
ferv(e)o, Sre, (bu)i boil, be busy 
frustra in vain, uselessly, ineffectually* 
gemitus, us m. groan, roar, lament* 
impono, ere, posui, positus place upon, 
set to (dat.)* 

improbus, a, um wicked, cruel, bad 
inexpertus, a, um untriedt 
iterum again, anew, a second time* 


late widely, far and wide 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 
mora, ae /. delay, hesitation, loitering* 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 
mortalis, e mortal, human, earthly* 
nauta, ae m. sailor, seaman, mariner 
opus, eris n. work, toil, task, deed* 
perfero, ferre, tuli, latus bear, endure 
perfidus, a, um treacherous, perfidious 
precor, ari, atus pray, entreat, invoke* 
propero (1) hasten, hurry, speed 
prospicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, be¬ 
hold 

semita, ae /. path 

sensus, us m. feeling, perception, sense 

soror, oris /. sister* 

spero (1) hope (for), expect, suppose* 

summitto (sub), ere, misi, missus lower, 
submit 

supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
tamen however, nevertheless, but* 
tempto (1) try, seek, attempt, test* 
undique on (from) all sides* 


408. sensus (erat). 

409. fervere : as though of the third con¬ 
jugation, although fervet, a second conju- 
gational form, has just occurred, 1. 407. 

410. arce: probably some sort of tall 
watch tower of Dido’s palace. 

412. quid cogis: see the note on quid 
cogis. III, 56. 

413. temptare (Aenean). 

415. ne quid (indef.) inexpertum re¬ 
linquat (et sic moriatur) frustra: there 
would be no object in her dying so long 


as there was any possibility of winning 
back Aeneas. 

416. properari: used impersonally. 

418. coronas: as a sign of joy at the 
prospect of immediate departure. On 
entering or leaving port, sailors often 
decked their ships with garlands. 

420. perferre potero: Dido is de¬ 
ceiving Anna if she has already determined 
on suicide in case she loses Aeneas. 

422. colere, credere: historical in¬ 
finitives; App. 257. 




228 THE AENEID, 423-440 

sola virl mollis aditus et tempora noras: 
l, soror, atque hostem supplex adfare superbum: 

425 non ego cum Danals Trojanam exscindere gentem 
Aulide juravi classemve ad Pergama misi, 
nec patris Anchlsae cineres man Is ye revelli: 
cur mea dicta negat duras demittere in aurls? 

Quo ruitf Extremum hoc miserae det munus amanti: 
430 exspectet facilerru/ne fugam ventosque ferentis. 

Non jam conjugium antiquum, quod prSdidit, oro, 
nec pulchro ut Latio careat regnumque relinquat: 
tempus inane peto, requiem spatium^we furorl, 
dum mea me victam doceat fortuna dolere. 

435 Extremam hanc oro veniam (miserere sororis), 

quam mihi cum dederit cumulatam morte remittam.” 

Talibus orabat, talisque miserrima fletus 
fertque refertque soror. Sed nullis ille movetur 
fletibus, aut voces ullas tractabilis audit; 

440 fata obstant placidasgme viri deus obstruit auris. 


adfor, ari, atus address, speak to* 
aditus, us m. approach, access 
amans, antis m. (/.) lover 
Aulis, idis /. port in eastern Greece whence 
the Greek fleet set sail to attack Troyf 
auris, is /. ear* 

cared, ere, ui be without, lack ( abl .) 
cinis, eris m. ashes (of the dead), embers* 
conjugium, (i)i n. wedlock, marriage 
cumulo (1) heap (up), pile (high)f 
cur why? wherefore? 
demitto, ere, mi si, missus send down, 
let down, let fall; receive* 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, tell, inform* 
doleo, ere, ui, itus grieve, suffer, resent 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
exscindo, ere, scidi, scissus destroy, 
root out 

ex(s)pecto (1) (a)wait, expect, hope (for)* 
extremus, a, um last, final, extreme* 
facilis, e easy, favorable, ready 
fletus, us m. weeping, tears, tearful ap¬ 
peal, lament 

furor, oris m. madness, frenzy, passion* 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
inanis, e empty, idle, useless, vain* 


juro (1) take oath, swear, conspire t 
Latium, (i)i n. district in central Italy* 
manes, ium m. (souls of) the dead, Hades* 
misereor, eri, itus pity, commiserate 

{gen.) 

mollis, e soft, yielding, gentle, delicate 
nego (1) deny, refuse, say no (not) 
nosed, ere, novi, notus learn; perf. know* 
obsto, are, stiti, status hinder, oppose 
obstruo, ere, struxi, structus block, stopt 
oro (1) pray (to, for), entreat, beseech* 
Pergama, drum n. (citadel of) Troy* 
placidus, a, um calm, kind(ly), peaceful* 
prodo, ere, didi, ditus betray, hand down 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, noble, 

splendid, handsome, illustrious* 
remitto, ere, misi, missus return, repay 
requies, etis (ei) /. rest, respite, repose 
revello, ere, i, vulsus tear off (up, away)f 
soror, oris /. sister* 
spatium, (i)I n. space, time, periodf 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
tractabilis, e manageable, gentle 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
venia, ae /. favor, pardon, grace 


423. tempora: {suitable) time (for 
approach). no(ve)ras. 

429-430. det, exspectet: vol. (jussive); 
App. 254. ventos ferentis: favorable 
winds , a common meaning. 

432. pulchro Latio: contemptuously; 
abl. with careat. ut careat, (ut) relinquat: 
subst. vol. clauses; obj. of oro; App. 360. 


435. miserere: imp. 

436. cumulatam: participle with quam, 
referring to the favor (veniam) which 
she asks for. morte: abl. of time or 
means. The meaning of Dido's state¬ 
ment is obscure, perhaps intention¬ 
ally so. 

438. fertque refertque (ad Aenean). 




BOOK IV, 441-456 


229 


Ac velut annogo validam cum robore quercum 

Alplnl Boreae nunc hinc nunc flatibus illinc 

eruere inter se certant; it stridor, et altae 

consternunt terram concusso stipite frondes; 

ipsa haeret scopulis et quantum vertice ad auras 445 

aetherias, tantum radice in Tartara tendit: 

hand secus adsiduis hinc atque hinc vocibus herds 

tunditur, et magno persentit pectore curds; 

mens immota manet, lacrimae volvuntur inanes. 

Turn vero infelix fatls exterrita Dido 450 

mortem orat; taedet caell convexa tuerl. 

Quo magis inceptum peragat lucemque relinquat, 
vldit, turicremls cum dona imponeret arts, 

(horrendum dictu) latices nigrescere sacros 

fusaque in obscenum se vertere vina cruorem. 455 

Hoc visum nulli, non ipsl effata sorori. 


adsiduus, a, um constant, unceasingf 
aetherius, a, um high in the air, airy 
Alplnus, a, um Alpine, of the Alpsf 
annosus, a, um aged, old, full of yearsf 
Boreas, ae m. (north) wind 
certo (1) strive, rival, fight, vie 
concutio, ere, ussi, ussus shake, shatter 
cdnsterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay low, 
strew t 

convexum, i n. hollow, vault, dome 
cruor, oris m. blood, gore 
effor, ari, atus speak out, say, tell 
eruo, ere, ui, utus uproot, overthrow 
exterreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
flatus, us m. blast, wind, blowingf 
frons, ondis /. leaf, foliage, frond* 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus cling (to) 
(dat .) * 

herds, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
horrendus, a, um horrible, dreadful* 
illinc from that side, thencef 
immotus, a, um unmoved, unshaken 
impond, ere, posui, positus place on (dat.) * 
inanis, e empty, idle, useless, vain* 
inceptum, i n. beginning, undertaking 
latex, icis m. liquid, water, wine 
magis more, rather, preferably* 


nigresco, ere, grui turn black, darkenf 
obscenus, a, um foul, filthy, disgusting 
oro (1) pray (for, to), entreat, beseech* 
perago, ere, egi, actus accomplish, finish 
persentio, ire, sensi, sensus perceive, feel 
quantum how much, how greatly, (as 
much) as 

quercus, us /. oak 

radix, icis /. root 

robur, oris n. oak, strength* 

scopulus, i m. rock, cliff, crag* 

secus otherwise, differently 

soror, oris /. sister* 

stipes, itis m. stock, trunk, stem 

stridor, oris m. noise, creaking, roar 

taedet, ere, uit, taesum it weariest 

Tartara, drum n. the underworld, Hades 

tueor, eri, itus (tutus) watch, look at* 

tundo, ere, tutudi, tu(n)sus beat, assail 

turicremus, a, um incense-burningf 

validus, a, um strong, mighty, sturdy 

velut(i) as, just as* 

vero indeed, truly, but 

vertex, icis m. top, peak, head, summit* 

verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change* 

vinum, i n. wine* 

visum, i n . sight, appearance, vision 


441. robore: abl. of quality; App. 
330. 

444. concusso stipite: abl. abs. 

445. ipsa (quercus). 

446. in: toward. 

447. herds (Aeneas). 

450-473. Terrified by omens and dis¬ 


turbed by dreams, Dido determines to die. 

451. taedet (earn). 

452. Quo peragat, (quo) relinquat: 

subjunctives of purpose; App. 388. 

453. aris: dat. with compound. 
454-455. An omen of evil. 

456. effata (est Dido). 





230 THE AENEID, 457-472 

Praeterea fuit in tectis de marmorg templum 
conjugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat, 
velleribus nivels et festa fronde revinctum: 

460 hinc exaudir! voces et verba vocantis 

visa viri, nox cum terras obscura teneret, 
solaque culminibus feral! carmine bubo 
saepe querl et longas in fletum ducere voces; 
multaque praeterea vatum praedicta priorum 
465 terribili monitu horrificant. Agit ipse furentem 

in somnis ferus Aeneas, sempergwe relinqui 
sola sibi, semper longam incomitata videtur 
Ire viam et Tyrios deserta quaerere terra, 
Eumenidum veluti demens videt agmina Pentheus 
470 et solem geminum et duplices se ostendere Thebas, 

aut Agamemnonius scaenls agitatus Orestes, 
armatam facibus matrem et serpentibus atris 


Agamemnonius, a, um of Agamemnon, 
king of Mycenae 

agito (1) drive, hunt, pursue, harass 
armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 
bubo, onis m . (/.) owlf 
carmen, inis n. song, chant, note 
cold, ere, ui, cultus cultivate, honor* 
culmen, inis n. roof, top, peak, summit* 
demens, entis mad, crazy, frenzied 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
duplex, icis double, two-fold 
Eumenides, um /. Furies, avenging 
spiritsf 

exaudio, ire, ivi (ii), itus hear (from) 
fax, facis /. torch, firebrand* 
feralis, e funereal, of death, fateful! 
ferus, a, um wild, savage, fierce* 
festus, a, um festal, festive, holiday 
fletus, us m. weeping, tears, lament 
frons, ondis /. leaf, foliage, frond* 
horrified (1) horrify, terrify, alarm| 
incomitatus, a, um unaccompanied, alone 
marmor, oris n . marble! 
mirus, a, um wonderful, marvelous 
monitus, us m. advice, warning 
niveus, a, um white, snowy 
obscurus, a, um dark, dim, gloomy* 


Orestes, is (ae) m. son of Agamemnon and 
Clytaemnestra; he killed his mother 
for murdering his father and so was 
driven mad by the Furies 
ostendo, ere, i, ntus show, display* 
Pentheus, ei (eos) m. legendary king of 
Thebes, driven mad for opposing the 
worship of Bacchus; he began to see 
everything double, and was finally torn 
to pieces by his mother and aunts! 
praedictum, l n . prophecy, prediction! 
praeterea besides, also, in addition* 
prior, ius former, ancient, prior* 
queror, i, questus complain, (be)wail 
revincio, Ire, vlnxi, vinctus bind, wreathe 
saepe often, frequently, repeatedly* 
scaena, ae /. stage, scene, background 
semper always, ever, repeatedly* 
serpens, entis m. (/.) serpent, snake 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
templum, I n. temple, shrine, sanctu¬ 
ary* 

terribilis, e terrible, terrifying, dire! 
Thebae, arum /. famous Greek city! 
vellus, eris n. fleece, wool! 
velut(I) as, just as* 
verbum, I n. word, speech, talk 


457. templum: a little chapel in honor 
of her dead husband, in accordance with 
a common ancient custom, in tectis: 
probably in the open court within the 
palace. 

460. hinc = ex hoc templo. 

461. viri = conjugis. 

462. culminibus: of the palace, bubo 
(visa est) : another evil omen, and so 


considered by the superstitious even 
today. 

466. in somnis: in her dreams , a not 
uncommon meaning of somnus, especially 
in the plural. 

468. viam: cognate acc.; App. 313. 

471. Orestes: a favorite subject of 
Greek and Roman drama; see the notes 
on III, 331. 




480 


BOOK IV, 473-485 


231 


cum fugit ultricesgwe sedent in limine Dlrae. 

Ergo ubi concepit furias evicta dolore 
decrevitgue mori, tempus secum ipsa modumgue 
exigit, et maestam dictis adgressa sororem 
consilium vultu tegit ac spem fronte serenat: 
“InvenI, germana, viam (gratare sorori) 
quae mihi reddat eum vel ed me sol vat amantem. 
Ocean! flnem juxta solemg'ue cadentem 
ultimus Aethiopum locus est, ubi maximus Atlas 
axem umero torquet stellls ardentibus aptum: 


hint mihi Massylae gentis monstrata sacerdos, 
Hesperidum tempi! custos, epulasg'we draconl 
quae dabat et sacros servabat in arbore ramos, 


475 


r 


485 


adgredior, i, gressus attack, address 
Aethiops, opis m. Ethiopian, African! 
amo (1) love, like, cherish* 
aptus, a, um fitted, equipped, studded! 
arbos (or), oris/, tree; wood(s)* 

Atlas, antis m. god who supported the 
heavens on his shoulders; high moun¬ 
tain in Northwest Africa 
axis, is ra. axle, axis, wheel, vault, sky 
cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
concipio, ere, cepl, ceptus conceive, 
realize! 

consilium, (i)i n. plan, advice; council 
custos, odis ra. (/.) guard(ian), sentinel* 
decerno, ere, crevi, cretus decide! 

Dlrae, arum /. Furies 
dolor, oris ra. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
draco, onis ra. serpent, dragon 
epulae, arum /. feast, banquet, food 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
evinco, ere, vici, victus conquer, master 
exigo, ere, egl, actus work out, plan 
frons, frontis /. front, forehead, face* 
furia, ae /. fury, madness, frenzy 
germana, ae /. sister 

grator, arl, atus congratulate, wish joy 
to (dat.)\ 

Hesperides, um /. daughters of Atlas 
and Hesperia, keepers of a dragon, 


473. in limine: to prevent the escape 
of their victim. 

474-503. Concealing her plans from 
her sister, Dido builds a great funeral 
pyre in the palace court, pretending that 
she is preparing a magic rite which will 
bring back Aeneas or else free her of her 
love for him. 

478. sorori: dat. with gratare, which 
is imp.; App. 297. 


which guarded a magic tree bearing 
golden apples! 

invenio, ire, veni, ventus find, come upon 
juxta close (to), next (acc.)* 
maestus, a, um sad, gloomy, mournful* 
Massylus, a, um of the Massylians, a 
tribe of North Africa 
modus, i m. manner, method, limit* 
monstro (1) show, point out, instruct* 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 

Oceanus, l m. Ocean 
ramus, l m. branch, limb, bough* 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus give back, return, 
render, answer* 

sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 

sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit, settle* 

sereno (1) (make) clear, make serene 

sol, solis m. sun; day* 

solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), free, pay* 

soror, oris /. sister* 

spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 

Stella, ae /. star, constellation 
tego, ere, texi, tectus conceal, cover* 
templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus turn, twist, sway* 
ultimus, a, um last, utmost, farthest, 
remotest* 

ultrix, icis avenging; avenger 

vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 


479. quae reddat, (quae) solvat: sub¬ 
junctives of characteristic; App. 389. 
eum, eo: Dido consciously avoids men¬ 
tioning the name of Aeneas and refers to 
him in the vaguest way possible by using 
the colorless pronoun is rather than one 
more definite, such as ille. 

483. hinc = ex hoc loco, monstrata 
(est). 

485. et (sic) servabat: by means of 
the dragon, the priestess guards the 
magic tree with its golden apples. 





232 THE AENEID, 486-497 

spargens umida mella soporiferumgwe papaver. 
Haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentis 
quas velit, ast alils duras immittere curds, 
sistere aquam fluvils et vertere sldera retro, 

490 nocturnosg'we movet manis: mugire videbis 

sub pedibus terram et descendere montibus ornos. 
Testor, cara, deos et te, germana, tuumque 
dulce caput, magicas invitam accingier artis. 

Tu secreta pyram tecto interiore sub auras 
495 erige, et arma virl thalamo quae flxa rellquit 

impius exuviasgwe omnls lectum que jugalem, 
quo peril, superimponas: abolere nefandl 


aboleo, ere, evi, itus destroy, abolish 
accingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus surround, 
gird(le) 

aqua, ae /. water, waves, flood* 
ars, artis /. art, device, artifice, skill* 
carmen, inis n . song, poem, incantation, 
charm 

earns, a, um dear, beloved, fond* 
descendo, ere, i, ensus descend 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
erigo, ere, rexi, rectus erect, raise 
exuviae, arum /. spoils, relics, mementos 
figo, ere, xi, xus fix, fasten, transfix* 
fluvius, (i)I ra. river, stream 
germana, ae /. sister 
immitto, ere, misi, missus send in (to), 
bring on 

impius, a, um wicked, accursed, disloyal 
interior, ius inner, interior 
invitus, a, um unwilling, reluctant 
jugalis, e of wedlock, matrimonial 
lectus, i m. bed, couchj 
magicus, a, um magicf 


manes, ium ra. (souls of) the dead, Hades* 
mel, mellis n. honey 
mugio, ire, Ivl (ii), itus roar, bellow 
nefandus, a, um unspeakable, unutter¬ 
able 

nocturnus, a, um of the night, nocturnalf 
ornus, i /. ash tree 
papaver, eris n. poppy, poppy juice 
pereo, ire, ii (ivi), itus, perish, die 
promitto, ere, misi, missus promise* 
pyra, ae /. funeral pile, pyref 
retro backward (s), back 
secretus, a, um remote, secret, secluded 
sisto, ere, steti, status stop, stay, set(tle) 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), free, pay* 
soporifer, era, erum sleep-bringingf 
spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 
superimpono, ere, posui, positus lay 
abovef 

testor, ari, atus call to witness, testify 
thalamus, i m. bridal chamber, bed¬ 
room* 

umidus, a, um moist, damp, wet 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change* 


486. soporiferum: used here as a 
purely ornamental general epithet, as a 
sleep-producing food would be the last 
thing in the world for the keeper to give 
to a dragon which was playing the part 
of a watchdog. 

487-488. Haec (sacerdos). mentes 
(a curis) solvere, aliis (mentibus) curas 
immittere. 

489. sistere, vertere: some of the 
stock claims of witches and magicians, 
fluviis: dat. of reference. 

490-491. nocturnos manis : ghosts 
ordinarily appear only at night, terram 
mugire, descendere ornos: through the 
magic power of the priestess. 

492-493. The better classes of Vergil’s 


time condemned the use of witchcraft 
and magic as being unsportsmanlike, 
(me) invitam accingier = accingi: an 
old form of the passive inf., used as a 
middle, with artis as its obj.; App. 
309. 

494. (in) tecto interiore sub auras: in 

the courtyard . 

495. viri: Dido continues to avoid 
mentioning the name of Aeneas; viri here 
possibly means conjugis, as often. 

495-496. thalamo, lectum jugalem: 
Dido persists in her contention that 
Aeneas was actually her husband. See 
11. 172 and 324. 

497. superimponas: vol., equivalent to 
an imp.; App. 254. 




233 


BOOK IV, 498-510 

Y'.tjXU 

cuncta virl mobimenta juvat monstratgwe sacerdos.” 
-\v #— //aec effata sfte/ \Mffor^timiil dC^i^at ora. 
fix ▼ Non tumicn^Annu^iovis pM^exere funera sacrls 

glrmanam crccfi^ nee tantos mente furores -rwMweoo 
cjSTuLeiqj^j concipit aut gfsLVwra ttmoE quam morte Sychael. 
Ergo jussafiparat. iwnfont 

At regina pyra penetrall in sede sub auras 
erecta ingenti taedis atque dice secta, 
intenditgne locum sertis et fronde coronat 
funerea; super exuvias ensemgne relictum 
effigiemgne toro locat haud ignara futuri. 

Stant arae circum et crinis effusa sacerdos 
ter centum tonat ore deos, Erebumgne Chaosgne 




500 


505 


510 


Anna, ae /. sister of Dido 
centum hundred* 

Chaos (nom. and acc.) n. Chaos, (god of) 
the lower world f 

concipio, ere, cepi, ceptus conceive, grasp 
corono (1) crown, wreathe, encircle 
credo, ere, did!, ditus believe, trust ( dat .)* 
crinis, is m. hair, locks, tresses* 
effigies, ei /. image, likeness, effigy 
effor, ari, atus speak out, say, tell 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out; di¬ 
shevel* 

ensis, is m. sword, knife* 

Erebus, i m. Hades, (god of) the lower 
world 

ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
erigo, ere, rexi, rectus erect, raise 
exuviae, arum/, spoils, relics, mementoes 
frons, ondis /. leaf, foliage, frond* 
funereus, a, um funereal, of deathf 
funus, eris n. funeral, death, disaster* 
furor, oris m. madness, frenzy, passion* 
futurum, i n. the futuref 
germana, ae /. sister 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, unaware* 


ilex, icis /. holm-oak 
intendo, ere, i, ntus stretch, cover 
jussum, i n. command, order, behest 
juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
loco (1) place, locate, establish* 
monimentum (monumentum), i n. re¬ 
minder, memorial 

monstro (1) show, point out, instruct* 
occupo (1) seize (beforehand), occupy 
pallor, oris m. paleness, pallorf 
penetralis, e inner, innermost 
praetexo, ere, ui, xtus veil, cover, fringe 
pyra, ae /. funeral pile, pyre 
quam how, than, as* 
sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
seco, are, ui, ctus cut, slice, cleave* 
serta, drum n. wreath, garland 
sileo, ere, ui be silent, hush, be still 
Sychaeus, i m. deceased husband of 
Dido 

taeda, ae /. (bridal) torch, pine (faggot) 
tamen, however, nevertheless, but* 
ter three times, thrice* 
timed, ere, ui fear, dread, be anxious* 
tono, are, ui, itus thunder, roar 
torus, i m. (banqueting) couch, bed* 


498. juvat (me): the subj. is abolere. 
monstrat (mihi). 

500-502. tamen Anna non credit ger- 
manam (Didonem) praetexere funera 
(his) sacris novis, nec (Anna) tantos 
furores (Didonis) concipit mente (sua). 
morte: abl. of time. 

504-521. Dido offers prayers and sac¬ 
rifices to the gods of the lower world. 

504. penetrali in sede = in tecto in- 
teriore: see 1. 494. 

507. super: adverb. 

508. effigiem (Aeneae): Greek and 
Roman magicians commonly thus em¬ 


ployed an image of a person or something 
belonging to him, claiming that thus 
they could affect the one bewitched and 
cause him to suffer a fate similar to that 
experienced by the objects. 

509. crinis: obj. of the middle part, 
effusa; App. 309, a. 

510-511. deos: cognate acc.; App. 
313. The lower world and its deities were 
especially invoked in witchcraft and 
magic rites. ora: apposition with 
Hecaten. tria virginis ora Dianae: in 
apposition with and explanatory of 
tergeminam Hecaten, as the goddess was 
Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and 





234 


THE AENEID, 511-523 


tergeminarngwe Hecaten, tria virginis bra. Dianae. 
Sparserat et latices simulatos fontis Avernl, 
falcibus et messae ad lunam quaeruntur aenis 
pubentes herbae nigri cum lacte veneni; 

515 quaeritur et nascentis equl de fronte revulsus 

et matri praereptus amor. 

Ipsa mola manibusque pits altaria juxta 
unum exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta, 
testatur moritura debs et conscia fati 
520 sldera; turn, si quod non aequo foedere amantis 

curae numen habet justumgwe memory we, precatur. 

Nox erat et placidum carpebant fessa soporem 
corpora per terras, silvaeque et saeva quierant 


aenus, a, um (of) bronze, brazen 
aequus, a, um equal, mutual, just 
altaria, ium n. altar 
amans, antis m. (/.) lover 
Avernus, a, um of Lake Avernus in Italy, 
of the lower world* 

carpo, ere, psi, ptus pluck, consume, take; 
enjoy 

conscius, a, um conscious; confederate 
Diana, ae /. goddess of the chase and the 
moonlight, identified with Hecate 
exuo, ere, ui, utus bare, doff, put off 
falx, falcis /. scythe, sicklef 
foedus, eris n. treaty, agreement, pact 
fons, fontis m. fountain, source, spring 
frons, frontis /. front, forehead, face* 
Hecate, es /. goddess of the lower world, 
identified with Diana t 
herba, ae /. herb(age), grass, plant* 
justus, a, um just, true, righteous, fair 
juxta next, close (to) (acc.)* 
lac, lactis n. milk, juice, sap 
latex, icis m. liquid, water, wine 
luna, ae /. moon, moonlight* 
memor, oris mindful, remembering 
(gen.) * 


meto, ere, messui, messus reap, cutf 
mola, ae /. mealf 
morior, I, mortuus die, perish* 
nascor, i, natus be born, arise* 
niger, gra, grum black, dark, dusky* 
placidus, a, um calm, quiet, kind(ly)* 
praeripio, ere, ui, reptus seize firstf 
precor, ari, atus pray, entreat, invoke* 
pubens, entis growing, vigorous! 
quiesco, ere, evi, etus (become) quiet, 
rest* 

recingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus ungirdle, 
loosen f 

revello, ere, i, vulsus tear (off, up), 
pluck 

saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, raging* 
simulo (1) pretend, simulate, counterfeit 
sopor, oris m. sleep, slumber 
spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 
tergeminus, a, um triple, three-foldf 
testor, ari, atus call to witness, testify 
tres, tria three* 

venenum, i n. poison, drug, venom 
vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 
vinc(u)lum, i n. bond, fastening, cable* 
virgo, inis /. (unmarried) girl, maid(en)* 


Hecate in Hades, and thus was often 
represented by a three-headed statue. 
Observe the interlocked order; App. 442. 

513. ad lunam: at the right time of the 
moon , or by moonlight, aenis : implements 
of bronze, as belonging to an earlier age, 
were much used in magical ceremonies. 

515-516. amor revulsus de fronte nas¬ 
centis equi et praereptus matri, quaeri¬ 
tur: the ancients believed that a tumor, 
called hippomanes, was found on the 
forehead of a colt at its birth. The 
mother of the colt bit this off at once; 
but if she could be forestalled and this 
tumor secured, it made an unusually 


effective love charm (amor), matri: dat. 
with compound. 

517. Ipsa: Dido; see note on ipsa, I, 42. 

518. exuta pedem, recincta: see the 
note on 1. 509 and the one on III, 370. 

520-521. si quod (whatever) numen. 
non aequo foedere amantis: those who love 
on unequal terms , i.e., those whose love is 
unrequited. 

521. curae habet (sibi): cares for; 
curae is dat. of purpose. 

522-553. Dido bewails her fate and 
strengthens her resolve to die. 

523. quie (ve)rant. 




BOOK IV, 524-538 


235 


aequora, cum medio volvuntur sidera lapsu, 
cum tacet omnis ager, pecudes pictae^we volucres, 
quaeque lacus late liquidos quaeque aspera dumls 
rura tenent, somnd positae sub node silent!. 
[Lenlbant curds et corda obllta labdrum .] 

At non infelix animi Phoenissa neque umquam 
solvitur in somnos oculisve aut pedore nodem 
accipit: ingeminant curae rursusgwe resurgens 


saevit amor magnoque irarum fluct 
*S t ca fie S'1 ns i st 1 is ecumque cbrci 


fluctuat aestu. 

le volutat.-^ 5 *^ 


JbiLti En, quid ago ? Rursusne procos inr: 
experiar, JNIomadum(7we petam conubi 


pnores 




hit 



quos ego sim totiens jam ____ *_ 

Ilracas igitmcl^^ataue ufiima Teucrum 

.OW/9M ° a* a. _ . K e/ct . , 


]ussa sequar? Quiane auxilio juv^l ante levatos 


525 


530 


535 


judui-ts .AJ^ryiCrijQ. 


adeo to such an extent, so (greatly) 
aestus, us m. boiling, surge, tide 
ager, gri m. field, country, territory* 
asper, era, erum rough, harsh* 
auxilium, (i)I n. aid, help, assistance* 
conubium, (i)I n. wedlock, marriage 
cor, rdis n. heart; spirit, feelings, soul* 
dedignor, ari, atus disdain, scornf 
dumus, i m. brier, thicketf 
en see! look! behold! 
experior, iri, pertus test, try, learn 
fluctuo (1) fluctuate, wave, surgef 
igit ur therefore, acc ordinglyf 
Iliacus, a, um Trojan, Ilian* 
ingemino (1) (re) double, repeat, increase 
inrideo, ere, si, sus laugh (at), mockf 
insisto, ere, stiti begin, continue! 
ita thus, so, in this way 
jussum, i n . command, order, behest 
juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
lacus, us m. lake, marsh, mere 
lapsus, us m. gliding, slipping, course 
late widely, far and wide 
lenid, ire, ivi (ii), itus soothe, calm 
levo (1) lift, raise, relieve, remove 


526. quaeque . . . quaeque: both (those) 
which , . . and (those) which, dumis: abl. 
of cause with aspera. 

527. (in) somno. positae: middle, 
having lain down . 

528. Lenlbant = leniebant, which can¬ 
not be used in hexameter, oblita (erant). 
laborum: gen. with oblita; App. 288. 

529. animi: loc. or gen. with infelix. 
At non Phoenissa (Dido curas suas 
lenibat). 

534. quid ago = quid agam: with fut. 


liquidus, a, um clear, fluid, liquid! 
maritus, i m. husband 
Nomas, adis m. tribe of North Africa 
obliviscor, i, litus forget (gen.) 
pecus, udis /. animal (of the flock)* 
Phoenissa, ae /. Phoenician (Dido) 
pingo, ere, pinxi, pictus paint, embroider, 
variegate 

prior, ius former, prior, ancient* 
procus, i m. suitor, lover, wooer! 
quia because 

resurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus rise 
again 

rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
rus, ruris n. country, lands, fields 
saevio, ire, ivi (ii), itus rage, storm 
silens, entis silent, still, quiet 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), relax, pay* 
supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
taceo, ere, ui, itus be silent, hush* 
totiens so many times, so often 
ultimus, a, um last, uttermost, utmost* 
umquam ever, at any time 
volucris, is m. (/.) bird, fowl 
voluto (1) revolve, keep turning; ponder 


or subj. meaning, as in II, 322. See App. 
351, 1, c; 348, a. inrisa: only to be laughed 
at; proleptic; App. 440. 

535. experiar, petam: deliberative 
questions; App. 348. 

536. quos sim dedignata: rel. clause 
of characteristic; App. 389. maritos: (as 
prospective) husbands. 

538-539. Quiane = sequar ea jussa 
quia, (eos) juvat (meo) auxilio (se esse) 
ante levatos et apud (eos) memores stat 
gratia (mei) fact!: bitterly ironical. 






236 


540 


THE AENEID, 539-551 


amm.) o/d. * 

et bene apud/memores vetens stat gratia iacti r . 

^ •_- kvi&ez ...n.aMeW-j. _ 




Quis me Mterft, fac vellefsmet ra 


cv-A>‘if /**<*(- 

ifiousgwe superbis 


invisam accipiet? _ iSfescis Aew, perft&a, necdum 

na - ic& 

‘antis? 


SpoiAec't-i — Laomedonteae_ „ 

Quid tumt Sola fuga nautks^cbrffitalo 


or ov£ 


(iCCC«4 




Tyriis omnique manii s^ipata meorum 
^545 t ^5j—inferar et, quos Sldonia vix urbe revelll, -fcfltf*****^ 
rursus agam pelago et ventis dare vela jubebo t 
Qi]Tn mnrprp ut. merita es. ferroaue averte do lorem. 
Tu lacrimis evicta meis, tu prima furentem 
his, germana, malls oneras atque objicis hostl. 

550 Non licuit thalami expertem sine crimine vitam 

degere more ferae, tails nee tangere curds! 




f % 


an whether, or* 
apud among, near, at (acc.) 
autem moreover, however, but* 
averto, ere, i, rsus turn away, avert* 
bene well, rightly, securely, fully 
comitor, ari, atus accompany, attend, 
escort, follow* 

crimen, inis n. crime, guilt, sin; charge 
dego, ere, i spend, passj 
dolor, oris m. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
evinco, ere, vici, victus conquer, over¬ 
come 

expers, rtis free from, without (gen.) f 
factum, i n. deed, achievement, act* 
fera, ae /. wild beast 
germana, ae /. sister 
gratia, ae /. favor, gratitude, gracet 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
infero, ferre, tuli, latus bear (against); 
pass, proceed 

invisus, a, um hated, hateful, odious 
Laomedonteus, a, um of Laomedon, a 
notorious perjurer and founder of Troyf 
licet, ere, uit, itum it is permitted* 
malum, i n. evil, misfortune, trouble* 
memor, oris mindful, remembering (gen.)* 
mereor, eri, itus deserve, earn, merit* 


morior, I, mortuus die, perish* 
mos, moris m. custom, manner, way* 
nauta, ae m. sailor, seaman, mariner 
necdum not yet 

nescio, ire, Ivi (ii) be ignorant, not know 
objicio, ere, jeci, jectus place before, 
expose (dat.) 

onero (1) load, burden, overwhelm 
ovo (1) rejoice, exult, triumph 
perdo, ere, didi, ditus destroy, lose, 
ruinf 

perjurium, (i)i n. perjury, falsehoodf 
quin but that, why not, nay even* 
ratis, is /. raft, ship, boat* 
revello, ere, i, vulsus tear (away, up), 
pluck 

rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
sentio, ire, sensi, sensus perceive, feel 
Sidonius, a, um Sidonian, of Sidon, a 
Phoenician city 
sine without (abl.)* 
sino, ere, sivi, situs allow, permit* 
stipo (1) crowd, attend, throng; stow 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
tango, ere, tetigi, tactus touch, reach* 
thalamus, i m. bridal chamber, bedroom* 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 


540. fac (me) velle (sequi jussa Teu- 
crorum). fac: suppose; imp.; App. 202. 

541. perdita (Dido): addressing herself. 

542. Laomedonteae: see note on III, 
248. 

543. nautas (Teucros) ovantis: cf. 1. 
418, laeti coronas, and note. 

545-546. inferar (middle) et rursus 
agam (Tyrios), quos vix revelll. 

547. Quin morere: nay die , die now. 
She is addressing herself, as in 1. 541. 
morere: imp. 


548. tu prima: Dido blames Anna for 
having first encouraged her to yield 
to her love for Aeneas, (me) furentem. 

549. germana: voc., though of course 
Anna is not present. 

550. thalami expertem: without mar¬ 
riage; App. 287. Non licuit (mihi): 
exclamatory; (alas) that I was not per¬ 
mitted! 

551. more: abl. of manner; like some 
wild creature , alone in the woods, curas 
(amoris). 







BOOK IV, 552-566 


237V 

'W' 

Non servata fides cineri promissa Sychaeo.” 

Tantos ilia suo rumpebat pectore questus: 

Aeneas celsa in puppi jam certus eundi 

carpebat somnos rebus jam rite paratis. 555 

Huic se forma del vultu redeuntis eodem 

obtulit in somnis rursusque ita visa monere est, 

omnia Mercurio similis, vocemque coloremque 

et crinis flavos et membra decora juventae: 

11 Nate dea, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos, 5m 

nec quae te circum stent deinde perlcula cernis, 
demens, nec Zephyros audis spirare secundos? 

Ilia dolos dirumgwe nefas in pectore versat 
certa mori, varios^we irarum concitat aestus. 

Non fugis hinc praeceps, dum praecipitare potestas? 565 
Jam mare turbari trabibus saevasgue videbis 


aestus, us ra. boiling, surge, tide' 
carpo, ere, psi, ptus pluck, consume, take; 
enjoy 

celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 
certus, a, um certain, fixed, sure, reliable, 
determined (on) ( gen .)* 
cinis, eris ra. ashes (of the dead), em¬ 
bers* 

color, oris ra. color, hue, appearancef 
concito (1) excite, arouse, stir (up)f 
crinis, is m. hair, locks, tresses* 
decorus, a, um beautiful, glorious, seemly 
deinde then, thereupon, next* 
demens, entis mad, frenzied, distracted 
dirus, a, um terrible, dire, dreadful* 
dolus, i m. deceit, stratagem, fraud, trick* 
fides, ei /. faith, trust, fidelity* 
flavus, a, um yellow, tawny, blond 
forma, ae /. shape, beauty, form* 
ita thus, so, in this way 
juventa, ae /. youth, young manhood 
membrum, i n. member, limb, body* 
Mercurius, (i)i m. Mercury, messenger 
of the gods 

moneo, ere, ui, itus advise, warn 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 


nefas n. indecl. crime, wickedness, im¬ 
piety* 

obfero, ferre, tuli, latus present, offer 
peric(u)lum, i n. danger, peril, risk 
potestas, atis /. power, ability, chance 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, headforemost* 
praecipito (1) throw (fall) headlong, flee 
promitto, ere, ml si, missus promise* 
questus, us m. complaint, lamentf 
redeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus return 
rite properly, duly, ritually 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break (off), burst 
(forth), utter* 

rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, raging* 
secundus, a, um favorable, second* 
similis, e like, similar ( gen ., dat.)* 
spiro (1) breathe (forth), exhale, blow 
Sychaeus, a, um of Sychaeus, deceased 
husband of Didof 
trabs (trabes), trabis /. beam, ship 
turbo (1) confuse, disturb, agitate* 
varius, a, um varied, different, variable* 
verso (1) keep turning, roll, revolve 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 
Zephyrus, i m. (west) wind 


552. Non servata (est mihi) fides. 

553. rumpebat questus: same con¬ 
struction as rumpit vocem, II, 129. 

554-583. Again urged by Mercury to 
hasten his departure, Aeneas arouses 
his sleeping comrades and hurriedly sails 
away by night. 

554. certus eundi: = certus ire: de¬ 
termined to go; eundi is objective genitive 
of the gerund from eo. 


556. eodem: the same , as in 11. 
238 ff. 

558. omnia: acc. of respect, colorem¬ 
que: hypermetric; App. 402. 

563. Ilia: Dido. 

564. mori: the inf. depends on certa; 
App. 265. 

565. praecipitare (tibi) potestas (est). 
praecipitare: dependent on potestas; 
App. 264. 

566. trabibus (Didonis) = navibus 
Tyriis. 





238 


THE AENEID, 567-582 


570 


575 


580 


conlucere faces, jam fervere lit or a jlammis, 
si te his attigerit terris Ayrora morantem. 

Heia age. rumpe moras. r^murn^ef mutabile semper 
femina.’’ Sic fatus nodi se immiscuit dtrae. 

Turn vero Aeneas subitis exterritus umbris 
corripit e somno corpus sociosque fatigat 
praecipitis: “Vigilate, viri, et considite transtris; 
solvite vela citl. Deus aethere missus ab alto 
festinare fug am tortosgue incidere funis 
ecce iterum instimulat. Sequimur te, sancte deorum, 
quisquis es, imperioque iterum paremus ovan tes. 
Adsis 0 placidusgne juves et sidera caelo ^ 

dextra feras.” Dixit vaginagwe eripit ensem 
fulmineum strictogwe ferit retinacula ferro. 

Idem omnis simul ardor habet, rapiuntgue ruuntque; 
litora deseruere, latet sub classibus aequor, 


aether, eris m. upper air, sky, ether* 
ardor, oris m. ardor, zeal, heatf 
attingo, ere, tigi, tactus touch, reach 
Aurora, ae /. (goddess of) dawn* 
citus, a, um swift, stirred, quick 
conluceo, ere, luxi shine, gleam, glaref 
considd, ere, sedi, sessus sit (down), 

settle, subside* 

corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
ensis, is m. sword, knife* 
exterreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
fatigo (1) worry, weary, harass, rouse 
fax, facis /. torch, firebrand* 
femina, ae /. woman, female 
ferio, ire strike, smite, cut, kill 
ferv(e)o, ere, (bu)i boil, glow 
festino (1) hasten, hurry, speed 
fulmineus, a, um flashing, lightning-likef 
funis, is m. rope, cable, cord 
heia ho! up! come!f 

immisceo, ere, ui, mixtus mingle (in) 

(< dat .) 

incido, ere, i, sus cut (into) 
instimulo (1) goad (on), urge, prickf 
iterum again, anew, a second time* 


juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
lateo, ere, ui lie hid, hide, lurk* 
mora, ae /. (cause of) delay, hindrance* 
moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, hinder* 
mutabilis, e changeable, ficklef 
ovo (1) rejoice, exult, triumph 
pared, ere, ui, itus obey, yield (dat.) 
placidus, a, um calm, kind(ly), quiet* 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, headforemost* 
quisquis, quidquid whoever, whichever, 
whatever 

rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch (up), plunder* 
retinaculum, i n. cable, rope, hawserf 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break (off), burst 
(forth), utter* 

sanctus, a, um holy, sacred, revered* 
semper always, ever, continually* 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), relax, pay* 
stringo, ere, strinxi, strictus brush, draw 
subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, whirl, sway* 
transtrum, i n. rowing bench, thwart 
vagina, ae /. sheath, scabbardf 
varius, a, um varied, different, varia¬ 
ble* 

vero truly, indeed, but 

vigilo (1) awake, wake (up), watchf 


567. fervere: as though of the third 
conjugation, as in 1. 409. flammis 
(tuarum navium). 

568. attigerit: fut. perf. 

569-570. Varium et mutabile (est) 
femina: woman is ever fickle and a 
changeable thing . Observe the gender of 
the adjectives. nocti: dat. with im¬ 
miscuit; App. 298. 

571. umbris: apparition . 


575. (nos) festinare, (nos) incidere. 

576. sancte deorum: holy god; part, 
gen.; App. 286. 

578-579. Adsis, juves, feras: vol. or 
opt.; App. 254, 253. sidera dextra: 

favorable weather . 

581. Idem ardor habet omnis (Teu-. 
cros). rapiuntque ruuntque: alliteration; 
App. 411. 

582. deseruere: instantaneous perfect. 





BOOK IV, 583-597 


239 


adnixi torquent spumas et caerula verrunt. 

Et jam prlma novo spargebat lumine terras 
Tlthon! croceum linquens Aurora cubile. 585 

Regina e speculls ut prlmam albescere lucem 
vldit et aequatis classem procedere veils, 
lltoraque et vacuos sensit sine remige portiis, 
ter que quater que manu pectus percussa decorum 
flaventlsgue abscissa comas “Pro Juppiter! Ibit 590 

hie," ait “et nostrls inluserit advena regnlsf 
Non arma expedient totaque ex urbe sequentur, 
deripientgwe rates alii navalibus? Ite, 
ferte citi flammas, date tela, impellite remos! 

Quid loquor? Aut ubi sum? Quae mentem insania mutat? 595 
Infellx Dido, nunc te facta impia t_angunt? 

Turn decuit, cum sceptra dabas. En dextra fidesgwe, 


abscindo, ere, scidi, scissus tear, cut off 
adnltor, i, sus (nixus) lean (on), strive 
advena, ae m. foreigner, adventurer! 
aequo (1) equal(ize), level, square* 
albesco, ere become white! 

Aurora, ae /. (goddess of) dawn* 
caerula, drum n. the (blue) sea 
citus, a, um quick, excited, swift 
coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses* 
croceus, a, um yellow, saffron, ruddy 
cubile, is n. couch, bed 
decet, ere, uit be becoming, be fitting! 
decorus, a, um beautiful, glorious, 
seemly 

deripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch up, tear 
down 

en see! look! behold! 
expedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus disentangle, pre¬ 
pare, bring forth 

factum, i n. deed, achievement, act* 
fides, ei /. faith, trust, fidelity* 
flavens, entis yellow, tawny, blond! 
impello, ere, puli, pulsus drive on, impel 
impius, a, um wicked, disloyal 


inludo, ere, si, sus mock, flout ( dat .) 
insania, ae /. madness, frenzy, folly 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, forsake* 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say, tell, talk* 
muto (ex) change, transform, alter* 
navalia, ium n. shipyard, arsenalf 
percutio, ere, cussi, cussus strike, shatter 
pro oh! ah! 

prdeedo, ere, cessi, cessus advance 

quater four times 

rates, is /. raft, ship, boat* 

remex, igis m. rower, oarsman, crewf 

sceptrum, i n. scepter, (royal) power 

sentio, ire, sensi, sensus feel, perceive 

sine without (adZ.)* 

spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 

specula, ae /. watch tower, lookout 

spuma, ae f. foam, froth, spray 

tango, ere, tetigi, tactus touch, reach* 

ter three times, thrice* 

Tithonus, i m. husband of Auroraf 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, whirl, sway* 
vacuus, a, um empty, free, deserted 
verro, ere, i, rsus sweep (over), scour 


584-629. Dido’s frenzy increases as 
from her palace window she sees the 
Trojan fleet depart. She again calls 
down curses on Aeneas and his followers 
and prays that some avenger may rise 
from her ashes to punish such perfidy. 

586. e speculls = arce ex summa: 1. 
410. 

587. aequatis velis: the god has sent 
a favorable breeze blowing directly from 
behind. 

588. vacuos: predicate to both litora 
and portus; App. 238, 239. 


589-591. pectus, comas: objects of 
the middle participles percussa and ab¬ 
scissa; App. 309, a. terque quaterque: 
three times , yea even four times , as in I, 94. 
flaventis comas: blondes were much ad¬ 
mired and preferred by the Greeks and 
Romans, inluserit: fut. perf. advena: 
used scornfully, like English adventurer . 

591. hie: pronounce hicc, making a 
long syllable; App. 107, 3, c . 

592. Non(ne) (Tyrii) expedient arma. 

596. facta impia: her unfaithfulness 
to the memory of Sychaeus. 

597. Turn decuit (tua facta impia 




240 THE AENEID, 598-612 

quern secum patrids ajunt portare penatis, 
quem subiisse umeris confectum aetate parentem! 
600 Non potul abreptum divellere corpus et undls 

spargere? Non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro 
Ascanium patrilsque epulandum ponere mensis? 
Verum anceps pugnae fuerat fortiina. — Fuisset: 
quem metul moritura? Faces in castra tulissem 
605 implessemgue foros flammis natumque patremque 

cum genere exstlnxem, memet super ipsa dedissem. 
Sol, qui terrdrum flammis opera omnia lustras, 
tiique hdrum interpres curarum et conscia Juno, 
nocturnisgue Hecate triviis ululata per urbes 
6 io et Dirae ultrlces et di morientis Elissae, 

accipite haec, meritumgwe malls advertite numen 
et nostras audite preces. Si tangere portus 


abripio, ere, ui, reptus tear away, seize 
absumo, ere, mpsl, mptus destroy, con¬ 
sume 

adverto, ere, I, rsus turn to, heed 
aetas, atis /. age, life, time (of life) 
anceps, cipitis doubtful, double 
Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 
castra, orum n. camp, encampment* 
conficio, ere, feci, fectus accomplish; 
wear out 

conscius, a, um conscious; confederate 
Dirae, arum /. Furies 
divello, ere, (vuls)I, vulsus tear in pieces 
Elissa, ae /. Dido, queen of Carthage 
epulor, ari, atus feast (upon), banquet 
exstinguo, ere, inxi, Inctus destroy, blot 
out, extinguish 
fax, facis /. torch, firebrand* 
forus, I m. deck, gangway! 

Hecate, es /. goddess of the lower world, 
identified with Diana 
impleo, ere, evl, etus fill, satisfy* 

tangere te), cum sceptra dabas (Aeneae). 
dextra fidesque (ejus). 

598. ajunt: pronounce ajjunt, making 
the first syllable long by position; App. 
6, b. 

599. quem (ajunt). 

600. Non = nonne, as often. 

602. epulandum: a form of revenge men¬ 
tioned more than once in ancient legend, 
the best-known instance being the famous 
feast where the sons of Thyestes were slain 
and served up to their father in a banquet. 

603. fuerat: mixed condition; App. 
382, d. Fuisset: concessive; {suppose) it 
had been {so) ; App. 384. 

604-606. quem metul moritura: whom 
had I to fear , since I was going to die any- 


interpres, etis m. (/.) interpreter, agent 
lustro (1) survey; traverse; purify* 
malum, I n. evil, sin, misfortune, trouble* 
mensa, ae /. table* 

mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, earn, merit* 
metuo, ere, ui fear, dread, be anxious 
morior, I, mortuus die, perish* 
nocturnus, a, um of the night, noc¬ 
turnal 

opus, eris n. work, achievement, task* 
penates, ium m. household gods* 
porto (1) bear, carry, bring, take* 
prex, precis /. prayer, imprecation, curse* 
pugna, ae /. battle, fight, combat, fray* 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
spargo, ere, rsl, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 
tango, ere, tetigi, tactus touch, reach* 
trivium, (i)I n. junction of three roads, 

crossroads! 

ultrix, icis avenging; avenger 
ululo (1) howl, wail, invoke, shriek 
verum but (yet), truly 

way? castra: where the Trojan ships were 
beached and protected, tulissem, im- 
ple(vi)ssem, exstlnx(iss)em, dedissem: 
/ could have hurled , etc.; the subjunctives 
are best taken as potential; App. 252. 
cum genere (Teucrorum). me dedissem 
(in ignis). 

609. Hecate triviis: Diana of the 
Crossroads , where she was worshipped at 
night by weird cries, howls of dogs, and 
various magical ceremonies. 

612-629. The curse of a dying person 
was supposed to be especially potent 
and almost sure to be fulfilled by the gods. 
Vergil represents this curse as being later 
fulfilled literally in the life and fortunes 
of Aeneas. 




BOOK IV, 613-627 


241 


Infandum caput ac terrls adnare necesse est, 

et sic fata Jovis poscunt, hie terminus haeret: 

at hello audacis populi vexatus et armls, 615 

flnibus extorris, complexu avulsus lull 

auxilium imploret videatque indigna suorum 

funera; nec, cum se sub leges pacis inlquae 

tradiderit, regno aut optata luce fruatur, 

sed cadat ante diem mediaque inhumatus harena. 620 

Haec precor, hanc vocem extremam cum sanguine fundo. 

Turn vos, 0 Tyril, stirpem et genus omne futurum 
exercete odiis, cineri que haec mittite nostro 
munera. Niillus amor populls nec foedera sunto. 

Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor 625 

qul face Dardanios ferroque sequdre colonos, 
nunc, olim, quocumque dabunt se tempore vires. 


adno (1) swim (float) to ( dat .) 
aliquis, qua, quid some (one, thing)* 
audax, acis daring, bold, valiant! 
auxilium, (i)I n. aid, help, assistance* 
avello, ere, (vuls)i, vulsus tear from 
cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
cinis, eris m. ashes (of the dead), embers* 
colonus, i m. settler, colonist, farmer 
complexus, us ra. embrace, grasp 
Dardan(i)us, a, um Dardanian, Trojan* 
exerceo, ere, ui, itus work, harass* 
exorior, iri, ortus (a)rise, spring up 
extorris, e outside, foreign! 
extremus, a, um final, last, extreme* 
fax, facis/. torch, fire (brand)* 
foedus, eris n. treaty, agreement, truce 
fruor, i, fructus (fruitus) enjoy (abl.) 
funus, eris n . funeral, death, disaster* 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus cling (to), 
stand fixed* 

harena, ae /. sand, beach* 

imploro (1) implore, beseech, entreat! 


indignus, a, um unworthy, undeserved 
Infandus, a, um unspeakable, unutterable 
inhumatus, a, um unburied 
iniquus, a, um unequal, unjust, unfair 
lulus, I m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
lex, legis /. law, condition, compact 
necesse indecl. necessary; necessity 
odium, (i)I n. hatred, enmity, grudge 
olim once, formerly, at some time* 
opto (1) choose, desire, hope (for, to)* 
os, ossis n . bone* 

pax, pacis /. peace, favor, agreement 
populus, I m. people, nation, race* 
posco, ere, poposci demand, seek, ask* 
precor, ari, atus pray, entreat, invoke* 
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque 
whoever, whichever, whatever* 
stirps, pis m. (/.) stock, lineage, stem, race 
terminus, i m. boundary, goal, end! 
trado, ere, didi, ditus deliver, transfer! 
ultor, oris m. avenger 
vexo (1) agitate, vex, harass, annoy! 


613. infandum caput = Aeneas. 

615-620. It was customary even up to 
recent times to open at random some 
revered book such as the Bible or the 
Aeneid , and take the first passage meeting 
the eye as a prophecy of the future. It 
is said that Charles I of England once 
tried this and opened the Aeneid at this 
fateful passage; Introd. 9. 

615. audacis populi: this people proved 
to be the Rutulians. 

616. finibus: abl. of separation. 

617-620. imploret, videat, fruatur, ca¬ 
dat: volitives or optatives; App. 254, 
253. luce (vitae), (sit) inhumatus. 


621 ff. Dido’s second prophecy and 
prayer are also framed in such a way as 
to find fulfillment in the Second Punic 
War, when in the “ eternal enmity” be¬ 
tween Rome and Carthage, Hannibal arose 
as Dido’s avenger (ultor) and brought the 
Roman Republic to the verge of ruin. 

624. populis: Rome and Carthage; 
dat. of possession. 

625. Exoriare ( = exoriaris): vol.; App. 
254; rise some avenger! 

626. qui sequare ( = sequaris): rel. 
clause of purpose or of characteristic; 
App. 388, 389. 

627. dabunt se = dabuntur. 




242 


630 


635 

/-M* 

640 




THE AENEID, 628-641 

Lltora lltoribus contraria, fludibus undds 
imprecor, arma armis: pugnent ipsique nepotesgwe. f y -- 
Haec ait, et partis animurn versabat in omnis, ^ 
invisam quaere ns quam primum abrumpere lucem. 

Turn breviter Barcen imtricem adfata Sychaei, 
namque suam patria 'untiqud ciriis dt,er habebat: 

“Annam, cara mihi rmir\x, huc &sfe sororem: 
die corpus properet fluvial! spargere lympha, 
et prudes secum et moristrata piacula ducat. 
me vmiatjtuque ipsa pia tege tempora vitta. 

$acra JoviStygio, quae i rite innepta pardvi, 
perficere est animus jinemque unponeje cuns 
Dardanil que rogurn capitis p&rmittere flammae.” 

Sic ait. Ilia graclum studio celebrabat anlll.oW K 




AJ 




J 


i 


abrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break off 
adfor, ari, atus address, accost* 
anllis, e of an old woman, agedf 
Anna, ae /. sister of Dido 
Barce, es /. nurse of Dido’s deceased 
husband Sychaeusf 
breviter briefly, shortly, concisely 
carus, a, um dear, beloved, fond* 
celebro (1) frequent; repeat; hasten 
cinis, eris ra. ashes (of the dead); tomb* 
contrarius, a, um opposite, opposed 
Dardan(i)us, a, um Trojan, Dardanian* 
fluvialis, e of a stream, flowingf 
gradus, us m. step, gait, pace, stride 
impono, ere, posui, positus place (on, to) 
0 dat .)* 

imprecor, ari, atus imprecate, invokef 
incipio, ere, cepl, ceptus begin, undertake* 
invisus, a, um hated, hateful, odious 
lympha, ae /. water 
mdnstro % (l) show, point out, instruct* 
nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 
nutrix, ids /. nurse 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 


pecus, udis/. animal (of the flock)* 
perficio, ere, feci, fectus finish, complete 
permitto, ere, misi, missus permit, com¬ 
mit 

piaculum, i n. expiation, expiatory offer¬ 
ing f 

propero (1) hasten, hurry, speed 
pugno (1) fight, battle, oppose, contend 
quam how, than, as; quam primum as 
soon as possible* 
rite duly, properly, ritually 
rogus, i m. funeral pyref 
sisto, ere, steti, status stand, station, 
stop 

soror, oris /. sister* 
spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 
studium, (i)i n. desire, zeal, eagerness 
Stygius, a, um Stygian, of the Styx, a 
river in Hades* 

Sychaeus, i m. deceased husband of Dido 
tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, protect* 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
verso (1) keep turning, roll, revolve 
vitta, ae /. fillet, ribbon, band* 


628-629. contraria: with litora, undas 
and arma. pugnent: vol. or opt.; App. 
254, 253. The verse is hypermetric; App. 
402. 

630-705. That nothing may interrupt 
her plan Dido sends away her husband’s 
old nurse Barce and kills herself with 
Aeneas’s sword on top of the pyre. 

631. quam primum: as soon as possible. 

633. suam (nutricem). suam irregu¬ 
larly referring to Dido rather than to the 
subject of the sentence; App. 248, a. 

635. die: imp.; App. 202. (ut) pro¬ 


peret: subj. in indir. disc, for imp.; 
App. 390. spargere: as a ceremony of 
purification. 

637. Sic: with the animals for sac¬ 
rifice, after she has duly purified herself. 
Dido’s real object is to delay the return 
of the nurse and her sister so that she 
may kill herself in the meantime. 

638. Jovi Stygio = Pluto. 

639. est animus (mihi) = volo; App. 
264. Dido is concealing her real purpose. 

640. Dardanii capitis = Aeneas, whose 
name Dido avoids mentioning. 

641. Ilia: Barce, the nurse. 






BOOK IV, 642-657 


243 


At trepida et coeptls immdnibus effera Dido 
sanguineam volvens aciem, macullsgwe trementis 
interfusa genas et pallida morte futura, 
interiora domus inrumpit limina et altos 645 

conscendit furibunda gradus ensemgue recludit 
Dardanium, non hos quaesltam munus in usiis. 

Hie, postquam Iliacas vestls notumgue cubile 
conspexit, paulum lacrimis et mente morata 
incubuitgwe toro dixitque novissima verba: 650 

“ Dulces exuviae, dum fata deusque sinebat, 
accipite hanc animam meque his exsolvite curis. 

Vlxl et quern dederat cur sum fortuna peregl, 
et nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago. 

Urbem praeclaram statul, mea moenia vidi, 655 

ulta virum poends inimlco a fratre recepl, 
felix, heu nimium felix, si litora tantum 


acies, ei/. edge, line, eye(sight)* 
coeptum, l n. undertaking, beginning 
conscendo, ere, i, ensus mount, climb 
conspicio, ere, spexl, spectus see, be¬ 
hold 

cubile, is n. couch, bed 
Dardan(i)us, a, um Trojan, Dardanian* 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
efferus, a, um wild, savage, madf 
ensis, is m. sword, knife* 
exsolvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), freef 
exuviae, arum /. spoils, relics, mementos 
felix, icis happy, fortunate, blessed* 
frater, tris m. brother* 
furibundus, a, um wild, frenziedf 
gena, ae /. cheekf 

gradus, us m. step, gait, pace, stride 
Iliacus, a, um Trojan, Ilian* 
imago, inis /. likeness, image, ghost, soul, 
form* 

incumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus recline on 

C dat .) 

inimicus, a, um hostile, enemy, unfriendly 
inrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break intoj 
interfundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour among, 
suffuse f 


interior, ius inner, interior 
macula, ae /. spot, splotch, stainf 
moror, ari, atus delay, hesitate, hin¬ 
der* 

nimium too (much), excessivelyf 
notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
pallidus, a, um pale, wan, pallid 
paulum (a) little, slightly, somewhat 
perago, ere, egi, actus accomplish, fin- 
. ish 

postquam after (that), when* 
praeclarus, a, um very renownedf 
recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus receive, take* 
recludo, ere, si, sus open, unsheathe 
sanguineus, a, um bloody, bloodshot 
sino, ere, sivi, situs permit, allow* 
statuo, ere, ui, utus set (up), found 
tantum so much, only, merely 
torus, i m. (banqueting) couch, bed* 
tremo, ere, ui tremble, quiver, shake* 
trepidus, a, um trembling, excited 
ulciscor, i, ultus avenge, punish 
usus, us m. use, service, employment 
verbum, i n. word, speech, talk 
vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 
vivo, ere, vixi, victus live, be alive 


642. coeptis: abl. of cause. 

643. aciem (oculorum). 

644. genas: acc. of respect; App. 311. 

645. interiora limina: of the inner 
court, where the pyre had been 
erected. 

647. quaesitum: Dido had apparently 
begged the sword of Aeneas, who had 
given it to her as a keepsake. 


648. Iliacas vestis: some more presents 
from Aeneas; cf. I, 648 ff. 

649. lacrimis et mente: in tearful 
recollection; abl. of manner; App. 328. 

650. novissima: last . 

652. exsolvite (per mortem). 

657. felix (fuissem): implied conclu¬ 
sion of a condition contrary to fact; App. 
382. 





244 


THE AENEID, 658-674 


numquam Dardaniae tetigissent nostra carinae.” 
Dixit, et os impressa toro “Moriemur inultae, 

660 sed moriamur” ait. “Sic, sic juvat Ire sub umbras. 

Hauriat hunc oculls ignem crudelis ab alto 
Dardanus, et nostrae secum ferat omina mortis.” 
Dlxerat, atque illam media inter talia ferro 
conlapsam aspiciunt comites, ensem que cruore 
665 spumantem sparsasgue manus. It clamor ad alta 

atria: concussam bacchatur Fdma per urbem. 
Lamentis gemitu que et £emine5 ululatu 
tecta fremunt, resonat magnls plangoribus aether, 
non aliter quam si immissls ruat hostibus omnis 
670 Karthago aut antlqua Tyros, flammaeque furentes 

culmina perque hominum volvantur perque deorum. 
Audiit exanimis trepidogwe exterrita cursu 
unguibus bra soror foedans et pectora pugnls 
per medios ruit, ac morientem nomine clamat: 


aether, eris m. upper air, sky, ether* 
aliter otherwise, differently* 
altum, i n. the deep (sea); heaven 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, behold* 
atrium, (i)i n. hall, court, atrium 
bacchor, ari, atus rave, rush wildly 
carina, ae/. keel; ship, boat* 
clamo (1) shriek, cry (out), call (on)f 
concutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake, shatter 
conlabor, I, lapsus fall in a heap, faint 
crudelis, e cruel, harsh, bloody* 
cruor, oris m. blood, gore 
culmen, inis n. roof, peak, summit, top* 
Dardan(i)us, (i)I ra. Trojan, Dardanian* 
Dardan(i)us, a, um Trojan, Dardanian* 
ensis, is m. sword, knife* 
exanimis, e breathless, lifelessf 
exterreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
femineus, a, um feminine, of women 
foedo (1) pollute, defile, disfigure 
fremo, ere, ui, itus shout, roar, groan* 
gemitus, us ra. groan, roar, lament* 
haurio, ire, hausi, haustus drain, drink 
(in) 

homo, inis m. (/.) man, human, mor¬ 
tal* 


hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
immitto, ere, misi, missus let in, send in 
imprimo, ere, pressi, pressus press 
(upon), imprintf 

inultus, a, um unavenged, unpunished 
juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
Karthago, inis /. city of North Africa 
lamenta, orum n. lamentation, shriekf 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 
numquam never, at no time 
omen, inis n. portent, omen, sign* 
plangor, oris m. wailing, beating (of 
breast) 

pugnus, i m. fistf 
quam how, than, as* 
resono (1) (re)sound, roar 
soror, oris /. sister* 
spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
tango, ere, tetigi, tactus touch, reach* 
torus, i m. (banqueting) couch, bed* 
trepidus, a, um trembling, excited 
Tyrus (os), i /. city of Phoenicia, birth¬ 
place of Dido 

ululatus, us m. wail, shriek, howl, shoutf 
unguis, is m. nail, clawf 


659. os: obj. of the middle part, im¬ 
pressa; a farewell kiss. 

660. Sic, sic: possibly Dido stabs 
herself with each sic. 

661-662. Hauriat, ferat: volitives; 
App. 254. Dardanus = Aeneas, omina: 
which will bring him continual sorrow 
and misfortune. 

663. ferro: abl. of means. 


667. femineo ululatu: hiatus; App. 399. 

669. quam si ruat: conditional clause 
of comparison; App. 383. 

670. Tyros: nom. sing., a Greek form; 
App. 67. 

671. culmina (tectorum Didonis). 

672. cursti: abl. of manner. 

673. ora foedans et pectora: as an ex¬ 
pression of grief. 





A Roman Peristyle 

The court of a Roman house in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, 
around which the antiquities of the Museum are exhibited 






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BOOK IV, 675-691 


245 


“Hoc illud, germana, fuitf Me fraude petebds? 675 

Hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc ignes araeque parabant? 

Quid primum deserta querar? Comitemne sororem 
sprevisti moriens? Eadem me ad fata vocasses: 
idem ambas ferro dolor atque eadem hora tulisset. 

His etiam struxi manibus patriosque vocavi 680 

voce deds, sic te ut positd, crudelis, abessem? 

Exstinxti te meque, soror, populumgwe patresque 
Sidonios urbemque tuam. Date, vulnera lymphls 
abluam et, extremus si quis super halitus errat, 
ore legam.” Sic fata gradus evaserat altos, 685 

semianimemgue sinu germanam amplexa fovebat 
cum gemitu atque atros siccabat veste cruores. 

Ilia gravis oculos conata attollere rursus 
deficit; Inflxum stridit sub pectore vulnus. 

Ter sese attollens cubitogwe adnixa levavit, 690 

ter revoluta toro est oculisque errantibus alto 


abluo, ere, ul, utus wash (off) 
absum, esse, afui be away, be distant 
adnitor, i, sus (nixus) lean on, struggle 
ambo, ae, 6 both 

amplector, I, plexus embrace, enfold* 
attollo, ere lift, rear, raise* 

Conor, ari, atus attempt, try, endeavor 
crudelis, e cruel, bloody, hardhearted* 
cruor, oris m. blood, gore 
cubitum, l n. elbow, armf 
deficio, ere, feci, fectus fail, faint 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
dolor, oris m. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
etiam also, even* 

evado, ere, si, sus go forth (from), pass over 
exstinguo, ere, inxi, inctus blot out, 
destroy, extinguish 
extremus, a, um, final, last, extreme* 
foveo, ere, fovi, fotus fondle, cherish 
fraus, fraudis /. deceit, guile, fraudf 
gemitus, us m. groan, roar, lament* 
germana, ae /. sister 
gradus, us m. step, gait, pace, stride 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
halitus, us m. breath, exhalation! 


hora, ae /. hour, season, time 
infigo, ere, xi, xus fix, pierce, fasten 
iste, ta, tud that (of yours)* 
lego, ere, legi, lectus choose, gather, catch* 
levo (1) lift, lighten, raise, relieve 
lympha, ae /. water 
morior, i, mortuus die, perish* 
populus, i m. people, nation, race* 
queror, i, questus complain, (be)wail 
revolvo, ere, i, volutus roll over, revolve 
rogus, i m. funeral pyre 
rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
semianimis, e half-dead, dyingf 
sicco (1) dry, stanchf 
Sidonius, a, um Sidonian, of Sidon, a city 
of Phoenicia 

sinus, us m. fold; bosom; bay; hollow* 
soror, oris /. sister* 

sperno, ere, sprevi, spretus scorn, reject 
strid(e)o, ere, i hiss, gurgle, rustle 
struo, ere, struxi, structus build, plan 
ter three times, thrice* 
torus, Im. (banqueting, funeral) couch, bed* 
vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 


675-676. Hoc, hoc: pronounce hocc, 
making a long syllable. Hoc (fuit) illud 
(quod parabas): was this (your own death) 
that which you were 'planning? 

677. Quid querar: deliberative ques¬ 
tion; App. 348. 

678-679. voca(vi)sses, tulisset: best 
taken as optatives; App. 253. 

680. struxi (tuum rogum). 

681. ut abessem: purpose; App. 359. 

682. Exstinx(is)ti, 


684. (ut) abluam: an obj. clause, 
super: adv. 

685. ore legam: it was a Roman cus¬ 
tom to catch with a kiss the last breath 
of a dying kinsman or friend, gradus: 
of the funeral pyre. 

686. semianimem: pronounce sem- 
janimem here; App. 401. 

689. stridit: from the gurgling blood. 

690. cubito: abl. of means with adnitor, 

691. (in) toro. 




246 THE AENEID, 692-705 

quaeslvit caeld lucem ingemuitgwe reperta. 

Turn Jiino omnipotens longum miserata dolorem 
difficilisgite obitus Irim demlsit Olympo 
695 quae luctantem animam nexos que resolveret artus. 

Nam quia nec fato merita nec morte perlbatQ 
sed misera ante diem subito^ue accensa furore, 
nondum illi flavum Proserpina vertice crinem 
abstuterat Stygiogue caput damnaverat Oreo. 

700 Ergo Iris croceis per caelum roscida pennis 

mille trahens varios adverso sole colores 
devolat et supra caput astitit. “ Hunc ego Diti 
sacrum jussa fero teque isto corpore solvo.” 

Sic ait et dextra crinem secat : omnis et una 
705 dilapsus calor atque in ventos vita recessit. 


accendo, ere, I, ensus inflame, burn 
adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
artus, us m. joint, limb, member* 
a(d)sto, are, stiti stand (ready, by)* 
aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus take away 
calor, oris m. heat, warmth, glow 
color, oris m. color, hue, tint 
crinis, is m. hair, locks, tresses* 
croceus, a, um yellow, saffron, ruddy 
damnd (1) condemn, sentence, doom, de- 
votet 

demitto, ere, misi, missus send down, let 
go, drop, lower* 
devoid (1) fly downf 
difficilis, e difficult, hard, painfulf 
dilabor, i, lapsus glide away, departf 
Dis, Ditis ra. Pluto, god of the lower 
world f 

dolor, oris, m. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
flavus, a, um yellow, tawny, blond 
furor, oris m. madness, frenzy, passion* 
ingemo, ere, ui groan, roar, lament 
Iris, (id) is /. goddess of the rainbow, 
messenger of Junof 
iste, ta, tud that (of yours)* 
luctor, arl, atus struggle, wrestle 
mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, earn, merit* 
mille; pi. milia, ium n. thousand* 
miseror, ari, atus pity, commiserate* 


necto, ere, nexui, nexus weave, fasten, 
bind 

nondum not yet 

obitus, us m. death, downfall, ruinf 
Olympus, i m. high Greek mountain, 
home of the gods; heaven 
omnipotens, entis almighty, omnipotent 
Orcus, i m. (god of) the lower world, 
Hades 

penna, ae /. wing, feather 
pereo, ire, ii (ivi), itus perish, die 
Proserpina, ae /. Pluto’s queen, goddess 
of the lower world f 
quia because 

recedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart, with¬ 
draw 

reperio, ire, repperi, repertus find 
resolvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), free 
roscidus, a, um dewyf 
seed, are, ui, ctus cut, cleave, slice* 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), free, pay* 
Stygius, a, um Stygian, of the Styx, a 
river in Hades* 

subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected 
supra above, over (acc.) 
una together, at the same time 
varius, a, um varied, different, diverse* 
vertex, icis m. top, peak, head, sum¬ 
mit* 


692. reperta (luce): abl. abs. 

695. nexos (animae). resolveret: rel. 
clause of purpose; App. 388. For the 
thought see the note on 1. 385. 

696. fato: natural death was supposed 
to be occasioned by a decree of the 
gods. 

698. illi: dat. of reference. Proser¬ 
pina: she was supposed to cut a lock 
from the head of the dying, as a sort 


of offering to the gods of the lower 
world. 

701. The rainbow, adverso sole: abl. 
abs. denoting cause. 

702-703. Hunc (crinem). ego jussa 
(a Junone). isto = tud, as often. 

705. in ventos: the soul was identified 
with the breath, anima, spiritus (cf. the 
English word spirit) and at death van¬ 
ished into the air. 




BOOK V 


INTEREA medium Aeneas jam classe tenebat 
certus iter fluctusque atros Aquilone secabat 
moenia respiciens, quae jam infelicis Elissae 
conlucent flammis. Quae tantum accenderit ignem 
causa latet; duri magno sed amore dolores 5 

polluto, notumg^e furens quid femina possit, 
trlste per augurium Teucrorum pectora ducunt. 

Ut pelagus tenuere rates nec jam amplius ulla 

occurrit tellus, maria undique et undique caelum, 

olli caeruleus supra caput astitit imber 10 


accendo, ere, i, ensus inflame, kindle 
amplius more, farther 
Aquilo, onis m. (north) wind 
a(d)sto, are, stitl stand (ready, by)* 
augurium, (i)I n. portent, prophecy 
caerul(e)us, a, um dark (blue)* 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, occasion* 
certus, a, um certain, determined, fixed* 
conluceo, ere shine (brightly), glare 
dolor, oris m. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
Elissa, ae /. Dido 
femina, ae /. woman, female 
imber, bris m. rain, cloud, storm, flood 


interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
lateo, ere, ui lie hid, hide, lurk* 
notum, i, n. knowledge 
occurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus (run to) 
meet ( dat .) 

polluo, ere, ui, utus defile, outrage, pro¬ 
fane 

ratis, is /. raft, ship, boat* 
respicio, ere, spexi, spectus look (back) 
at* 

seco, are, ui, ctus cut, cleave, slice* 
supra above, over ( acc .) 
undique on (from) all sides* 


1-41. On sailing from Carthage for 
Italy, Aeneas is driven by a tempest to 
Drepanum in Sicily, where Anchises had 
died the previous year. King Acestes 
again hospitably receives the Trojans. 

The fifth book of the Aeneid forms a 
restful episode in the midst of the stirring 
action of the poem. This episode, with 
its somewhat tedious account of the 
games, does not serve any useful purpose 
in advancing the plot of the poem and may 
be omitted with less loss than any other 
of the six books. The fifth book, how¬ 
ever, gives the poet a fine opportunity to 
develop the character of his hero as pius 
Aeneas, as here displayed in his deep 
devotion to the memory of his dead 
father. This is the best justification for 
the episode. It also furnishes an inter¬ 


esting picture of an ancient athletic 
contest. 

1. Interea: while Dido carries out her 
plan to commit suicide. 

2. Aquilone: with atros: specific 
(north wind) for the general (wind), and 
really inapplicable here since the Trojans 
were sailing north. As often, the poet 
sacrifices logical consistency for the sake 
of vividness or metrical convenience. 

4- 5. Quae causa accenderit: indir. 
quest.; App. 349. 

5- 7. duri magno sed amore, etc.: but 

the harsh sufferings when a great love is 
profaned and the knowledge (of) what a 
love-crazed woman may do lead the hearts 
of the Trojans through gloomy forebodings . 

amore polluto: from Dido’s point of 
view; abl. abs. quid possit: indir. 




248 


THE AENEID, 11-25 


noctem hiememg'we ferens et inhorruit unda tenebris. 
Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ab alta: 

“ Heu quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi? 
Quidve, pater Neptune, paras? ” Sic deinde locutus 
15 colligere arma jubet validlsgwe incumbere remis, 
obliquatgwe sinus in ventum ac talia fatur: 
“Magnanime Aened, non, si mihi Juppiter auctor 
spondeat, hoc sperem Italiam contingere caelo. 
Mutati transversa fremunt et vespere ab atro 
20 consurgunt venti, atque in nubem cogitur aer. 

Nec nos obniti contra nec tendere tantum 
sufficimus. Superat quoniam Fortuna, sequamur, 
quoque vocat vertamus iter. Nec litora longe 
fida reor fraterna Erycis portusque Sicanos, 

25 si modo rite memor servata remetior astra.” 


aer, aeris m. air, mist, fog 
aether, eris, acc. era, m. upper air, sky* 
astrum, I n. star, constellation* 
auctor, oris m. founder, originator, 
sponsor 

cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus surround, 
gird(le)* 

cogo, ere, coegi, coactus force (together)* 
colligo, ere, legi, lectus collect, gather 
consurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus risef 
contingo, ere, tigi, tactus, touch, reach* 
contra against, opposite (acc.); in op¬ 
position* 

deinde then, thence, thereupon* 

Eryx, ycis m. son of Venus and half- 
brother of Aeneas; settled in Sicily 
fidus, a, um faithful, safe, trustworthy* 
fraternus, a, um fraternal, of a brother 
fremo, ere, ui, itus roar, groan, shout* 
gubernator, oris m. pilot, helmsman 
hiems, emis /. winter, storm* 
incumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus recline on, 
bend to (dat.) 

inhorresco, ere, horrui grow rough, shud¬ 
der 

iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
longe (from) afar, far off* 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say, tell, talk* 
magnanimus, a, um noble, great-souled 


memor, oris mindful, remembering (gen.)* 
modo only, (just) now 
muto (1) (ex)change, transform, alter* 
Neptunus, i m. Neptune, god of the sea* 
nimbus, i m. (storm) cloud, rainstorm* 
nubes, is /. cloud, mist, fog* 
obllquo (1) turn sideways, slope, slantf 
obnltor, i, sus (nixus) lean against, 
struggle 

Palinurus, i m. Trojan pilot* 
quianam why? wherefore?! 
quoniam since, because 
remetior, iri, mensus remeasure, retrav¬ 
erse 

reor, rerl, ratus suppose, think, reckon 
rite duly, correctly, ritually 
Sicanus, a, um Sicilian, of Sicilyf 
sinus, us m. fold (of sails); bosom, bay* 
spero (1) hope (for, to), expect, suppose* 
spondeo, ere, spopondi, sponsus promise, 
vouch for| 

sufficio, ere, feci, fectus suffice, be able 
supero (1) surmount, overcome, survive* 
tenebrae, arum /. darkness, gloom 
transversa adv. crosswise, athwart (one’s 
course) t 

validus, a, um strong, powerful, stout 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change* 
vesper, eris (eri) m. evening (star), west 


quest., in apposition with notum; App. 
349. pectora = animos, mentis. 

15-16. arma (navium) = vela, etc. si¬ 
nus (velorum). 

17. auctor: (as) guarantor. 

18. spondeat: less vivid fut. condition; 
App. 381. sperem: conclusion. 

20. cogitur aer: the ancients thought 


that clouds were composed of condensed 
air. 

23. litora (abesse): indir. statement 
with reor; App. 263. 

24. fraterna = fratris tui. 

25. servata astra: previously observed , 
i.e., on their voyage from Sicily to Car¬ 
thage. 




BOOK V, 26-40 


249 


Turn pius Aeneas: “Equidem sic poscere ventos 
jamdudum et frustra cerno te tendere contra. 

Flecte viam veils. An sit mihi gratior ulla, 

quove magis fessas optem demittere navis, 

qnam quae Dardanium tellus mihi servat Acesten 30 

et patris Anchlsae gremio complectitur ossa?” 

Haec uhi dicta, petunt portiis et vela secundi 
intendunt Zephyr!; fertur cita gurgite classis, 
et tandem laetl notae advertuntur harenae. 

At procul ex celso miratus vertice montis 35 

adventum socias^we rates occurrit Acestes, 
horridus in jaculls et pelle Libystidis ursae, 

Troia Criniso conceptum flumine mater 

quern genuit. Yeterum non immemor ille parentum 

gratatur reduces et gaza laetus agrestl 40 


adventus, us m. arrival, approach f 
adverto, ere, i, rsus turn to ( dat .) 
agrestis, e of the fields, rustic 
an whether, or* 

celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 
citus, a, um quick, swift, excited 
complector, I, plexus embrace, hold 
concipio, ere, cepi, ceptus conceive 
contra opposite, against, in opposition* 
Crinlsus, i m, river (god) of Sicilyf 
Dardanius, a, um Trojan, Dardanian* 
demitto, ere, misi, missus send down, 
land, lower, drop* 
equidem indeed, surely, truly* 
flecto, ere, flexi, flexus bend, turn 
flumen, inis n. river, stream, flood* 
frustra in vain, uselessly, ineffectually* 
gaza, ae /. treasure, wealth 
gigno, ere, genui, genitus beget, bear 
grator, arl, atus congratulate, wish joy 
to 

gratus, a, um agreeable, welcome 
gremium, (i)i n. bosom; lap; embrace 
gurges, itis m. whirlpool, deep sea* 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 
horridus, a, um rough, bristling 


immemor, oris unmindful, forgetful 
intendo, ere, I, ntus stretch, strain 
jaculum, I n. spear, dart 
jamdudum long since, for some time 
Libystis, idis /. Libyan, of Libya, a 
country of North Africaf 
magis more, rather, preferably* 
miror, ari, atus wonder (at), admire* 
notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
occurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus (run to) 
meet 

opto (1) choose, desire, hope (for, to)* 
os, ossis n. bone* 
pellis, is /. skin, hide, pelt 
posco, ere, poposcl demand, seek, re¬ 
quire, ask (for, to)* 
quam how, than, as* 
ratis, is /. raft, ship, boat* 
redux, ucis led back, returned, restored 
secundus, a, um second, favorable* 
socius, a, um allied, fellow, friendly 
Troius, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
ursa, ae /. she-bearf 
vertex, icis m. top, peak, head* 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 
Zephyrus, i m. (west) wind 


27. cerno: of a past action continuing 
into the present; I (have long perceived 
and still) perceive; App. 351, 1, b. 

28. veils: abl. of means, ulla (tellus) 
sit: potential; App. 252. 

29. quo optem: rel. clause of charac¬ 
teristic; App. 389. quo = ad quam. 

30. quam (than) tellus quae. 

33. gurgite = unda: abl. of route; 
App. 338. 


36. occurrit (illls). 

37. pelle: commonly worn in earlier 
times. 

38. mater: Egesta or Segesta. Crl- 
niso flumine: abl. of source; App. 

323. 

39. Veterum parentum: his ancestry , 
which makes him related to Aeneas and 
the other Trojans. 

40. (Teucros) reduces. 





250 


THE AENEID, 41-54 


excipit, ac fessos opibus solatur amlcis. 

Postera cum primo stellas Oriente fugarat 
clara dies, socids in coetum litore ab omni 
advocat Aeneas tumullgue ex aggere fatur: 

45 “Dardanidae magni, genus alto a sanguine divum, 

annuus exactls completur mensibus orbis, 
ex quo relliquias divlni que ossa parentis 
condidimus terra maestasgwe sacravimus ards. 
Jamque dies, nisi fallor, adest, quem semper acerbum, 
50 semper honoratum ( sic di voluistis ) habebo. 

Hunc ego Gaetulis agerem si Syrtibus exsul, 
Argolicoye marl deprensus et urbe Mycenae, 
annua vota tamen sollemnisgwe ordine pompas 
exsequerer strueremgwe suis altaria donis. 


acerbus, a, um bitter, grievous, harsh 
advoco (1) call (to), summon, invite! 
agger, eris m. mound, embankment 
altaria, ium n. altar 
amicus, a, um friendly, kind(ly)* 
annuus, a, um annual, yearly! 

Argolicus, a, um Argive, Greek 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
coetus, us m. assembly, throng, troop 
compleo, ere, evi, etus fill, complete 
condo, ere, didi, ditus establish, found; 
hide, bury* 

Dardanides, ae m. descendant of Dar- 
danus, Trojan 

depre(he)ndo, ere, i, ensus seize, catch! 
divinus, a, um divine, sacred, sainted 
exactus, a, um completed; learned 
excipio, ere, cepi, ceptus receive, reply 
exsequor, i, secutus fulfil, perform 
exsul, ulis m. (/.) exile, refugee 
fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus deceive, trick* 
fugo (1) rout, put to flight, disperse 
Gaetulus, a, um Gaetulian, of the Gae- 
tuli, a North African tribe 
honoro (1) honor, respect, venerate, 
revere f 

maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 


mensis, is m. month 
Mycenae (a), arum (ae),/. city of Greece, 
capital of Agamemnon 
nisi, ni if not, unless* 
ops, opis /. help, wealth, resources, 
power* 

orbis, is m. circle, circuit, orb(it), earth* 
ordo, inis m. order, rank, succession* 
Oriens, entis m. East, dawn 
os, ossis n. bone* 

pompa, ae/. (solemn) procession, festival! 
posterus, a, um later, following 
re(l)liquiae, arum /. remains, remnant, 
leavings, relics 

sacro (1) consecrate, dedicate, hallow* 
semper always, ever, continually* 
sollemnis, e solemn, annual, stated 
solor, ari, atus console, comfort, solace 
Stella, ae /. star, constellation 
struo, ere, struxi, structus heap up, 
build 

Syrtis, is /. sand-banks off the northern 
coast of Africa 

tamen however, nevertheless, but* 
tumulus, i m. mound, tomb* 
votum, i n. vow, prayer, (votive) of¬ 
fering* 


42-71. Announcement of the funeral 
games in honor of Anchises, and the 
prizes for the various contests. 

42. fuga(ve)rat. 

44. tumulique ex aggere: as Roman 
generals in Vergil’s day addressed their 
troops from a mound thrown up for the 
occasion. 

45. genus (ortum): a race sprung. 

46. exactls mensibus: abl. abs. 

47. ex quo (tempore): since . divlni: 


Anchises was thought of as having ac¬ 
quired sanctity after death. 

50. sic di voluistis: one of the many 
examples of the unquestioning faith of 
the hero and his pious resignation to the 
will of the gods who do all things well. 

51-52. Hunc (diem). (in) Gaetulis. 
(in) Syrtibus. (in) mari, (in) urbe. 
Mycenae: appositional gen.; App. 281; 
this word usually has the plural form. 

54. exsequerer strueremque: con¬ 
clusions of implied condition contrary to 




BOOK V, 55-68 


251 


Nunc ultro ad cineres ipslus et ossa parentis 55 

haud equidem sine mente, reor, sine numine dlvum 
adsumus et portus delatl intramus amlcos. 

Ergo agite et laetum cunctl celebremus honorem: 

poscamus ventos, atque haec me sacra quotannls 

urbe velit posita templls sibi ferre dicatls. 60 

Bina bourn vdbis Trojd generatus Acestes 

dat numero capita in navis; adhibete penatis 

et patrios epulis et quos colit hospes Acestes. 

Praeterea, si nona diem mortalibus almum 

Aurora extulerit radiis^we retexerit orbem, 65 

prlma citae Teucrls ponam certamina classis; 

qulque pedum cursu valet, et qul vlribus audax 

aut jaculo incedit melior levibusgwe sagittis, 


adhibeo, ere, ui, itus invite (to), employ! 
almus, a, um kind(ly), nurturing 
amicus, a, um friendly, kind(ly)* 
audax, acis daring, bold, valiant 
Aurora, ae /. (goddess of the) dawn* 
bin!, ae, a two (each), by twos 
bos, bovis m. (/.) bull, ox, cow 
celebro (1) throng, solemnize, celebrate 
certamen, inis n. contest, struggle* 
cinis, eris m. ashes (of the dead), em¬ 
bers* 

citus, a, um quick, swift, excited 
colo, ere, ui, cultus cultivate, honor* 
defero, ferre, tull, latus bring (down, to 
land), convey 

dico (1) consecrate, dedicate, proclaim 

effero, ferre, extull, elatus bring out, 
raise* 

epulae, arum /. banquet, feast 
equidem indeed, truly, surely* 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
generatus, a, um born, descended! 
hospes, itis m. host, guest, stranger 


fact; App. 382. suls: irregularly re¬ 
ferring to altaria instead of to the subject; 
App. 248, a. 

56. haud sine mente (divdrum): i.e., 
by the will of the gods . 

57. adsumus et intramus: hysteron 
proteron; App. 429. intramus: histori¬ 
cal present; App. 351, 1, a. 

59-60. poscamus ventos: vol.; App. 
254; they are to pray to the manes of 
Anchises for favorable winds when they 
get ready to leave. atque (ut pater 
Anchises) velit, urbe posita, me ferre 
quotannls haec sacra templls dicatls sibi: 
the reference is to the parentalia, an 
annual Roman festival in honor of the 


incedo, ere, cessl, cessus go, stride 
intro (1) enter, penetrate 
jaculum, I n. dart, spear 
levis, e light, swift, slight, quick 
melior, ius better, superior, preferable 
mortalis, e mortal, human, earthly* 
nonus, a, um ninth! 
numerus, I m. number, multitude* 
orbis, is m. circle, circuit, orb(it), earth* 
os, ossis n . bone* 
penates, ium m. household gods* 
posed, ere, poposcl demand, seek, ask* 
praeterea besides, in addition, further¬ 
more* 

quotannls annually, yearly! 
radius, (i)I m. spoke, rod, ray 
reor, rerl, ratus suppose, think, reckon 
retego, ere, texl, tectus unveil, reveal 
sagitta, ae /. arrow, shaft, bolt 
sine without ( abl .)* 

templum, I n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 

ultro further, voluntarily* 

valeo, ere, ui, itus be strong, be able 


dead. The ut-clause is object of pos¬ 
camus; App. 360. 

61. Troja: abl. of origin with genera¬ 
tus; App. 323. 

62-63. numero: abl. of respect with 
bina; App. 325. adhibete epulis et 
patrios penatis et (penatis) quos Acestes 
colit. 

64-65. nona Aurora: referring to the 
Roman ceremonies of the novemdiale, a 
festival celebrated in honor of the de¬ 
ceased nine days after the funeral. 

66. prlma: first of all. 

67. qul: their antecedents are indi¬ 
cated in cunctl of 1. 70. 

68. incedit: more picturesque than est. 




252 THE AENEID, 69-81 

sell crudo fidit pugnam committere caestu, 

70 cunctl adsint merita eque exspectent praemia palmae. 
Ore favete omnes et cingite tempora ramls.” 

Sic fatus velat materna tempora myrto. 

Hoc Helymus facit, hoc aevl maturus Acestes, 
hoc puer Ascanius, sequitur quos cetera pubes. 

75 Ille e concilio multls cum milibus lb at 

ad tumulum magna medius comitante caterva. 

Hlc duo rite mero libans carchesia Baccho 
fundit humi, duo lacte novo, duo sanguine sacro, 
purpureosgwe jacit flores ac talia fatur: 
so “Salve, sancte parens, iterum salvete, recepti 

nequiquam cineres animaeque umbraeque paternae. 


aevum, I n. age, time, life, eternity 
Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 

Bacchus, i m . (god of) wine 
caestus, us m. boxing-glove, gauntlet, 
made of a thong of raw-hide with balls 
of lead or iron fastened in; wrapped 
around the hands of the boxerf 
carchesium (i)I n. cup, gobletf 
caterva, ae /. troop, band, crowd 
ceterus, a, um rest, remaining, other(s) 
cingo, ere, clnxi, cinctus surround, 
gird(le)* 

cinis, eris ra. ashes (of the dead), embers* 
comito (1) accompany, attend, escort 
committd, ere, misi, missus join, begin 
concilium, (i)I n. assembly, council 
crudus, a, um raw, rough, untannedf 
duo, ae, o two* 

exspecto (1) expect, await, tarry, hope 
(for)* 

faveo, ere, favl, fautus favor, befriend 
fldo, ere, fisus sum trust (in) ( dat ., abl.)* 
flos, floris m. flower, blossom, bloom 
Helymus, i m. Sicilian leaderf 
humus, l f. ground, soil, earth* 
iterum again, anew, a second time* 
jacio, ere, jeci, jactus throw, hurl 


lac, lactis n. milk 
libo (1) pour (as a libation), offer 
maternus, a, um of a mother, maternal 
maturus, a, um mature, grown, ripe, ad¬ 
vanced! 

mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, earn, merit* 
merus, a, um pure, unmixed 
mille; pi. milia, ium n. thousand* 
myrtus, i (us) /. myrtle, a tree sacred to 
Venus and to the dead 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly* 
palma, ae /. palm, hand, prize* 
paternus, a, um of one’s father, paternal 
praemium, (i)i n. reward, prize* 
pubes, is /. youth, (group of) young 
men* 

pugna, ae /. battle, fight, combat, fray* 
purpureus, a, um purple, crimson 
ramus, i m. branch, limb, bough* 
recipid, ere, cepl, ceptus get back, save* 
rite duly, correctly, ritually 
salved, ere be well, hail, farewellf 
sanctus, a, um sacred, blessed, sainted* 
sive, seu or (if), whether 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
tumulus, i m. mound, tomb* 
velo (1) veil, cover, wrap, wreathe 


69. caestu: the ancient boxing gloves, 
made of untanned (crudo) hide and often 
weighted with lead and iron, were quite 
brutal and sometimes deadly. Boxers 
were often disfigured and sometimes killed 
in such contests. 

71. Ore favete: favor with your speech , 
i.e., avoid all words of bad omen. The 
surest way to do this is to refrain from 
speaking; hence ore (or linguls) favere, 
preserve a holy silence , is a common for¬ 
mula used by priests at the beginning of 
religious rites. 


72-103. The propitiatory sacrifice to 
the manes of Anchises. 

73. Hoc, hoc: pronounce hocc, mak¬ 
ing a long syllable; App. 107, 3, c. aevl: 
gen. of respect with maturus; App. 294. 

75. Ille: Aeneas. 

76. tumulum (Anchisae). 

77. Baccho: abl. of quality; App. 330. 

78. sanguine: of a sacrificial victim. 
80-81. nequiquam: since he did not 

live to reach Italy, the Promised Land, 
cineres recepti (ex Troja). 




BOOK V, 82-94 


253 


Non licuit finis Italos fataliagwe arva 

nec tecum Ausonium, quicumque est, quaerere Thybrim.” 

Dlxerat haec, adytls cum lubricus anguis ab imis 

septem ingens gyros, septena volumina trdxit 85 

amplexus placide tumulum lapsusque per aras, 

caeruleae cui terga notae maculosus et auro 

squamam incendebat fulgor, ceu nubibus arcus 

mille jacit varios ad verso sole colores. 

Obstipuit vlsu Aeneas. I lie agmine longo 90 

tandem inter pateras et levia pocula serpens 
libavitgue dapes rursusgite innoxius imo 
successit tumulo et depasta altaria liquit. 

Hoc magis inceptos genitori instaurat honores, 


adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 

adytum, I n. inner shrine, sanctuary 

altaria, ium n. altar 

amplector, i, plexus embrace, encircle* 

anguis, is m. snake, serpent 

arcus, us m. (rain)bow, arc, arch* 

Ausonius, a, um Ausonian, Italian 

caerul(e)us, a, um dark (blue)* 

ceu as, just as, as if 

color, oris m. color, hue, tint 

daps, dapis /. (sacrificial) feast, banquet* 

depasco, ere, pavi, pastus feed (on) 

fatalis, e fatal, fated, destined 

fulgor, oris m. gleam, glitter, sheen t 

gyrus, i m. fold, circle, coilf 

incendo, ere, i, ensus kindle, brighten* 

incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus begin, undertake* 

innoxius, a, um harmless, innocent 

instauro (1) renew, refresh, repeat 

Italus, a, um Italian, of Italy 

jacio, ere, jeci, jactus throw, hurl 

levis, e smooth, polished, slipperyf 

libo (1) pour (out), offer, sip, taste 

licet, ere, uit, itum it is permitted* 

linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, forsake* 


lubricus, a, um smooth, slippery, slimy 
maculosus, a, um spotted, mottled, flecked 
magis more, rather, preferably* 
mille: pi. milia, ium n. thousand* 
nota, ae /. mark, sign, spot 
nubes, is /. cloud, mist, fog* 
obstipesco, ere, pul be amazed* 
patera, ae /. (libation) bowl, cup 
placide gently, calmly, peacefullyf 
poculum, i n. (drinking) cup, goblet 
quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque 
whoever, whichever, whatever* 
rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
septem seven 

septeni, ae, a seven (each) by sevensf 

serpo, ere, psi, ptus creep, crawl 

sol, solis m. sun; day* 

squama, ae/. scale(s)f 

succedo, ere, cessi, cessus approach ( dat .) 

tergum, i n. back, hide* 

Thybris, (id) is m. Tiber, a river of Italy 
tumulus, i m. mound, tomb* 
varius, a, um varied, different, diverse* 
visus, us m. sight, appearance, vision 
volumen, inis n . fold, coil, roll 


82. licuit (mihi quaerere tecum) finis 
Italos. 

83. quicumque est: whatever the Tiber 
may be; intentional insistence of the poet 
that his hero does not know the land to 
which he is going but is obediently 
following the will of the gods. There is 
perhaps also an additional touch of Ro¬ 
man pride in the implied contrast of the 
present fame of the Tiber and of Rome. 

84. adytis: the tomb served as a 
shrine, anguis: the protecting genius, 
or guardian spirit (divinity) of a place or 
of a dead person, was often represented 
as a serpent, and the worship of serpents 
was very common in antiquity. 


85. septem septena: seven, like three, 
was a sacred, mystical number, supposed 
to be of great potency in bringing good 
fortune. 

87-88. cui terga caeruleae notae (in- 
cendebant) et (cui) squamam fulgor 
maculosus auro incendebat: whose bach 
blue spots brightened , etc., cui being dat. 
of reference, nubibus: abl. of place 
where; App. 319, b. 

90. Ille: the serpent; the pronoun being 
used, as often, to indicate a change of 
subject. 

94. instaurat: because interrupted by 
the appearance of the serpent, hoc: all 
the more; abl. of degree of difference; 





254 THE AENEID, 95-107 

95 incertus geniumne loci famuluirme parentis 

esse putet; caedit binas de more bidentls 
tot que sues, totidem nigrantis terga juvencos, 
vina que f undebat pateris animamque vocabat 
Anchlsae magnl manisg'ue Acheronte remissos. 
ioo Nec non et socil, quae cuique est copia, laetl 

dona ferunt, onerant dr as mactantgwe juvencos; 
ordine aena locant alii fusique per herbam 
subjiciunt veribus prunas et viscera torrent. 

Exspectata dies aderat nbnomque serena 
105 Auroram Phaethontis equi jam luce vehebant, 

famaque“ 4 lmtimos et clari nomen Acestae 
excierat: laeto complerant litora coetu 


Acheron, ontis m. (river of) Hadesf 
aenum, i n. bronze (kettle, caldron) 
Aurora, ae /. (goddess of) dawn* 
bidens, entis /. sheep (with two teeth) 
bini, ae, a two (each), by twos 
caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus cut (down), 
kill 

clarus, a, um clear, bright, famous* 
coetus, us m. assembly, gathering 
compleo, ere, evi, etus fill, complete 
copia, ae, /. abundance, supply; pi. forces 
excio, ire, Ivl (il), itus arouse, stir (up) 
ex(s)pecto (1) await, expect, hope (for)* 
famulus, i m. servant, attendant 
finitimus, i m. neighbor; adjoining people f 
genius, (i)I m. guardian spirit, geniust 
herba, ae/. herb(age), grass, plant* 
incertus, a, um uncertain, doubtful 
juvencus, i m. bullock, ox, bull* 
loco, (1) establish, place, locate, set up* 
macto (1) sacrifice, slaughter, kill; honor 
manes, ium m. (souls of) the dead, 
Hades* 

mos, moris m . custom, ritual, manner* 


nigrans, antis black, dusky, dark 
nonus, a, um ninth 
onero (1) load, burden, overwhelm 
ordo, inis m. order, row, rank, line* 
patera, ae /. (libation) bowl, cup 
Phaethon, ontis m. the sun (god)f 
pruna, ae /. live coal, emberf 
puto (1) think, suppose, consider, reckon 
quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) 
each, every (one) 

remitto, ere, misi, missus send back, let 
go 

serenus, a, um clear, calm, serene 
subjicio, ere, jeci, jectus place under 
(dat .) 

sus, suis m. (/.) hog, pig, swine 
tergum, i n. back, hide* 
torreo, ere, ui, tostus roast, boil, parch 
tot so many* 

totidem an equal number of, as many 
veho, ere, vexi, vectus bear, convey* 
veru, us n. spit, spike, broach 
vinum, 1 n. wine* 
vlscus, eris n. vitals, flesh, bowels 


App. 335; refers to the favorable omen 
of the snake’s appearance. 

95. famulum: thus indicating that 
Anchises had been admitted among the 
divinities and had been assigned his own 
personal attendant, -ne . . . -ne: whether 
. . . or. 

96-97. putet: subj. in an indir. quest.; 
App. 349. This sacrifice is called the 
suovetaurilia (sus, ovis, taurus). ni¬ 
grantis : black victims were offered to the 
shades of the dead and to the gods of the 
lower world, terga: acc. of respect; 
App. 311. 

99. manis (ex) Acheronte remissos: 


the souls of the dead could thus be 
temporarily released from the lower world 
and partake of the funeral offerings made 
at their graves. See III, 303. 

100. Nec non: likewise . quae cuique 
est copia: each according to his means. 

102. fusl: middle; App. 309. 

104-113. The gathering of the con¬ 
testants and spectators. 

105. luce: abl. of manner with vehe- 
bat or of quality with Auroram; App. 
328, 330. 

106. fama: the report of the games 
and the prizes. 




BOOK V, 108-121 


255 


vlsurl Aeneadas, pars et certare paratl. 

Munera principio ante oculbs circo que locantur 

in medio, sacrl tripodes viridesgue coronae nc 

et palmae pretium victoribus, armaque et ostro 

perfusae vestes, argent! aurlque talentum; 

et tuba commissos medio canit aggere ludos. 

Prlma pares ineunt gravibus certamine remis 
quattuor ex omnl delectae classe carlnae. 115 

Velocem Mnestheus agit acr! remige Pristim, 
mox Italus Mnestheus, genus a quo nomine MemmI, 
ingentemque Gy as ingentl mole Chimaeram, 
urbis opus, triplic! pubes quam Dardana versu 
impellunt, terno consurgunt ordine remi; 120 

Sergestusgwe, domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen, 


acer, cris, ere sharp, spirited, fierce* 
Aeneades, ae m. descendant (follower) of 
Aeneas 

agger, eris m. mound, embankment 
argentum i n. silver 

cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), chant, 
proclaim, prophesy* 
carlna, ae/. keel; ship, boat* • 
certamen, inis n. contest, struggle* 
certo (1) contend, compete, strive, vie 
Chimaera, ae /. fire-breathing monster; 

name of a ship! 
circus, i m. circle, race-course! 
committo, ere, mlsi, missus join, begin 
consurgo, ere, surrexl, surrectus rise 
corona, ae /. wreath, garland, crown 
Dardanus, a, um Dardanian>vTrojan 
deligo, ere, legi, lectus choose/^lect 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 

Gyas, ae m. Trojan leader 

impello, ere, pull, pulsus drive, impel 

ineo, Ire, il (Ivl), itus enterf 

Italus, a, um Italian, of Italy 

loco (1) establish, place, locate, set up* 

ludus, i m. game, sport, play, contest 

Memmius, (i)I m. noted Roman family! 

Mnestheus, el (eos) m. Trojan leader* 


moles, is /. (huge) mass, bulk, burden* 
mox soon, presently 
opus, eris n. work, toil, product, deed* 
ordo, inis m . order, row, rank, bank* 
ostrum, i n. purple, scarlet, crimson • 
palma, ae /. palm, hand, prize* 
par, paris equal, well-matched, similar* 
perfundo, ere, fudi, fusus bathe, drench, 
dye 

pretium, (i)i n. reward, price, prize 
principio first(ly), in the first place 
Pristis, is/. Shark; name of a ship! 
pubes, is/, youth, (group of) young men* 
quattuor four 

remex, igis m. rower, oarsman, crew 
Sergestus, i m. Trojan leader* 

Sergius, a, um of Sergius, a famous Ro¬ 
man family! 

talentum, I n. talent, worth about $1200! 

ternus, a, um three (each), triple 

triplex, icis triple, threefold! 

tripus, odis m. tripod 

tuba, ae /. trumpet 

velox, ocis swift, speedy, fleet 

versus, us m. row, tier, line,verse 

vestis, is /. cloth(ing), garment, robe* 

viridis, e green, fresh, vigorous* 


108. vlsurl: desiring to see; a common 
meaning of the fut. part.; App. 274. 
certare: inf. with paratl, which is pi. 
with the collective noun pars; App. 265. 

114-285. Cloanthus wins the boat 
race. 

114. remis: abl. of quality. 

116. Pristim: Sea Serpent; each of 
these ships probably bore a figurehead 
representing its name. acri remige: 
collective. 


117. a quo nomine (est) genus MemmI: 

the great Roman families loved to trace 
their ancestry back to Troy. This pas¬ 
sage of the Aeneid is a good example of 
the fanciful etymologizing often resorted 
to in order to establish the connection. 

118. Gyas (agit). 

119. urbis opus = urbis instar: the size 
of a city . triplici versu (remorum): a 
trireme. 

121-123. Sergestus, Sergia, Cloanthus, 
CluentI: more fanciful etymologies, The 





256 


THE AENEID, 122-135 


Centauro invehitur magna, Scyllagwe Cloanthus 
caerulea, genus unde tibi, Romane Cluenti. 

Est procul in pelago saxum spumantia contra 
125 litora, quod tumidis summersum tunditur olim 

fiuctibus hibernl condunt ubi sidera Cor!; 
tranquillo silet immotague attollitur undd 
campus et apricis statio gratissima mergls. 

Hie viridem Aeneas frondenti ex ilice metam 
130 constituit signum nautis pater, unde revert! 

scirent et longos ubi circumflectere cursiis. 

Turn loca sorte legunt ipsique in puppibus auro 
ductores longe effulgent ostro que decor!; 
cetera populea velatur fronde juventus 
135 nudatosgwe umerbs oleo perfusa nitescit. 


apricus, a, um sunny, sun-lovingf 
attollo, ere lift, rear, raise* 
caerul(e)us, a, um dark (blue)* 
Centaurus, i m. monster with the head 
of a man and the body of a horse; /. 
name of a shipf 

ceterus, a, um remaining, other, rest 
circumflecto, ere, flexi, flexus bend, 
turn 

Cloanthus, i m. Trojan leader 
Cluentius, (i)i famous Roman familyf 
condo, ere, didi, ditus establish, bury* 
constituo, ere, ui, utus establish 
contra against, opposite ( acc .)* 

Corns, I ra. (northwest) windt 
decorus, a, um beautiful, glorious, seemly 
ductor, oris m. leader, commander, chief 
effulgeo, ere, lsl gleam, shine, glit¬ 
ter 

frondens, entis leafy, fronded 
frons, frondis /. leaf, foliage, frond* 
gratus, a, um agreeable, welcome 
hibernus, a, um of the winter, win¬ 
try 

ilex, icis /. holm-oak 
immotus, a, um unmoved, immovable 
inveho, ere, vexi, vectus bear, convey 
juventus, utis /. youth, young men* 
lego, ere, legl, lectus choose, gather* 
longe afar, from afar* 


ability to contrive such distorted deri¬ 
vations once passed as a mark of real 
scholarship. Cloanthus (invehitur). 

124. saxum: a rock just at the surface 
of the water. 

126. condunt (nubibus, with clouds). 

127. tranquillo: abl. of time when, 
immota unda: abl. abs. 


mergus, l m. gull, divert 
meta, ae /. turning point, goal, bound 
nauta, ae m. sailor, seaman, mariner 
nitesco, ere, nitui shine, glisten, gleamf 
nudo (1) bare, strip, uncover, expose 
oleum, i n. olive oil 
olim at some time, once, formerly* 
ostrum, i n. purple, crimson, scarlet 
perfundo, ere, fudi, fusus bathe, drench 
populeus, a, um (of) poplar, a tree sacred 
to Hercules, the perfect athlete and 
patron saint of athletesf 
revertor, I, rsus return, turn back 
Romanus, a, um Roman, of Rome* 
scio, ire, ivi (ii), ltus know (how), under¬ 
stand 

Scylla, ae/. sea-monster; name of a shipf 
signum, i n. mark, sign, signal, token* 
sileo, ere, ui be silent, hush, be still 
sors, rtis /. lot, destiny, portion, oracle* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
statio, onis /. station, post, anchorage 
summergo (subm-), ere, rsi, rsus sub¬ 
merge, sink 

tranquillum, i n. calm (weather) 
tumidus, a, um swollen, swelling 
tundo, ere, tutudi, tu(n)sus beat, buffet 
unde whence, from which source* 
velo (1) veil, cover, wrap, wreathe 
viridis, e green, fresh, vigorous* 


128. campus: {as) a flat surface. 

130-131. unde = ex quo loco, unde 
scirent: purpose. 

134. cetera juventus: the crew , as con¬ 
trasted with the ductor of each ship. 

135. umeros: obj. of the middle part, 
perfusa; App. 309, a. oleo: see note on 
III, 281. 




BOOK V, 136-148 


257 


Considunt transtrls, intenta^iie bracchia remls; 
intent! exspectant signum, exsultantiague haurit 
corda pavor pulsans laudumgwe arrecta cupldo. 

Inde ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, flnibus omnes, 

haud mora, prosiluere suls; ferit aethera clamor 140 

nauticus, adductis spumant freta versa lacertis. 

Infindunt pariter sulcbs, totumque dehlscit 
convulsum remls rostrisgwe tridentibus aequor. 

Non tam praecipites bijugo certamine campum 
corripuere ruuntque effus! carcere currus, 145 

nec sic immissls aurigae undantia lora 
concussere jugis pronlque in verbera pendent. 

Turn plausu fremitugwe virum studiisgwe faventum 


adduco, ere, duxi, ductus draw to, lead tof 
aether, eris, acc. era, m. upper air, 
heaven* 

arrigo, ere, rexi, rectus raise, rouse 
auriga, ae m. charioteer, drivert 
bijugus, a, um double-yoked, two- 
borsed; team, chariotf 
bracchium, (i)i n. (fore)arm* 
career, eris m. prison, barrier, starting 
point 

certamen, inis n. struggle, contest* 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
concutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake, shatter 
consido, ere, sedi, sessus sit (on), settle* 
convello, ere, i, vulsus tear up, shatter 
cor, rdis n. heart, spirit, feelings, soul* 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch up, dash 
over* 

cupldo, inis /. desire, love, passion 
currus, us m. chariot, car* 
dehisco, ere, hivi yawn, open, gape 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out, let go* 
ex(s)pecto (1) await, expect, hope (for)* 
ex(s)ulto (1) leap up, exult, rejoice 
favens, entis m. (/.) partisan, supporter 
ferio, ire strike, smite, beat, cut, kill 
fremitus, us m. roar, shout(ing) 
fretum, i n. strait, sea, waters 
haurio, ire, hausi, haustus drain, exhaust 
immitto, ere, misi, missus let go 
inde thence, after that, next* 


136. intenta (sunt). 

139. finibus: from their starting places. 

140. haud mora (est) = sine mora. 

141. adductis (ad pectora) : as they 
make the stroke, versa: probably from 
verto, turn , but possibly from verro, sweep. 

144. bijugo: with the first syllable 
short, since the j was originally initial, 
bijugo being a compound of bis, double , 
and jugum, yoke; App. 6, b. 


infindo, ere, fidi, fissus split, cleavef 
intendo, ere, i, ntus stretch, strain 
jugum, i n. yoke, team; (mountain) ridge* 
lacertus, i m. (upper) armf 
laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 
lorum, i n. thong, rein, check 
mora, ae /. delay, hesitation, hindrance* 
nauticus, a, um of sailors, nautical 
pariter equally, side by side* 
pavor, oris m. fear, alarm, anxiety 
pendeo, ere, pependi hang* 
plausus, us m. applause, clapping 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, headforemost* 
pronus, a, um leaning forward, prone 
prosilio, ire, ui (ivi, ii) leap forwardf 
pulso (1) beat, lash, strike, throb, batter 
rostrum, i n. beak, spout; prowf 
signum, i n. mark, sign, signal, token* 
sonitus, us m. sound, roar, crash, noise* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
studium, (i)i n. zeal, desire, pursuit 
sulcus, i m. furrow, track, trench 
tam so (much), so greatly, such* 
transtrum, i n. rowing-bench, thwart 
tridens, entis triple-pointed, three¬ 
toothed 

tuba, ae /. trumpet 

undo (1) wave, sway, undulate, fluctuate 
verber, eris n. blow, lash, whipf 
verro, ere, i, rsus sweep (over), scour 
verto, ere, i, rsus (over)turn, change* 


145. effusi: middle; App. 309. The 
galleys are compared to chariots in a race, 
the commanders to the charioteers and 
the rowers to the horses. carcere = 
finibus of 1. 139. 

147. jugis = equis: metonymy and 

dat. of reference; App. 433, 301. 

in verbera (danda) = ut verbera 
dent. 

148. vir(or)um. 




258 THE AENEID, 149-163 

consonat omne nemus, vocemque inclusa voltitant 
150 litora, pulsati colles cldmore resultant. 

Effugit ante alios pnmisque elabitur undis 
turbam inter fremitumgue Gyas; quern deinde Cloanthus 
consequitur, melior remis, sed pondere pinus 
tarda tenet. Post hos aequo discrimine Pristis 
155 Centaurusgiie locum tendunt superare priorem; 

et nunc Pristis habet, nunc victam praeterit ingens 
Centaurus, nunc una ambae junctlsgwe feruntur 
frontibus et longa sulcant vada salsa carlna. 

Jamque propinquabant scopulo metamgwe tenebant 
160 cum princeps medioque Gyas in gurgite victor 
rectorem navis compellat voce Menoeten: 

“Quo tantum mihi dexter abis? Hue derige gressum; 
litus ama et laeva stringat sine palmula cautes; 


abeo, Ire, il (ivi), itus depart* 

aequus, a, um equal, just, even, fair 

ambo, ae, 6 both 

amo (1) love, cherish; hug* 

carina, ae /. keel; ship, boat* 

cautes, is /. rock, cliff, ledge 

Centaurus, i m . monster with the head 

of a man and the body of a horse; 

/. name of a ship 
Cloanthus, i m. Trojan leader 
collis, is m . hill 

compello (1) speak to, address, accost 
consequor, i, secutus follow, overtake 
consono, are, ui (re)sound, echof 
deinde then, thence, thereupon, next* 
derigo (di-), ere, rexi, rectus direct 
discrimen, inis n. difference, interval 
effugio, ere, fngl escape, shoot forth 
elabor, i, lapsus glide forth, escape 
fremitus, us m. roar, shout(ing) 
frons, frontis /. front, forehead, face* 
gressus, us m. step, course, gait, pace 
gurges, itis m. whirlpool, sea, gulf* 

Gyas, ae m. Trojan leader 
includo, ere, si, sus shut (in), inclose 
jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke* 
laevus, a, um left (hand), on the left* 
melior, ius better, superior, preferable 

149. inclusa: surrounded (by the hills). 

151. primis undis: over the foremost 
waves , in front of the other ships. 

152. inter turbam fremitumque. 

153. pinus = navis: metonymy; App. 
433. 

154. (Cloanthum) tenet, aequo dis¬ 
crimine: abl. of degree of difference; 
App. 335. 

155. locum superare priorem: to gain 
the lead . 


Menoetes, ae m. Trojan pilotf 
meta, ae /. goal, turning point, bound 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 
palmula, ae /. oar-blade, oarf 
pinus, us (i) /. pine tree; ship 
pondus, eris n . weight, burden, mass 
post after, behind (acc.); afterward* 
praetereo, ire, ii (ivi), itus pass 
princeps, cipis first, leading, (as) leader 
prior, ius former, first, prior* 

Pristis, is /. Shark; name of a ship 
propinquo (1) approach, (draw) near 

C dat .) 

pulso (1) beat, strike, lash, throb, batter 
rector, oris m. pilot, leader, masterf 
resulto (1) rebound, re-echo, reverberate! 
salsus, a, um briny, salty 
scopulus, i m. rock, cliff, crag* 
sino, ere, sivi, situs allow, permit* 
stringo, ere, strinxi, strictus brush, graze 
sulco (1) plow, furrow, cleavef 
super 6 (1) surmount, overcome, surpass, 

survive* 

tardus, a, um delayed, slow, late, lazy 
turba, ae /. crowd, mob, throng, uproar 
una together, at the same time 
vadum, i n. shoal, sea 
voluto (1) roll, revolve, ponder 

156. habet (priorem) locum. 

157-158. junctis frontibus = pariter; 

cf. 1. 142. 

159. tenebant: were about to reach; 
App. 351, 2, a. 

160. victor: Gyas had been leading 
thus far. 

162. mihi: dat of reference, “to 
my hurt,” or ethical dat.; App. 301, 
300. 

163. litus ama: hug the shore; i.e., the 




BOOK Y, 164-179 


259 


altum alii teneant.” Dixit; sed caeca Menoetes 
saxa timens proram pelagi detorquet ad undas. 

“ Quo drversus abis? ” Iterum “ Pete saxa, Menoete! ” 
cum clamore Gyas revocabat, et ecce Cloanthum 
respicit Instantem tergo et propidra tenentem. 

Ille inter navemque Gyae scopulosgue sonantls 
radit iter laevum interior subitogwe priorem 
praeterit et metis tenet aequora tuta relictis. 

Turn vero exarsit juveni dolor ossibus ingens 
nec lacrimis caruere genae, segnemgwe Menoeten 
oblitus decorisgue sui sociumque salutis 
in mare praecipitem puppi deturbat ab altd; 
ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister 
hortaturgue viros clavu mque ad litora torqnet. 

At gravis ut fundo vix tandem redditus imo est 
jam senior madidagwe fluens in veste Menoetes 


abeo, Ire, ii (ivl), itus depart* 
altum, I n. the deep (sea); heaven 
caecus, a, um blind, hidden, dark* 
careo, ere, ul be free from, l&ck ( abl .) 
clavus, I m. helm, rudder, tiller 
Cloanthus, I m. Trojan leader 
decus, oris n. beauty, grace, dignity 
detorqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, turn 
(aside) 

deturbo (1) hurl down, cast downf 
diversus, a, um apart, separated, aside* 
dolor, oris m. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
exardesco, ere, arsi, arsus flame forth 
fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus flow, stream, drip 
fundus, I m. bottom, foundation, base 
gena, ae /. cheek 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
gubernac(u)lum, I n. helm, rudder, tillerf 
Gyas, ae m. Trojan leader 
hortor, ari, atus urge, encourage, in¬ 
cite* 

Insto, are, stitl press on, urge (on) {dot.) 
interior, ius inner, inside, interior 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
iterum again, anew, a second time* 
juvenis, is m. youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

laevus, a, um left (hand), on the left* 


saxum of 1. 124 which served as a 
turning point, (ut) stringat: obj. of 
sine, an imp. laeva (manu) on the 
left. 

167. revocabat: conative, he kept try - 
ing to call back; App. 351, 2, a. 

168. tergo: dat. with compound, 
(loca) propiora (saxo) : the inside track , 


madidus, a, um wet, drippingf 
magister, trl m. master, skipper, pilot 
Menoetes, ae m. Trojan pilot 
meta, ae /. goal, turning point, bound 
obllvlscor, I, litus forget {gen.) 
os, ossis n. bone* 

praeceps, cipitis headlong, headforemost* 
praetereo, Ire, ii (Ivl), itus pass 
prior, ius former, first, prior* 
propior, ius nearer, closer 
prora, ae /. prow* 

rado, ere, si, sus scrape, shave; skirt 
rector, oris m. pilot, leader, master 
reddo, ere, didl, ditus return, render* 
respicio, ere, spexl, spectus see (behind), 
look back (at), regard* 
revoco (1) call back, recall, restore 
salus, utis f. safety, health, welfare 
scopulus, I m. rock, cliff, crag* 
segnis, e slow, lazy, inactive 
senior, oris m. old (aged) man, sire 
sono, are, ul, itus (re)sound, roar* 
subito suddenly, unexpectedly* 
tergum, I n. back, hide, rear* 
timeo, ere, ul fear, dread, be anxious* 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, turn, sway* 
tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
vero indeed, truly, but 
vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 


since the rock served as the turning 
point. 

169. Ille (Cloanthus). 

170. iter: cognate acc.; App. 313. 
interior: between Gyas and the rock. 

172. juveni: dat. of reference. 

174. soci(or)um. 

176. ipse (Gyas) rector: (as) pilot . 





260 THE AENEID, 180-195 

180 summa petit scopull sicca que in rupe resedit. 

Ilium, et labentem Teucri et risere natantem 
et salsos rident revomentem pectore fluctus. 

Hie laeta extremis spes est accensa duobus, 

Sergesto Mnesthelgwe, Gyan superare morantem. 

185 Sergestus capit ante locum scopulogwe propinquat, 
nec tota tamen ille prior praeeunte carina; 
parte prior, partim rostro premit aemula Pristis. 

At media socios incedens nave per ipsos 
hortatur Mnestheus: “ Nunc, nunc Insurgite remis, 

190 Hectorei socii, Trojae quos sorte suprema 
delegi comites; nunc illds promite mris, 
nunc animos, quibus in Gaetfilis Syrtibus usi 
loniogue marl Maleaegue sequacibus undis. 

Non jam prima peto Mnestheus neque vincere certo 
195 (quamquam 0! — sed superent quibus hoc, Neptune, dedisti), 


accendo, ere, i, ensus inflame, kindle 
aemulus, a, um emulous, jealous! 
carina, ae /. keel; ship, boat* 
certo (1) struggle, contend, vie, compete 
deligo, ere, legi, lectus choose, select 
duo, ae, o two* 

extremus, a, um last, final, extreme* 
Gaetulus, a, um Gaetulian, of the Gaetuli, 
an African tribe 
Gyas, ae m, Trojan leader 
Hectoreus, a, um of Hector, a Trojan 
leader 

hortor, ari, atus urge, encourage, incite* 
incedo, ere, cessi, cessus go, stride 
insurgo, ere, surrexl, surrectus rise (on) 
( dat .) 

lonius, a, um Ionian, a sea off the west 
coast of Greece 

Malea, ae /. promontory of southern 
Greece, dangerous to navigation! 
Mnestheus, ei (eos) m. Trojan leader* 
moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, hinder* 
nato (1) swim, float, overflow 
Neptunus, i m. Neptune, god of the sea* 
partim partly, partially! 
praeeo, ire, ii (Ivi), itus go before, lead! 


premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 
pursue* 

prior, ius former, prior, first* 

Pristis, is /. Shark; name of a ship 
promo, ere, mpsi, mptus put forth 
propinquo (1) approach, (draw) near {dat,) 
quamquam although, however, but 
resldo, ere, sedi, sessus sit (down), settle 
revomo, ere, ui vomit (forth), disgorge! 
rideo, ere, si, sus laugh (at), smile 
rostrum, i n. beak, snout; prow 
rupes, is /. rock, cliff, crag* 
salsus, a, um briny, salty 
scopulus, i m. rock, cliff, crag* 
sequax, acis pursuing, swift! 

Sergestus, i m, Trojan leader* 
siccus, a, um dry, thirsty 
sors, rtis f, lot, fortune, portion; ora¬ 
cle* 

spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
supero (1) surmount, overcome, surpass, 
win, survive* 

Syrtis, is /. sand-bank off the northern 
coast of Africa 

tamen however, nevertheless, but* 
utor, i, usus use, employ, enjoy ( abl .) 


183. extremis duobus: dat. of refer¬ 
ence. 

184. Mnesthei: dat., a Greek form; 
two syllables by synizesis; App. 69, 403. 

185. ante: adverbial, first , before {the 
others), 

186. praeeunte: with the first syllable 
short. This prefix is often shortened 
before a following vowel. 


190. sorte suprema: abl. of time 
when. 

192. (illos) animos, quibus usi (estis). 
quibus: abl. with utor; App. 342. 

194. prima (loca). Mnestheus = ego. 

195. quamquam O: a wish left un¬ 
expressed and thus made more vivid; a 
good example of effective aposiopesis; 
App. 416. Cf. I, 135, note. 




BOOK V, 196-211 


261 


extremos pudeat rediisse: hoc vincite, elves, 

et prohibete nefas.” Olli certamine summo 

procumbunt: vastls tremit ictibus aerea puppis 

subtrahiturgwe solum, turn creber anhelitus artus 

arida que ora quatit, sudor fluit undique rivis. 200 

Attulit ipse virls optatum casus honorem. 

Namque furens animi dum proram ad saxa suburget 
interior spatiogwe subit Sergestus iniquo, 
infelix saxls in procurrentibus haesit. 

Concussae cautes et acuto in murice remi 205 

obnixi crepuere inllsa que prdra pependit. 

Consurgunt nautae et magno clamore morantur 
ferratasgwe trades et acuta cuspide contos 
expediunt fractosgiie legunt in gurgite remos. 

At laetus Mnestheus successugwe acrior ipso 210 

agmine remorum celerl ventisque vocdtls 


acer, cris, ere sharp, spirited, fierce* 
acutus, a, um sharp, pointed, acute 
adferd, ferre, tuli, latus bring to 
aereus, a, um bronze, bronze-clad 
anhelitus, us ra. panting, gaspingf 
aridus, a, um dry, parched 
artus, us ra. joint, limb, member* 
cautes, is /. rock, cliff, ledge 
celer, eris, ere swift, quick, fleet* 
certamen, inis n. contest, struggle, race* 
civis, is m. (/.) citizen, compatriot 
concutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake, shatter 
consurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus rise 
contus, i m. boat hook, pike, polef 
creber, bra, brum frequent, hurried* 
crepo, are, ui, itus clatter, crashf 
cuspis, idis /. point 

expedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus disentangle, 
bring forth 

extremus, a, um last, final, extreme* 
ferratus, a, um shod with iron, iron-cladf 
fluo, ere, fluxi, fluxus flow, stream, drip 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus break, shatter* 
gurges, itis m. whirlpool, sea, gulf* 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus cling (to), stick* 
ictus, us m. stroke, blow, thrust 
iniquus, a, um unfavorable, unjust 
inlido, ere, si, sus strike on, dash on 
interior, ius inner, inside, interior 
lego, ere, legi, lectus collect, choose* 


Mnestheus, ei (eos) m. Trojan leader* 
moror, ari, atus delay, hinder, tarry* 
murex, icis ra. purple (mollusk), rock 
nauta, ae m. sailor, seaman, mariner 
nefas n. indecl. sin, shame, impiety* 
obnitor, i, sus (nixus) press against, 
struggle 

opto (1) choose, desire, hope (for)* 
pendeo, ere, pependi hang* 
procumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus lean for¬ 
ward, incline, recline 
procurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus jut, pro- 
jectf 

prohibeo, ere, ui, itus prevent, forbid 
prdra, ae /. prow* 
pudet, ere, uit it shamesf 
quatio, ere, quassus shake, shatter 
reded, ire, ii (ivi), itus return 
rivus, i ra. stream, rivulet 
Sergestus, i ra. Trojan leader* 
solum, i n. ground, surface (of the sea)* 
spatium, (i)i n. space, position 
subtraho, ere, traxi, tractus draw (up), 
withdrawf 

suburged, ere press closef 
successus, us ra. success, progress 
sudor, oris ra. sweat, perspiration 
tremo, ere, ui tremble, quiver, shake* 
trudis, is /. pole, pikef 
undique on (from) all sides* 


196. (nos) extremos. 

197. nefas: i.e., of being last (ex¬ 
tremes rediisse). 

199. solum (maris). 

200. rivis: in streams, abl. of means. 

201. viris: to Mnestheus’s crew. 


202. animi: loc., or a gen. of respect 
with furens; App. 345, 294. 

204. in saxis procurrentibus: on rocks 
jutting out; beneath the water and hence 
hidden (caeca), 1. 164. 

205. Concussae (sunt). 





262 


THE AENEID, 212-227 


prona petit maria et pelago decurrit aperto. 

Qualis spelunca subito commota columba, 
cui domus et dulces latebroso in pumice nidi, 

215 fertur in arva volans plausumgue exterrita pennis 

dat tecto ingentem, mox aere lapsa quieto 
radit iter liquidum celeris neque commovet alas: 
sic Mnestheus, sic ipsa fuga secat ultima Pristis 
aequora, sic illam fert impetus ipse volantem. 

220 Et primum in scopulo luctantem deserit alto 

Sergestum brevibusgue vadis frustragwe vocantem 
auxilia et fractls discentem currere remis. 

Inde Gyan ipsamque ingenti mole Chimaeram 
consequitur; cedit, quoniam spoliata magistro est. 
225 Solus jamque ipso superest in fine Cloanthus: 

quern petit et summis adnixus viribus urget. 

Turn vero ingeminat clamor cunctique sequentem 


adnitor, I, sus (nixus) struggle, strive 
aer, aeris m. air, mist, fog 
ala, ae /. wing* 

apertus, a, um open, clear, free 
auxilium, (i)i n. help, aid, assistance* 
brevis, e short, shallow, brief 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, fall behind* 
celer, eris, ere swift, quick, fleet* 
Chimaera, ae /. fire-breathing monster; 

name of a ship 

Cloanthus, i m. Trojan leader 
columba, ae /. dove, pigeon 
commoveo, ere, movi, motus move, startle 
consequor, i, secutus follow, overtake 
curro, ere, cucurri, cursus run, hasten 
decurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus run down 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
disco, ere, didici learn (how); perf. know 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
exterreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus break, shatter* 
frustra in vain, uselessly, ineffectually* 
Gyas, ae m. Trojan leader 
impetus, us m. impetus, momentum 
inde then, thence, next* 
ingemino (1) reiterate, (re)double, in¬ 
crease 

iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
latebrosus, a, um sheltering, cranniedf 

212. prona: to one standing on the 
shore, the sea seems higher than the land 
and to slope down to it. Cf. devenere, 
I, 365; delato, III, 154; demittere, V. 
29; delati, V, 57. 

213-215. Qualis columba, subito (ex) 
spelunca commota, cui domus et dulces 
nidi (sunt) in latebroso pumice, fertur, etc. 


liquidus, a, um liquid, fluid, clear 
luctor, ari, atus struggle, wrestle 
magister, tri m. master, skipper, pilot 
Mnestheus, ei (eos) m. Trojan leader* 
moles, is /. (huge) mass, bulk, burden* 
mox soon, presently 
nidus, i m. nest(ling)f 
penna, ae /. wing, feather 
plausus, us m. clapping, beating 
Pristis, is/. Shark; name of a ship 
pronus, a, um leaning forward, slop¬ 
ing downward 

pumex, icis m . pumice, a porous stonef 
qualis, e of what kind, (such) as* 
quietus, a, um calm, peaceful, quiet 
quoniam since, because 
rado, ere, si, sus shave, graze, skim 
scopulus, i m. rock, cliff, crag* 
seco, are, ui, ctus cut, cleave, slice* 
Sergestus, i m. Trojan leader* 
spelunca, ae /. cave, cavern, grotto 
spolio (1) deprive (of), rob, despoil (abl.) f 
subito suddenly, unexpectedly* 
supersum, esse, fui remain, be left 
ultimus, a, um last, final, farthest* 
urgeo, ere, ursi press, urge 
vadum, i n. shoal, sea 
vero indeed, truly, but 
volo (1) fly, speed, hasten* 

216. (ex) tecto = e spelunca. 

218-219. ipsa Pristis secat ultima ae¬ 
quora. ultima aequora: the home stretch . 
illam (Pristim). 

220. (Pristis) deserit. 

221. vocantem: calling for. 

224. cedit (Chimaera). 

227. clamor: of those on shore. 




BOOK V, 228-244 


263 


Instigant studils, resonat^we fragoribus aether. 

Hi proprium decus et partum indignantur honorem 
nl teneant, vltamque volunt pro laude paciscl; 230 

hos successus alit: possunt, quia posse videntur. 

Et fors aequatls cepissent praemia rostrls, 
ni palmas ponto tendens utrasque Cloanthus 
fudissetque preces dlvosque in vota vocasset: 

1 ‘ Dl, quibus imperium est pelagi, quorum aequora curro, 235 
vobls laetus ego hoc candentem in More taurum 
constituam ante dras voti reus, exta que salsos 
projiciam in fluctus et vina liquentia fundam.” 

Dixit, eumque Irnls sub fluctibus audiit omnis 

Nereidum Phorcl que chorus Panopea^we virgo, 240 

et pater ipse manic magna Portunus euntem 

impulit: ilia Noto citius volucrlg'Me sagitta 

ad terram fugit et port'd se condidit alto. 

Turn satus Anchlsd cunctls ex m 5 re vocdtls 


aequo (1) equal(ize), even, level, match* 
aether, eris, acc. era, m. upper air, sky* 
alo, ere, ui, (i)tus nourish, support 
candens, entis white, shining, sleek 
chorus, i m. band, company, dance 
cito quickly, swiftly 
Cloanthus, i m. Trojan leader 
condo, ere, didi, ditus found; bury, hide* 
constituo, ere, ui, utus place, stand 
curro, ere, cucurri, cursus run, speed (over) 
decus, oris n. beauty, glory, dignity 
exta, orum n. entrails, vitals 
fragor, oris m. crash, uproar 
impello, ere, puli, pulsus drive on 
indignor, ari, atus disdain, be angry 
instigo (1) goad, incite, spur, urge onf 
laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 
liquens, entis liquid, clear 
mos, moris m. custom, ritual, manner* 
Nereis, idis /. Nereid, a sea-nymph, 
daughter of Nereus, a sea-god 
nisi, ni if not, unless* 

Notus, i m. (south) wind 
paciscor, i, pactus pledge, stake 
palma, ae /. palm, hand, prize* 

Panopea, ae /. a sea-nymph, daughter of 
Nereus f 


229-231. Hi . . . hos: the sailors of 
Cloanthus . . . the sailors of Mnestheus . 
ni teneant : subordinate clause in implied 
indir. disc.; App. 358. 

232. fors: perhaps. 

233. ponto: dat. of direction. 

235. aequora: obj. of curro, used 
transitively. 


pario, ere, peperi, partus gain, bear 
Phorcus, i m. a sea-godf 
pontus, i m. sea, waves* 

Portunus, i m. god of harbors! 
praemium, (i)i n. reward, prize* 
prex, precis /. prayer, entreaty, vow* 
pro for, before, on behalf of (a6Z.)* 
projicio, ere, jeci, jectus cast forthf 
proprius, a, um one's own, secure 
quia because 

resono (1) (re)sound, roar 
reus, i m. defendant, debtor, payerf 
rostrum, i n. beak, snout; prow 
sagitta, ae /. arrow, bolt, shaft 
salsus, a, um briny, salty 
sero, ere, sevi, satus sow, beget* 
studium, (i)i n. desire, eagerness, zeal, 
favor, partisanship 
successus, us m. success, progress 
taurus, i m. bull, bullock, ox* 
uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of 
two), both* 
vinum, i n. wine* 

virgo, inis /. girl, daughter, maiden* 
volucer, cris, ere winged, fleet, swift* 
votum, i n. vow, prayer, (votive) offer¬ 
ing* 


237. voti: gen. with a word of con¬ 
demning, reus; App. 291. 

241. (navem) euntem. 

242. ilia (navis Cloanthi). Noto, sa¬ 
gitta: ablatives with the comparative; 
App. 327. 

244. satus Anchlsa: Aeneas. 




264 


THE AENEID, 245-258 


245 victorem magna praeconis voce Cloanthum 

declarat viridi que advelat tempora lauro, 
muneraque in navis ternos optare juvencos 
vina que et argenti magnum dat ferre talentum. 
Ipsis praecipuos ductoribus addit honores: 

250 victori chlamydem auratam, quam plurima circum 

purpura Maeandro duplici Meliboea cucurrit, 
n intextusgwe puer frondosa regius Ida 
velbcis jaculo cervos cursuque fatigat 
acer, anhelanti similis, quern praepes ab Ida 
255 sublimem pedibus rapuit Jovis armiger uncis: 

longaevi palmas nequiquam ad sidera tendunt 
custodes, saevit^ue canum latratus in auras. 

At qui deinde locum tenuit virtute secundum, 


acer, cris, ere sharp, spirited, fierce* 
addo, ere, didl, ditus add* 
advelo (1) veil, cover, wreathet 
anhelo (1) pant, gasp, pufff 
argentum, i n. silver 
armiger, eri m. armor-bearer 
auratus, a, um gilded, embroidered with 
gold 

canis, is m. (/.) dog, hound 
cervus, i ra. deer, stag 
chlamys, ydis /. cloak, scarf, cape 
Cloanthus, i m. Trojan leader 
curro, ere, cucurrl, cursus, run, speed 
(over) 

custos, odis ra. (/.) guard(ian), sentinel* 
declaro (1) proclaim, make clearf 
deinde then, next, after that* 
ductor, oris m. leader, commander, chief 
duplex, icis twofold, double 
fatigo (1) weary, chase, harass, rouse 
frondosus, a, um leafy, frondedf 
Ida, ae /. mountain near Troy 
intexo, ere, ui, xtus weave in 
jaculum, l n. spear, dart, lance 
juvencus, i m. bullock, bull, ox* 
latratus, us m. bark(ing), howl(ing)f 
laurus, i (us) /. laurel 


longaevus, a, um aged, long-lived 
Maeander, dri m. winding river of Asia 
Minor; meandering patternf 
Meliboeus, a, um Meliboean, of Meliboea, 
a Thessalian town 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
opto (1) choose, desire, hope (for)* 
palma, ae /. palm, hand, prize, victor(y)* 
pes, pedis m. foot 
praecipuus, a, um especial, choicef 
praeco, onis m. crier, heraldf 
praepes, petis swift, swooping 
purpura, ae /. purple, crimsonf 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch (up), rob* 
regius, a, um royal, regal, princely* 
saevio, ire, ii (ivi), itus rage, storm 
secundus, a, um second, favorable* 
similis, e like, similar (dat.)* 
sublimis, e lofty, aloft, on high 
talentum, in. a talent, worth about $1200 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
terni, ae, a three (each), by threes 
uncus, a, um crooked, curved 
velox, ocis swift, speedy, fleet 
vinum, i n. wine* 
viridis, e green, fresh, vigorous* 
virtus, utis /. manhood, merit, courage* 


247-248. optare, ferre: infinitives of 
purpose; App. 261. 

250-251. circum quam (chlamydem) 
plurima purpura cucurrit. 

251. Maeandro: abl. of manner. 

252. puer regius: Ganymede, son of 
Tros, king of Troy. He was carried to 
heaven by an eagle, to be Jove’s cup¬ 
bearer. Cf. I, 28. Two scenes are woven 
in the robe; the first representing the 
boy as hunting and the second his being 


carried away by the eagle while his aged 
guardians lift their hands toward heaven 
and his dogs bark at the eagle. 

255. Jovis armiger: the eagle was 
often represented by the ancients as 
bearing in his talons the thunderbolt, the 
weapon of Jupiter. Some United States 
coins bear this device. 

257. latratus: barking (at the eagle). 

258. qui: its antecedent is huic, in 
1. 259. 




BOOK V, 259-272 


265 


levibus huic hamis consertam auroque trilicem 
loricam, quam Demoleo detraxerat ipse 260 

victor apud rapidum Simoenta sub Ilio alto, 
donat habere, viro decus et tutamen in armis. 

Vix illam famuli Phegeus Sagaris que ferebant 
multiplicem conixl umeris; indutus at olim 
Demoleos cursu palantls Troas agebat. 265 

Tertia dona facit geminos ex aere lebetas 
cymbia^we argento perfecta atque aspera signis.^ 

Jamque adeo donati omnes opibusgue superb! 

puniceis ibant evincti tempora taenis, 

cum saevo e scopulo multa vix arte revulsus 270 

amissis remis atque ordine debilis uno 

inrisam sine honore ratem Sergestus agebat. 


adeo to such an extent, so 
aes, aeris n. bronze* 
amitto, ere, misi, missus lose, let go* 
apud among, at, near (acc.) 
argentum, i n. silver 
ars, artis /. art, skill, device, cunning* 
asper, era, erum rough, harsh, fierce* 
conltor, i, sus (nixus) strugglef 
consero, ere, ui, rtus fasten, join 
cymbium, (i)I n. bowl, cup 
debilis, e weakened, crippledf 
decus, oris n. ornament, glory, dig¬ 
nity 

Demoleos (us), i (6) m. Greek leaderf 
detraho, ere, traxl, tractus strip (off) 
(abl.) t 

dono (1) present, give, bestow, grantf 
evincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus bind, tief 
famulus, i m. slave, attendant 
hamus, i m. hook, link 
Ilium, (i)i n. Troy, Ilium 
induo, ere, ui, utus clothe, don 
inrideo, ere, si, sus laugh at, ridicule 
lebes, etis rrt. kettle, caldron 
levis, e smooth, polished, slippery 
lorica, ae /. breastplate, cuirass 


multiplex, icis with many folds 
olim once, formerly, at some time* 
ops, opis /. aid, wealth, resources, power* 
ordo, inis m. order, row, rank, bank* 
palor, ari, atus straggle, scatterf 
perficio, ere, feci, fectus finish, form 
Phegeus, i rrt. Trojan slavef 
puniceus, a, um purple, crimsonf 
rapidus, a, um swift, quick, whirling* 
ratis, is /. raft, ship, boat* 
revello, ere, (vuls)i, vulsus tear away 
saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* 
Sagaris, is m. Trojan slavef 
scopulus, i rrt. rock, cliff, crag* 

Sergestus, i rrt. Trojan leader* 
signum, i n. mark, sign, signal, fig¬ 
ure* 

Simois, entis rrt. river near Troy 

sine without ( abl .)* 

superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 

taenia, ae /. ribbon, band, filletf 

tempus, oris rt. temple, brow 

tertius, a, um third* 

trilix, licis three-leashed, triple-threaded 

Tros, Trois rrt. Trojan* 

tutamen, inis rt. protection, defensef 


260. Demoleo: dat. of separation. 

ipse (Aeneas). 

261. Ilio alto: semi-hiatus; App. 400. 

262. habere: inf. of purpose; App. 
261. in armis = in bello: metonymy; 
App. 433. 

263. Vix ferebant: tradition, which 
is regularly handed down by the old men, 
continually insists that everything was 
much better “in the good old days” and 
that men of former generations were 


much stronger and braver than their 
degenerate descendants. 

265. cursu: abl. of manner; App. 328. 

266. dona, lebetas: two accusatives 
with a verb of making; App. 316, a. lebe¬ 
tas: acc. pi., a Greek form; App. 65, a. 

267. aspera signis: embossed with 
figures . 

269. taen(i)Is. 

271. ordine uno: in one bank of oars; 
abl. of respect; App. 325. 




266 


THE AENEID, 273-287 


Qualis saepe viae deprensus in aggere serpens, 
aerea quem obllquum rota transiit aut gravis ictu 
275 seminecem liquit saxo lacerumgwe viator; 

nequlquam longos fugiens dat corpore tortus 
parte ferox ardensque oculis et slbila colla 
arduus attollens; pars vulnere clauda retentat 
nexantem nodis seque in sua membra plicantem: 

280 tali remigio navis se tarda movebat; 

vela facit tamen et veils subit ostia plenis. 

Sergestum Aeneas promisso munere donat 
servatam ob ndvem laetus sociosque reductos. 

Olli serva datur operum hand ignara Minervae, 

285 Cressa genus, Pholoe, geminique sub ubere nati. 

Hoc plus Aeneas misso certamine tendit 
gramineum in campum, quem collibus undique curvls 


aereus, a, um bronze, bronze-clad* 
agger, eris ra. mound, embankment 
arduus, a, um lofty, steep, upraised* 
attollo, ere lift, rear, raise* 
certamen, inis n. struggle, contest, race* 
claudus, a, um lame, crippledf 
collis, is ra. hill 
collum, i n. neck* 

Cressa, ae /. Cretan (woman), of Crete f 
curvus, a, um curving, bent, winding* 
depre(he)ndo, ere, i, ensus seize, catch 
dono (1) give, present, bestow, grant 
ferox, ocis fierce, spirited, wild 
gramineus, a, um grassy, of grassf 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
ictus, us ra. blow, stroke, wound 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, unaware* 
lacer, era, erum mangled, laceratedf 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
membrum, i n. member, limb, body* 
Minerva, ae /. goddess of wisdom, the 
arts and handicrafts 
nequlquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
nexo, are bind, twine, weave, coilf 
nodus, i m. knot, fold, coil 
ob on account of, for (the sake of) ( acc .) 
obllquus, a, um aslant, acrossf 


opus, eris n. work, labor, art, product* 
ostium, (i)I n. mouth, entrance, harbor 
Pholoe, es /. a Cretan slavef 
plenus, a, um full, filled, swelling 
plico, are, ul (avl), itus (atus) fold, coilf 
promitto, ere, misi, missus promise* 
qualis, e of what sort, (such) as* 
reduco, ere, duxi, ductus lead back, bring 
back 

remigium, (i)i n. oarage, rowing 
retento (1) hold back, retard, detainf 
rota, ae /. wheel, chariot, car 
saepe often, frequently, repeatedly* 
seminex, necis half-deadf 
Sergestus, l m. Trojan leader* 
serpens, entis m. (/.) serpent, snake 
serva, ae /. female slavef 
sibilus, a, um hissing 
tamen however, nevertheless, but* 
tardus, a, um slow, late, lazy 
tortus, us m. twisting, writhingf 
transeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus cross, pass (by, 
beyond) 

uber, eris n. udder, breast, fertility 
undique on (from) all sides* 
viator, oris m. traveler, wayfarerf 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 


273. Qualis: correlative with tali in 
1. 280. viae aggere: the Roman roads 
were carried across valleys on high em¬ 
bankments or on arches of masonry. 

274-278. rota: of a wagon or chariot, 
gravis ictu = gravi ictu. ictu, parte, 
oculis: ablatives of respect; App. 325. 

276. fugiens: the present of at¬ 
tempted action (conative present); App. 
351, 1, c. 


284. datur: with the final syllable 
lengthened before the pause and under 
the metrical accent; App. 394, a. 
Minervae: such as spinning, weaving, 
and other household accomplishments. 

285. genus: acc. of respect; App. 311. 
sub ubere: at her breast . 

286-362. By a trick of Nisus, Euryalus 
wins the foot race. 





BOOK V, 288-302 


267 


cingebant silvae, mediaque in valle theatri 

circus erat; quo se multis cum mllibus heros 

consessu medium tulit exstructogue resedit. 290 

Hie, qui forte velint rapido contendere cur sit, 

invltat pretiis animos, et praemia ponit. 

Undique conveniunt Teucri mixti que SicanI, 

Nisus et Euryalus primi, 

Euryalus forma Insignis viridigue juventa, 295 

Nisus amove pio pueri; quos deinde secutus 

regius egregia Priami de stirpe Diores; 

hunc Salius simul et Patron, quorum alter Acarnan, 

alter ab ArcadiS Tegeaeae sanguine gentis: 

turn duo Trlnacrii juvenes, Helymus Panopesgwe, 300 

adsuetl silvis, comites senioris Acestae; 

multi praeterea, quos fama obscura recondit. 


Acarnan, anis m. Acarnanian, of Acarna- 
nia in northwestern Greece t 
adsuesco, ere, evi, etus accustom (to)t 
alter, era, erum one (of two), the other 
(of two)* 

Arcadius, a, um Arcadian, of Arcadia in 
southern Greece f 

cingo, ere, cinxl, cinctus surround, 
gird(le)* 

circus, I m. circle, race-course 
consessus, us m. assembly, spectatorsf 
contendo, ere, i, ntus strive, contend 
convenio, ire, veni, ventus assemble 
deinde then, next, after that* 

Diores, is m. Trojan noblef • 
duo, ae, o two* 

egregius, a, um eminent, noble, remark¬ 
able 

Euryalus, i m. a Trojanf 
exstructum, i n. mound, raised platform 
forma, ae /. form, shape, beauty* 
Helymus, i m. a Sicilian 
heros, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
insignis, e distinguished, marked* 
invito (1) invite, summon, induce, temptf 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

288-289. theatri circus: the ancient 
theater was semicircular in shape. Ad¬ 
vantage was usually taken of the head* of 
a valley on a curving hillside as a suitable 
location for placing the seats, heros 
(Aeneas). 

290. consessu: dat. of purpose, for an 
assembly ; or else dat. of direction, to the 
assembly. (in) exstructo: Aeneas pre¬ 
pares to address the assembly, just as 
a Roman general was accustomed to 
speak to his soldiers from a raised plat- 


juventa, ae /. youth, young manhood 
mille; pi. milia, ium n. thousand* 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 
Nisus, i m. a Trojanf 
obscurus, a, um dim, obscure, dusky* 
Panopes, ae m. a Sicilianf 
Patron, onis m. a Greekf 
praemium, (i)i n. prize, reward* 
praeterea besides, in addition* 
pretium, (i)i n. prize, reward, price 
rapidus, a, um swift, speedy, whirl¬ 
ing* 

recondo, ere, didi, ditus establish, hide 
regius, a, um royal, regal, princely* 
resido, ere, sedi sit (down) 

Salius, (i)i m. a Greekf 
senex, senis; comp, senior old, aged* 
Sicanus, a, um Sicilian, of Sicilyf 
stirps, is /. stock, lineage, race, stem 
Tegeaeus, a, um Tegean, of Tegea, a city 
of Arcadiaf 

theatrum, tri n. theater, grandstand 
Trinacrius, a, um Trinacrian, Sicil¬ 
ian 

undique on (from) all sides* 
vallis, is /. valley, vale, dale 
viridis, e green, fresh, vigorous* 

form (agger), usually made by heaping 
up earth and stones. 

291-292. invitat pretiis animos (eorum) 
qui velint. velint: implied indir. disc.; 
App. 357. Pope parodies this contest in 
the Dunciad, II, 35 ff. 

294. Nisus et Euryalus : the heroes of 
one of Vergil’s most beautiful episodes 
(IX, 176 ff.) are very effectively intro¬ 
duced here. 

296. pueri: Euryalus. secutus (est). 
298. Salius (secutus est). alter (erat). 





268 THE AENEID, 303-318 

Aeneas quibus in medils sic deinde locutus: 

“ Accipite haec animls laetasque advertite mentis. 
305 Nem 5 ex hoc numero mihi non donatus abibit. 
Gnosia bina dabo levato lucida ferro 
spicula caelatamg'Me argento ferre bipennem; 
omnibus hlc erit unus honos. Tres praemia prlml 
accipient flava que caput nectentur oliva. 

310 Primus equum phaleris Insignem victor habeto; 

alter Amazoniam pharetram plenamgwe sagittis 
Threiciis, lato quam circum amplectitur auro 
balteus et tereti subnectit fibula gemma; 
tertius Argolica hac galea contentus abito.” 

315 Haec ubi dicta, locum capiunt signogwe repente 

corripiunt spatia audltd llmenque relinquunt, 
effusl nimbo similes: simul ultima signant. 
Primus abit longegwe ante omnia corpora Nisus 


abeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus depart* 
adverto, ere, i, rsus turn (to), heed 
alter, era, erum one (of two), the other 
(of two)* 

Amazonius, a, um of the Amazons, a race 
of warlike women f 

amplector, i, plexus embrace, encircle* 
argentum, i n. silver 
Argolicus, a, um Argive, Greek 
balteus, i m. belt, baldricf 
bini, ae, a two (each), by twos 
bipennis, is /. two-edged ax 
caelo (1) engrave, chase, carve 
contentus, a, um content, satisfied! 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch up, speed 
over* 

deinde then, next, thereafter* 

dono (1) present, give, reward, bestow 

effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour forth, 
stream* 

fibula, ae /. brooch, buckle, clasp 
flavus, a, um yellow(ish), tawny, blond 
galea, ae /. helmet 
gemma, ae /. gem, jewel 
Gnos(s)ius, a, um Gnossian, of Gnossus, 
a Cretan city 

insignis, e marked, distinguished, noble* 
latus, a, um wide, broad, spacious* 


levo (1) polish, smoothf 
longe (from) afar, (by) far* 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say, talk* 
lucidus, a, um shining, bright, clear 
necto, ere, nex(u)i, nexus bind, fasten 
nemo, inis m. (/.) no one, nonet 
nimbus, i m. storm cloud, rainstorm* 
Nisus, i m. a Trojan 
numerus, i m. number, throng, order* 
oliva, ae /. olivet 
phalerae, arum /. trappingst 
pharetra, ae /. quiver 
plenus, a, um full, filled, teeming 
praemium, (i)i n . reward, prize* 
repente suddenly, quickly, unexpectedly 
sagitta, ae /. arrow, shaft, bolt 
signo, (1) mark, observe, note 
signum, i n. sign, signal, mark,, token* 
similis, e like, similar ( dat ., gen.)* 
spatium, (i)i n. space, distance, course 
spiculum, i n. spear, dart, arrowt 
subnecto, ere, nex(u)i, nexus bind 
(fasten) under 

teres, etis smooth, polished, roundedt 
tertius, a, um third* 

Threicius, a, um Thracian, of Thrace 
tres, tria three* 

ultimus, a, um last, final, farthest* 


305. mihi: dat. of agent; App. 302. 

306. (cuique) dabo. 

307. ferre: inf. of purpose; App. 
261. 

308. unus = idem. 

309. caput: obj. of the middle verb, 
nectentur; App. 309. 


312. lato auro: abl. of means. 

313. tereti gemma: abl. of means. 

314. galea: abl. with contentus; App. 
337. abito: imper. 

316. limen: the starting point. 

317. ultima (loca) : the goal, signant 
(oculis). 




BOOK V, 319-334 


269 


emicat et ventls et fulminis ocior alls; 

proximus huic, longo sect proximus intervallS, 320 

insequitur Salius; spatio post deinde relicto 
tertius Euryalus; 

Euryalumgue Helymus sequitur; quo deinde sub ipso 
ecce volat calcemgwe terit jam, calce Diores 
incumbens umerd, spatia et si plura supersint 325 

transeat elapsus prior ambiguumgwe relinquat. 

Jamque fere spatio extremo fesslque sub ipsam 
flnem adventabant, levi cum sanguine Nisus 
labitur Infellx, caesis ut forte juvencls 

fusus humum viridls que super madefecerat herbas. 330 

Hlc juvenis jam victor ovans vestigia presso 
haud tenuit titubata solo, sed pronus in ipso 
concidit immundogue fimo sacroque cruore. 

Non tamen Euryali, non ille oblltus amorum: 


advento (1) approach, keep coming 
nearerf 

ala, ae /. wing* 

ambiguus, a, um doubtful, uncertain 
caedo, ere, cecidi, caesus cut (down), 
kill 

calx, calcis /. heel, footf 
concido, ere, i fall (in a heap) 
cruor, oris m. blood, gore 
deinde then, next, thereafter* 

Diores, is m. Trojan nobleman 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
elabor, i, lapsus slip out, get ahead 
emico, are, ui, atus flash forth, dart 
Euryalus, i m. a Trojan 
extremus, a, um final, last, extreme* 
fere almost, about 
fimus (um), I m. ( n .) filth, manuref 
fulmen, inis n. lightning, thunderbolt* 
Helymus, i m. a Sicilian 
herba, ae /. grass, herb(age), plant* 
humus, i /. ground, soil, earth* 
immundus, a, um filthy, dirty, foul 
incumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus lean on, 
( dat .) 

insequor, i, secutus follow, pursue* 


intervallum, i n . interval, space betweenf 

juvencus, l m . bullock, bull, ox* 

juvenis, is m. (/.) young (man, woman)* 

levis, e smooth, slippery, polished 

madefacio, ere, feci, factus wet, soakf 

Nisus, im. a Trojan 

obliviscor, i, litus forget {gen.) 

ocior, ius swifter, faster 

ovo (1) exult, rejoice, triumph 

post behind, after ( acc .); afterward* 

premo, ere, pressi, pressus (re)press* 

prior, ius prior, former, first* 

pronus, a, um prone, flat 

proximus, a, um next, closest 

Salius, (i)i rn. a Greek 

solum, i n. ground, soil, earth* 

spatium, (i)i n. space, distance, course 

supersum, esse, fui remain, be left 

tamen however, nevertheless, but* 

tero, ere, trivi, tritus rub, graze 

tertius, a, um third* 

titubo, (1) totter, stagger, reelf 

transeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus pass by 

vestigium, (i)i n. step, foothold, track* 

viridis, e green, fresh, vigorous* 

volo (1) fly, speed, hasten* 


319. fulminis alls: the ancients often 
represented the thunderbolt as winged. 

320. A spondaic line; App. 395. 

323. quo sub ipso: close upon him . 

324. calcem calce = pedem pede; App. 
443. 

325-326. supersint: the present here 
instead of the more usual pluperf. in 
conclusions of conditions contrary to fact; 


App. 382. transeat, relinquat: conclu¬ 
sions contrary to fact. 

328. finem: irregularly feminine. 

330. super: ad v. on the surface, fusus 
(erat sanguis). 

333. sacro: sacrificial. 

334. Non (Nisus oblltus est) Euryali: 
gen. with a verb of forgetting; App. 
288. 




270 THE AENEID, 335-351 

335 nam sese opposuit Salio per lubrica surgens, 
ille autem spissa jacuit revolutus harena: 
emicat Euryalus et munere victor amici 
prima tenet, plausugwe volat fremitugwe secundo. 
Post Helymus subit et nunc tertia palma Diores. 

340 Hie toturn caveae consessum ingentis et ora 

prima patrum magnis Salius cldmoribus implet, 
ereptumque dolo reddl sibi poscit honorem. 

Tutatur favor Euryalum lacrimaeque decorae, 
gratior et pulchro veniens in corpore virtus. 

345 Adjuvat et rnagnd proclamat voce Diores, 

qui subiit palmae frustrate ad praemia venit 
ultima, si primi Salio reddentur honores. 

Turn pater Aeneas “ Vestra” inquit “ munera vobis 
certa manent, pueri et palmam movet ordine nemo; 

350 me liceat casus miserarl Insontis amici.” 

Sic fatus tergum Gaetull immane leonis 


adjuvo, are, juvi, jutus help, assist! 
amicus, I m. friend, lover, comrade* 
autem however, moreover, but* 
cavea, ae/. hollow, seats (for spectators), 
grand stand f 

certus, a, um fixed, certain, sure, reliable* 
consessus, us m. assembly, spectators 
decorus, a, um beautiful, becoming 
Diores, is m. Trojan nobleman 
dolus, I m. deceit, stratagem, fraud, trick* 
emico, are, ul, atus flash forth, dart 
Euryalus, I m. a Trojan 
favor, oris m. favor, popularity! 
fremitus, us m. shout(ing), roar 
frustra in vain, uselessly, ineffectually* 
Gaetulus, a, um Gaetulian, of Gaetulia 
in Northwest Africa 
gratus, a, um welcome, agreeable 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 

Helymus, I m. a Sicilian 
impleo, ere, evl, etus fill, satisfy* 
inquam, is, it say* 

Insons, ontis innocent, guiltless 
jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
leo, onis m. lion 

licet, ere, uit, itum it is permitted, it is 
allowed * 

lubricus, a, um slippery, smooth, slimy 


miseror, arl, atus pity, commiserate 

{gen.) * 

nemo, inis m. (/.) no one, none 
oppono, ere, posui, positus place in the 
way of ( dat .) 

ordo, inis m. order, row, rank, array* 
palma, ae/. palm, hand, prize, victor(y)* 
plausus, us m. clapping, applause 
posed, ere, poposcl demand, seek, ask* 
post behind, after {acc .); later* 
praemium, (i)i n. reward, prize* 
proclamo (1) proclaim, announce! 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, handsome, 
splendid, illustrious, noble* 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus return, (duly) 
render, give back* 

revolvo, ere, I, volutus roll over, revolve 
Salius, (i)I m. a Greek 
secundus, a, um second, favorable* 
spissus, a, um thick, dense, crowded 
tergum, I n. back, hide* 
tertius, a, um third* 
tutor, arl, atus protect, guard, defend 
ultimus, a, um last, final, farthest* 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
virtus, utis /. manhood, excellence, 
courage* 

void (1) fly, speed, hasten* 


335. lubrica (loca). 

336. ille: Salius. 

337. Euryalus: with the last syllables 
lengthened under the metrical accent and 
before the pause; App. 394, a. 

340-341. ora prima patrum: in the Ro¬ 


man theater the front seats were occupied 
by the senators (patres) and other distin¬ 
guished persons. 

342. reddl = ut reddatur. 

345. Adjuvat (Euryalum). 

350. liceat: vol.; App. 254. 




BOOK V, 352-365 


271 


dat Sali 5 villls onerosum atque unguibus aureis. 

Hie Nisus “Si tanta” inquit “ sunt praemia victls, 

et te lapsorum miseret, quae munera Niso 

digna dabis, primam merui qul laude coronam 355 

n! me, quae Salium, jortuna inimica tulisset t” 

Et simul his dictls faciem ostentabat et udo 
turpia membra fimo. Risit pater optimus olll 
et clipeum efferri jussit, Didymaonis artis, 

Neptun! sacro Danais de poste refixum. 360 

Hoc juvenem egregium praestanti munere donat. 

Post, ubi confect! cursus et dona peregit: 

“Nunc, si cui virtus animusque in pectore praesens, 
adsit et evinctis attollat bracchia palmis.” 

Sic ait, et geminum pugnae proponit honorem, 365 


ars, artis /. art, skill, workmanship* 
attollo, ere lift, rear, raise* 
aureus, a, um gold(en), of gold* 
bracchium, (i)i n. forearm* 
clipeus (um), i m. (n.) shield, buckler* 
conficio, ere, feci, fectus finish, use up 
corona, ae /. crown, wreath, chaplet 
Didymaon, onis m. an unknown artistf 
dignus, a, um worthy, fitting, seemly 
dono (1) present, give, bestow, grant 
effero, ferre, extull, elatus bring forth, 
raise* 

egregius, a, um eminent, noble, remark¬ 
able 

evincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus bind, tie 
facies, el /. appearance, face, aspect* 
fimus (um), i m. (n.) filth, manure 
inimicus, a, um hostile, unfriendly 
inquam, is, it say* 

juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 
membrum, i n. member, limb, body* 
mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, earn, merit* 
miseret, ere, uit, itum it distresses ( gen .) 


Neptunus, i m. Neptune, god of the sea* 
nisi, ni if not, unless, except* 

Nisus, i m. a Trojan 
onerosus, a, um heavy, burdensomef 
optimus, a, um best, finest 
ostento (1) keep showing, exhibit, display 
palma, ae /. palm, hand, prize, victor(y)* 
perago, ere, egi, actus complete, finish 
post behind, after ( acc .); later* 
postis, is m. column, post, door, gate 
praemium, (i)i n. reward, prize* 
praesens, entis present, ready, prompt 
praestans, antis excellent, surpassing 
propono, ere, posui, positus set forth, 
displayf 

pugna, ae /. fight, battle, fray, com¬ 
bat* 

refigo, ere, xi, xus unfasten, take downf 
rideo, ere, si, sus laugh (at), smile 
Salius, (i)i m. a Greek 
turpis, e shameful, filthy, disgraceful 
udus, a, um wet, moist, dampf 
unguis, is m. claw, nail, talon 
villus, i m. shaggy hair, tuft, nap 
virtus, utis /. manhood, excellence, valor* 


352. aureis: two syllables here by 
synizesis; App. 403. 

354. te lapsorum (virorum): acc. and 
gen. with a verb of pitying; App. 289. 
Niso = mihi; therefore qui merui instead 
of qui meruit. 

355-356. merui, tulisset: mixed con¬ 
dition; App. 382, d. ni eadem (inimica) 
fortuna, quae Salium (tulit), me tulisset. 
tulisset: had ruined me. 

357. dictis: abl. of accompaniment with 
simul; App. 321. 

359. artis: apposition with clipeum. 

360. Danais: dat. of agent; App. 302. 


Apparently this shield had been taken by 
Aeneas as spoils from the Greeks, who 
had removed (refixum) it from a temple 
of Neptune, where it had formerly been 
dedicated by some worshipper. 

363-484. The aged Entellus defeats 
the youthful boaster, Dares, in boxing. 

363. cui (indef.): dat of possession, 
virtus (est). 

364. adsit: vol. (hortatory); App. 
254. evinctis: i.e., with the caestus, 
boxing gloves , mentioned in 1. 69. 






272 THE AENEID, 366-381 

victorl velatum auro vittisgwe juvencum, 
ensem atque Insignem galeam solatia victo. 

Nec mora; continue) vastls cum viribus effert 
ora Dares magndque virum se murmure tollit, 

370 solus qul Paridem solitus contendere contra, 

Idemque ad tumulum quo maximus occubat Hector 
victorem Buten immani cor pore, qul se 
Bebrycia veniens Amyci de gente ferebat, 
perculit et fulva moribundum extendit harena. 

375 Tdlis prlma Dares caput altum in proelia tollit, 

ostenditg'we umeros latos alternate jactat 
bracchia protendens et verberat ictibus auras. 
Quaeritur huic alius; nec quisquam ex agmine tanto 
aud.et adire virum manibusque inducere caestus. 

380 Ergo alacris cunctosque putans excedere palma 

Aeneae stetit ante pedes, nec plilra moratus 


adeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus approach 
alacer (cris), cris, ere eager, elatedf 
alternus, a, um alternate, in (by) turnsf 
Amycus, i ra. famous boxerf 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
Bebrycia, ae /. Bebrycia, a country in 
Asia Minorf 

bracchium, (i)i n. forearm* 

Butes, ae m. famous boxerf 
caestus, us m. boxing glove, gauntlet, 
made of rawhide wrapped around bits 
of lead and iron 

contendo, ere, i, ntus struggle, contend 
continuo at once, immediately 
contra against, opposite ( acc .); in reply* 
Dares, (et)is ra. Trojan boxerf 
effero, ferre, extuli, elatus bear forth, 
raise* 

ensis, is m. sword, knife* 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
excedo, ere, cessi, cessus withdraw, re¬ 
tire 

extendo, ere, i, ntus stretch out, extendf 
fulvus, a, um yellow, tawny, blond 
galea, ae /. helmet 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 

Hector, oris m. Trojan leader* 


ictus, us m. stroke, blow, thrust 
induco, ere, duxl, ductus draw onf 
insignis, e marked, distinguished, noble* 
jacto (1) toss, buffet, swing, strike* 
juvencus, i m. bullock, bull, ox* 
latus, a, um wide, broad, spacious* 
mora, ae /. delay, hesitation, hindrance* 
moribundus, a, um dying, ready to die 
moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, hinder* 
murmur, is n. murmur, roar, rumble 
occubo, are lie (dead, buried) 
ostendo, ere, i, ntus show, display* 
palma, ae /. palm, hand, prize, victor(y)* 
Paris, idis m . Trojan prince, eloped with 
Helen and thus caused the Trojan war 
percello, ere, cull, culsus strike downf 
proelium, (i)I n. battle, fight, contest 
protendo, ere, i, ntus stretch forthf 
puto (1) think, suppose, consider, ponder 
quisquam, quaequam, quidquam any(one, 
thing) 

solacium, (i)i n. solace, consolationf 
soled, ere, itus sum be accustomed 
tumulus, i 7 Ti. mound, tomb* 
velo (1) veil, cover, wreathe, clothe 
verbero (1) strike, lash, beat, whip 
vitta, ae /. fillet, ribbon, band* 


366. velatum aurd: referring to the 
custom of gilding the horns of sacrificial 
victims. 

369. vir(or)um. 

370. Paridem: Paris, the idol of the 
ladies, was a great athlete. 

371-374. ad tumulum: funeral games 
were celebrated at the tombs of great 


warriors, idem (Dares) perculit Buten, 
qui veniens (ex) Bebrycia ferebat se 
(esse) de gente Amyci. victorem: 

champion . 

378. huic alius: another to match 
him. 

380. alacris: alacer is the more com¬ 
mon form of the nom. masc. 




BOOK V, 382-398 273 

turn laeva taurum cornu tenet atque ita fatur: 

11 Nate dea, si nemo audet se credere pugnae, 
quae finis standi f Quo me decet usque tenerl? 

Ducere dona jube." Cunctl simul ore fremebant 385 

Dardanidae reddigwe viro promissa jubebant. 

Hlc gravis Entellum dictls castigat Acestes, 
t proximus ut viridante toro consederat herbae: 

“Entelle, heroum quondam fortissime frustra, 
tantane tam patiens nullo certamine tolll 390 

dona sines? Ubi nunc nobis deus Me (magister 
nequlquam memoratus) Eryx? Ubi fama per omnem 
Trinacriam et spolia ilia tuls pendentia tectls?” 

Ille sub haec: u Non laudis amor nec gloria cessit 

pulsa metu; sed enim gelidus tardante senecta 395 

sanguis hebet, frlgent^we effetae in corpore vires. 

Si mihi quae quondam fuerat quaque improbus iste 
exsultat fidens, si nunc foret ilia juventas, 


audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
castigo (1) chastise, rebuke, punish 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, give in* 
certamen, inis n. struggle, contest, strife* 
consido, ere, sedi, sessus sit (down), 
settle* 

cornu, us n. horn, tip, end 
credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust ( dat .)* 
Dardanides, ae ra. Trojan, Dardanian 
decet, ere, uit it is fitting, it is proper 
effetus, a, um worn out, exhausted! 
enim for, truly, indeed* 

Entellus, i m. Sicilian boxer! 

Eryx, ycis m. famous Sicilian boxer, half- 
brother of Aeneas! 

ex(s)ulto (1) exult, vaunt, boast, rejoice 
fido, ere, fisus sum trust (in) ( dat ., abl.)* 
fortis, e brave, strong, valiant, stout* 
fremo, ere, ui, itus rage, roar, shout* 
frigeo, ere be cold, be stiff, freeze! 
frustra in vain, uselessly, ineffectually* 
gelidus, a, um cold, chilly, icy 
gloria, ae f. fame, glory, reputation 
gravis, e heavy, weighty, venerable* 
hebeo, ere be blunt, be sluggish! 
herba, ae/. herb(age), grass, plant* 
herds, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
improbus, a, um shameless, wicked 
iste, ta, tud that one (you mention)* 


ita thus, so, in this way 
juventas, atis/. youth, young manhood!* 
laeva, ae /. left hand* 
laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 
magister, tri m. master, trainer, chief 
memoro (1) recount, recall, celebrate* 
metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* 
nemo, inis m. (/.) no one, none 
nequlquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
patiens, entis patient, calm, enduring 
pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus strike, drive (out) 
pended, ere, pependi hang, depend* 
promissum, i n. promise, agreement 
proximus, a, um next, closest, nearest 
pugna, ae /. battle, fight, contest, combat* 
quo . . . usque = quousque how long, to 
what extent! 

reddo, ere, didi, ditus give (back), render 
(duly) * 

senecta, ae /. old age, eld, senility! 
sino, ere, sivi, situs allow, permit* 
spolium, (i)i n. spoils, trophy, plunder 
tam so, to such an extent, such* 
tardo (1) hinder, check, retard, impede! 
taurus, i m. bull, bullock, ox* 
torus, I m. couch, bank* 

Trinacria, ae /. Sicily 
usque see quo • . . usque! 
viridans, antis green, flourishing! 


384. finis: more commonly masc. 
Quo . . . usque = quousque: an example 
of what is known as tmesis; App. 445. 

385. jube (me) ducere dona. 

391-392. Ubi nobis (est) ille deus 

Eryx, memoratus nequlquam (tuus) ma¬ 


gister? Ubi' (est) fama? nobis: ethical 
dat.; App. 300. 

393. spolia: won in boxing contests. 

397. Si mihi (foret ilia juventas), quae 
quondam fuerat. qua: abl. of cause, 
improbus iste: that braggart = Dares. 





274 


THE AENEID, 399^14 


baud equidem pretio inductus pulchrogwe juvenco 
too venissem, nec dona moror.” Sic deinde locutus 
in medium geminos immanl pondere caestus 
projecit, quibus acer Eryx in proelia suetus 
ferre manum durogwe intendere bracchia tergo. 
Obstipuere animl: tantorum ingentia septem 
105 terga bourn plumbo insuto ferroque rigebant. 

Ante omnls stupet ipse Dares longeque recusat, 
magnanimusgwe Anchisiades et pondus et ipsa 
hiic illuc vinclorum immensa volumina versat. 
Turn senior tails referebat pectore voces: 
no 11 Quid, si quis caestus ipslus et Herculis arma 
vldisset trlstemque hoc ipso in lltore pugnam? 

Haec germanus Eryx quondam tuus arma gerebat 
(.sanguine cernis adhuc sparsogwe Infecta cerebro), 
his magnum Alciden contra stetit, his ego suetus, 


acer, cris, ere sharp, spirited, fierce* 
adhuc to this point, thus far, still, yet 
Alcides, ae ra. descendant of Alceus, 
Herculesf 

Anchisiades, ae ra. descendant of An- 
chises, Aeneasf 

bos, bovis m. (/.) bull, ox, cow 
bracchium, (i)I n. forearm* 
caestus, us ra. boxing glove, gauntlet 
cerebrum, I n. brain f 
contra against, opposite ( acc .)* 

Dares, (et)is ra. Trojan boxer 
deinde then, next, thereupon* 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
equidem indeed, surely, truly* 

Eryx, ycis m. Sicilian boxer, half-brother 
of Aeneas 

germanus, I m. brother* 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus carry (on), wear* 
Hercules, is m. god of strength, son of 
Jupiter and Alcmena, noted for his 
twelve labors 

illuc thither, in that direction 
immensus, a, um boundless, vast 
indued, ere, duxi, ductus lead on, draw on 
Inficio, ere, feci, fectus taint, stainf 
Insuo, ere, ul, utus sew inf 
intendo, ere, I, ntus stretch (out) 


juvencus, I m. bullock, bull, ox* 
longe (from) afar* 
loquor, I, locutus speak, say, talk* 
magnanimus, a, um great-souled 
medium, (i)I n. middle, midst, center 
moror, arl, atus delay, care for, hinder* 
obstipesco, ere, pul be amazed* 
plumbum, I n . leadf 
pondus, eris n. weight, burden, mass 
pretium, (i)I n. prize, reward, price 
proelium, (i)I n. battle, fight, contest 
projicio, ere, jecl, jectus throw forward 
pugna, ae/. battle, fight, contest, combat* 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, hand¬ 
some, splendid, illustrious* 
recuso (1) decline, refuse, recoil, be 
reluctant 

rigeo, ere, ul be stiff, be rigid 
senior, oris m. old (aged) man, sire 
septem seven 

spargo, ere, rsl, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 
stuped, ere, ul be amazed 
suesco, ere, suevl, suetus be(come) ac¬ 
customed 

tergum, I n. back, hide; boxing glove* 
verso (1) roll, revolve, keep turning 
vinc(u)lum, I n. bond, fastening* 
volumen, inis n. coil, fold, roll 


402. suetus (erat). 

409. senior: Entellus. 

410. ipslus Herculis: of Hercules 
himself. The et connects caestus and 
arma. 

411. tristem pugnam: because Eryx 
was killed in it. 


412. germanus tuus: he is speaking to 
Aeneas. 

413. sanguine, cerebro: of men he 
had killed in his day. 

414. Alciden: the form Herculen 
(_ w -) could not be used in dactylic hex¬ 
ameter. suetus (eram pugnare, to fight). 















BOOK V, 415-430 


275 


dum melior viris sanguis dabat, aemula necdum 415 

temporibus geminis canebat sparsa senectus. 

Sed si nostra Dares haec Troius arma recusat 

idque pid sedet Aeneae, probat auctor Acestes, 

aequemus pugnas. Erycis tibi terga remitto 

(solve metus), et tu Trojanos exue caestus.” 420 

Haec fatus duplicem ex umeris rejecit amictum 

et magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa lacertosgwe 

exuit atque ingens media consistit harena. 

Turn satus Anchisd caestus pater extulit aequos 
et paribus palmas amborum innexuit armis. 425 

Constitit in digitos extemplo arrectus uterque 
bracchiagwe ad superas interritus extulit auras. 

Abduxere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu 

immiscentgue manus manibus pugnam^we lacessunt, 

ille pedum melior motu fretus^we juventa, 430 


abduco, ere, duxi, ductus withdraw 
aemulus, a, um emulous, jealous 
aequo (1) equal(ize), match, even* 
aequus, a, um equal, even, just, fair 
ambo, ae, 6 both 

amictus, us m. cloak, wrap, mantle 
arduus, a, um lofty, upraised, steep* 
arrigo, ere, rexi, rectus raise, lift 
artus, us m. joint, limb, member* 
auctor, oris ra. author, backer, founder 
bracchium, (i)I n. forearm* 
caestus, us m. boxing glove, gauntlet 
caneo, ere, ui be white (gray, hoary) t 
cdnsisto, ere, stiti, stitus stand (fast)* 
Dares, (et)is m. Trojan boxer 
digitus, i m. finger, toef 
duplex, icis double, twofold 
effero, ferre, extuli, elatus bring forth, 
raise* 

Eryx, ycis m. Sicilian boxer, half-brother 
of Aeneas 

extemplo suddenly, immediately, forth¬ 
with 

exuo, ere, ui, utus doff, bare, remove 
fretus, a, um depending on ( abl .) 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 
ictus, us m. stroke, blow, thrust 
immisceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle 
innecto, ere, nex(u)I, nexus bind, fasten 
interritus, a, um undaunted, fearlessf 

415. aemula: jealous of my youthful 
strength. 

418. Aeneae: dat. of reference. 

419. tibi: dat. of reference, terga - 
caestus. 

421. rejecit: pronounce rejjecit here, 
making the first syllable long by position. 


juventa, ae /. youth, young manhood 
lacertus, i m. upper arm 
lacesso, ere, ivi (ii), itus provokef 
longe (from) afar, far (away)* 
melior, ius better, superior, preferable 
membrum, i n. member, limb, body* 
metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* 
motus, us m. movement, motion, agility 
necdum not yet 
os, ossis n. bone* 

palma, ae /. palm, hand, prize, victor(y)* 
par, paris equal, like, similar* 
probo (1) test, try, prove, approve 
pugna, ae/. battle, fight, contest, combat* 
recuso (1) decline, refuse, recoil, be re¬ 
luctant 

rejicio, ere, jecl, jectus throw backf 
remitto, ere, misi, missus let go, give up 
retro back(ward), again 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit, settle; suit* 
senectus, utis /. old age, eld, senility! 
sero, ere, sevl, satus sow, beget* 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), dismiss* 
spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
tergum, l n. back, hide; boxing glove* 
Troius, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 

Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two), 
both* 


422. lacertosque: hypermetric; App. 
402. 

424. Anchisa: abl. of source; App. 323. 
426. in digitos (pedum), on their toes. 
429. They begin by sparring. 

430-431. ille, hie: the former (Dares), 
the latter (Entellus). 





276 THE AENEID, 431-446 

hie membris et mole valens; sed tarda trementi 
genua labant, vastos quatit aeger anhelitus artus. 
Multa virl nequiquam inter se vulnera jactant, 
multa cavo later! ingeminant et pectore vastos 
435 dant sonitus, erratque auris et tempora circum 

crebra manus, duro crepitant sub vulnere malae. 
Stat gravis Entellus nisu^we immotus eddem 
corpore tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit. 
Ille, velut celsam oppugnat qui molibus urbern 
440 aut montana sedet circum castella sub armis, 

nunc hos, nunc illos aditus, omnemque pererrat 
arte locum et varils adsultibus inritus urget. 
Ostendit dextram insurgens Entellus et alte 
extulit: ille ictum venientem a vertice velox 
445 praevldit celeri que elapsus corpore cessit; 

Entellus vlrls in ventum effudit et ultrd 


aditus, us m. approach, access 
adsultus, us m. assault, attackf 
aeger, gra, grum sick, painful, weary* 
alte (on) high, loftily 
anhelitus, us m. panting, gasping 
ars, artis /. art, skill, stratagem, cun¬ 
ning* 

artus, us m. joint, limb, member* 
auris, is /. ear* 

castellum, i n. fort, castle, fastnessf 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, withdraw* 
celer, eris, ere quick, swift, speedy, fast* 
celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 
creber, bra, brum frequent, repeated* 
crepito (1) rattle, crash, rustle 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
effero, ferre, extull, elatus bring forth, 
lift* 

effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out* 
elabor, i, lapsus slip (out, aside) 

Entellus, i m. Sicilian boxer 
exeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus go out, escape 
genu, us n. knee 

gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
ictus, us m. stroke, blow, thrust 
immotus, a, um unmoved, immovable 
ingemino (1) (re) double, repeat, reiter¬ 
ate 

inritus, a, um useless, ineffectual 
insurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus rise (on) 


jacto (1) toss, hurl, buffet, fling* 
labo (1) totter, stagger, waver 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 
mala, ae /. jaw 

membrum, i n. member, limb, body* 
modo only, (just) now 
moles, is /, mass, bulk; war engine* 
montanus, a, um mountain(ous) 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
nisus, us m. effort, strain, po(i)se 
oppugno (1) attack, storm, assaultf* 
ostendo, ere, i, ntus show, display* 
pererro (1) wander over, survey, trav¬ 
erse 

praevideo, ere, vidi, visus foreseef 
quatio, ere, quassus shake, shatter 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit, settle; en¬ 
camp* 

sonitus, us m. sound, noise, roar 
tardus, a, um slow, late, lazy, retarded 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
tremo, ere, ui tremble, shake, quaver* 
ultro further, voluntarily* 
urged, ere, ursi press (hard), push, urge 
valeo, ere, ui, itus be strong, be able 
varius, a, um varying, different, diverse* • 
velox, ocis swift, quick, fleet, fast 
velut(i) as, just as* 

vertex, icis m. summit, head, top, peak* 
vigilans, antis watchful, watching 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 


431. (ei) trementi: dat. of reference. 

432. genua: pronounce as two syl¬ 
lables here, genva; App. 401. 

434. multa (vulnera). 


439. An attempt to capture a city by 
assault. Ille: Dares. 

440. Siege operations. 

444. a vertice: from above . 





Louvre 

The Venus of Melos 







x.; ; ^ 



— * 


LA 


Alinari, Rome 


Vatican Museum 

Apollo of the Belvedere 


On his back, a quiver full of arrows. His right hand draws back the string, 
and with his left he holds his bow. 




BOOK V, 447-462 


277 


ipse gravis gravitergue ad terram pondere vasto 
concidit, ut quondam cava conduit aut Erymantho 
aut Ida in magna radlcibus eruta pinus. 

Consurgunt studiis Teucri et Trinacria pubes; 450 

it clamor caelo primusque accurrit Acestes 
aequaevumgue ab humo miserans attollit amicum. 

At non tardatus casu neque territus heros 

acrior ad pugnam redit ac vim suscitat ira; 

turn pudor incendit viris et conscia virtus, 455 

praecipitemgwe Daren ardens agit aequore toto 

nunc dextra ingeminans ictus, nunc ille sinistra. 

Nec mora nec requies: quam multa, grandine nimbi 
culminibus crepitant, sic densls ictibus heros 
creber utraque manu pulsat versat que Dareta. 460 

Turn pater Aeneas procedere longius iras 
et saevire animis Entellum haud passus acerbls, 


accurro, ere, (cu)currl, cursus run upf 
acer, cris, ere sharp, spirited, fierce* 
acerbus, a, um bitter, harsh, sad 
aequaevus, a, um equal-aged, of the 
same age 

amicus, i ra. friend, lover, comrade* 
attollo, ere lift, rear, raise* 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
concido, ere, i fall (in a heap) 
conscius, a, um conscious, aware 
ednsurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus rise 
creber, bra, brum frequent, incessant* 
crepito (1) rattle, crash, rustle 
culmen, inis n. peak, summit, roof, top* 
Dares, (et)is, acc. en (eta), m. Trojan 
boxer 

densus, a, um thick, frequent, constant* 
Entellus, i m . Sicilian boxer 
eruo, ere, ui, utus overthrow, ruin 
Erymanthus, i m. Greek mountainf 
grando, inis/. hail(stone, storm) 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
graviter heavily, grievously, seriously 
heros, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
humus, l /. ground, soil, earth* 
ictus, us m. stroke, blow, thrust 
Ida, ae /. mountain near Troy 
incendo, ere, i, ensus inflame, burn* 
ingemino (1) (re)double, repeat, reiter¬ 
ate 


longe far, (from) afar* 
miseror, ari, atus pity, commiserate* 
mora, ae /. delay, hesitation, hindrance* 
nimbus, i m. storm cloud, rainstorm* 
patior, i, passus endure, suffer, allow* 
pinus, us (i) /. pine tree 
pondus, eris n. weight, burden, mass 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, headforemost* 
procedo, ere, cessi, cessus advance 
pubes, is/, youth, (group of) young men* 
pudor, oris m. (sense of) shame, honor 
pugna, a ej. battle, fight, contest, com¬ 
bat* 

pulso (1) strike, beat, lash, throb 
quam how, than, as* 
radix, ids /. root 
redeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus return 
requies, etis (ei) /. rest, respite, re¬ 
pose 

saevio, ire, ivi (ii), itus rage, storm 
sinister, tra, trum left (hand) 
studium, (i)i n. desire, zeal, eagerness 
suscito (1) (a)rouse, stir up 
tardo (1) check, hinder, retard 
terreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
Trinacrius, a, um Sicilian 
uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two), 
both* 

verso (1) keep turning, spin, revolve 
virtus, utis /. manhood, excellence, valor* 


448-449. cava pinus. (in) Eryman- 
tho. radicibus: abl. of separation. 

451. caelo = ad caelum: dat. of di¬ 
rection; App. 306. 

456. aequore: over the 'plain; abl. of 


route; App. 338. Daren: acc., a Greek 
form; App. 66. 

458. quam multa grandine: as thick 
as the hail . 

460. Dareta: acc., a Greek form; App. 68. 




278 


THE AENEID, 463-481 


sed finem imposuit pugnae fessumque Dareta 
eripuit mulcens digtis ac tdlia fatur: 

465 “ Infelix, quae tanta animum dementia cepitf 

Non viris alias conversague numina sentis? 

Cede deo.” Dixitque et proelia voce diremit. 

A st ilium fldl aequales genua aegra trahentem 
jactantemgwe utroque caput crassumgue cruorem 
470 ore eject-antem mixtosgue in sanguine dentes 
ducunt ad navis; galeamgwe ensemgwe vocati 
accipiunt, palmam Entello taurumgwe relinquunt. 
Hie victor superans animis taurogwe superbus 
11 Nate dea, vosque haec” inquit “cognoscite, Teucri, 
475 et mihi quae fuerint juvenall in corpore vires 
et qua servetis revocatum a morte Dareta.” 

Dixit, et adversi contra stetit ora juvencl 
qui donum astabat pugnae, duros que reducta 
libravit dextra media inter cornua caestus 
480 arduus, effractogwe inlisit in ossa cerebro: 

sternitur exanimisgwe tremens procumbit hum! bos. 


adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
aeger, gra, gram sick, painful, weary* 
aequalis, is m. (/.) comrade, mate 
arduus, a, um high, upraised, steep* 
a(d)sto, are, stiti stand (near, by)* 
bos, bovis m. (/.) bull, ox, cow 
caestus, us m. boxing glove, gauntlet 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, retire* 
cerebrum, i n. brain 

cognosco, ere, novi, nitus learn, recog¬ 
nize; perf. know 
contra against, opposite ( acc .)* 
converto, ere, i, rsus turn, change 
cornu, us n. horn, tip, end 
crassus, a, um thick, clotted, coarsef 
cruor, oris m. blood, gore 
Dares, (et)is, acc. en (eta), m. Trojan 
boxer 

dementia, ae /. madness, folly, frenzyf 
dens, dentis m. tooth 
dlrimo, ere, emi, emptus separate, endf 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
effringo, ere, fregl, fractus shatterf 
ejecto (1) cast out, vomit, ejectf 
ensis, is m. sword, knife* 

Entellus, i m. Sicilian boxer 
exanimis, e breathless, lifeless 
fidus, a, um faithful, safe, trusty* 


466. conversa numina: the gods have 
deserted you and are on the side of 
Entellus, to whom they have given new 
strength (alias vires). 


galea, ae /. helmet 

genu, us n. knee 

humus, i /. ground, soil, earth* 

impono, ere, posui, positus place (on) 

0 dat .) * 

inlido, ere, si, sus strike in, dash (in, on) 
inquam, is, it say* 
jacto (1) toss, hurl, buffet, fling* 
juvenalis, e youthful, young 
juvencus, i m. bullock, bull, ox* 
libro (1) poise, balance, brandishf 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 
mulceo, ere, lsi, lsus soothe, calm, allay 
os, ossis n. bone* 

palma, ae/. palm, hand, prize, victor(y)* 
procumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus sink for¬ 
ward, fall; recline 

proelium, (i)i n. battle, fight, contest 
pugna, ae/. battle, fight, contest, combat* 
reduco, ere, duxi, ductus draw back 
revoco (1) recall, call back, restore 
sentio, ire, sensi, sensus feel, perceive 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay (low), fell* 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
supero (1) surpass, win, triumph* 
taurus, i m. bull, ox, bullock* 
tremo, ere, ui tremble, quiver, shake* 
utroque to each side, from side to sidef 


473. tauro: abl. of cause. 

481. The monosyllabic ending sug¬ 
gests the thud of the falling ani¬ 
mal. 





BOOK V, 482-495 


279 


Ille super tails effundit pectore voces: 

“ Hanc tibi, Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte Daretis 
persolvo; hlc victor caestus artem que repono.” 

Protinus Aeneas celerl certare sagitta 485 

invitat qul forte velint et praemia (licit, 
ingentlque manii malum de nave Seresti 
erigit et volucrem trajecto in fune columbam, 
quo tendant ferrum, malo suspendit ab alto. 

Convenere virl dejectamg'we aerea sortem 490 

accepit galea; et primus clamore secundo 
Hyrt.acidae ante omnls exit locus Hippocoontis; 
quem modo naval! Mnestheus certamine victor 
consequitur, viridi Mnestheus evinctus oliva. 

Tertius Eurytion, tuus, 0 clarissime, frater, 495 


aereus, a, um bronze, bronze-clad 
ars, artis/. art, skill, stratagem, cunning* 
caestus, us m. boxing glove, gauntlet 
celer, eris, ere swift, quick, fleet* 
certamen, inis n. contest, struggle* 
certo (1) struggle, compete, contest, vie 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
columba, ae /. dove, pigeon 
consequor, i, secutus follow, overtake 
convenio, ire, veni, ventus assemble 
Dares, (et)is, acc. en (eta),ra. Trojan boxer 
dejicio, ere, jeci, jectus cast (down) 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out* 
erigo, ere, rexi, rectus erect, raise 
Eryx, ycis m. Sicilian boxer, half-brother 
of Aeneas 

Eurytion, onis m. Lycian archer, ally of 
the Trojanst 

evincio, ire, vinxi, vinctus bind, wreathe 
exeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus go forth, escape 
frater, tris m. brother* 
funis, is m. rope, cord, cable 
galea, ae /. helmet 
Hippocoon, ontis m. Trojan archerf 
Hyrtacides, ae m. son of Hyrtacus, a 
Trojanf 


invito (1) invite, challenge, summon, in* 
duce 

malus, i m. mast, staff, polef 
melior, ius better, preferable, superior* 
Mnestheus, ei (eos) m. Trojan leader* 
modo only, (just) now 
navalis, e naval, of the ships 
oliva, ae /. olive 

persolvo, ere, i, solutus pay (fully), 

render 

praemium, (i)i n. reward, prize, premium* 
pro before, in behalf of, for (a6Z.)* 
protinus immediately, continuously 
repono, ere, posui, positus lay down, re¬ 
sign* 

sagitta, ae /. arrow, bolt, shaft 
secundus, a, um second, favorable* 
Serestus, i m. Trojan leader 
sors, rtis /. lot, destiny, portion; ora¬ 
cle* 

suspendo, ere, i, ensus suspend* 
tertius, a, um third* 
trajicio, ere, jeci, jectus pass (through, 
across, over, around) 
viridis, e green, fresh, vigorous* 
volucer, cris, ere winged, fleet, swift* 


483. meliorem: as a more acceptable 
offering to the god than would be the 
life of a man. 

485-544. Eurytion is first in archery, 
but the first prize is awarded to Acestes, 
on account of his age and dignity and 
because his arrow shot at random into 
the sky miraculously took fire and left 
behind a trail of light. 

486. invitat (eos) qui velint: implied 
indir. disc.; App. 357. 


488. trajecto: thrown over (the mast). 

489. quo tendant ferrum ( = sagit- 
tam): rel. clause of purpose; App. 388. 

490. sortem: the lots were placed in 
a helmet which was then shaken. The 
order in which the lots fell out of 
the helmet determined the order in 
which the contestants were to try their 
skill. 

491-492. primus exit locus: Hippo- 
coon’s lot was the first to fall out. 

493. victor: he had won second place. 




280 


THE AENEID, 496-510 


Pandare, qui quondam jussus confundere foedus 
in medids telum torsisti 'primus Achivos. 
Extremus galea que ima subsedit Acestes, 
ausus et ipse manu juvenum temptare laborem. 
500 Turn validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus 

pro se quisque viri et depromunt tela pharetris, 
primaque per caelum nervo strldente sagitta 
Hyrtacidae juvenis volucris diverberat auras, 
et venit adversigwe infigitur arbore mall. 

505 Intremuit malus timuitgwe exterrita pennis 

ales, et ingenti sonuerunt omnia plausu. 

Post acer Mnestheus adducto constitit arcu 
alta petens, pariter que oculos telumque tetendit. 
Ast ipsam miserandus avem contingere ferro 
510 non valuit; nodos et vincula linea rupit 


acer, cris, cre sharp, spirited, fierce* 
Achivus, a, um Achaean, Greek 
adduco, ere, duxi, ductus draw (to) 
adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
ales, itis m. (/.) bird, fowl 
altum, l n. the deep (sea); the height, 
heaven 

arbos (or), oris /. tree, wood(s)* 
arcus, us m. bow, arch, arc* 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
avis, is /. bird, fowl 

confundd, ere, fudi, fusus confuse, 
shatter 

cdnsto, are, stitl, status stand (fast) 
contingo, ere, tigl, tactus touch, reach* 
depromo, ere, mpsi, mptus draw forth f 
diverbero (1) strike apart, divide, cleave, 
cutf 

exterreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
extremus, a, um last, final, extreme* 
flecto, ere, flexl, flexus curve, bend 
foedus, eris n. treaty, agreement, truce 
galea, ae /. helmet 

Hyrtacides, ae m. son of Hyrtacus, a 
Trojan archer 

incurvo (1) bend, arch, curvef 
infigo, ere, xi, xus fasten in, impale 
intremo, ere, ui tremble, quiver, shakef 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

lineus, a, um of linen, flaxenf 
malus, I rn. mast, staff, pole 


miseror, ari, atus pity, commiserate* 
Mnestheus, ei (eos) m. Trojan leader* 
nervus, i m. tendon, bowstringf 
nodus, i m. knot, fold, coil 
Pandarus, i m. Lycian archer, ally of the 
Trojans. While a truce was being ar¬ 
ranged between the Greeks and Trojans 
he was instigated by Minerva to wound 
Menelaus, thus breaking the trucej 
pariter equally, side by side* 
penna, ae, /. wing, feather 
pharetra, ae /. quiver 
plausus, us m. clapping, applause 
post after, behind (< acc .); later* 
pro before, in behalf of, for (a6Z.)* 
quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) 
each (one), every (one) 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break, burst 
(forth) * 

sagitta, ae /. arrow, bolt, shaft 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
strid(e)o, ere, i hiss, whir, buzz, crash 
subsido, ere, sedi, sessus subside, re- 
mainf 

tempto (1) try, test, attempt; exam¬ 
ine* 

timed, ere, ui fear, dread, be anxious* 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, whirl, shoot* 
valeo, ere, ui, itus be strong, be able 
validus, a, um strong, mighty, stout 
vinc(u)lum, i n. fastening, band, cord* 
volucer, cris, ere winged, swift, fleet 


496. jussus (a Minerva). 

498. Acestes = sorsAcestae. Acestes’s 
lot came out last. 

499. et ipse: in spite of the fact that 
he was well advanced in years (aevi 
maturus, of 1. 73). 


501. quisque pro se: each for himself , 
quisque being in partitive apposition with 
viri. 

505. timuit pennis: fluttered its wings 
in terror (,feared by flapping its wings). 

508. alta petens: aiming aloft. 




BOOK V, 511-526 


281 


quls innexa pedem malo pendebat ab alto; 
ilia Notos atque alta volans in nubila fugit. 

Turn rapidus, jamdudum arcu contenta parato 

tela tenens, fratrem Eurytion in vota vocavit, 

jam vacuo laetam caeld speculates et alls 515 

plaudentem nigra figit sub nube columbam. 

Decidit exanimis vitamque reliquit in astris 
aetherils flxam que refert delapsa sagittam. 

Amissa solus palma superabat Acestes, 
qui tamen aerias telum contorsit in auras 520 

ostentans artemgwe pater arcum que sonantem. 

Hie oculis subitum objicitur magnoque futurum 
augurio monstrum; docuit post exitus ingens 
sera que terrific! cecinerunt omina rates. 

Namque volans liquidis in nubibus arsit harundo 525 

signavitgwe viam flammis tenuisgue recessit 


aerius, a, um airy, lofty, towering 
aetherius, a, um of the upper air, ethereal 
ala, ae /. wing* 

amitto, ere, misi, missus let go, lose* 
arcus, us m. bow, arch, arc* 
ars, artis /. art, skill, stratagem, cunning* 
astrum, i n. star, constellation* 
augurium, (i)i n. omen, portent, augury 
cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), chant, 
predict, proclaim* 
columba, ae /. dove, pigeon 
contendo, ere, i, ntus stretch, aim, strive 
contorqueo, ere, rsl, rtus twist, whirl, 
shoot 

decido, ere, i fall, dropf 
delabor, i, lapsus glide down, descend 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, tell, inform* 
Eurytion, onis m. Lycian archer, brother 
of Pandarus, ally of Troy 
exanimis, e breathless, lifeless 
exitus, us m. outcome, result 
figo, ere, xi, xus fix, pierce, imprint* 
frater, tris m. brother* 
harundo, inis /. reed, arrow, shaft 
innecto, ere, nex(u)i, nexus tie, fasten 
jamdudum long since, for some time 
liquidus, a, um liquid, fluid, clear 
malus, i m. mast, staff, pole 
monstrum, i n. portent, monster, sign* 


niger, gra, grum black, dusky* 

Notus, i m. (south) wind 
nubes, is /. cloud, fog, mist* 
nubila, orum n. clouds, cloudiness 
objicio, ere, jeci, jectus oppose (to), 
present (to) 

omen, inis n. omen, portent, token* 
ostento (1) exhibit, show, display, parade 
palma, ae /. palm, hand, prize, victor(y) * 
pended, ere, pependi hang* 
plaudo, ere, si, sus clap, flapf 
post after, behind ( acc .); later* 
rapidus, a, um swift, quick, whirling* 
recedo, ere, cessi, cessus withdraw, dis¬ 
appear 

sagitta, ae /. arrow, bolt, shaft 
serus, a, um (too) late, tardy 
signo (l)-mark, observe, note, notice 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
speculor, ari, atus spy (out), watch 
subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected 
supero (1) surmount, surpass, remain* 
tamen however, nevertheless, but* 
tenuis, e thin, slight, fine, delicate 
terrificus, a, um terrifying, diref 
vacuus, a, um empty, free, vacant 
void (1) fly, speed, flit, flutter* 
votum, i n. vow, prayer, (votive) offer¬ 
ing* 


511. quis = quibus: App. 109, c. pe- 
dem: obj. of the middle part, innexa; 
App. 309, a. 

512. (in) Notos. 

514. tela: poetic plural. fratrem: 
Pandarus, patron saint of archery. 

518. fixam (in corpore). refert (ad 
terram). 


521. pater: with the final syllable 
lengthened under the metrical accent 
and before the pause; App. 394, a. 

522-523. monstrum subitum futurum- 
que magno augurio. 

523. augurio: dat. of purpose; App. 
303. post: adv., afterward . 

524. sera: the seers chanted forth the 




282 THE AENEID, 527-541 

consumpta in ventos: caelo ceu saepe refixa 
transcurrunt crinerngwe volantia sldera ducunt. 
Attonitls haesere animis superosque precati 
530 Trinacrii Teucrlque viri, nec maximus omen 

abnuit Aeneas, sed laetum amplexus Acesten 
muneribus cumulat magnis ac talia fatur; 
“Sume, pater: nam te voluit rex magnus OlympI 
talibus auspiciis exsortem ducere honor es. 

535 Ipsius Anchlsae longaevl hoc munus habebis, 

cratera impressum signis, quern Thracius olim 
Anchlsae genitorl in magno munere Cisseus 
ferre sul dederat monimentum et pignus amoris.” 
Sic fatus cingit viridantl tempora lauro 
540 et prlmum ante omnls victorem appellat Acesten. 

Nec bonus Eurytion praelato invldit honorl, 


abnuo, ere, ui, utus nod dissent, deny, 
reject 

amplector, i, plexus embrace, enfold* 
appello (1) name, call, address, proclaimf 
attono, are, ui, itus stupefy, astound 
auspicium, (i)i n. auspice, omen, sign 
bonus, a, um good(ly), kind(ly), noble* 
ceu as, just as 

cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus surround, en¬ 
circle* 

Cisseus, ei m. king of Thrace and father 
of Hecuba, wife of Priam | 
consumo, ere, mpsi, mptus consume 
crater, eris, ace. era, m. mixing bowl 
crinis, is m. hair, (flowing) train, locks* 
cumulo (1) heap up, load (down), increase 
Eurytion, onis m. Lycian archer, ally of 
Troy 

exsors, rtis choice, special, exempt from 
lotf 

haereo, ere, haesi, haesus cling to ( dat .); 

halt, be amazed* 

imprimo, ere, press!, pressus impress, 
embrace 

invideo, ere, vidi, visus begrudge, envy 
(dat.) * 


laurus, i (us) /. laurel 
longaevus, a, um aged, long-lived 
monimentum (monumentum) I n. re¬ 
minder, memorial 
olim formerly, once, at some time* 
Olympus, i m. high mountain in Thessaly, 
home of the gods, heaven 
omen, inis n. omen, portent, token* 
pignus, oris n. pledge, token, proof 
praefero, ferre, tuli, latus preferf 
precor, ari, atus pray, entreat, invoke* 
refigo, ere, xi, xus unfasten. The ancients 
thought stars were fixed, a belief per¬ 
petuated in the term fixed stars. 
saepe often, frequently* 
signum, i n. sign, figure, mark, carv¬ 
ing* 

sumo, ere, mpsi, mptus take, use, select 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
Thracius, a, um Thracian, of Thracef 
transcurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus run 

acrossf 

Trinacrius, a, um Sicilian 
viridans, antis green, verdant, flourish¬ 
ing 

volo, (1) fly, speed, flit, flutter* 


omens ( interpretation) late; i.e., after the 
event had taken place. It is uncertain 
to what event the poet here refers. 

527. (de) caelo. 

530-531. nec omen abnuit: the Ro¬ 
mans immediately accepted omens which 
they thought were good, by saying, 
“Omen accipio.” They refused to ac¬ 
cept those which they considered of evil 
portent. By this method they hoped to 
secure the advantages and avoid the dis¬ 
advantages of the various prodigies sent 


as signs by the gods, laetum : apparently 
Acestes also considers it a good omen. 

534. exsortem: a term applied to a 
part of the booty excepted from the 
general distribution by lot (sors) and 
bestowed upon some warrior who had 
especially distinguished himself. 

538. ferre: inf. of purpose; App. 261. 
sui: obj. gen. with monimentum; App. 
284. 

539. tempora (Acestae). 

541. Nec praelato invldit honor!: be - 




BOOK V, 542-556 


283 


quamvls solus avem caelo dejecit ab alto. 

Proximus ingreditur donis qul vincula rupit, 
extremus volucri qul fixit harundine malum. 

At pater Aeneas nondum cert amine misso 545 

custodem ad sese comitemque impubis lull 
Epytiden vocat, et fidam sic fatur ad aurem: 

“ Vade age et Ascanio, si jam puerile paratum 

agmen habet secum cursusque instruxit equorum, 

ducat avo turmas et sese ostendat in armls 550 

die ” ait. Ipse omnem longo discedere circo 

infusum populum et campos jubet esse patentls. 

Incedunt puerl pariter que ante bra parentum 
frenatls lucent in equls, quos omnis euntls 
Trlnacriae mirata fremit Trojaeque juventus. 555 

Omnibus in morem tonsa coma pressa corona; 


Ascanius, (i)I m. son of Aeneas* 
auris, is /. ear* 
avis, is /. bird, fowl 
avus, i m. grandfather, ancestor 
certamen, inis n. contest, struggle* 
circus, i m. circle, race course, circuit 
coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses* 
corona, ae /. wreath, garland, crown 
custos, odis m . (/.) guard(ian), sentinel* 
dejicio, ere, jeci, jectus strike down 
discedo, ere, cessi, cessus withdraw 
Epytides, ae m. son of Epytus, a Trojan f 
extremus, a, um final, last, extreme* 
fidus, a, um faithful, safe, trusty* 
figo, ere, xl, xus fix, pierce, imprint* 
fremo, ere, ui, itus roar, applaud* 
freno (1) bridle, curb, check, restrain 
harundo, inis /. reed, arrow (shaft) 
impubes, is youthful, boyishf 
incedo, ere, cessi, cessus advance, stride 
Infundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour in 
ingredior, i, gressus advance, enter 
instruo, ere, struxi, struetus array, ar¬ 
range, equip 


lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
juventus, utis /. youth, young men* 
luceo, ere, luxi shine, glisten, gleamf 
malus, i m. mast, staff, pole 
miror, ari, atus wonder (at), admire* 
mos, moris m. custom, ritual, man¬ 
ner* 

nondum not yet 

ostendo, ere, i, ntus show, exhibit* 
pariter equally, evenly, side by side* 
pateo, ere, ui lie open, extend 
populus, i m. people, nation, race* 
premo, ere, pressi, pressus (re)press* 
proximus, a, um next, closest 
puerilis, e boyish, of boysf 
quamvis although, as (much as) you wish 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break, burst 
(forth) * 

tondeo, ere, totondi, tonsus shear, clip 
Trinacria, ae /. Sicily 
turma, ae /. band, troop, company! 
v&do, ere go (on), proceed 
vinc(u)lum, i n. bond, fastening, cable* 
volucer, cris, ere winged, swift; fleet* 


grudged not the honor (to Acestes) 'preferred 
(to his own), 

543. donis: abl. of respect with 
proximus; App. 325. 

545-603. Ascanius and the noblest of 
the Trojan youth stage equestrian games 
and a sham battle in honor of the sainted 
Anchises. 

547. fidam ad aurem: secretly . Aeneas 
plans a surprise for the spectators. 

548-551. Ascanio die: observe the 
shorter form of the imperatives, die, due, 
fac, fer; App. 202. (ut) ducat, (ut) 


ostendat: indir. commands; App. 390. 
avo (Anchisae) : dat. of reference, in 
honor of his grandfather . Ipse (Aeneas): 
see note on I, 42. longo circo: the space 
cleared was oblong, not round. 

554-555. quos euntis: obj. of mirata. 
omnis juventus. 

556. in morem = de more: according 
to custom. Vergil is here representing 
that this sport (the Ludus Trojae), which 
was an annual affair at Rome in his own 
day, was of great and revered antiquity. 
See the note on Iliacis ludis, III, 280. 
pressa (est). 





284 THE AENEID, 557-569 

cornea bina ferunt praeflxa hastllia ferro, 
pars levis umerd pharetras; it pectore summo 
flexilis obtorti per collum circulus auri. 

560 Tres equitum numero turmae tern! que vagantur 

ductores; pueri bis sen! quemque secutl 
agmine partito fulgent paribusgwe magistris. 

Una acies juvenum, ducit quam parvus ovantem 
nomen avl referens Priamus, tua clara, Polite, 

565 progenies, auctura Italos; quern Thracius albis 

portat equus bicolor maculis, vestigia prlmi 
alba pedis frontemgwe ostentans arduus albam. 
Alter Atys, genus unde Atii duxere Latin!, 
parvus Atys pueroque puer dilectus Iulo. 


acies, ei /. edge, battle-line, army* 
albus, a, um white* 

alter, era, erum the other (of two), the 
one (of two)* 

arduus, a, um high, lofty, steep* 

Atius, (i)I ra. famous Roman familyf 
Atys, yos ra. a Trojan f 
augeo, ere, auxi, auctus increase, mag- 
nifyf 

avus, i ra. grandfather, ancestor 
bicolor, oris dappled, of two colorsf 
binl, ae, a two (each), by twos 
bis twice* 

circulus, i ra. circlet, necklacef 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, illustrious* 
collum, i n. neck* 

corneus, a, um of cornel wood, cornel 
diligo, ere, lexi, lectus love, cherish 
ductor, oris ra. leader, guide, chief 
eques, itis ra. horseman, knight 
flexilis, e pliant, flexiblef 
frons, frontis /. front, forehead, brow* 
fulg(e)o, ere, lsi gleam, glitter, shine 
hastlle, is n. spear(shaft) 

Italus, a, um Italian, of Italy 
lulus, i ra. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
juvenis, is ra. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

Latlnus, a, um Latin, of Latium, Roman 


levis, e smooth, polished, slippery 
macula, ae /. spot, stain, splotch 
magister, tri ra. master, trainer, chief 
numerus, I ra. number, throng, order* 
obtorqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twistf 
ostento (1) show, display, exhibit, pa¬ 
rade 

ovo (1) exult, rejoice, triumph 
par, paris equal, similar, like, even; pair* 
partior, Iri, itus divide, part, distribute 
parvus, a, um small, little* 
pharetra, ae /. quiver 
Polites, ae ra. Trojan leader, legendary 
founder of Politorium, an Italian city 
porto (1) bear, carry, convey, bring* 
praefigo, ere, xi, xus tip, pointf 
Priamus, l ra. a Trojan, grandson of 
Priam, king of Troyf 
progenies, ei /. progeny, descendant 
quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) 
each (one) 

seni, ae, a six (each), by sixes 
term, ae, a three (each), by threes 
Thracius, a, um Thracian, of Thrace 
tres, tria three* 

turma, ae /. band, troop, company 
unde whence, from which source* 
vagor, ari, atus wander, roam, stray 
vestigium, (i)in. foot(print), step, track* 


557-558. (pars) ferunt, pars (ferunt). 
pectore summo: at their throats; abl. of 
place; App. 319, 246. 

559. per = circum. 

560. turmae equitum (sunt) tres 
numero: abl. of respect; App. 325. 

561. quemque (ductorem). bis seni: 
thus making thirty-six boys, in addition 
to their three leaders. 

562. magistris: the ductores of 1. 561. 
agmine partito (in tris turmas). 

563. acies (est). 


564. Polite: voc., a Greek form; App. 

66 . 

565. auctura Italos: by his descendants 
and great achievements. According to 
legend, the Italian city Politorium was 
founded by Polites. 

566-567. primi pedis: the first {part) 
of the foot, just above the hoof; App. 246. 

568. Alter (ductor est) Atys. Atys, 
Atii: more fanciful etymologizing. 

569. pueroque puer dilectus Iulo: a 
fine touch of the poet in representing 




BOOK V, 570-584 


285 


Extremus formagwe ante omnls pulcher lulus 570 

Sidonio est invectus equo, quem Candida Dido 
esse sul dederat monimentum et pignus amoris. 

Cetera Trinacriis pubes senioris Acestae 
fertur equls. 

Excipiunt plausu pavidos gaudentgwe tuentes 575 

Dardanidae, veterumgwe agnoscunt ora parentum. 

Postquam omnem laetl consessurn oculosque suorum 
lustravere in equls, signum clamore pardtls 
Epytides longe dedit insonuitgwe flagello. 

Olli discurrere pares atque agmina tern! 580 

diductis solvere choris, rursusgue vocatl 
convertere vias Infestagwe tela tulere. 

Inde alios ineunt cursus aliosque recursus 
adversi spatils, alternosgwe orbibus orbis 


adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
agnosco, ere, novi, nitus recognize* 
alternus, a, um alternate, alternating 
candidus, a, um lustrous, white, fairf 
ceterus, a, um other, remaining, rest 
chorus, i m. band, train, chorus 
consessus, us m. assembly, crowd 
converto, ere, i, rsus turn, change 
Dardanides, ae m. Trojan, Dardanian 
dlduco, ere, duxl, ductus draw apart 
discurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus run apartf 
Epytides, ae m, son of Epytus, a Trojan 
excipio, ere, cepi, ceptus receive, welcome 
extremus, a, um last, final, extreme* 
flagellum, i n. whip, scourge, lashf 
forma, ae /. form, beauty, shape* 
gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum rejoice, exult 
inde thence, thereupon, next* 
ineo, ire, il (ivi), itus enter, undertake 
infestus, a, um hostile, threatening 
insono, are, ui (re)sound, roar 
inveho, ere, vexi, vectus carry, convey 
lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
longe (from) afar, far (away)* 


lustro (1) traverse; survey; purify* 
monimentum (monumentum), i n. re¬ 
minder, memorial 
orbis, is m. circle, orb(it), earth* 
par, paris equal, similar, like, even; pair* 
pavidus, a, um fearful, nervous, timid 
pignus, oris n . pledge, token, proof 
plausus, us m. clapping, applause 
postquam after (that), when* 
pubes, is /. youth, (group of) young men* 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, hand¬ 
some, noble, splendid, illustrious* 
recursus, us m. a running back, retreatf 
rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
senior, oris m. old (aged) man, sire 
Sidonius, a, um Sidonian, of Sidon, a 
Phoenician city 

signum, l n. sign, signal, token, mark* 
solvo, ere, I, solutus loose(n), separate* 
spatium, (i)i n. space, place, interval 
term, ae, a three (each), by threes 
Trlnacrius, a, um Sicilian 
tueor, eri, itus (tutus) watch, gaze (on)* 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 


Atys, the ancestor of the Atii, as a bosom 
friend of lulus, the ancestor of the Julii. 
Octavius (Augustus) Caesar was by birth 
a member of the gens Atia, Julius Caesar 
of the gens Julia, puero Iulo: dat. of 
agent; App. 302. 

572. esse: inf. of purpose; App. 261. 

sui monimentum. 

575. (eos pueros) pavidos: shy , nerv¬ 
ous , since they were unaccustomed to 
performing in public. 

576. agnoscunt (in pueris). 

679. flagello: abl. of means. 


580-582. Vergil is apparently de¬ 
scribing the intricate movements of the 
Ludus Trojae, which he had himself 
witnessed at Rome. The various figures 
and evolutions may be compared to those 
performed by a well-trained chorus of 
ballet dancers, with much apparent con¬ 
fusion but always preserving the strict¬ 
est order, discurrere, solvere, tulere = 
discurrerunt, etc. infesta tela: a sham 
battle, as pugnae simulacra in 1. 585. 

584. spatiis: abl. of respect with ad¬ 
versi. 




286 


THE AENEID, 585-599 


585 impediunt pugnaegue cient simulacra sub armls; 

et nunc terga fuga nudant, nunc spicula vertunt 
infensi, facta pariter nunc pace feruntur. 

Ut quondam Creta fertur Labyrinthus in alta 
parietibus textum caecis iter ancipitemgwe 
590 mille viis habuisse dolum, qua signa sequendi 

frangeret indeprensus et inremeabilis error: 
baud alio Teucrum nati vestigia cursu 
impediunt texuntgwe fugas et proelia lud 5 , 
delphinum similes qui per maria umida nando 
595 Carpathium Libycumgwe secant (luduntgwe per undas ). 
Hunc m 5 rem cursiis atque haec certamina primus 
Ascanius, Longam muris cum cingeret Albam, 
rettulit et priscos docuit celebrare Latinos, 
quo puer ipse modo, secum quo Troia pubes; 


Alba, ae /. Alba Longa, a city in Latium, 
mother of Rome 

anceps, cipitis doubtful, perplexing 
Ascanius, (i)i ra. son of Aeneas* 
caecus, a, um blind, dark, hidden* 
Carpathius, a, um Carpathian, of Carpa- 
thus, an island of the Aegean Seat 
celebro (1) throng, celebrate, solemnize 
certamen, inis n. contest, struggle* 
cieo, ere, civl, citus stir, (a)rouse* 
cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus surround, 
gird(le)* 

Creta, ae /. large island in the eastern 
Mediterranean 

delphin, inis m. dolphin, a fish 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, tell, inform* 
dolus, i ra. deceit, puzzle, trick, fraud* 
error, oris ra. wandering, maze, error 
frango, ere, fregi, fractus break (off)* 
impedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus hinder, en¬ 
tangle f 

indeprensus, a, um undiscovered, in¬ 
soluble! 

infensus, a, um hostile, threatening 
inremeabilis, e irretraceable! 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
Labyrinthus, i ra. the Labyrinth, a famous 
structure in Crete built by Daedalus 
for King Minos and full of intricate, 
winding passages! 

Latinus, a, um Latin, of Latium, Roman 


Libycus, a, um Libyan, of Libya, a coun¬ 
try of North Africa* 

Longa, ae see Alba 
ludo, ere, si, sus sport, play, mock 
ludus, i m. sport, play, game, contest 
mille; pi. milia, ium n. thousand* 
modus, i m. manner, measure, limit* 
mos, moris m. custom, ritual, manner* 
murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 
no (1) swim, float 

nudo (1) bare, expose, denude, strip 
paries, etis m. (house) wall 
pariter equally, evenly, side by side* 
pax, pads f. peace, favor, quiet, rest 
priscus, a, um ancient, primitive! 
proelium, (i)in. battle, fight, contest, fray 
pubes, is/, youth, (group of) young men* 
pugna, ae/. battle, fight, contest, combat* 
qua where, whereby; in any (some) way 
seco, are, ui, ctus cut, cleave, slice* 
signum, i n. sign, signal, mark, token* 
similis, e like, similar ( gen ., dat.)* 
simulacrum, i n. likeness, appearance, 
pretence, phantom 
spiculum, i n. spear, dart, arrow 
tergum, i n. back, hide, rear* 
texo, ere, ui, xtus weave, intertwine 
Troius, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
umidus, a, um moist, watery, wet 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change* 
vestigium, (i)i n . step, track, trace* 


589. parietibus: pronounce parjetibus 
here; App. 401. 

590-591. mille viis dolum: a maze 
with a thousand winding ways; abl. of 
quality, qua frangeret: rel. clause of 
characteristic; App. 389. 


593. ludo: abl. of manner. 

594. delphinum: gen. with adj., simi¬ 
lis; App. 287. 

595. Carpathium Libycumque (mare). 
599. quo modo puer ipse (celebravit), 

quo (modo) Trdia pubes (celebravit). 




BOOK V, 600-614 


287 


Albani docuere suds; hinc maxima porro 600 

accepit Roma et patrium servavit honorem; 

Trojague nunc pueri, Trojanum dicitur agmen. 

Hac celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri. 

Hinc primum Fortuna fidem mutata novavit. 

Dum varils tumulo referunt sollemnia ludls, 605 

Irim de caelo misit Saturnia Juno 

Iliacam ad classem ventosque asplrat eunti, 

multa movens necdum antiquum saturata dolorem. 

Ilia viam celerans per mllle coloribus arcum 
nulli visa cito decurrit tramite virgo. 6 io 

Conspicit ingentem concursum et litora lustrat 
desertosgue videt portus classemque relictam. 

At procul in sola secretae Troades acta 
amissum Anchisen flebant, cunctaeque profundum 


acta, ae /. beach, shore! 

Albanus, a, um Alban, of Alba Longa 
amitto, ere, mlsi, missus let go, lose* 
arcus, us ra. (rain)bow, arch, arc* 
a (d) spiro (1) breathe (blow) upon 
celebro (1) throng, celebrate, solemnize 
celero (1) hasten, hurry, speed 
certamen, inis n. contest, struggle, game* 
citus, a, um quick, swift 
color, oris m. color, hue, tint 
concursus, us m. crowd, throng 
conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look at 
decurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus run down 
desero, ere, ui, rtus desert, forsake* 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, tell, inform* 
dolor, oris m. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
tides, ei /. faith, protection, fidelity* 
fleo, ere, evi, etus weep, bewail, lament 
hac ... tenus = hactenus so far, still, yetf 
lliacus, a, um Trojan, Ilian* 

Iris, idis /. goddess of the rainbow, mes¬ 
senger of Juno 

ludus, i m. sport, game, play, contest 
lustro (1) traverse; survey; purify* 


mille; pi. milia, ium n . thousand* 
muto (1) change, transform, shift, alter* 
necdum not yet 
novo (1) make new, alter 
porro further, in succession! 
profundus, a, um deep, profound, vast 
Roma, ae /. Rome 
sanctus, a, um holy, sainted, sacred* 
Saturnius, a, um of Saturn, ancient 
Italian god of agriculture, father of 
Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, and several 
other gods 

saturo (1) sate, assuage, fill, satisfy! 
secretus, a, um remote, secluded, secret 
sollemne, is n. ceremony, rite 
tenus see hac . . . tenus! 
trames, itis m . path! 

Troas, adis (ados) /. Trojan woman! 
Troja, ae /. Troy; name of an equestrian 
game! 

Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
tumulus, l m. mound, tomb* 
varius, a, um varying, different, diverse* 
virgo, inis/, (unmarried) girl, maid(en)* 


602. pueri (dicuntur = vocantur) Tro¬ 
ja = is cursus puerorum dicitur Troja. 
dicitur = vocatur. Vergil is thus assign¬ 
ing a Trojan origin to these games and 
equestrian evolutions, which had in fact 
been instituted by Sulla and revived by 
Julius and Augustus Caesar. See In- 
trod. 6. 

603. Hac. .. tenus = hactenus : a case of 
tmesis or separation of a compound word 
into its original parts; App. 445. cele¬ 
brata (sunt) certamina patri (Anchlsae). 

604-663. Juno sends Iris from heaven 
to the Trojan women, who are weary of 


their wanderings, and instigates them to 
set fire to the fleet, in the hope that 
Aeneas will be forced to give up his 
undertaking and to settle in Sicily. 

604. novavit: changed (from good to 
bad). See the note on novandls, IV, 290. 

605. (in) tumulo. 

607. (el) eunti. 

608. dolorem: obj. of the middle 
part, saturata; App. 309, a. 

609-610. mllle coloribus: abl. of 
quality; App. 330. Ilia virgo = Iris, per 
arcum: down a rainbow . citd tramite: 
abl. of the route. 




288 


THE AENEID, 615-631 


615 pontum aspectabant flentes. Heu tot vada fessis 
et tantum superesse maris, vox omnibus una. 

Urbem orant, taedet pelagi perferre laborem. 

Ergo inter medias sese haud ignara nocendl 
conjicit et faciemgwe deae vestemgwe reponit; 

620 fit Beroe, Tmarii conjunx longaeva Dorycli, 
cui genus et quondam nomen natique fuissent, 
ac sic Dardanidum mediam se matribus Infert. 

“0 miserae, quas non manus” inquit “Achaica bello 
trdxerit ad letum patriae sub moenibus! 0 gens 
625 infelix, cui te exitio Fortuna reservat? 

Septima post Trojae excidium jam vertitur aestas, 
cum freta, cum terras omnis, tot inhospita saxa 
sideraque emensae ferimur, dum per mare magnum 
Italiam sequimur fugientem et volvimur undis. 

630 Hie Erycis fines fraterni atque hospes Acestes: 

quis prohibet muros jacere et dare civibus urbem? 


Achaicus, a, um Achaean, Greek 
aestas, atis /. summer (time) 
a(d)specto (1) look at, behold 
Beroe, es /. a Trojan woman! 
civis, is m. (/.) citizen, compatriot 
conjicio, ere, jeci, jectus hurl, fling 
Dardanis, idis /. Trojan woman 
Doryclus, im.a Greek, husband of Beroe! 
emetior, in, mensus measure off, trav¬ 
erse! 

ergo therefore, then, consequently* 

Eryx, yds ra. half-brother of Aeneas, 
settled in Sicily 

exddium, (i)i n. destruction, downfall 
exitium, (i)i n. destruction, doom 
fades, el /. appearance, face, aspect* 
fio, fieri, factus become, be made 
fleo, ere, evi, etus weep, bewail, lament 
fraternus, a, um of a brother, fraternal 
fretum, i n. strait, sea, waters 
hospes, itis m. host, guest, stranger, friend 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, unaware* 
infero, ferre, tuli, latus bear in(to) 
inhospitus, a, um inhospitable, wild 
inquam, is, it say* 


jado, ere, jeci, jactus throw (up), erect 
letum, i n . death, destruction, ruin* 
longaevus, a, um aged, old, long-lived 
murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 
noceo, ere, ui, itus harm, hurtf 
oro (1) pray (for), entreat, beseech* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
perfero, ferre, tuli, latus bear, endure 
pontus, i m. sea, waves* 
post after, behind (acc .); later* 
prohibeo, ere, ui, itus prevent, prohibit 
repono, ere, posui, positus replace, lay 
aside* 

reservo (1) keep (back), reserve, save 
(up) 

Septimus, a, um seventh 
supersum, esse, fui remain, be left 
taedet, ere, uit, taesum it wearies 
Tmarius, a, um Tmarian, of Tmarus, a 
Greek mountain! 
tot so many, as many* 
vadum, i n. shallow, sea 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, revolve, roll 
(round) * 

vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 


616. superesse: exclamatory inf.; 

App. 262. vox (est) una ( = eadem). 

617. Urbem (deos) orant: such verbs 
may take two accusatives, one of the 
person asked and the other of the thing 
requested; App. 316. taedet (eos). 

618. nocendi : gen. of the gerund with 
adj.; App. 287, 266. 

619. (Iris) conjicit. 


620-621. Beroe cui (magnum) genus 
et (magnum) nomen natique (multi) 
fuissent: rel. clause of characteristic, 
with accessory idea of cause; App. 
389. 

623-624. traxerit: causal rel. clause; 
App. 357. For a similar thought compare 
I, 94-96; III, 321-324. 

627. freta (omnia). 




BOOK V, 632-649 


289 


0 patria et rapti nequiquam ex hoste penates, 

nullane jam Trojae dlcentur moeniaf Nusquam 

Hectoreos amnls, Xanthum et Simoenta, videbdf 

Quin agite et mecum infaustas exurite puppls. 635 

Nam mihi Cassandrae per somnum vatis imago 

ardentls dare visa faces: ‘ Hlc quaerite Trojam; 

hlc domus est’ inquit ‘vobls.’ Jam tempus agl res, 

nec tantls mora prodigiis. En quattuor arae 

Neptuno; deus ipse faces animumque ministrat.” 640 

Haec memorans prlma infensum vl corripit ignem 

sublataque procul dextra conixa coruscat 

et jacit. Arrectae mentes stupefactague corda 

Iliadum. Hlc una e multls, quae maxima natu, 

Pyrgo, tot Priaml natorum regia nutrix: 645 

“Non Beroe vobls, non haec Rhoeteia, matres, 
est Dorycli conjunx; divlni signa decoris 
ardentlsque notate oculos; qul spiritus illl, 
quis vultus vocisque sonus vet gressus euntl. 


amnis, is m. river, stream* 
arrigo, ere, rexi, rectus raise, rouse 
Beroe, es /. a Trojan woman 
Cassandra, ae /. prophetess, daughter of 
Priam, believed by none 
conitor, i, sus (nixus) struggle, strain 
cor, rdis n. heart, spirit, feelings, soul* 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* 
corusco (1) flash, wave, brandishf 
decor, oris m. beauty, grace, charmf 
divinus, a, um divine, heavenly, sacred 
Doryclus, i m. a Greek 
en see! look! behold! 
exuro, ere, ussi, ustus burn (up), con¬ 
sume 

fax, facis /. torch, firebrand* 
gressus, us m. walk, gait, step, tread 
Hectoreus, a, um of Hector, a Trojan 
leader 

hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
Ilias, adis /. Trojan woman, Ilian 
imagd, inis /. form, likeness, ghost* 
infaustus, a, um ill-omened, accursedf 
infensus, a, um hostile, dangerous 
inquam, is, it say* 

jacio, ere, jeci, jactus throw (up), erect 
memoro (1) recall, recount, relate* 

632. nequiquam: if we must always 
wander. 

633. dlcentur = vocabuntur. 

636. Cassandrae: eagerly accepted by 
the women here as prophesying something 
they want. 

638. tempus (est) res agi: res being 
subject of the passive inf. agi. 


ministro (1) tend, serve, furnish, provide 
mora, ae /. delay, pause, hindrance* 
natus, us m. (only in abl. sing.) birthf 
Neptunus, i m. Neptune, god of the sea* 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
noto (1) observe, mark, note, notice 
nusquam nowhere, never 
nutrix, ids /. nurse 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
penates, ium rn. household gods* 
prodigium, (i)i n. omen, portent, prodigy 
Pyrgo, us /. nurse of Priam’s children! 
quattuor four 

quin that not, but that, why not, nay 
even* 

rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch (away), rob* 
regius, a, um royal, regal, kingly* 
Rhoeteius, a, um Rhoeteian, of Rhoeteiim, 
a promontory near Troy, Trojanf 
signum, I n. sign, mark, signal, token* 
Simois, entis m. river near Troy 
sonus, i m. sound, tone, noise 
spiritus, us m. spirit, air, life, soul 
stupefacio, ere, feci, factus astound! 
tot so many* 

vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 
Xanthus, i m. river near Troy 

639. nec tantis (est) mora prodigiis: 

nor do such prodigies (dat.) admit de¬ 
lay. 

644. quae maxima natu (erat): who 

was oldest. 

646. vobis: ’ethical dat.; App. 300. 
648. qui spiritus (sit) illi: indir. quest, 
after notate; App. 349. 





290 THE AENEID, 650-666 

650 Ipsa egomet dudum Beroen digressa rellqul 

aegram, indignantem tall quod sola careret 
munere nec meritos Anchlsae Inferret honores” 

Haec effata. 

At matres prlmo ancipites ocullsque maligms 
655 ambiguae spectare rates miserum inter amdrem 

praesentis terrae fdtlsque vocantia regna: 
cum dea se paribus per caelum sustulit alls 
ingentemque fuga secuit sub nubibus arcum. 

Turn vero attonitae monstrls actaeque furore 
660 conclamant, rapiuntgwe focis penetralibus ignem 

(pars spoliant dr as), frondem ac virgulta facesgwe 
conjiciunt. Fur it immissls Volcanus habenis 
transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppls. 

Nuntius Anchlsae ad tumulum cuneosgiie theatrl 
665 incensas perfert navis Eumelus, et ipsl 

respiciunt atram in nimbo volitare favlllam. 


abies, etis /. fir 

aeger, gra, grum sick, weary, wretched* 
ala, ae /. wing* 

ambiguus, a, um doubtful, hesitating 
anceps, cipitis doubtful, uncertain 
arcus, us m. (rain)bow, arch, arc* 
attonitus, a, um amazed, astounded 
Beroe, es /. a Trojan woman 
careo, ere, ui lack, have no part in ( abl .) 
conclamo (1) shout, call, exclaim 
conjicio, ere, jeci, jectus hurl, fling 
cuneus, el m. wedge, block (of seats) f 
digredior, I, gressus depart, separate 
dudum just now, lately 
effor, arl, atus speak, say, declare 
Eumelus, i m. a Trojanf 
favilla, ae /. cinder, ashes, embers 
fax, facis /. torch, firebrand* 
focus, i m. fireplace, altar 
frons, frondis /. foliage, frond* 
furor, oris m. madness, fury, frenzy* 
habena, ae /. rein, curb, check 
immitto, ere, misi, missus let go, loose 
incendo, ere, i, ensus burn, fire* 
indignor, ari, atus disdain, fret 
infero, ferre, tuli, latus bear to ( dat .) 

651. careret: subj. giving the reason 
of some one (Beroe) other than the 
speaker; App. 358. 

655. spectare: hist, inf.; App. 257. 

656. fatls: abl. of means, regna (Ita- 
liae se) vocantia. 

658. arcum: acc. of the thing effected; 
App. 307. 

662. habenis: the fire rushes like a 
swift horse when given free rein. 


malignus, a, um hostile, spitefulf 

mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, earn, merit* 

monstrum, I n. portent, omen, sign* 

nimbus, I m. (storm) cloud, rainstorm* 

nubes, is /. cloud, fog, mist* 

nuntius, (i)I m. messenger, message 

par, paris equal, even, well-balanced* 

penetralis, e inner(most) 

perfero, ferre, tuli, latus bring, report 

pingo, ere, plnxl, pictus paint, embroider 

praesens, entis present, ready 

quod because, the fact that 

rapio, ere, til, ptus snatch (up), rob* 

ratis, is /. raft, ship, boat* 

respicio, ere, spexi, spectus look (back) 

at, regard* 

seed, are, ui, ctus cut, cleave, slice* 
specto (1) look at, see, view, watchf 
spolio (1) strip, plunder, despoil 
theatrum, I n. theater, grandstand 
transtrum, i n. rowing-bench, thwart 
tumulus, I m. mound, tomb* 
vero indeed, truly, but 
virgultum, I n. brushwood, bush 
Volcanus (Vulcanus), I m. (god of) fire 
volito (1) fly, speed, flit, flutter 

663. (ex) abiete: pronounce here as 
though spelled abjete; App. 401. 

664-679. Ascanius rushes from the 
games to save the ships and is followed by 
Aeneas. The Trojan women hide. 

664. cuneos: the wedge-shaped blocks 
of seats of the theater. 

666. in nimbo: in a cloud (of smoke). 




BOOK y, 667-682 


291 


Primus et Ascanius, cursus ut laetus equestrls 
ducebat, sic acer equo turbata petivit 
castra, nec exanimes possunt retinere magistri. 

“Quis furor iste novusf Quo nunc, quo tenditis” inquit, 670 
U heu, miserae elves? Non hostem inimicague castra 
Argivum, vestras spes uritis. En, ego vester 
Ascanius!” — galeam ante pedes projecit inanem, 
qua ludo indutus belli simulacra ciebat. 

Accelerat simul Aeneas, simul agmina Teucrum. 675 

Ast illae diversa metu per litora passim 
diffugiunt, silvasque et sicubi concava ftirtim 
saxa petunt; piget incept! lucisque, suosque 
mutatae agnoscunt excussagwe pectore Juno est. 

Sed non idcirco flamma atque incendia viris 680 

indomitas posuere; udo sub robore vivit 
stuppa vomens tardum fumum, lentusgwe carinas 


accelero (1) hasten (up), hurryf 
acer, cris, ere keen, spirited, fierce* 
agnosco, ere, novi, nitus recognize* 
Argivus, a, um Argive, Greek 
Ascanius, (i)i m. son of Aeneas* 
carina, ae /. keel; ship, boat* 
castra, 6rum n. camp, encampment* 
cieo, ere, civi, citus stir, (a)rouse* 
civis, is m. (/.) citizen, compatriot 
concavus, a, um hollow, cavernoust 
diffugio, ere, fugi flee apart, disperse 
diversus, a, um separated, various* 
en see! look! behold! 
equester, tris, tre equestrian, cavalryf 
exanimis, e breathless, lifeless 
excutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake off* 
fumus, i m. smoke, vapor, fume 
furor, oris m. madness, fury, frenzy* 
furtim stealthily, by stealth, furtively 
galea, ae /. helmet 

hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
idcirco for this (reason), therefore! 
inanis, e empty, useless, vain* 
incendium, (i)I n. fire, conflagration 
inceptum, I n. beginning, undertaking 
indomitus, a, um untamed, wild, fierce 


668. sic: just as he was dressed for 
the games. 

669. castra (navium). 

671. elves (meae) : my people; an ap¬ 
peal to their loyalty. 

673. ante pedes (earum) : Ascanius 
remains on his horse. 

678. piget (eas). 

679. Juno: (the power of) Juno . 


induo, ere, I, utus don, clothe, put on 
inimicus, a, um hostile, unfriendly 
inquam, is, it say* 
iste, ta, tud that (of yours)* 
ientus, a, um pliant, slow, tough 
ludus, i m. game, sport, play, contest 
magister, tri m. trainer, master, chief 
metus, us m. fear, fright, anxiety* 
muto (1) (ex)change, transform, alter* 
passim everywhere, all about* 
piget, ere, uit, itum it wearies, it repents 
projicio, ere, jecl, jectus hurl, fling 
retineo, ere, ui, tentus hold backf 
robur, oris n. oak; strength* 
sicubi if anywhere, whereverf 
simulacrum, i n. likeness, appearance, pre¬ 
tence, phantom 

spes, spei /. hope, expectation* 
stuppa, ae /. tow, calking, hempf 
tardus, a, um slow, lazy, late, retarded 
turbo (1) confuse, disorder, disturb* 
udus, a, um moist, damp, wet 
uto , ere, ussi, ustus burn 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
vivo, ere, vixi, victus live, be alive 
vomo, ere, ui, itus vomit, belch forthf 


680- 699. Four of the ships burn; but 
in answer to the fervent prayer of Aeneas, 
Jupiter sends a heavy rainstorm which 
extinguishes the fire and saves the 
rest. 

681- 682. vivit stuppa = vivit ignis in 
stuppa, the stuppa serving as calk¬ 
ing. 






292 


THE AENEID, 683-700 


est vapor et toto descendit corpore pestis, 
nec vires heroum Infusagwe flumina prosunt. 

685 Turn pius Aeneas umerls abscindere vestem 

auxilio que vocare debs et tendere palmas: 

“ Juppiter omnipotens, si nondum exosus ad unum 
Trojanos, si quid pietas antiqua labores 
respicit humanos, da flammam evadere classi 
690 nunc, pater, et tenuis Teucrum res eripe leto. 

Vel tu, quod superest, infesto fulmine mortl, 
si mereor, demitte tuaque hie obrue dextra.” 

Vix haec ediderat cum effusls imbribus atra 
tempestas sine more fur it tonitru^we tremescunt 
695 ardua terrarum et campi; ruit aethere toto 

turbidus imber aqua densisgwe nigerrimus Austrls, 
implenturgwe super puppes, semusta madescunt 
robora, restlnctus donee vapor omnis et omnes 
quattuor amissis servatae a peste carinae. 

700 At pater Aeneas casu concussus acerbo 


abscindo, ere, scidi, scissus tear from 
acerbus, a, um bitter, harsh, sad 
aether, eris ra. upper air, sky, ether* 
amitto, ere, misi, missus let go, lose* 
aqua, ae /. water, flood, waves* 
arduum, l n. height, steep 
Auster, tri m. (south) wind* 
auxilium, (i)i n. help, aid, assistance* 
carina, ae/. keel; ship, boat* 
concutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake, shatter 
demitto, ere, misi, missus send (hurl) down* 
densus, a, um thick, dense, repeated* 
descendo, ere, i, ensus descend, sink 
donee until, while, as long as 
edo, ere, didi, ditus put forth, utterf 
edo, ere (esse), edi, esus eat, consume 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out* 
evado, ere, si, sus escape, come out 
exosus, a, um hating utterly, detestingf 
flumen, inis n. river, stream, flood* 
fulmen, inis n. lightning, thunderbolt* 
herds, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
humanus, a, um human, mortal, earthly 
imber, bris m. rain, flood, storm, water 
impleo, ere, evi, etus fill, satisfy* 
infestus, a, um hostile, destructive 
infundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour (on, in) 
letum, i n. death, destruction, ruin* 


madesco, ere, dui drip, become wetf 
mereor, eri, itus deserve, earn, merit* 
mos, moris m. custom, wont, precedent* 
niger, gra, grum black, dark, dusky* 
nondum not yet 

obruo, ere, ui, utus overwhelm, bury 
omnipotens, entis almighty, omnipotent 
palma, ae /. palm, hand, prize, victor(y)* 
pestis, is /. plague, destruction, ruin 
pietas, atis /. loyalty, devotion, sense of 

duty, mercy, justice, nobility* 
prosum, desse, fui be helpful, availf 
quattuor four 

respicio, ere, spexi, spectus look (back) 

at, regard* 

restinguo, ere, inxi, inctus extinguish 
robur, oris n. oak; strength* 
semustus, a, um half-burned 
sine without (adZ.)* 
supersum, esse, fui remain, be left 
tempestas, atis /. storm; season* 
tenuis, e slight, slender, fine, thin 
tonitrus, us m. thunder 
tremesco, ere tremble, shake, quiver 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan* 
turbidus, a, um confused, turbid 
vapor, oris m . heat, fire, vaporf 
vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 


683. est: from edo; observe the long e. 
685-686. abscindere, vocare, tendere: 
hist, infinitives; App. 257. 

687. exosus (es). ad unum: toaman , 
utterly . 

688. (tua) pietas. 


691-692. demitte (id), quod superest: 

this remnant; obj. of demitte. 

700-718. Nautes advises Aeneas to 
allow those who are weak and tired out by 
the journey to found a colony in Sicily. 




BOOK V, 701-717 


293 


nunc hue ingentls, nunc illuc pectore curds 
mutabat versans, Sicullsne reslderet arvls 
oblitus fdtorum, Italasne capesseret oras. 

Turn senior Nautes, unum Tritonia Pallas 

quern docuit mulldque insignem reddidit arte 705 

(haec responsa dabat, vel quae portenderet Ira 

magna deum vel quae fdtorum posceret ordo) — 

isque his Aenean solatus vocibus Infit: 

“Nate dea, quo fata trahunt retrahuntgwe sequamur; 
quidquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est. 710 

Est tibi Dardanius divinae stirpis Acestes: 
hunc cape consilils socium et conjunge volentem; 
huic trade amissls superant qul navibus et quos 
pertaesum magnl incept! rerumque tudrum est; 
longaevosgwe senes ac fessas aequore matres 715 

et quidquid tecum invalidum metuens^we perlcll est 
delige, et his habeant terrls sine moenia fessl; 


amitto, ere, misi, missus let go, lose* 
ars, artis /. art, skill, wisdom, cun¬ 
ning* 

capesso, ere, ivi (ii), itus strive to gain 
conjungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, unite 
consilium, (i)I n. plan, advice, design 
Dardanius, a, um Trojan, Dardanian* 
deligo, ere, legi, lectus choose, select 
divinus, a, um divine, heavenly, sacred 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, show, tell* 
illuc thither, in that direction 
inceptum, i n. beginning, undertaking 
infit speak, sayt 

insignis, e marked, eminent, notable* 
invalidus, a, um weak, feeble, infirmf 
Italus, a, um Italian, of Italy 
longaevus, a, um aged, old, long-lived 
metuens, entis fearful, afraid 
muto (1) (ex)change, alter, transform, 
shift* 

Nautes, ae m. a Trojanf 
obliviscor, i, litus forget (gen.) 
ordo, inis m. order, rank, succession* 
Pallas, adis /. Minerva, goddess of wisdom 
and the arts 


peric(u)lum, l n. danger, peril, risk 
pertaedet, ere, taesum it wearies 
thoroughly 

portendo, ere, i, ntus presage, por¬ 
tend 

posco, ere, poposci demand, seek, ask* 
quisquis, quaequae, quidquid (quodquod) 
whoever, whatever, whichever 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus render, return* 
resido, ere, sedi settle, sit (down) 
responsum, i n. reply, answer, response 
retraho, ere, traxi, tractus drag, draw 
(back), recallf 
senex, is m. old man, sire* 
senior, oris m. old (aged) man, sire 
Siculus, a, um Sicilian, of Sicily 
sino, ere, sivi, situs allow, permit* 
solor, arl, atus console, comfort, solace 
stirps, is /. stock, lineage, race, stem 
supero (1) surmount, overcome, remain* 
trado, ere, didi, ditus deliver, trans¬ 
fer 

Tritonius, a, um Tritonian, title of Pallas 
verso (1) keep turning, revolve, pon¬ 
der 


702-703. -ne . . . -ne: whether ... or. 
resideret, capesseret: subjunctives in 
indir. questions; App. 349. 

706-707. haec responsa dabat vel quae 
portenderet ira de(or)um: she (Pallas) 
always gave him answers either (as to) 
what the anger of the gods portended or; 
portenderet, posceret: indir. questions; 
App. 34t). 


708. isque his vocibus: and he thus. 

711. tibi: dat. of possession, stirpis: 
gen. of quality; App. 285. 

713. huic: to Acestes. (eos) qui. 

716. peric(u)li: obj. gen. with me¬ 
tuens. 

717. sine: imp. (in) terris. (ut) 
habeant: obj. of sine, fessi: substan¬ 
tively, the weary , the wearied . 





294 THE AENEID, 718-732 

urbem appellabunt permisso nomine Acestam.” 
Talibus incensus dictis senioris amici 
720 turn vero in curds animo diducitur omnis. 

Et Nox atra polum blgis subvecta tenebat: 
visa dehinc caelo facies delapsa parentis 
Anchisae subito tails effundere voces: 

“ Nate, mihi vita quondam, dum vita manebat, 

725 care magis, nate, Iliads exercite fails, 

impend Jovis hue venio, qui classibus ignem 
depulit, et caelo tandem miseratus ab alto est. 
Consilils pare quae nunc pulcherrima Nautes 
dat senior; lectos juvenes, fortissima corda, 

730 defer in Italiam. Gens dura atque aspera cultu 

debellanda tibi LatiS est. Ditis tamen ante 
infernas accede domos et Averna per alta 


accedo, ere, cessi, cessus approach, come 
to, go to, reach 

Acesta, ae /. Segesta, a city of Sicilyf 
amicus, i m. friend, comrade, lover* 
appello (1) call, name, proclaim 
asper, era, erum harsh, rough, fierce* 
Averna, drum n . region around Lake 
Avernus, Avernian realms, entrance to 
Hades, the infernal regions, Hades 
bigae, arum /. yoke, team, chariot 
cams, a, um dear, beloved, fond* 
consilium, (i)i n. plan, advice, design 
cor, rdis n. heart, spirit, feelings, soul* 
cultus, us m. culture, mode of life 
debello (1) war down, conquerf 
defero, ferre, tuli, latus bear away 
dehinc thence, then, next 
delabor, i, lapsus glide down, descend 
depello, ere, puli, pulsus drive offf 
diduco, ere, duxi, ductus separate, dis¬ 
tract 

Dis, Ditis ra. Pluto, god of the lower 
world 

durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out, utter* 


718. permisso (a te) : ordinarily 
Aeneas would be expected to name the 
city for himself. Acestam: Vergil thus 
traces the origin of Segesta to his own 
day. 

719-745. That night the ghost of 
Anchises appears to Aeneas in a dream, 
counsels him to follow the advice of 
Nautes, and urges him to sail away to 
Cumae in Italy to consult the Sibyl who 
will disclose the future to him and con¬ 
duct him to the lower world, where the 


exerceo, ere, ui, itus drive, harass* 
facies, ei /. appearance, face, aspect* 
fortis, e brave, strong, valiant, stout* 
Iliacus, a, um Trojan, Ilian* 
incendo, ere, i, ensus kindle, fire* 
Infernus, a, um of the lower world, in¬ 
fernal 

juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman)* 

Latium, (i)i n. district of central Italy* 
lego, ere, legi, lectus choose, gather* 
magis more, rather, preferably* 
miseror, ari, atus pity, commiserate* 
Nautes, ae m. a Trojan 
pared, ere, ui, itus obey, yield (dat.) 
permitto, ere, ml si, missus allow 
polus, i m. pole, sky, heaven 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, hand¬ 
some, splendid, good, fine, noble* 
senex, is old, aged; senior, oris very old, 
older* 

subito suddenly, unexpectedly* 
subveho, ere, vexi, vectus bear, conveyf 
tamen° however, nevertheless, but* 
vero truly, verily, indeed, but 


future destiny of the Trojan race will be 
revealed. 

720. in curas omnis (in) animo di¬ 
ducitur: Aeneas cannot decide what to 
do; hence the dream. 

722-723. visa (est) effundere. 

724-725. Nate care: voc. vita: abl. 
with comparative; App. 327. care magis 
= carior. 

727. miseratus est (te). 

730. defer: imp.; App. 202. Gens 
dura : the Rutulians. 

731. ante: adv. 




BOOK V, 733-746 


295 


congressus pete, note, meds. Non me impia namque 
Tartara habent, trlstes umbrae, sed amoena piorum 
concilia Elysium^e colo. Hue casta Sibylla 735 

nigrarum multo pecudum te sanguine ducet. 

Turn genus omne tuum et quae dentur moenia disces. 

Jamque vale; torquet medios Nox umida cursus 
et me saevus equis Oriens adflavit anhelis.” 

Dixerat et tenuis fiigit ceu fumus in auras. 740 

Aeneas “Quo deinde ruis? Quo proripis?” inquit, 

“Quem fugisf Aut quis te nostris complexibus arcet?” 

Haec memorans cinerem et sopitos suscitat ignis, 
Pergameumgwe larem et canae penetralia Vestae 
farre pio et plena supplex veneratur acerra. 745 

Extemplo socios primumque accersit Acesten 


accerso, ere, sivl, situs summonf 
acerra, ae /. censer (for incense) f 
adflo (1) breathe upon, blow upon 
amoenus, a, um pleasant, delightfulf 
anhelus, a, um panting, heavingf 
arceo, ere, ul hinder, restrain, defend 
castus, a, um chaste, holy, pure, sacred 
canus, a, um hoary, gray, venerable 
ceu as, just as 

cinis, eris m. ashes (of the dead), embers* 
colo, ere, ul, cultus cultivate, inhabit, 
honor, cherish* 

complexus, us m. embrace, grasp 
concilium, (i)I n. assembly, gathering 
congressus, us m. meeting, encounterf 
deinde then, next* 

disco, ere, didici learn (how); perf . know 
Elysium, (i)i n. abode of the blest in 
Hadesf 

extemplo immediately, at once 
far, farris n. spelt, a grain 
fumus, I m. smoke, vapor, fog 
impius, a, um wicked, accursed, dis¬ 
loyal 

inquam, is, it say* 


lar, laris ra. household godf 
memoro (1) (re)call, recount, relate* 
niger, gra, grum black, dark, dusky* 
Oriens, entis m. East, dawn 
pecus, udis /. animal of the flock* 
penetralia, ium n. shrine, chapel 
Pergameus, a, um Trojan 
plenus, a, um full, filled, complete 
proripio, ere, ul, reptus tear awayf 
saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* 

Sibylla, ae /. a Sibyl, famous Italian 
prophetess 

sopltus, a, um slumbering, sleeping 
supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
suscito (1) stir, (a)rouse, rekindle 
Tartara, orum n. (abode of sinners in) 
Hades 

tenuis, e thin, slight, fine, delicate 
torqueo, ere, rsl, rtus twist, turn, sway* 
umidus, a, um moist, damp, dewy 
valeo, ere, ul, itus be strong, be able, fare 
well 

veneror, arl, atus worship, honor, ven¬ 
erate 

Vesta, ae /. goddess of the hearth 


733. meos = mecum. 

734. trlstes umbrae: apposition with 
Tartara. 

735. colo. Hue: hiatus; App. 399. 

736. nigrarum: the appropriate color 
for victims offered to the gloomy gods 
of the dark world of the dead. See 1. 97, 
and VI, 243 ff. multo sanguine: abl. of 
means. 

737-738. genus: your later descend¬ 
ants who shall be distinguished in Italy. 
Ghosts commonly appear at night and 
greatly dislike the light of day. Cf. 
Hamlet , I, 5, 58 ff.: 


“But, soft! methinks I scent the morn¬ 
ing air: 

Brief let me be . . . Fare thee well at 
once: 

The glow-worm shows the matin to be 
near, 

And ’gins to pale his uneffectual fire.” 

739. saevus: cruel , since he must flee 
with the coming of dawn. 

741. Quo (te) proripis. 

744. canae: a term applied to Vesta 
as one of the oldest of the divinities. 

746-778. Obeying the commands of 




296 THE AENEID, 747-759 

et Jovis imperium et carl praecepta parentis 
edocet et quae nunc animo sententia constet. 

Haud mora consiliis, nec jussa recusat Acestes. 

750 Transcribunt urbi matres populumgwe volentem 

deponunt, animos nil magnae laudis egentis. 

Ipsi transtra novant flammisque ambesa reponunt 
robora navigils, aptant remosque rudentisg'we, 
exigui numero, sed hello vivida virtus. 

755 Interea Aeneas urbem designat aratro 

sortiturgwe domos; hoc Ilium et haec loca Trojam 
esse jubet. Gaudet regno Trojanus Acestes 
indicitg'we forum et patribus dat jura vocatis. 

Turn vicina astris Eryclno in vertice sedes 


ambedo, ere, edl, esus eat, consume 
apto (1) fit, equip, furnish, prepare 
aratrum, I n. plow! 
astrum, I n. star, constellation* 
carus, a, um dear, beloved, fond* 
consilium, (i)i n . plan, advice, design 
consto, are, stiti, status stand fast 
depono, ere, posui, positus lay down, 
leave (behind) 
designo (1) mark off, trace! 
edoceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, explain! 
egeo, ere, ui lack, require, need, desire, 
want {gen.) 

Erycinus, a, um of Eryx, a Sicilian 
mountainf 

exiguus, a, um slight, small, scanty 
forum, i n . market-place, assembly! 
gaudeo, ere, gavlsus sum rejoice, exult 
Ilium, (i)I n. Troy, Ilium 
indlco, ere, dixl, dictus proclaim, appoint 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
jus, juris n. law, decree, justice, right 
jussum, 1 n. command, order, behest 


laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 
mora, ae /. delay, hesitation, hindrance* 
navigium, (i)i n. ship, galley! 
nihil, nil nothing, not (at all) 
novo (1) renew, change, alter 
numerus, i m. number, multitude* 
populus, l m. people, nation, race* 
praeceptum, i n. instruction, advice 
recuso (1) refuse, decline; recoil 
repono, ere, posui, positus replace* 
robur, oris n. oak; strength* 
rudens, entis m. rope, cable, hawser 
sententia, ae /. opinion, purpose, view 
sortior, in, itus allot, cast lots (for) 
transcribo, ere, psi, ptus copy off, 
transfer! 

transtrum, i n. rowing-bench, thwart 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
vertex, icis m. top, head, summit, peak* 
vicinus, a, um near, neighboring 
virtus, utis f. manhood, excellence, 
courage* 

vividus, a, um living, vigorous! 


his father’s ghost, Aeneas founds a city 
in Sicily which he names Acesta, in 
honor of his old friend, Acestes. There 
he leaves the women, the old men, and 
the weaklings, while he with the braver 
and stronger part of his followers sets 
out for Italy. 

748. quae sententia constet: indir. 

quest.; App. 349. 

749. consiliis: dat. of possession with 
mora (est). 

750. populum volentem: any of the 

people who wish to stay. 

751. animos: apposition with matres 
and populum. laudis: gen. with a verb 
of lacking; App. 287. 


752. Ipsi: the real men. 

753. A hypermetric verse; App. 402. 

754. numero: abl. of respect, bello: 
dat. of purpose, virtus (est). 

755. aratro : the ancient Roman method 
of marking out the bounds of a new city 
or colony, as seen in I, 425. 

756-757. jubet hoc (esse) Ilium et haec 
loca esse Trojam: the second half of the 
sentence repeats the first, as Ilium = 
Troja. hoc: pronounce hocc, making a 
long syllable; App. 107, 3, c. 

758. patribus dat jura vocatis: as 
Augustus was doing at Rome in Vergil’s 
time. 

759. Eryclno in vertice sedes: a famous 
temple to Venus stood on Mt. Eryx. 




BOOK V, 760-776 


297 


fundatur Veneri Idaliae, tumulogue sacerdos 760 

ac lucus late sacer additur Anchiseo. 

Jamque dies epulata novem gens omnis, et arts 
factus honds: placidl straverunt aequora venti 
creber et aspirans rursus vocat Auster in altum. 

Exoritur procurva ingens per litora fletus; 765 

complex! inter se noctemque diemque morantur. 

Ipsae jam matres, ipsi, quibus aspera quondam 
visa maris facies et non tolerabile niimen, 
ire volunt omnemque fugae perferre laborem. 

Quos bonus Aeneas dictis solatur amlcis 770 

et consanguineo lacrimans commendat Acestae. 

Tris Erycl vitulos et Tempestatibus agnam 
caedere deinde jubet solvate ex ordine funem. 

Ipse caput tonsae folils evlnctus ollvae 

stans procul in prora pateram tenet, exta que salsos 775 

projicit in fluctus ac vlna liquentia fundit. 


addo, ere, did!, ditus add* 
agna, ae /. ewe-lamb t 
altum, I n. the deep (sea); heaven 
amicus, a, um friendly, kind(ly)* 
Anchlseus, a, um of Anchisesf 
asper, era, erum rough, harsh, fierce* 
a(d)spiro (1) breathe (upon), blow 
Auster, tri m. (south) wind* 
bonus, a, um good, noble, kind* 
caedo, ere, cecldl, caesus cut (down), 
kill 

commendd (1) intrust, commend 
complector, I, plexus embrace, enfold 
consanguineus, I ra. kinsman (by blood) f 
creber, bra, brum frequent, repeated* 
deinde then, next, thereupon* 
epulor, ari, atus feast, banquet 
Eryx, ycis m. half-brother of Aeneas 
evincio, Ire, vlnxl, vlnctus bind, tie 
exorior, Irl, ortus rise, spring up 
exta, orum n. entrails, vitals 
facies, el /. appearance, face, aspect* 
fletus, us m. weeping, tears, lament 
folium, (i)I n. leaf, foliage 
fundo (1) found, establish, build 
funis, is m. rope, cable, cord 
Idalius, a, um of Idalium in Cyprus, a 
mountain and city sacred to Venus 
lacrimo (1) weep, shed tears, lament 


760-761. Anchises is thus officially 
deified. Anchiseo: a spondaic fifth foot; 
App. 395. 

762-763. dies novem: the conventional 
number of days for funeral ceremonies. 

epulata (erat). factus (erat in) arls. 


late widely, far and wide 
liquens, entis clear, liquid, fluid 
lucus, I m. (sacred) gt'ove, wood* 
moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, hinder* 
novem nine 
ollva, ae /. olive 

ordo, inis m. order, row, rank, array* 
patera, ae /. (libation) bowl 
perfero, ferre, tull, latus endure, bear 
placidus, a, um gentle, peaceful, calm* 
procurvus, a, um winding, curved! 
projicio, ere, jecl, jectus hurl forth 
prora, ae /. prow* 

rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
salsus, a, um briny, salty 
solor, ari, atus console, comfort, solace 
solvo, ere, I, solutus loose(n), release* 
sterno, ere, stravl, stratus lay low, be¬ 
calm, spread, strew* 

Tempestas, atis /. Storm, Tempest* 
tolerabilis, e bearable, endurable! 
tondeo, ere, totondl, tonsus shear, clip, 
trim, cut 
tres, tria three* 
tumulus, I m. mound, tomb* 

Venus, eris /. goddess of love and beauty* 

vlnum, I n. wine* 

vitulus, I m. (bull) calf, bullock! 


766. inter se: each other . 

773. jubet (Teucros). 

774. caput: obj. of the middle part., 
evlnctus; App. 309, a. 

775. procul (ab alils). pateram tenet: 
to pour a libation. 






298 


THE AENEID, 777-792 


Prosequitur surgens a puppl ventus euntis; 
certatim socil feriunt mare et aequora verrunt. 

At Venus interea Neptunum exercita curls 
780 adloquitur tallsque effundit pedore questtis: 

“ Junonis gravis Ira neque exsaturabile pectus 
cogunt me, Neptune, preces descendere in omnls; 
quam nec longa dies pietas nec mitigat ulla, 
nec Jovis imperio fatlsque Infracta quiescit. 

785 Non media de gente Phrygum exedisse nefandls 
urbem odils satis est nec poenam trdxe per omnem 
relliquias Trojae: cineres atque ossa peremptae 
insequitur. Causas tantl sciat ilia furoris. 

Ipse mihl nuper Libycis tu testis in undls 
790 quam molem subito excierit: maria omnia caelo 
miscuit Aeoliis nequiquam freta procellis, 
in regnls hoc ausa tuls. 


adloquor, i, locutus address, accost 
Aeolius, a, um of Aeolus, god of windsf 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, pretext* 
certatim in rivalry, emulously 
cinis, eris m. ashes (of the dead), embers* 
cogo, ere, coegi, coactus force (together)* 
descendo, ere, i, ensus descend, stoop 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out, utter* 
excio, ire, ivi (ii), itus (a)rouse, stir (up) 
exedo, ere, edi, esus devour, destroyf 
exerceo, ere, ui, itus drive, harass* 
exsaturabilis, e satiable, placablef 
ferio, ire strike, smite, cut, kill 
fretus, a, um relying on ( abl .) 
furor, oris m. madness, fury, frenzy* 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
infringo, ere, fregi, fractus break, shatterf 
insequor, i, secutus follow, pursue* 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
Libycus, a, um Libyan, of Libya, a coun¬ 
try of North Africa* 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 
mitigo (1) soften, appease, pacifyf 
moles, is /. (huge) mass, bulk, burden* 


nefandus, a, um unspeakable, unutterable 
Neptunus, i m. Neptune, god of the sea* 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
nuper recently, latelyf 
odium, (i)i n. hate, hatred, enmity 
os, ossis n. bone* 
perimo, ere, emi, emptus destroyf 
Phryx, Phrygis Phrygian, Trojan 
pietas, atis /. loyalty, devotion, sense of 
duty, justice, nobility* 
prex, precis /. prayer, entreaty, vow* 
procella, ae /. blast, gust, storm 
prosequor, i, secutus follow, attend 
questus, us m. complaint, lament 
quiesco, ere, evi, etus rest, desist, re¬ 
pose* 

re(l)liquiae, arum /. remnant(s), rest, 
leavings, relics 

sat(is) enough, sufficient(ly)* 

scio, ire, ivi (ii), itus know (how) 

subito, suddenly, unexpectedly* 

surgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus (a)rise 

testis, is m. (/.) witnessf 

Venus, eris/. goddess of love and beauty* 

verro, ere, i, rsus sweep (over), scour 


t 779-834. Neptune, won over by the 
entreaties of Venus, calms the sea for 
Aeneas, giving him a safe voyage to Italy. 

781. neque = et non. 

783. quam: referring to Junonis of 
1. 781. nec longa dies (mitigat) nec ulla 
pietas (Aeneae) mitigat. longa dies = 
longum tempus. 

785. exedisse: a Homeric touch. 


786. urbe<m (Trojam). trax(iss)e. 

787. peremptae (Trojae). 

788. sciat ilia: let her know , since no 
one else does; a vol. (jussive) subj.; App. 
254. 

789-792. tu testis (eras): the refer¬ 
ence is to the storm described in I, 81-156. 
excierit: subj. in an indir. quest.; App. 
349. hoc: pronounce hocc, making a 
long syllable; App. 107, 3, c. 




BOOK V, 793-808 


299 


Per scelus ecce etiam Trojanis matribus actis 
exussit foede puppis et classe subegit 

amissa socids ignotae linquere terrae. 795 

Quod superest, oro, liceat dare tuta per undas 
vela tibiy liceat Laurentem attingere Thybrim, 
si concessa peto , si dant ea moenia Parcae.” 

Turn Saturnius haec domitor maris edidit alti: 

“Fas omne est , Cytherea, meis te fidere regnis, soo 

unde genus ducis . Merul quoque; saepe furores 
compress! et rabiem tantam caelique marisque . 

Nec minor in terris, Xanthum Simoentag^e testor, 

Aeneae mihi cura tui. Cum Troia Achilles 

exanimata sequens impingeret agmina muris, 805 

mllia multa daret leto, gemerent que repletl 

amnes nec reperlre viam atque evolvere posset 

in mare se Xanthus, Pelldae tunc ego fort! 


Achilles, is (el, i) m. famous Greek leader* 
amittd, ere, misi, missus let go, lose* 
amnis, is ra. river, stream* 
attingo, ere, tigi, tactus touch, reach 
comprimd, ere, pressl, pressus restrain 
concedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, grant 
Cytherea, ae /. (goddess) of Cythera, 
Venus 

domitor, oris m. tamer, subduer, rulerf 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
edo, ere, didi, ditus put forth, utter 
etiam also, even, besides, too* 
evolvo, ere, i, volutus roll forthf 
exanimatus, a, um breathless, lifelessf 
exurd, ere, ussi, ustus burn, consume 
fas n. indecl. right, justice, divine will* 
fido, ere, fisus sum trust, believe ( dat .)* 
foede shamefully, foullyf 
fortis, e strong, brave, valiant, stout* 
furor, oris m. madness, fury, frenzy* 
gemo, ere, ui, itus groan, lament 
ignotus, a, um unknown, strange 
impingo, ere, pegi, pactus dash againstf 
Laurens, entis Laurentian, of Laurentum, 
an Italian cityf 

letum, i n. death, destruction, ruin* 

licet, ere, uit, itum it is permitted* 


linquo, ere, llqui, lictus leave, desert* 
mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, earn, merit* 
mille; pi. milia, ium n. thousand* 
minor, us less, smaller, slighter 
murus, i m. (city) wall, battlement* 
oro (1) beseech, pray (for), entreat* 
Parcae, arum /. the (three) Fates 
Pelides, ae m. son of Peleus, Achilles 
quoque also, too, even, likewise* 
rabies, el /. rage, frenzy, fury, madness 
reperio, ire, repperl, repertus find 
repleo, ere, evl, etus fill, cram, jam 
saepe often, frequently* 

Saturnius, a, um Saturnian, of Saturn, 
early Italian god and father of Jupiter, 
Juno, Neptune, and several other gods 
scelus, eris n. crime, guilt, sin* 

Simois, entis m. river near Troy 
subigo, ere, egl, actus force, compel 
supersum, esse, fui remain, survive 
testor, ari, atus call to witness, testify 
Thybris, idis m. Tiber, an Italian river 
Troius, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 

Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
unde whence, from which source* 
Xanthus, i m . river near Troy 


794-795. classe amissa: abl. abs. 
subegit (Aenean). terrae: loc. or dat. 
of indir. obj. 

796. Quod superest: the remnant; cf. 
1. 691. oro: parenthetical, liceat: vol. 

797. tibi = mari: Neptune being god 
of the sea. liceat (Aeneae) attingere 
Laurentem Thybrim. 


798. ea moenia: the city to be 

founded by Aeneas in Italy. 

801. unde genus ducis: according to 
one account, Venus was born from the 
foam of the sea near Cythera, hence her 
name, Cytherea, 1. 800. Merul (te fidere 
meis regnis). 

804-807. mihi cura (est). cum: descrip- 





300 


THE AENEID, 809-822 


congressum Aenean nec dis nec vlribus aequls 
8 io nube cava rapui, cuperem cum vertere ab Imo 
structa meis manibus perjurae moenia Trojae. 

Nunc quoque mens eadem perstat mihi; pelle timores. 
Tutus, quos optas, portus accedet Averni. 

Unus erit tantum amissum quern gurgite quaeres; 

815 unum pro multls dabitur caput.” 

His ubi laeta deae permulsit pectora dictls, 
jungit equos auro genitor, spumantia9we addit 
frena ferls manibusque omnls effundit habenas. 
Caeruleo per summa levis volat aequora curru; 

820 subsidunt undae tumidumgwe sub axe tonanti 

sternitur aequor aquis, fugiunt vasto aethere nimbi. 
Turn variae comitum facies, immania cete, 


accedo, ere, cessi, cessus approach, reach 
addo, ere, did!, ditus add* 
aether, eris m. upper air, sky, ether* 
amitto, ere, misi, missus let go, lose* 
aqua, ae /. water, waves, flood* 

Avernus, I m. lake near Cumae in Italy 
where there was an entrance to Hades* 
axis, is m. axis, axle, wheel, car 
caerul(e)us, a, um dark (blue)* 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
cetus, I m.; pi. cete n. whale, sea-monsterf 
congredior, i, gressus meet ( dat .) 
cupid, ere, ivi (ii), itus desire, wish 
currus, us m. chariot, car* 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out, let go* 
facies, el /. appearance, face, aspect* 
ferus, i m. beast, horse* 
frenum, i n. rein, bridle, curb, bit 
gurges, itis m. whirlpool, sea, gulf* 
habena, ae /. rein, curb, check 
jungo, ere, junxi, junctus join, yoke* 
levis, e light, unsubstantial, slight 
nimbus, I m. (storm) cloud, rainstorm* 


nubes, is /. cloud, fog, mist* 
opto (1) choose, desire, hope (for)* 
pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus drive, dismiss 
perjurus, a, um perjured, treacherous 
permulceo, ere, lsi, lsus soothe, calmf 
persto, stare, stiti, status stand fast, per¬ 
sist 

pro for, on behalf of, before ( abl .)* 
quoque also, even, too, likewise* 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch (away), rob* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay low, be¬ 
calm, strew, spread* 

struo, ere, struxi, structus build, heap up 
subsido, ere, sedi, sessus subside 
tantum only, so much, so great(ly) 
timor, oris m. fear, dread, anxiety 
tono, are, ui, itus thunder, roar 
tumidus, a, um swelling, swollen 
tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
varius, a, um various, different, diverse* 
verto, ere, i, rsus (over)turn, change* 
void (1) fly, speed, flit, flutter* 


tive with impingeret, daret, gemerent, 
posset; App. 378. repleti (corporibus 
virorum). 

809. nec dis nec viribus aequis: abl. 
abs.; aequis modifies both nouns. The an¬ 
cient warriors were often assisted by their 
gods. In this case the gods helping Achilles 
were superior to those aiding the Trojans. 

810. cum cuperem: although I de¬ 
sired; concessive subj.; App. 379. 

811. perjurae: referring to the famous 
perjury of Laomedon, who refused to pay 
Neptune and Apollo the price agreed 
upon for building the walls of Troy. See 
note on II, 610. 

813. portus Averni: Cumae near Lake 


Avernus, where was the fabled entrance 
to the lower world. From Cumae the 
rest of Aeneas’s voyage to the Tiber was 
short and uneventful. 

814. Unus: Palinurus, the pilot who 
fell overboard and was drowned, as is 
related in lines 833-860. 

816. laeta: proleptic; App. 440. 

817. auro: with gold (harness). 

818. feris = equis, as fen = equi in 
II, 51. 

820. sub axe (currus). 

821. aquis: abl. of respect with tumi- 
dum; App. 325. 

822. facies (visae sunt, adsunt). cete: 
nom. pi., a Greek form. 




BOOK V, 823-837 


301 


et senior Glauci chorus Inousgue Palaemon 
Tritonesgwe citi Phorclgwe exercitus omnis; 
laeva tenent Thetis et Melite Panopeague virgo, * 825 

Nisaee Spiogwe Thaliagwe Cymodocegwe. 

Hie patris Aeneae suspensam blanda vicissim 
gaudia pertemptant mentem; jubet ocius omnis 
attolli malos, intendl bracchia veils. 

Una omnes fecere pedem paritergwe sinistros, 830 

nunc dextros solvere sinus; una ardua torquent 
cornua detorquentgue; ferunt sua flamina classem. 
Princeps ante omnis densum Palinurus agebat 
agmen; ad hunc alii cursum contendere jussi. 

Jamque fere mediam caeli Nox umida metam 835 

contigerat, placida laxabant membra quiete 
sub remis fusi per dura sedilia nautae: 


arduus, a, um lofty, upraised, steep* 
attollo, ere lift, raise, rear* 
blandus, a, um persuasive, flattering 
bracchium, (i) I n. arm; yardarm* 
chorus, i ra. (dancing) band, troop 
citus, a, um quick, swift, hurried 
contendo, ere, i, ntus stretch, strain, 
direct 

contingo, ere, tigi, tactus touch, reach* 
cornu, us n. horn; yardarm; tip 
Cymodoce, es /. a sea-nymphf 
densus, a, um thick, crowded, dense* 
detorqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist (aside), 
haul down 

durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
exercitus, us m. army, host, band 
fere almost, about, nearly 
flamen, inis n. breeze, blast, wind 
gaudium, (i)I n. joy, delight, pleasure 
Glaucus, i m. minor sea-godf 
Ino, us /. minor sea-goddesst 
intendo, ere, i, ntus stretch, strain 
laevus, a, um left (hand), on the left* 
laxo (1) relax, loose(n), relieve, free 
malus, i m. mast, staff, pole 
Melite, es /. a sea-nympht 
membrum, l n. member, limb, body* 
meta, ae /. turning-point, goal, bound 
nauta, ae m. sailor, seaman, mariner 


823-826. Vergil is apparently de¬ 
scribing a famous sculptured group 
which in his day stood in the Circus 
Flaminius at Rome, laeva (loca). 

830. fecere pedem: hauled the sheet. 

832. sua: favorable; irregularly re¬ 
ferring to classem instead of to the 
subject; App. 248. a. 

/ 


Nisaee, es /. a sea-nymphf 
ocius more quickly, very quickly 
Palaemon, onis m. minor sea-godf 
Palinurus, i m. Trojan pilot* 

Panopea, ae /. a sea-nymph 
pariter equally, evenly, concertedly* 
pertempto (1) test, seize, pervade 
Phorcus, 1 m. minor sea-god 
placidus, a, um calm, peaceful, quiet* 
princeps, cipis first, (as) leader 
quies, etis /. rest, sleep, peace, quiet* 
sedile, ilis n. seat, bench 
senex, is old, aged; senior, oris older, 
very old* 

sinister, tra, trum left (hand), on the left 
sinus, us m. fold (of sail), bosom, bay* 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), free, pay* 
Spio, us /. a sea-nymphf 
suspensus, a, um suspended, bewildered, 
in suspense 

Thalia, ae /. a sea-nymphf 
Thetis, idis (idos) /. sea-goddess, mother 
of Achillesf 

torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, turn, whirl* 
Triton, onis m. minor sea-god 
umidus, a, um moist, wet, dewy 
una together, at the same time 
vicissim in turn, by turns, alternately 
virgo, inis /. girl, daughter, virgin* 


834. agmen(navium). hunc : Palinurus. 

835-861. Seeing that everything is so 
secure, the pilot, Palinurus, succumbs to 
sleep during the night voyage. He falls 
overboard and is drowned. 

835. mediam metam: the zenith , mak¬ 
ing it midnight. See III, 429. 




302 


THE AENEID, 838-853 


cum levis aetherils delapsus Somnus ab astrls 
aera dimovit tenebrosum et dispulit umbras, 

840 te, Palinure, petens, tibi somnia tristia portans 
InsontI; pupplque deus consedit in altd 
PhorbantI similis funditque has ore loquelas: 
“Iaside Palinure, ferunt ipsa aequora classem, 
aequatae spirant aurae, datur hora quieti. 

845 Pone caput fessosque oculos furare labori. 

Ipse ego paulisper pro te tua munera inibo.” 
Cui vix attollens Palintirus lamina fatur: 

“Mene salis placid! vultum fluctusque quietos 
ignorare jubesf Mene huic confidere monstro? 
850 Aenean credam ( quid enim?) fallacibus auris 
et caelo, totiens deceptus fraude serenl ? ” 

Talia dicta dabat, clavumgwe adfixus et haerens 
nusquam amittebat oculosque sub astra tenebat. 


adfigo, ere, xi, xus fasten to, join tof 
aequo (1) equal(ize), balance, adjust* 
aer, aeris, acc. aera, m. air, fog, mist 
aetherius, a, um of the upper air, heav¬ 
enly 

amitto, ere, misl, missus let go, lose* 
astrum, i n. star, constellation* 
attollo, ere lift, raise, rear* 
clavus, i m. nail, tiller, rudderf 
confido, ere, sus sum trust, believe ( dat .) 
consldo, ere, sedl, sessus sit (down), 
settle* 

credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust ( dat .)* 
decipio, ere, cepl, ceptus beguile, de¬ 
ceive 

delabor, i, lapsus glide down, descend 
dlmoveo, ere, movi, motus move apart, 
sunder 

dispello, ere, puli, pulsus drive apart, 
dispel 

enim for, indeed, truly* 
fallax, acis deceitful, treacherousf 
fraus, fraudis /. deceit, treachery, fraud 
furor, arl, atus steal (away), withdraw! 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus cling (to)* 
hora, ae /. hour, season, time 
Iasides, ae m. descendant of Iasius, son 


of Jupiter and Electra, and brother of 
Dardanusf 

ignoro (1) not know, mistake, ignore! 
ineo, ire, ii (ivi) itus enter (upon) 
insons, ontis innocent, guiltless 
levis, e light, unsubstantial, slight 
loquela, ae /. voice, speech, conversa¬ 
tion! 

monstrum, i n. portent, monster, sign* 
nusquam nowhere, never 
Palinurus, i m. Trojan pilot* 
paulisper gradually, (for) a little while! 
Phorbas, antis m. son of Priam, killed in 
the Trojan war! 

placidus, a, um calm, peaceful, quiet* 
porto (1) carry, bear, bring, convey* 
pro before, in behalf of, for (a6Z.)* 
quies, etis /. rest, sleep, peace, quiet* 
quietus, a, um quiet, undisturbed, calm 
sal, is m. (n .) salt, brine; sea 
serenum, I n. fair weather, calm 
similis, e similar, like (dat.)* 
somnium, (i)I n. dream, vision! 
spIro (1) breathe, blow, exhale, expire 
tenebrosus, a, um dark, dusky, gloomy! 
totiens so many times, so often 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 


841. deus = Somnus of 1. 838. 

844. aequatae aurae: see note on IV, 
587. 

845. labori: dat. of separation; App. 
305. 

847. lumina = oculos. 

849. (jubes)ne me confidere huic 
monstro ( = mari) : dat. with special 


verb; the sea as a thing of treachery and 
danger is a cruel monster. 

850-851. credam: deliberative subj.; 
App. 348. quid enim (id faciam). auris 
et caelo: datives with credam. fraude: 
abl. of means or cause with deceptus. 

853. amittebat: with the final syllable 
lengthened under the metrical accent and 




BOOK V, 854-866 303 

Ecce deus ramum Lethaeo rore madentem 

vlque soporatum Stygia super utraque quassat 855 

tempora, cunctantlgwe natantia lumina solvit. 

Vix prlmos inopina quies laxaverat artus, 
et superincumbens cum puppis parte revulsa 
cumque gubernaclo liquidas projecit in undas 
praecipitem ac socios nequiquam saepe vocantem; 860 

ipse volans tenuis se sustulit ales ad auras. 

Currit iter tutum non setius aequore classis 
promissisg'we patris NeptunI interrita fertur. 

Jamque adeo scopulos Slrenum advecta sublbat, 
difficills quondam multorumque ossibus albos 865 

{turn rauca adsiduo longe sale saxa sonabant), 


adeo to such an extent, to that point 
adsiduus, a, um constant, incessant 
adveho, ere, vexi, vectus carry to(ward) 
albus, a, um white* 
ales, itis winged; bird 
artus, us m. joint, limb, body* 
cunctor, arl, atus delay, linger, hesitate 
curro, ere, cucurrl, cursus run, speed 
difficilis, e difficult, dangerous, painful 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
gubernac(u)lum, l n. rudder, helm 
inoplnus, a, um unexpected, unfore¬ 
seen! 

interritus, a, um unafraid, unterrified 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
laxo (1) relax, loose(n), relieve, free 
Lethaeus, a, um Lethean, of Lethe, the 
river of forgetfulness in Hadesf 
liquidus, a, um clear, liquid, fluid 
longe (from) afar* 
madeo, ere, ui drip, be wet 
nato (1) swim, float, overflow 
Neptunus, i m. Neptune, god of the sea* 
nequiquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
os, ossis n. bone* 

praeceps, cipitis headlong, headforemost* 
projicio, ere, jecl, jectus hurl, fling, 
cast 


promissum, I n. promise, pledge 
quasso (1) shake, shatter 
quies, etis /. rest, sleep, peace, quiet* 
ramus, I m. branch, bough, limb* 
raucus, a, um hoarse, thunderous 
revello, ere, I, vulsus tear off, dislodge 
ros, roris m. dew, moisturef 
saepe often, frequently* 
sal, is m. (n.) salt, brine; sea 
scopulus, I m. rock, cliff, crag* 
secus; compar. setius otherwise, differ¬ 
ently 

Slrenes, um /. beautiful maidens who by 
their sweet songs lured sailors to their 
destruction! 

solvo, ere, I, solutus loose(n), relax* 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
soporo (1) make sleepy, drug! 

Stygius, a, um Stygian, of the Styx, a 
river in Hades* 

superincumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus lean 
over, swoop upon! 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
tenuis, e slight, thin, fine, delicate 
tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two), 
both* 

volo (1) ‘fly, speed, flit, flutter* 


before the pause; App. 394, a. sub 
astra: fixed on the stars. 

854-855. deus = Somnus of 1. 838. 
Lethaeo, Stygia: referring to the under¬ 
world streams which brought forgetful¬ 
ness and death. 

856. (Palinuro) cunctanti: dat. of 
reference. 

857. primos: agrees with artus but goes 
in thought with laxaverat. 

859. (eum) projecit (Somnus). 

861. ipse: Somnus. 


862-871. Awakening and perceiving 
that the ship is drifting unsteadily, 
Aeneas seizes the tiller and steers the 
vessel safe to the harbor of Cumae, 
the home of the Sibyl. 

862. iter: cognate acc.; App. 313. 

863. promissls = 11. 812-815. 

865. quondam: from the point of view 
of Vergil, not of Aeneas. 

866. sale saxa sonabant: alliteration; 
App. 411. 






304 


THE AENEID, 867-871 


cum pater amisso fluitantem errdre magistro 
sensit, et ipse ratem nocturnls rexit in undis 
multa gemens casuque animum concussus amici: 

870 u O nimium caelo et pelago confise sereno, 

nudus in ignota, Palinure, jacebis harena.” 


amicus, i m. friend, comrade, lover* 
amitto, ere, misi, missus let go, lose* 
concutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake, shat¬ 
ter 

confido, ere, fisus sum trust, believe 

( dat.) 

fluito (1) waver, drift, floatf 

gemo, ere, ui, itus groan, lament, mourn 

harena, ae /. sand, beach* 

ignotus, a, um unknown, strange 


jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
magister, tri m. master, pilot, chief 
nimium too much, too (greatly) 
nocturnus, a, um nocturnal, of the night 
nudus, a, um naked, bare; unburied 
Palinurus, i m. Trojan pilot* 
ratis, is /. raft, ship, boat* 
rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, direct, guide* 
sentio, ire, sensi, sensus feel, perceive 
serenus, a, um calm, clear, serene 


867. pater (Aeneas), amisso magistro 
(Palinuro) : abl. abs.; App. 343. flui¬ 
tantem (navem). errare: was drifting 
unsteadily; indir. disc.; App. 390. 

868. ipse (Aeneas) ; the master; see the 
note on ipsos, I, 40. 


869. multa: adverbial; App. 93-94. 
animum: acc. of respect; App. 311. 
870-871. 6 Palinure nimium cdnfise: O 

Palinurus (who) trusted too much in , etc. 
nudus: unburied; a piteous fate accord¬ 
ing to ancient ideas. 





Anderson 


The Cumaean Sibyl 

From the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican 


M ichelangelo 
















Centaurs and Dryad 









BOOK VI 


SIC fdtur lacrimans, classlque immittit habenas 
et tandem Euboicls Cumarum adlabitur oris. 
Obvertunt pelago proras; turn dente tenacl . 
ancora fundabat navis et lltora curvae 
5 praetexunt puppes. Juvenum manus emicat ardens 
lltus in Hesperium; quaerit pars semina flammae 
abstrusa in venis silicis, pars densa ferarum 
tecta rapit silvas inventague flumina monstrat. 

At pius Aeneas arces quibus altus Apollo 
10 praesidet horrendaegwe procul secreta Sibyllae, 

antrum immane, petit, magnam cui mentem animumque 


abstrudo, ere, si, sus hide (away)f 
adlabor, i, lapsus glide to, approach ( dat .) 
ancora, ae /. anchor 
antrum, l n. cave, cavern, grotto* 

Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

Cumae, arum/, city on the bay of Naples, 
founded by settlers from Chalcis, a 
city of Euboeaf 

curvus, a, um winding, rounded, bent* 
dens, dentis m. tooth; fluke (of an anchor) 
densus, a, um thick, crowded, dense* 
emico, are, ui, atus flash forth, dart 
out 

Euboicus, a, um Euboean, of Euboea, a 
large island off the eastern coast of 
Greecef 

fera, ae /. wild beast 
flumen, inis n. river, stream, flood* 
fundo (1) found, establish, make fast 
habena, ae /. rein, curb, check 
Hesperius, a, um western, Italian 


1-32. Aeneas lands at Cumae and 
visits the temple of Apollo founded by 
Daedalus, near which is the grotto of the 
Sibyl. 

1. Sic fatur (Aeneas) : refers to the 
lament of Aeneas over Palinurus, who 
fell overboard and was drowned, as told 
in the latter part of Book V. habenas: 
reins , as though the ships were so many 
fiery steeds surging at the bit. 


horrendus, a, um dreadful, dire; revered* 
immitto, ere, misi, missus send in (to), 
loose (n), give freely 

invenio, ire, veni, ventus find, come upon 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman)* 

lacrimo (1) weep, shed tears, lament 
monstro (1) point out, show, teach, 
guide* 

obverto, ere, i, rsus turn to (dat.) 
praesideo, ere, sedi, sessus rule, protect 
(dat.) 

praetexo, ere, ui, xtus fringe, cloak 
prora, ae /. prow* 

rapio, ere, ui, ptus snatch (up), scour* 
secretum, i n. secret (place, sanctuary) 
semen, inis n. seed, germ, elementf 
Sibylla, ae /. the Sibyl, an ancient Italian 
prophetess 

silex, icis m. (/.) flint, rock, crag 
tenax, acis gripping, tenacious 
vena, ae /. vein 


3. proras: ships were anchored with 
their prows turned seaward. 

6. semina: sparks , which seemed to 
be hidden in the flint till struck out by 
the steel. 

8. silvas: apposition with tecta. 

9. altus: referring to the lofty situa¬ 
tion of the temple, which stood on the 
top of a high hill and was connected in 
some way with the cave of the Sibyl. 

10. procul (a portu). 


305 





306 


THE AENEID, 12-20 


Delius inspirat vates aperit que futura. 

Jam subeunt Triviae lucos atque aurea tecta. 
Daedalus, ut fama est, fugiens Minoia regna 
15 praepetibus pennis ausus se credere caeld 

insuetum per iter gelidas enavit ad Arctos, 
Chalcidicague levis tandem super astitit arce. 
Redditus his prlmum terns tibi, Phoebe, sacravit 
remigium alarum posuitque immania templa. 

20 In foribus letum Androgeo; turn pendere poenas 


ala, ae /. wing* 

Androgeos (us), eo (ei) ra. son of Minos, 
king of Crete, for whose murder the 
Athenians were compelled annually to 
choose by lot seven youths and seven 
maidens, who were sent to Crete and 
fed to the Minotaurf 
aperio, ire, ui, ertus open, disclose, reveal* 
Arctos (us), i /. the Bear, a northern con- 
stellationf 

a(d)sto, are, stiti stand (by, near)* 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
aureus, a, um gold(en), of gold* 
Chalcidicus, a, um Chalcidian, of Chalcis, 
a city of Euboea, from which Cumae 
was foundedf 

credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust ( dat .)* 
Daedalus, i m. famous Greek artisan, 
father of Icarus and builder of the 
Labyrinth for King Minos in Crete; 
inventor of the first wings by means 
of which he and Icarus escaped from 
Cretef 

Delius, a, um Delian, of Delos, birthplace 
of Apollo 


eno (1) swim out, fly forth, floatf 
foris, is /. door, gate, entrance 
futurum, i n. the future, what is to be 
gelidus, a, um cold, chilly, icy 
inspiro (1) breathe into, inspire, blow into 
insuetus, a, um unaccustomed, unusedf 
iter, itineris, n. way, road, journey* 
letum, l n. death, destruction, ruin* 
levis, e light, swift, nimble, unsubstantial 
lucus, i m. (sacred) grove, wood* 
Minoius, a, um Minoan, of Minos, king 
of Cretef 

pendo, ere, pependi, pensus weigh out, 
pay| 

penna, ae /. wing, feather 
Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 
praepes, etis swift, flying 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus return, restore* 
remigium, (i)I, n . oarage, rowing equip¬ 
ment 

sacro (1) consecrate, dedicate, hallow* 
templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
Trivia, ae /. Hecate, goddess of the lower 
world 


12. Delius vates: Apollo, born at 
Delos, and giver of oracles. 

13. subeunt (Aeneas et socii). Triviae 
lucos: the grove was sacred to Hecate 
(Trivia), since it stood near the entrance 
to the lower world. 

14. Daedalus: the most famous ar¬ 
tisan of antiquity. With his son, Icarus, 
he had emigrated to Crete, where 
Pasiphae, queen of Minos, had fallen in 
love with a beautiful bull. He assisted 
her to gratify her unholy passion, and 
from this love was born the Minotaur, a 
savage monster, half-man and half-bull. 
Daedalus was then compelled by Minos to 
build the Labyrinth within whose wind¬ 
ing passages the Minotaur might be con¬ 
fined. Finally Daedalus contrived wings 
for himself and his son Icarus and thus 
escaped from Crete. During their flight, 
Icarus flew too close to the sun, which 


melted the waxen fastenings of his wings 
and allowed him to fall into the sea and 
drown. After the death of Icarus, 
Daedalus continued his flight to Cumae, 
where he erected a temple to Apollo, to 
whom he dedicated his wings, and where 
he made some beautiful carved doors for 
the temple. On these doors he engraved 
the scenes described in 11. 20-30. 

15. pennis: abl. of means. 

16. insuetum iter: the air. 

20-30. A description of the scenes en¬ 
graved by Daedalus on the temple doors 
at Cumae, which are: (1) death of 
Androgeos; (2) drawing of lots to see who 
shall be sent as victims of the Minotaur; 
(3) Pasiphae and the Minotaur; (4) the 
Labyrinth with Ariadne and Theseus, 
letum (est). Androgeo: gen., a Greek 
form; App. 67. The Athenians had 
murdered him and as a punishment had 




BOOK VI, 21-30 


307 



Cecropidae jussi (miserum!) septena quotannls 
corpora natorum; stat duetts sortibus urna. 
Contra elata marl respondet Gnosia tellus: 
hlc crudelis amor taurl suppostagwe furto 
Pasiphae mixtum^we genus prolesgwe biformis 
Minotaurus inest, Veneris monimenta nefandae; 
hlc labor ille domus et inextricabilis error; 
magnum reglnae sed enim miseratus amorem 
Daedalus ipse dolos tedl ambagesgue resolvit, 
caeca regens filo vestigia. Tu quoque magnam 


25 


30 


ambages, is /. winding (passage) 
biformis, e two-formed, double-shapedt 
caecus, a, um blind, dark, hidden* 
Cecropides, ae m. descendants of Ce- 
crops, Athenians! 
contra opposite, facing* 
crudelis, e cruel, pitiless, bloody* 
Daedulus, I m. famous Greek artisan, and 
the first aviator; builder of the Laby¬ 
rinth constructed to confine the Mino¬ 
taur 

dolus, i m. deceit, fraud, trick, scheme* 

effero, ferre, extull, elatus lift (up), 
raise* 

enim for, indeed, truly* 
error, oris m. wandering, maze, error 
filum, i n. thread, clew, cordf 
furtum, i n. theft, stealth, fraud 
Gnos(s)ius, a, um Gnossian, of Gnossus, 
a city of Crete 

inextricabilis, e inextricable, insoluble! 
insum, esse, fui be in, be present! 
Minotaurus, i m. savage Cretan monster, 
half bull and half man, the memorial 
of Pasiphae’s love for the bullf 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 


miseror, arl, atus pity, commiserate* 
monimentum (monumentum), i n. re¬ 
minder, memorial 

nefandus, a, um unspeakable, unutter¬ 
able 

Pasiphae, es /. wife of Minos, king of 
Crete, who fell in love with a beautiful 
bull and was assisted by Daedulus to 
gratify her passion! 
proles, is /. progeny, offspring, race* 
quoque also, even, too, likewise* 
quotannls annually, yearly 
rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, direct, guide* 
resolvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), unravel 
responded, ere, i, onsus answer, corre¬ 
spond* 

septenus, a, um seven (each), by sevens 
sors, rtis /. lot, destiny, portion, ora¬ 
cle* 

suppono, ere, posul, pos(i)tus place 
under, subject to| 
taurus, i m. bull, ox, bullock* 
urna, ae /. urn, vase (used in drawing 
lots)! 

Venus, eris /. (goddess of) love* 
vestigium, (i)I n. step, track, trace* 


been compelled by Minos to send annually 
seven youths and seven maidens as trib¬ 
ute to Crete, where they were thrown 
into the Labyrinth to be eaten by the 
Minotaur. The Minotaur was finally 
killed by Theseus, an Athenian prince, 
who had been sent as one of the seven 
annual victims. He was assisted by 
Ariadne, daughter of Minos, who had 
fallen in love with him and had given him 
a clew of thread with which to guide his 
steps and thus find his way out of the 
Labyrinth with its countless winding 
passages. 

21. Cecropidae (sunt), miserum: acc. 
of exclamation; App. 318. 

22. ductls sortibus: abl. abs. stat 
urna: represents the scene where the lots 


had just been drawn from the urn at 
Athens, to see who should be sent as 
victims of the Minotaur. 

23. Contra: on the opposite door . marl: 
abl. of separation. 

24. hlc: on the door just mentioned, 
amor taurl: the love (of Pasiphae) 
for the hull; taurl is obj. gen.; App. 
284. 

26. Veneris = amoris. 

27. labor ille domus: that famous 
house t so laboriously built , i.e., the Laby¬ 
rinth; domus is gen. of apposition. 

28. reglnae: the princess, Ariadne, who 
fell in love with Theseus and assisted his 
escape. 

30. vestigia: (Theseus’s returning) 

steps . 




308 


35 


40 



THE AENEID, 31-41 


partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes. 
Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro, 
bis patriae cecidere manus. Quin protinus omnia 
perlegerent oculis, ni jam praemissus Achates 
adforet atque una Phoebi Triviaeg'we sacerdos, 
Deiphobe Glauci, fatur quae talia regi: 

“Non hoc ista sibi tempus spectacula poscit; 
nunc grege de intacto septem mactare juvencos 
praestiterit, totidem lectas de more bidentls.” 
Talibus adfata Aenedn (nec sacra morantur 
jussa viri ) Teucros vocat alta in templa sacerdos. 


Achates, ae m. faithful comrade of 
Aeneas* 

adfor, ari, atus address, speak to* 
bidens, entis /. sheep (with two front 
teeth) 
bis twice* 

cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, fail, sink, 
die* 

Conor, ari, atus attempt, try, endeavor 
Deiphobe, es /. prophetess and priestess 
of Apollo and Hecatef 
dolor, oris m. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
effingo, ere, finxi, fictus fashion, portray! 
Glaucus, i ra. a sea-god gifted with pro¬ 
phetic powers, father of Deiphobe, the 
Cumaean Sibyl 
grex, gregis ra. herd, flock! 

Icarus, i ra. son of Daedalus, who in his 
flight with his father from Crete flew 
too near the sun, melted his wings, fell 
into the sea, and was drowned f 
intactus, a, um untouched, unbroken 
iste, ta, tud that (of yours)* 
juvencus, i ra. bullock, ox* 


lego, ere, legi, lectus choose, gather* 
macto (1) sacrifice, slaughter, kill; honor 
moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, hinder* 
mos, moris m. custom, ritual, manner* 
nisi, ni if not, unless* 
opus, eris n. work (of art); toil, labor* 
perlego, ere, legi, lectus survey, examine! 
Phoebus, i m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

posco, ere, poposcl demand, seek, ask* 
praemitto, ere, misi, missus send forward 
praesto, are, stiti, status (stitus) excel, 
be better 

protinus continuously, at once 
quin (but) that, nay even, why not* 
sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
septem seven 

sino, ere, sivi, situs permit, allow* 
spectaculum, i n. sight, spectacle! 
templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
totidem as many, so many 
Trivia, ae /. Hecate, goddess of the lower 
world 

una together, at the same time 


31. sineret dolor: did grief permit; 
equivalent to a condition contrary to 
fact, haberes: conclusion contrary to 
fact; App. 382. 

32. (Daedalus) bis conatus erat casus 
(Icari) effingere in auro. 

33-76. In obedience to the command 
of the Sibyl, Aeneas performs the cus¬ 
tomary sacrifices, prays to the gods, 
imploring their favor, entreats the help 
of the prophetess, and vows to Apollo 
and Diana a temple, with sacred games 
to Apollo and a special sanctuary and 
college of priests to the Sibyl. 

33. omnia: pronounce here as though 
spelled omnja, the i becoming conso¬ 
nantal; App. 401. 


34. (Aeneas et socil) perlegerent, ni 
adforet: conclusion and condition con¬ 
trary to fact; App. 382. 

35-36. sacerdos: the Sibyl who is 
priestess of Apollo and Hecate. Glauci: 
( daughter) of Glaucus. regi (Aeneae). 

37. hoc: pronounce hocc, making a 
long syllable. ista spectacula: those 
sights on which you are gazing. 

38. intacto: untouched (by the yoke). 

39. praestiterit: it were better; po¬ 
tential subj.; App. 252. 

40. sacra : substantively, sacrifices , 
modified by jussa, and object of morantur 
whose subject is viri (Teucri). 

41. templa: a cave in the rocky 
hillside, as is seen from the following 
line. 




BOOK VI, 42-55 


309 


Excisum Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum, 
quo latl ducunt aditus centum, ostia centum, 
unde ruunt totidem voces, responsa Sibyllae. 

Ventura erat ad limen, cum virgo “Poscere fata 45 

tempus” ait; “deus ecce deus!” Cui talia fanti 

ante fores subit 5 non vultus, non color unus, 

non comptae mansere comae; sed pectus anhelum, 

et rabie fera corda tument, majorque videri 

nec mortale sonans, adflata est numine quando 50 

jam propiore del. “Cessas in vota precesgwe, 

Tros” ait “ Aeneaf Cessas? Neque enim ante dehiscent 

attonitae magna ora domus.” Et talia fata 

conticuit. Gelidus Teucris per dura cucurrit 

ossa tremor, funditque preces rex pectore ab Imo: 55 


adflo (1) breathe upon, blow upon, in¬ 
spire 

aditus, us m. approach, entrance 
anhelus, a, um panting, gasping 
antrum, i n. cave, cavern, grotto* 
attonitus, a, um thunderstruck, amazed 
centum hundred* 

cesso, (1) cease, pause, delay, hesitate 
color, oris m. color, hue, tint 
coma, ae /. hair, locks, tresses* 

Como, ere, mpsl, mptus arrange (prop¬ 
erly) t 

conticesco, ere, ticui become silent, hush 
cor, rdis n. heart, spirit, feelings, soul* 
curro, ere, cucurri, cursus run, course 
dehlsco, ere, hivi yawn, gape, open 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
enim for, indeed, truly* 

Euboicus, a, um Euboean, of Euboea, a 
large island off the eastern coast of 
Greece, from which Cumae was settled 
excldo, ere, I, sus cut, hew (out) 
ferus, a, um wild, fierce, untamed* 
foris, is /. door, gate, entrance 


gelidus, a, um cold, chilly, icy 
latus, a, um broad, wide, spacious* 
latus, eris n. side, flank* 
mortalis, e mortal, human, earthly* 
os, ossis n. bone* 

ostium, (i)I n. mouth, entrance; harbor 
posco, ere, poposci demand, seek, ask* 
prex, precis /. prayer, entreaty* 
propior, ius nearer, closer 
quando when, since, because 
rabies, ei /. rage, fury, frenzy 
responsum, i n. answer, reply, response 
rupes, is /. rock, cliff, crag* 

Sibylla, ae /. ancient Italian prophetess 
sono, are, ul, itus (re)sound, roar* 
subito suddenly, unexpectedly* 
totidem as many, so many 
tremor, oris, m. trembling, shudder 
Tros, Trois m. Trojan* 
turned, ere, ui swell, be swollen 
unde whence, from which source* 
virgo, inis /. (unmarried) girl, maid(en)* 
votum, I n. vow, prayer, (votive) offer¬ 
ing* 

vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 


42. Euboicae: see 1. 2 and vocabulary. 

45. Ventum erat (a Teucris et Sibylla) : 
they had come. Ilmen (antri). 

45-46. Poscere fata tempus (est) : it 

is time to ask for the oracles, deus ecce 
deus: the Sibyl apparently falls into a 
trance and sees a vision of the god ap¬ 
proaching. 

47. non vultus (mansere) : her counte¬ 
nance changed, unus = Idem, as often. 

48. comae: under the influence of the 
god, her hair streams forth in wild dis¬ 
order. pectus (est) anhelum. 


49. major (est) videri: she is larger 
to look upon = major visa est. One of the 
effects of her inspiration is to make her 
appear larger. 

50. mortale: cognate acc.; App. 313. 
nec mortale sonans (est) : her voice does 
not sound human. 

51. Cessas (Ire). 

52. Neque ante(quam in vota eas). 

53. attonitae domus: of the cave , awe¬ 
struck (by the presence of the god), fata: 
from for. 

55. rex (Aeneas), 





310 


THE AENEID, 56-69 


“Phoebe, gravis Trojae semper miserate labores, 
Dardana qul Paridis derextl tela manusque 
corpus in Aeacidae, magnds obeuntia terras 
tot maria intravl duce te penitusgwe repostas 
60 Massylum gentis praetentague Syrtibus arva: 

jam tandem Italiae fugientis prendimus dr as, 
hac Trojana tenus fuerit for tuna secuta. 

Fos quoque Pergameae jam fas est parcere genti, 
dique deaeque omnes, quibus obstitit Ilium et ingens 
65 gloria Dardaniae. Tuque, 6 sanctissima vdtes, 

praescia venturi, da (non indebita posco 
regna meis fdtis ) Latio considere Teucros 
errantisque deds agitatague numina Trojae. 

Turn Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templum 


Aeacides, ae m. descendant of Aeacus, 
Achilles 

agito (1) drive, harass, toss, agitate 
considd, ere, sedi, sessus sit (down); 
settle* 

Dardania, ae /. Troy, city of Dardanus 
Dardanus, a, um Trojan, Dardanian 
derigo (dirigo), ere, rexi, rectus direct, 
guide 

dux, ducis, m. (/.) leader, guide, chief* 
fas n. indecl. right, justice, divine 
will* 

gloria, ae /. glory, fame, reputation 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
hac . . . tenus = hactenus thus far, hith¬ 
erto 

Ilium, (i)i n. Troy, Ilium 
indebitus, a, um not due, not owed, un¬ 
due f 

intro (1) enter, penetrate 
Latium, (i)I n. district of central Italy* 
marmor, oris n. marble 
Massyll, (or)um m. tribe of North 
Africa 

miseror, ari, atus pity, commiserate* 
obeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus approach, traverse, 
skirt f 

obsto, are, stiti, status stand in the way, 
oppose (dat.) 


56. Phoebe miserate: voc. 

57. derex (is) ti: Apollo as god of 
archery had directed the fatal arrow of 
Paris, which struck Achilles in his heel, 
his only vulnerable spot, and killed him. 

60. Syrtibus: dat. with compound. 

62. hactenus Trojana fortuna fuerit 
secuta: thus far, and thus far only let 
Trojan misfortune have followed me . 
fuerit: vol. (jussive) subj.; App. 254. 


pared, ere, pepercl (pars!), parsus spare 

(dat.) 

Paris, idis (os) m. Trojan prince, eloped 
with Helen and thus caused the Trojan 
war 

penitus deep(ly), (from) within* 
Pergameus, a, um Trojan 
Phoebus, i m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

posco, ere, poposci demand, seek, ask* 
praescius, a, um foreknowing, prescient 

(gen.) f 

praetendo, ere, i, ntus stretch before, ex¬ 
tend 

pre(he)ndo, ere, i, ensus seize, grasp 
quoque also, furthermore, too, likewise 
repos(i)tus, a, um secluded, remote 
sanctus, a, um holy, sacred, sainted* 
semper always, ever* 
solidus, a, um solid, whole, firm 
Syrtis, is /. quicksands off the northern 
coast of Africa 

templum, I n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
tenus see hac ... . tenus 
tot so many* 

Trivia, ae /. Hecate, goddess of the lower 
world 

Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
venturum, i n. the future, what is to come 


66-67. venturi : more picturesque than 
futuri; gen. with praescia. da considere: 

grant that the Trojans may settle; the inf. 
with a verb of granting; App. 260. (in) 
Latio. 

68. deds: especially the Trojan pe- 
nates. 

69-70. Vergil here refers to the mag¬ 
nificent temples on the Palatine, built by 
Augustus to Apollo and Diana, and to 




BOOK VI, 70-83 


311 


instituam festosgwe dies de nomine Phoebi. 70 

Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia nostris: 

hie ego namque tuas sortls arcanagwe fata 

dicta meae genti ponam, lectos que sacrabo, 

alma, virds. Foliis tantum ne carmina manda, 

ne turbata volent rapidls ludibria ventis: 75 

ipsa canas oro.” Finem dedit ore loquendl. 

At Phoebi nondum patiens immanis in antro 
bacchatur rates, magnum si pectore possit 
excussisse deum; tanto magis ille fatigat 
os rabidum, fera corda domans, fingitgwe premendo. so 
Ostia jamque domus patuere ingentia centum 
sponte sua vatisque ferunt responsa per auras: 

“0 tandem magnis pelagi defuncte periclis 


almus, a, um nourishing, kind(ly) 
antrum, I n. cave, cavern, grotto* 
arcanus, a, um secret, hidden 
bacchor, arl, atus rave, storm, rage 
cano, ere, cecinl, cantus sing (of), chant, 
prophesy, proclaim* 
carmen, inis n. song, verse, oracle 
centum hundred* 

cor, rdis n. heart, spirit, feelings, soul* 
defungor, i, functus perform, finish (a6Z.)t 
domo, are, ui, itus tame, subdue 
excutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake off* 
fatigo (1) weary, tire (out), harass 
ferus, a, um wild, fierce, untamed* 
festus, a, um festal, festival, holiday 
fingo, ere, finxi, fictus mold, train 
folium, (i)I n . leaf, foliage 
instituo, ere, ui, utus set up, ordainf 
lego, ere, legi, lectus select, gather* 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say, tell, talk* 
ludibrium, (i)I n. sport, mockeryt 
magis more, rather* 


mando (1) order, intrust, commend 
nondum not yet 

oro (1) pray (for), entreat, beseech* 
ostium, (i)i n. mouth, entrance; harbor 
pateo, ere, ui lie open, extend 
patiens, entis enduring, tolerating {gen.) 
penetralia, ium n . inner part, sanctuary 
peric(u)lum, i n. danger, peril, risk 
Phoebus, i m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

premo, ere, pressi, pressus (re)press, 
control* 

quoque also, too, even, furthermore* 
rabidus, a, um raving, mad, frenziedf 
rapidus, a, um swift, snatching, whirling* 
responsum, i n. answer, reply, response 
sacro (1) consecrate, dedicate, hallow* 
sors, rtis /. lot, destiny, portion, oracle* 
spons, spontis /. free will, choice 
tantum only, so much, so far 
turbo (1) confuse, disarrange, disturb* 
volo (1) fly, speed, flit, flutter* 


the Ludi Apollinares, a great Roman 
festival in honor of Apollo. 

71. Te: addressed to the Sibyl; refers 
to the keeping of the famous Sibylline 
books in the Capitol at Rome. 

73. lectos viros: at first two, then ten, 
and finally fifteen men (the quindecem- 
virl) were intrusted with the care of the 
Sibylline books, which were supposed to 
contain prophecies dealing with the fate 
of Rome and which were consulted in 
times of great crisis. 

74. ne manda: cf. Ill, 444, 456, 457, 
and notes, ne with the imp. is chiefly 
poetic; App. 256, a . 

75. ventis: dat. of reference. 


76. (ut tu) ipsa canas: obj. of oro. 

77-97. The Sibyl announces to Aeneas 
his future wars and urges him to be 
steadfast and endure to the end. 

77. nondum Phoebi patiens: not yet 

submissive to Phoebus , i.e., she still strug¬ 
gles against the inspiration of the god. 

78. si possit: a conditional clause, 
used virtually as an indir. quest. 

80. fingit (earn) : a picture from break¬ 
ing a spirited horse, as is the figure of the 
preceding verse. 

83. 6 (tu) defuncte: voc. perlc(u)lls: 
abl. with defungor; App. 342. 




312 


THE AENEID, 84-98 


{sed terrae graviora manent), in regna Lavinl 
85 * Dardanidae venient (mitte hanc de pectore cur am), 
sed non et venisse volent. Bella, horrida bella, 
et Thybrim multo spumantem sanguine cerno. 
Non Simols tibi nec Xanthus nec Dorica castra 
defuerint; alius Latio jam partus Achilles, 

90 natus et ipse dea; nec Teucris addita Juno 

usquam aberit, cum tu supplex in rebus egenis 
quas gentls Italum aut quds non oraveris urbes! 
Causa mall tantl conjunx iterum hospita Teucris 
extern! que iterum thalaml. 

95 Tu ne cede malls, sed contra audentior ltd 

qua tua te fortuna sinet. Via prlma salutis, 
quod minime reris, Graja pandetur ab urbe 
Talibus ex adyto dictis Cumaea Sibylla 


absum, esse, ful be absent, be lack¬ 
ing 

Achilles, is (ei, I) m. famous Greek chief¬ 
tain* 

addo, ere, didl, ditus add* 
adytum, I n. inner sanctuary, shrine 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
castra, drum n. camp, encampment* 
causa, ae /. reason, cause, occasion* 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, go* 
contra opposite, facing* 

Cumaeus, a, um of Cumae, a city near 
Naples 

Dardanides, ae m. Trojan, Dardanian* 
desum, esse, ful be lacking, be absent 
Doricus, a, um Doric, Greek 
egenus, a, um needy, poor; critical 
externus, a, um outer, foreign 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 
gravis, e heavy, grievous, serious* 
horridus, a, um bristling, terrible 
hospitus, a, um strange, foreign 
Italus, a, um Italian, of Italy 


iterum again, anew, a second time* 
Latium, (i)I n. district of central Italy* 
Lavinium, (i)I n. city near Rome 
malum, i n. evil, misfortune, disaster* 
minime least, not at allf 
nascor, i, natus be born, rise* 
oro (1) pray (for), entreat, beseech* 
pando, ere, i, passus spread, open* 
pario, ere, peperi, partus produce, gain 
qua where(by), wherever, in any (some) 
way 

reor, reri, ratus think, suppose, reckon 
salus, utis /. safety, salvation, health 
Sibylla, ae/. ancient Italian prophetess 
Simois, entis m. river near Troy 
sino, ere, sivi, situs permit, allow* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 
thalamus, i m. bridal chamber, wedlock* 
Thybris, (id)is, acc. brim, m. the Tiber, a 
river of Italy 
usquam anywhere, ever 
Xanthus, i m. river near Troy 


84. graviora (pericula). 

86. sed et volent non venisse. et = 
etiam: even , also . 

89. defuerint: fut. perf. Translate as 
a fut. alius Achilles: Turnus who plays 
a prominent part in the last six books of 
the Aeneid. See the note on IV, 615. 

90. et: also , too . 

91. supplex: Aeneas is compelled to 
go as a suppliant to Evander, who lives 
on the Palatine, the later site of Rome, 
as is related in the latter part of the 

Aeneid. 

92. Ital(or)um. 


93. Causa (erit). conjunx hospita: 

Lavinia, daughter of King Latinus. She 
had been betrothed to Turnus, but on 
the arrival of Aeneas she was pledged by 
her father to him, and like a second Helen 
(iterum) she was the cause of war. 

95. ito: continue to go. 

96. qua (via). 

97. (id) quod. Graja urbe: from a 
Greek city , Pallanteum on the Tiber, 
where Rome afterward stood. 

98-123. Aeneas begs the Sibyl to 
guide him on his journey to the lower 




BOOK VI, 99-114 313 

horrendas canit ambages antro que remugit, 

obscuris vera involvens: ea frena furentl 100 

concutit et stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo. 

Ut prlmum cessit furor et rabida ora quierunt, 
incipit Aeneas heros: 11 Non ulla laborum, 

0 virgo, nova ml facies inoplnave surgit; 

omnia praecepl atque animo mecum ante peregi. 105 

Unum oro: quando hlc infernl janua regis 

dlcitur et tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuso, 

Ire ad conspectum carl genitoris et ora 
contingat; doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas. 

Ilium ego per flammds et mille sequentia tela no 

eripul his umerls medioque ex hoste recepi; 
ille meum comitatus iter maria omnia mecum 
atque omnls pelaglque minas caellque ferebat, 
invalidus, vlrls ultra sortemg'we senectae. 


Acheron, ontis m. river of Hades 
ambages, is/, winding; mystery- 
antrum, i n. cave, cavern, grotto* 

Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

cano, ere, cecini, cantus sing (of), chant, 
prophesy, proclaim* 
carus, a, um dear, beloved, fond* 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, depart* 
comitor, ari, atus accompany, attend, es¬ 
cort, follow* 

concutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake, shatter 
conspectus, us ra. sight, interview 
contingo, ere, tigi, tactus touch, befall* 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, tell, inform* 
facies, ei /. appearance, face, aspect* 
frenum, i n. rein, curb, check 
furor, oris rrt, madness, frenzy, fury* 
heros, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
horrendus, a, um horrifying, dire* 
hostis, is m. (/.) enemy, foe, stranger* 
incipio, ere, cepl, ceptus begin, under¬ 
take* 

infernus, a, um nether, infernal 
inopinus, a, um unexpected, sudden 
invalidus, a, um weak, feeble, infirm 
involvo, ere, i, volutus wrap, infold 


world, that he may meet the shade of 
his father Anchises. 

99. (ex) antro. 

100. ea ( = talia) frena: the fig¬ 
ure of horsemanship is continued from 
11. 77-80. 

102. quie(ve)runt. 

104. mi = mihi. 


iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
janua, ae /. door, entrance 
mille; pi. milia, ium n. thousand* 
minae, arum/, threat, menace; pinnacle 
obscurus, a, um dark, dim, obscure* 
oro (1) pray (for), entreat, beseech* 
ostium, (i)i n. mouth, entrance; harbor 
palus, udis /. swamp, marsh, meref 
pando, ere, i, passus open, disclose* 
perago, ere, egi, actus traverse, finish 
praecipio, ere, cepi, ceptus anticipate, 
teach 

quando when, since, because 
quiesco, ere, evi, etus rest, calm, cease* 
rabidus, a, um raving, mad, frenzied 
recipio, ere, cepi, ceptus recover, res¬ 
cue* 

refundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour (back, out) 

remugio, ire bellow, roarf 

senecta, ae /. old age, eld 

sors, rtis /. lot, destiny, portion; oracle* 

stimulus, i m. goad, spur, prickf 

tenebrosus, a, um dark, gloomy 

ultra beyond, more than (acc.)t 

verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change* 

verum, i n. truth, reality, right 

virgo, inis /. (unmarried) girl, maid(en)* 


107. dicitur (esse). Acheronte re¬ 
fuso: abl. abs.; the overflow of the 
Acheron was supposed to form Lake 
Avernus. 

109. contingat (mihi) : vol. clause in 
apposition with unum in 1. 106. doceas, 
pandas: vol. subjunctives; App. 254. 

112. iter: obj. of the middle part., 
comitatus. 




314 


THE AENEID, 115-125 


ns Quin, ut te supplex peterem et tua limina adlrem, 

idem orans mandata dabat. Natique patrisque, 
alma, precor, miserere ( potes namque omnia, nec te 
nequlquam lucis Hecate praefecit Avernls), 
si potuit manis accersere conjugis Orpheus 
120 Threicia fretus cithara fidibusg'we canorls, 
si fratrem Pollux alterna morte redemit 
itque redit que viam totiens. Quid Thesea, magnum 
quid memorem Alciden? Et mi genus ab Jove summo.” 

Talibus orabat dictis arasque tenebat, 

125 cum sic orsa loqui vates: “Sate sanguine divum, 


accerso, ere, slvl, situs summon, invite 
adeo, ire, il (Ivi), itus approach 
Alcldes, ae m. Hercules, son of Jupiter 
and Alcmena, who as one of his labors 
descended to Hades and carried off Cer¬ 
berus, the watchdog of Pluto 
almus, a, um nurturing, kind(ly) 
alternus, a, um alternate, alternating 
Avernus, a, um of Lake Avernus in Cam¬ 
pania, where there was an entrance to 
Hades* 

canorus, a, um tuneful, musicalf 
cithara, ae /. lyre, harp, cither 
fides, ium /. lyre, strings, cords; chordsf* 
frater, tris m. brother* 
fretus, a, um relying on ( abl.) 

Hecate, es /. goddess of the lower world 
loquor, I, locutus speak, say, talk, tell* 
lucus, I m. (sacred) grove, wood* 
mandatum, I n. command, charge, be¬ 
hest 

manes, ium m. (souls of) the dead, 
Hades* 

memoro (1) (re)call, recount, relate* 
misereor, eri, itus pity, commiserate 

{gen.) 


nequlquam in vain, uselessly, idly* 
ordior, In, orsus begin, undertake 
oro (1) pray (for), entreat, beseech* 
Orpheus, I m. famous poet and musician 
of Thrace who went down to Hades to 
bring back his wife Eurydice, but 
failed f 

Pollux, ucis m. son of Jupiter and Leda; 
after the death of Castor, his twin 
brother, Pollux, shared his immortality 
with him on alternate daysf 
praeficio, ere, feci, fectus set over (acc., 
dat.) f 

precor, arl, atus pray, entreat* 
quin (but) that, nay even, why not* 
redeo, Ire, il (Ivi), itus return 
redimo, ere, eml, emptus redeemf 
sero, ere, sevl, satus sow, beget* 
supplex, icis suppliant, humble* 

Theseus, el (eos),. acc. ea, m. early king 
of Athens, who, among other exploits, 
descended to Hades with his friend 
Pirithous to carry off Proserpinaf 
Threicius, a, um Thracian, of Thrace, a 
region northeast of Greece 
totiens so many times, so often 


115. ut peterem: subst. clause of vol. 
origin in apposition with mandata. 

116. Natl, patris: genitives with mi¬ 
serere (imp.); App. 289. 

117. potes omnia: you can (do) all 
things. 

120. cithara, fidibus: ablatives of 
means with fretus. 

122. viam: cognate acc.; App. 313. 
Thesea: acc., a Greek form; App. 69. 

123. Alciden = Hercules, a word which 
cannot be used in dactylic hexameter 
(~ w “). As one of Hercules’s cele¬ 
brated twelve labors, he descended to 
Hades and carried off Cerberus, the 
three-headed dog of Pluto, which guarded 


the entrance of the infernal regions, mi 
genus (est). ml = mihi: dat. of posses¬ 
sion. ab Jove: through Venus, daughter 
of Jupiter. 

124-155. The Sibyl informs Aeneas of 
the three conditions which must be ful¬ 
filled before he may gain admission to 
the lower world. The conditions are: 

(1) the bringing of the golden bough; 

(2) the purification of the fleet which had 
been polluted by the death of Misenus; 

(3) propitiatory sacrifices to the manes 
and gods of the lower world. 

124. arasque tenebat: as a suppliant. 

125. orsa (est). Sate: voc. 




BOOK VI, 126-139 


315 


Tros Anchisiade, facilis descensus Averno: 

nodes atque dies patet atri janua Ditis; 

sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras, 

hoc opus, hie labor est. PaucI, quos aequus amavit 

Juppiter aut ardens evexit ad aethera virtus, 130 

dis geniti potuere. Tenent media omnia silvae, 

Cocytus que sinu labens circumvenit dtro. 

Quod si tantus amor menti, si tanta cupido est 

bis Stygios innare lacus, bis nigra videre 

Tartara, et Insano juvat indulgere labdri, 135 

accipe quae peragenda prius. Latet arbore opaca 

aureus et folils et lento vlmine ramus, 

Junoni infernae didus sacer; hunc tegit omnis 
lucus et obscurls claudunt convallibus umbrae. 


aequus, a, um equal, level, impartial 
aether, eris, acc. era, m. upper air, heaven, 
sky* 

amo (1) love, cherish, like* 

Anchisiades, ae m. descendant of An- 
chises, Aeneas 

arbos (or), oris /. tree; wood* 
aureus, a, um gold(en), of gold* 
Avernus, i m. lake of central Italy, where 
there was an entrance to Hades; 
Hades* 
bis twice* - 

circumvenio, ire, veni, ventus encircle! 
olaudo, ere, si, sus (in)close, shut (in)* 
Cocytus, i m. river of Hadesf 
convallis, is /. valley, vale, dale! 
cupido, inis /. desire, love, passion 
descensus, us m. descent! 

Dis, Ditis m. Pluto, god of Hades 
evado, ere, si, sus escape, come out 
eveho, ere, vexi, vectus bear (aloft)f 
facilis, e easy, favorable, ready 
folium, (i)i n. leaf, foliage 
gigno, ere, genui, genitus bear, beget 
gradus, us m. step, gait, pace, stride 
indulged, ere, lsi, ltus indulge (in) ( dat .) 
infernus, a, um infernal, nether 
inno (1) swim, float (in), navigate! 


insanus, a, um mad, insane, frenzied 
janua, ae /. door, entrance 
juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
lacus, us m. lake, marsh, mere 
lateo, ere, ui lie hid, hide, lurk* 
lentus, a, um pliant, tough, flexible 
lucus, i m. (sacred) grove, wood* 
medium, (i)i n. middle, midst, center 
niger, gra, grum black, gloomy, dusky* 
obscurus, a, um dark, shadowy, gloomy* 
opacus, a, um dark, shady, gloomy 
opus, eris n. work, task, toil, deed* 
pateo, ere, ui lie open, extend 
paucus, a, um small, few, scanty 
perago, ere, egi, actus accomplish 
prius first, sooner 
quod because, but 
ramus, i m. branch, bough, limb* 
revoco (1) recall, call back, retrace 
sinus, us m. fold, bosom, bay, hollow* 
Stygius, a, um Stygian, of the Styx, a 
river of Hades* 

Tartara, drum n. abode of the wicked in 
Hades 

tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, protect* 

Tros, Trois m. Trojan* 

vimen, inis n. twig, shoot 

virtus, utis /. manhood, excellence, valor* 


126. facilis (est) descensus Averno 
( = ad Avernum) : dat. of direction; the 
descent is easy , i.e., by dying. 

129. hoc: pronounce hocc, making a 
long syllable, hoc, hie; agree in gender 
with their predicate nouns, opus, labor; 
App. 240, a. Cf. Paradise Lost , 2, 432-433. 

“Long is the way 

And hard that out of hell leads up to light. 


131. potuere (hoc) : could do this . 

134. innare: inf. with (tibi) cupido 
est which is equivalent to cupis, you wish. 
bis: now and again at death. 

136. peragenda (sint). (in) arbore. 

137. folils, vimine: ablatives of re¬ 
spect. 

138. Junoni infernae: to Proserpina , 
queen of the lower world, dictus (esse). 





316 THE AENEID, 140-155 

140 Sect non ante datur telluris operta sublre 

auricomos quam qua decerpserit arbore fetus. 

Hoc sibi pulchra suurn ferri Proserpina munus 
Instituit. Primo avulso non deficit alter 
aureus, et simili frondescit virga metallo. 

145 Ergo alte vestiga oculls et rite repertum 

carpe manu; namque ipse volens facilisgwe sequetur, 
si te fata vocant; aliter non viribus ullis 
vincere nec dtiro poteris convellere ferro. 

Praeterea jacet exanimum tibi corpus amici 
150 (lieu nescis) totamque incestat funere classem, 

dum consulta petis nostroque in limine pendes. 
Sedibus hunc refer ante suis et conde sepulcro. 

Due nigras pecudes; ea prima piacula sunto. 

Sic demum lucos Stygis et regna invia vivis 
155 aspicies.” Dixit, pressogwe obmutuit ore. 


aliter otherwise, differently* 
alte on high, loftily 

alter, era, erum (an) other (of two), 
second* 

amicus, i ra. friend, lover, comrade* 
arbos (or), oris/, tree; wood(s)* 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, behold* 
aureus, a, um gold(en), of gold* 
auricomus, a, um golden-haired, golden¬ 
leaved f 

avello, ere, (vuls)i, vulsus tear (off) 
carpo, ere, psi, ptus pluck, pursue 
condo, ere, didi, ditus found, hide, bury* 
cdnsultum, i n. resolve, decree, oraclef 
convello, ere, i, vulsus tear (off) 
decerpo, ere, psi, ptus pluck (off)t 
deficio, ere, feci, fectus lack, fail 
demum finally, at last 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
exanimus, a, um breathless, lifeless 
facilis, e easy, favorable, ready 
fetus, us ra. young, produce, growth 
frondesco, ere leaf, sproutf 
funus, eris n. funeral, death, disaster* 
incesto (1) defile, pollute! 
instituo, ere, ui, utus establish, ordain 
invius, a, um pathless, trackless 


140-141. ante . . . quam: until, auri¬ 
comos fetus, qui: indefinite, decerp¬ 
serit: fut. perf. 

145-146. vestiga et rite carpe. 

149. jacet: lies (unburied). tibi: 
ethical dat.; best left untranslated. 

150. totam classem: thus including 
Aeneas and making it impossible for him to 
sacrifice until he has been properly purified. 


jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
lucus, i m. (sacred) grove, wood* 
metallum, i n. metal, ore, mine! 
nescio, ire, ivi (ii) not know, be igno¬ 
rant 

niger, gra, grum black, dusky, gloomy* 
obmutesco, ere, tui become silent, hush 
opertum, i n. mystery, hidden part 
pecus, udis /. animal (of the flock)* 
pendeo, ere, pependi hang, tarry* 
piaculum, i n. expiation, crime 
praeterea besides, also, furthermore* 
premo, ere, pressi, pressus (re)presS, 
control* 

Proserpina, ae /. wife of Pluto and queen 
of Hades 

pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, handsome, 
noble, splendid* 
quam how, than, as* 
reperio, ire, repperi, repertus find 
rite duly, properly, ritually 
sepulcrum, i n. tomb, grave 
similis, e similar, like* 

Styx, Stygis /. river of the lower worldf 
vestigo (1) trace, search (for), track 
^ (out) f 

virga, ae /. branch, rod, twig 
vivus, a, um alive, living 


152. Sedibus = ad sedes: dat. of di¬ 
rection. refer: imp.; App. 202. suis: 
his proper, irregularly referring to hunc 
instead of to the subject, (in) sepul- 
cro. 

153. Due: imp. nigras: see V, 97, 
and 736, with notes, ea: attracted into 
the gender of the predicate; App. 240, a. 
sunto: imp. of sum; App. 120. 




BOOK VI, 156-172 


317 


Aeneas maesto deflxus lamina vultu 
ingreditur linquens antrum, caecosgwe volutat 
eventus animo secum. Cut fldus Achates 
it comes et paribus curls vestigia figit. 

160 Multa inter sese vario sermone serebant, 

quern socium exanimum vates, quod corpus humandum 
dlceret. Atque illl Misenum in lltore sicco, 
ut venere, vident indigna morte peremptum, 

Misenum Aeoliden, quo non praestantior alter 
165 aere ciere virds Martem^we accendere cantu. 

Hectoris hie magnl fuerat comes, Hectora circum 
et lituo pugnas Insignis oblbat et hasta. 

Postquam ilium vita victor spoliavit Achilles, 

Dardanio Aeneae sese fortissimus heros 
170 addiderat socium, non Inferiora secutus. 

Sed turn, forte cava dum personat aequora concha, 
demens, et cantu vocat in certamina dlvos, 


accendo, ere, i, ensus kindle, rouse 
Achates, ae m. faithful comrade of 
Aeneas* 

Achilles, is (ei, i) ra. Greek chieftain be¬ 
fore Troy* 

addo, ere, didi, ditus add* 

Aeolides, ae ra. descendant of Aeolus, 
Misenus 

aes, aeris n. bronze (implement), trum¬ 
pet* 

alter, era, erum (an) other (of two), 
second* 

antrum, i n. cave, cavern, grotto* 
caecus, a, um blind, dark, hidden* 
cantus, us ra. song, music, chant, tune 
cavus, a, um hollow, vaulted* 
certamen, inis n. contest, rivalry* 
cied, ere, civi, citus (a)rouse, stir (up)* 
concha, ae /. (sea) shell, conch f 
Dardanius, a,um Trojan, Dardanian* 
defigo, ere, xi, xus fix (down), cast down 
demens, entis mad, crazy, foolish 
eventus, us m. outcome, result, eventf 
exanimus, a, um breathless, lifeless 
fidus, a, um faithful, trusty, safe* 
figo, ere, xi, xus fix, plant, pierce* 
fortis, e brave, strong, valiant, stout* 
hasta, ae /. spear, lance, dart 

156-182. Aeneas finds the corpse of 
the Trojan trumpeter, Misenus, on the 
shore and prepares his funeral pyre. 

156. lumina = oculos; obj. of the 
middle part., deflxus. 

159. curls: abl. of manner. 

162. quod corpus diceret: indir. quest. 


Hector, oris, acc. ora, m. Trojan leader* 
heros, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
humo (1) bury, inter, cover with earthf 
indignus, a, um unworthy, undeserved 
ingredior, i, gressus advance, enter 
insignis, e distinguished, marked* 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, desert* 
lituus, i m. (curved) trumpetf 
maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 
Mars, rtis m. (god of) war 
Misenus, i m. Trojan trumpeter 
obeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus enter, approach 
par, paris equal, like, matched* 
perimo, ere, emi, emptus destroy 
persono, are, ui, itus sound through, make 

(re) sound 

postquam after (that), when* 
praestans, antis excellent, superior 
pugna, ae /. battle, fight, fray, com¬ 
bat* 

sermo, onis m. conversation, speech 
sero, ere, ui, rtus join, discuss* 
siccus, a, um dry, thirsty 
spolio (1) despoil, plunder, rob (abl.) 
varius, a, um various, different, diverse* 
vestigium, (i)i n. track, footprint, step* 
voluto (1) revolve, turn (over), roll 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 

164. non alter (erat) praestantior. 

165. ciere: with praestantior; App. 
265. 

166. circum Hectora: acc., a Greek 
form. 

168. ilium: Hector. 

171. concha: Triton’s horn; hence his 

jealousy. 




318 THE AENEID, 173-188 

aemulus exceptum Triton, si credere dignum est, 
inter saxa virum spumosa immerserat undd. 

175 Ergo omnes magno circum cldmore fremebant, 

praecipue pius Aeneas. Turn jussa Sibyllae, 
hand mora, festinant flentes aramque sepulcro 
congerere arboribus caelbque educere certant. 

Itur in antlquam silvam, stabula alta ferarum, 
iso procumbunt piceae, sonat icta securibus ilex 

fraxineae^we trabes cuneis et fissile robur 
scinditur, advolvunt ingentls montibus ornos. 

Nec non Aeneas opera inter tdlia primus 
hortatur socios paribusg'we accingitur armls. 

185 Atque haec ipse sud trlstl cum corde volutat 

aspectans silvam immensam, et sic forte precatur: 
“Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus 
ostendat nemore in tanto! Quando omnia vere 


accingo, ere, clnxi, cinctus gird(le) 
advolvo, ere, i, volutus rollf 
aemulus, a, um emulous, jealous 
arbos (or), oris/, tree; wood(s)* 
a(d)specto (1) look at, behold 
aureus, a, um gold(en), of gold* 
certo (1) strive, fight, vie, contend 
congero, ere, gessi, gestus heap (up) 
cor, rdis n. heart, spirit, feelings, soul* 
credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust* 
cuneus, i ra. wedge, block (of seats) 
dignus, a, um worthy, deserving 
educo, ere, duxi, ductus lead out, raise 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
excipio, ere, cepi, ceptus catch, receive 
fera, ae /. wild beast 
festlno (1) hasten, hurry, speed 
fissilis, e easily split, cleavablef 
fleo, ere, evl, etus weep, lament, mourn 
fraxineus, a, um ashen, of ash-treef 
fremo, ere, ui, itus murmur, lament* 
hortor, ari, atus urge, encourage, incite* 
ico, ere, ici, ictus strike, smitet 
ilex, icis /. holm-oak 
immensus, a, um boundless, measureless 
immergo, ere, rsi, rsus plunge, drown 
jussum, i n . order, command, behest 


mora, ae /. delay, hesitation, hindrance* 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, wood* 
opus, eris n. work, task, deed, labor* 
ornus, i /. ash-tree 
ostendo, ere, i, ntus show, display* 
par, paris equal, like, matched* 
picea, ae /. pitch-pinef 
praecipue especially, particularly 
precor, ari, atus pray, entreat, invoke* 
procumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus fall 
quando when, since, because 
ramus, i m. branch, bough, limb* 
robur, oris n. oak; strength* 
scindo, ere, scidi, scissus split, cleave 
securis, is /. ax 
sepulcrum, i n. tomb, grave 
Sibylla, ae /. ancient Italian prophetess 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
spumosus, a, um foamy, frothyf 
stabulum, i n. stable, stall, lair, den 
trabs (trabes), trabis /. beam, timber, 
tree 

Triton, onis m. sea-god famous for his 
skill in blowing a conch (sea shell) as 
a trumpet 

vere truly, correctlyf 
voluto (1) revolve, roll (over) 


173. credere: inf. with adj.; App. 
265. 

177. haud mora (est). 

178. arboribus: abl. of means, caelo 
= ad caelum: dat. of direction. 

179. Itur: impersonal; translate they 
go, 

182. scinditur: agrees with the nearest 
subject. 


183-211. Guided by the two doves, 
Aeneas discovers the golden bough, 
which he brings to the Sibyl. 

184. accingitur : girds himself; a middle 
verb. 

187. Si: with pres, subj., expressing a 
wish, “O that,” “would that”; App. 
253. (in) arbore. 




BOOK VI, 189-204 


319 


heu nimium de te vates, Misene, locuta est.” 

Vix ea fatus erat geminae cum forte columbae 190 

ipsa sub ora viri caelo venere volantes, 
et viridi sedere solo. Turn maximus heros 
maternas agnoscit avis laetusque precatur: 

“ Este duces, 0 , si qua via est, cursumque per auras 
derigite in lucos ubi pinguem dives opacat 195 

ramus humum. Tuque, 0 , dubiis ne defice rebus, 
diva parensSic effatus vestigia pressit 
observans quae signa ferant, quo tendere pergant. 

Pascentes illae tantum prodire volando 

quantum acie possent oculi servare sequentum. 200 

Inde ubi venere ad fauces grave olentis Averni, 

tollunt se celeres liquidumgwe per aera lapsae 

sedibus optatis geminae super arbore sidunt, 

discolor unde auri per ramos aura refulsit. 


acies, ei /. edge; eye(sight) ; battle line* 
aer, aeris, acc. aera, m. air, mist, fog 
agndscd, ere, novi, nitus recognize* 
arbos (or), oris /. tree; wood(s)* 
Avernus, l m. lake in central Italy where 
there was an entrance to Hades* 
avis, is /. bird, fowl 
celer, eris, ere swift, quick, fleet* 
columba, ae /. dove, a bird sacred to 
Venus 

deficio, ere, feci, fectus fail, faint 
derigo (dirigo), ere, rexi, rectus direct, 
guide 

di(ve)s, di(vi)tis rich, wealthy 
discolor, oris of different color(s)t 
dubius, a, um doubtful, wavering 
dux, ducis m. (/.) leader, guide, chief* 
effor, ari, atus speak (out), say 
fauces, ium /. throat, jaws; pass(age) 
gravis, e heavy, foul, serious* 
herds, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
humus, i /. ground, soil, earth* 
inde thence, next, thereupon* 
liquidus, a, um clear, liquid, fluid 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say, talk, tell* 


lucus, i m. (sacred) grove, wood* 
maternus, a, um of a mother, maternal 
Misenus, i m. Trojan trumpeter 
nimium too (much), excessively 
observo (1) watch, guard, observe 
oleo, ere, ui smell, stinkf 
opaco (1) darken, shade, shadowf 
opto (1) choose, desire, hope (for)* 
pasco, ere, pavl, pastus feed, pasture 
pergo, ere, perrexi, perrectus proceed 
pinguis, e fat, fertile, rich 
precor, ari, atus pray, entreat, invoke* 
premo, ere, pressi, pressus (re)press* 
prodeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus advance! 
quantum (as much) as, as far as 
ramus, i rrt. branch, limb, bough* 
refulgeo, ere, Is! gleam, shine, glitter 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit, settle* 
sido, ere, (sed)i sit, settle! 
signum, i n. sign, signal, token, mark* 
solum, l n. ground, soil, earth* 
unde whence, from what source* 
vestigium, (i)i n. step, track, trace* 
viridis, e green, fresh, vigorous* 
void (1) fly, speed, flit, flutter* 


191. ora viri = oculos Aeneae. 

194. cursum (vestrum). 

196. dubiis rebus: wavering fortunes; 
dat. with defice. 

197. (re)pressit. 

199. tantum: only so far . prodire: 
hist, inf.; App. 257. volando: abl. of the 
gerund, expressing means. 

200. acie servare: keep them in sight . 
possent: implied indir. disc.; App. 357. 


sequent(i)um: subst., of those following 
(them). 

201. grave: translate as an adv.; App. 
310. 

203. (in) sedibus optatis. geminae: 

the two (doves), super arbore: on top of 
the tree. 

204. discolor: of a different color from 
the rest of the tree, auri aura; assonance 
and alliteration, 




320 THE AENEID, 205-219 

205 Quale solet silvis brumal! frigore viscum 

fronde virere nova , quod non sua seminat arbos, 
et croceo fetu teretis circumdare truncos, 
talis erat species aurl frondentis opaca 
Ilice, sic len! crepitabat brattea vento. 

210 Corripit Aeneas extemplo avidusgwe refringit 
cunctantem, et vatis portat sub tecta Sibyllae. 

Nec minus interea Mlsenum in litore Teucri 
flebant et cinerl ingrato suprema ferebant. 
Principio pinguem taedls et robore secto 

215 ingentem struxere pyram, cui frondibus dtris 

intexunt latera et feralis ante cupressos 
constituunt, decorantgwe super fulgentibus armis. 
Pars calidos latices et aena undantia flammis 
expediunt, corpusque lavant frlgentis et unguunt. 


aenum, i n. bronze (kettle, caldron) 
arbos (or), oris/, tree, wood(s)* 
avidus, a, um eager, greedy, ardent 
brattea, ae /. thin sheet, plate, foil! 
brumalis, e wintry, of winter! 
calidus, a, um hot, warm! 
cinis, eris m. ashes (of the dead), em¬ 
bers* 

circumdd, dare, dedi, datus surround 
cdnstituo, ere, ui, utus place, set up 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* 
crepito (1) rattle, rustle, crash 
croceus, a, um yellow, saffron 
cunctor, ari, atus delay, cling, linger 
cupressus, I /. cypress, an evergreen 
tree sacred to the dead 
decoro (1) adorn, ornament, decorate! 
expedio, ire, ivi di), itus bring forth 
extemplo immediately, at once 
feralis, e funereal, of the dead, fateful 
fetus, us m. offspring, fruit, shoot 
fled, ere, evi, etus weep, lament, mourn 
frigens, entis cold, stiff; lifeless 
frigus, oris n. cold, frost, chill 
frondens, entis leafy, fronded 
frons, frondis /. leaf, foliage, frond* 
fulg(e)o, ere, lsi gleam, shine, glitter 
ilex, icis /. holm-oak 
ingratus, a, um thankless, unfeeling 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 


intexo, ere, ui, xtus interweave, interlace 

latex, icis m. liquid, water, wine 

latus, eris n. side, flank* 

lavo, are, (av)i, atus (lautus) wash, bathe 

lenis, e light, gentle, soft, moderate 

minus less, in a less degree 

Misenus, i m . Trojan trumpeter 

opacus, a, um dark, shady, gloomy 

pinguis, e fat, rich, fertile 

porto (1) carry, bear, take, convey* 

principio first(ly), in the first place 

pyra, ae /. funeral pyre 

qualis, e (of) what sort, (such) as* 

refringo, ere, fregi, fractus break off! 

robur, oris n. oak; strength* 

seed, are, ui, ctus cut, slice, cleave* 

semino (1) sow, produce, bear! 

Sibylla, ae /. ancient Italian prophetess 
soleo, ere, itus sum be accustomed 
species, ei /. appearance, sight, aspect 
struo, ere, struxi, structus build, heap 
(up) 

suprema, drum n. last rites, funeral 
taeda, ae /. pine, pine (torch, faggot) 
teres, etis smooth, rounded, polished 
truncus, i m. trunk, stem, body 
undo (1) boil, wave, fluctuate, seethe 
unguo, ere, unxi, unctus anoint 
vireo, ere be green, grow, flourish! 
viscum, i n. mistletoe! 


206. nova fronde: abl. of manner, 
quod non sua seminat arbos: the mistle¬ 
toe is a parasite, and its leaves and 
berries therefore are different from those 
of the tree on which it grows (arbos sua). 

211. cunctantem: as it seemed to 
Aeneas in his eager haste. 


212-235. Aeneas erects a tomb for 
Misenus at the foot of a lofty mountain, 
henceforth known as Mt. Misenum. 

213. ingrato: thankless , because un¬ 
feeling. suprema ferebant: were paying 
the last rites , honors . 




BOOK VI, 220-235 


321 


Fit gemitus. Turn membra toro defleta reponunt 220 

purpureasgue super vestls, velamina nota, 

conjiciunt. Pars ingenti subiere feretro, 

trlste ministerium, et subjectam more parentum 

avers! tenuere facem. Congesta cremantur 

turea dona, dapes, fuso crateres ollvo. 225 

Postquam conlapsl cineres et flamma quievit, 

relliquias vino et bibulam lavere favillam, 

ossa que lecta cado texit Corynaeus aeno. 

Idem ter socids pura circumtulit undo, 

spargens rore lev! et ramo felicis ollvae, 230 

lustravitr/ue virds dixitque novissima verba. 

At pius Aeneas ingenti mole sepulcrum 

imponit suaque arma viro remumque tubamr/ue 

monte sub aeri 5 , qui nunc Misenus ab illo 

dicitur aeternumgwe tenet per saecula nomen. 235 


aenus, a, um (of) bronze, brazen 
aerius, a, um airy, lofty, towering 
aeternus, a, um everlasting, eternal* 
averto, ere, i, rsus turn away, avert* 
bibulus, a, um thirsty, absorbent! 
cadus, i m. cask, urn 

cinis, eris ra. ashes (of the dead), embers* 

circumfero, ferre, tuli, latus carry round, 

go round; purifyf 

congero, ere, gessi, gestus heap (up) 
conjicio, ere, jeci, jectus heap (up) 
conlabor, i, lapsus fall (in), collapse 
Corynaeus, i m. Trojan priestf 
crater, eris m. mixing bowl 
cremo (1) burn, cremate, consume! 
daps, dapis /. (sacrificial) feast, banquet* 
defleo, ere, evl, etus bewail, lament! 
favllla, ae /. cinder, ashes, embers 
fax, facis /. torch, firebrand* 
felix, icis happy, fruitful, fortunate* 
feretrum, i n.* bier, death couch! 
fid, fieri, factus become, be made 
gemitus, us m. groan(ing), wail(ing)* 
impond, ere, posui, pos(i)tus place on* 
lavo, are, (av)i,atus (lautus) wash, drench 
lego, ere, legi, lectus gather, choose* 
levis, e light, slight, swift, trivial 
lustro (1) survey, traverse; purify* 
membrum, i n. member, limb, body* 
ministerium, (i)i n. service, duty, office! 

221. purpureas vestis: the customary 
color at great Roman funerals. 

222. feretro: dat. with compound 
subeo, instead of the usual acc. 

223. ministerium: apposition with 
pars subiere feretro. more parentum: 
Introd. 6. 


Misenus, i m. Italian promontory! 
moles, is /. (huge) mass, bulk, burden* 
mos, moris m. custom, ritual, manner* 
notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
oliva, ae /. olive (tree) 
olivum, i n. (olive) oil! 
os, ossis n. bone* 
postquam after (that), when* 
purpureus, a, um purple, crimson 
purus, a, um pure, clear, clean 
quiesco, ere, evi, etus (become) quiet, 
rest* 

ramus, i m. branch, limb, bough* 
re(l)liquiae, arum/, remains, rest, leavings 
repono, ere, posui, pos(i)tus replace, re¬ 
move* 

ros, roris m. dew, moisture 

saeculum, i n. generation, age, eternity 

sepulcrum, i n. tomb, grave 

spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 

subjicio, ere, jeci, jectus place under 

tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, hide* 

ter three times, thrice* 

torus, i m. couch, bier* 

tuba, ae /. trumpet 

tureus, a, um of incense! 

velamen, inis n. covering, veil, garment 

verbum, i n. word, speech, talk 

vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 

vinum, i n. wine* 

229. circumtulit = lustravit: purified. 
231. novissima verba: “Vale,” re¬ 
peated three times. See notes on I, 219; 
II, 644; III, 68. 

234. Misenus: the place is still called 
Punta di Miseno, or Capo Miseno. 

235. dicitur = vocatur, as often. 






322 THE AENEID, 236-249 

His actis propere exsequitur praecepta Sibyllae. 
Spelunca alta fuit vastoque immdnis hiatu, 
scrupea, tuta lacu nigro nemorum§we tenebris, 
quarn super hand iillae poterant impune volantes 
240 tendere iter pennls: talis sese halitus atris 

faucibus effundens supera ad convexa ferebat: 

[unde locum Graj! dixerunt nomine Aornon.] 
Quattuor hie primum nigrantls terga juvencos 
constituit front! que invergit vina sacerdos, 

245 et summas carpens media inter cornua saetas 

ignibus imponit sacris, libamina prima, 
voce vocans Hecaten caeloque Erebo^we potentem. 
Supponunt alii cultros tepidumgwe cruorem 
suscipiunt pateris. Ipse atri velleris agnam 


agna, ae /. ewe lamb 
Aornus, I, acc. on, m. (/.) birdless (lake), 
Avernusf 

carpo, ere, psi, ptus pluck, take, consume 
constituo, ere, ui, utus place, establish, 
stand 

convexum, l n. hollow, vault (of the 
sky) 

cornu, us n. horn, tip, end 
cruor, oris m. blood, gore 
culter, tri m. knife, butcher knifef 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out* 
Erebus, i m. the lower world, Hades 
exsequor, i, secutus perform, execute 
fauces, ium /. jaws, throat, pass(age) 
frons, frontis /. front, forehead, brow* 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 
halitus, us m. breath, exhalation 
Hecate, es /. goddess of the lower world 
hiatus, us m. yawning (mouth) t 
impono, ere, posul, pos(i)tus place on 
(dat.)* 

impune safely, with impunity 
invergo, ere invert, pour on| 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
juvencus, i m. bullock, ox* 
lacus, us m. lake, marsh, mere 

236-263. Before the entrance to the 
lower world Aeneas and the Sibyl sacri¬ 
fice by night to the gods of the lower 
world, and in answer to their prayers 
Hecate comes and opens the entrance 
shortly before daybreak. 

236. (Aeneas) exsequitur. 

237. Spelunca: not the one mentioned 
in 1. 42. 

242. dlxerunt nomine = vocaverunt. 
Aornon: a Greek word meaning birdless . 
Avernus is thus fancifully derived from 


libamen, inis n. libation, offeringf 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 
niger, gra, grum black, gloomy, dusky* 
nigrans, antis black, gloomy, dark 
patera, ae /. (libation) bowl 
penna, ae /. wing, feather 
potens, entis powerful, ruling, mighty* 
praeceptum, i n. bidding, teaching 
propere quickly, speedilyf 
quattuor four 

sacerdos,. otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
saeta, ae /. hair, bristlef 
scrupeus, a, um stony, rugged, roughf 
Sibylla, ae /. ancient Italian prophetess 
spelunca, ae /. cave, cavern, grotto 
suppono, ere, posui, pos(i)tus place be¬ 
neath 

suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus catch up 
tenebrae, arum /. darkness, gloom 
tepidus, a, um warm, tepid 
tergum, i n. back, hide* 
tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
unde whence, from which source* 
vellus, eris n. fleece, wool, fillet 
vinum, i n. wine* 

volans, antis m. (/.) bird, fowl, flying 
creature 

Aornos for the reasons given in 11. 239-241. 
This line is not found in the best manu¬ 
scripts and may be a later addition to the 
poem. 

243. nigrantls: see the notes on V, 97. 

244. front!: dat. with compound. 

247. (in) caeloque Ereboque potentem: 

she was Diana in Heaven and Hecate in 
Hades. 

248. Supponunt: place beneath (the 
throats of the victims). 

249. atri velleris: see the notes on V, 
97. 




BOOK VI, 250-264 


323 


Aeneas matrl Eumenidum magnaeque sorori 25c 

ense ferit, sterilemgue tibl, Proserpina, vaccam. 

Turn Stygio regi nocturnas incohat aras 
et solida imponit taurorum viscera flammls, 
pingue super oleum / undens ardentibus extis. 

Ecce autem prlml sub lumina solis et ortus 255 

sub pedibus muglre solum et juga coepta moverl 
silvarum, vlsaeque canes ululare per umbram 
adventante dea. “Procul 0 , procul este, profani” 
conclamat rates, “totoque absistite luco; 

tuque invade viam vagina que eripe ferrum: 260 

nunc animls opus, Aenea, nunc pectore firmo.” 

Tantum effata furens antro se immlsit aperto; 
ille ducem baud timidls vadentem passibus aequat. 

Dl, quibus imperium est animdrum, umbraeque silentes 


absisto, ere, stiti depart, withdraw 
advento (1) keep coming nearer, arrive, 
approach 

aequo (1) equal(ize), keep pace with* 
antrum, I n. cave, cavern, grotto* 
apertus, a, um open(ed), revealed, clear 
autem however, moreover, but* 
canis, is m. (/.) dog, hound 
coepi, isse, ptus begin, commence 
conclamd (1) cal, shout, exclaim 
dux, ducis m. (/.) leader, guide, chief* 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
effor, ari, atus speak, say, utter 
ensis, is m. sword, knife* 

Eumenides, um /. Furies 
exta, orum n. entrails, vitals 
ferio, ire strike, smite, cut, kill 
firmus, a, um stout, firm, resolute 
immitto, ere, misi, missus send in, fling 
into 

impono, ere, posui, pos(i)tus place on 
(dat .) * 

incoho (1) commence, begin, consecrate, 
buildf 

invado, ere, si, sus enter (on), attack 
jugum, i n. yoke, (mountain) ridge* 


250. matri Eumenidum magnaeque 
sorori: refer to Nox and Tellus, daughters 
of Chaos. 

252. Stygio regi: Pluto (Dis), god of 
the lower world, nocturnas: sacrifices 
to the deities of the lower world were 
regularly offered in the night. 

254. super: with the final syllable ir¬ 
regularly lengthened under the verse ac¬ 
cent; App. 394, a. 

256-257. coepta (sunt), visae (sunt). 

258. dea: Hecate coming to open the 


lucus, i m. (sacred) grove, wood* 
mugio, ire, ivi (if), itus bellow, roar 
nocturnus, a, um of the night, nocturna? 
oleum, i n. (olive) oil 
opus, eris n. work, need ( abl .)* 
ortus, us m. rising, source, spring 
passus, us m. step, pace, stride, gait 
pinguis, e fat, rich, fertile 
profanus, a, um unholy, uninitiatedf 
Proserpina, ae/. wife of Pluto and goddess 
of Hades 

silens, entis silent, still, quiet 
sol, solis m. sun, day* 
solidus, a, um solid, whole, firm 
solum, i n. ground, earth, soil* 
soror, oris /. sister* 
sterilis, e barren, sterile, unfruitful 
Stygius, a, um Stygian, of the Styx, a 
river of Hades* 
taurus, i m. bull, ox, bullock* 
timidus, a, um timid, fearful, anxiousf 
ululo (1) howl, wail, bark, shriek 
vacca, ae /. heifer, young cow 
vado, ere go, advance, proceed, go (on) 
vagina, ae /. scabbard, sheath 
vlscus, eris n. vitals, flesh 


way and attended by the hounds of 
Hades. profanl: the companions of 
Aeneas who could not go with him. 

261. animls: abl. with opus (est); 
App. 341. 

262. furens: see the notes on II, 
345. 

264-267. Vergil here pauses in the 
narrative to invoke the gods of the lower 
world and to ask permission to reveal 
these sacred mysteries. 





324 


THE AENEID, 265-278 


265 et Chaos et Phlegethon, loca node tacentia late, 

sit mihi fas audita loqui, sit numine vestro 
pandere res alia terra et caligine mersas. 

Ibant obscurl sola sub nocte per umbram 
perque domos Ditis vacuas et mania regna: 

270 quale per incertam lunam sub luce maligna 

est iter in silvis, ubi caelum condidit umbra 
Juppiter, et rebus nox abstulit dtra colorem. 
Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus Orel 
Luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; 

275 pallentesgwe habitant Morbi tristisque Senectus, 

et Metus et malesuada Fames ac turpis Egestas, 
terribiles visit formae, Letumg'we Labosque; 
turn consanguineus Let! Sopor et mala mentis 


aufero, ferre, abstull, ablatus remove 
callgo, inis /. (thick) darkness, fog 
Chaos n. indecl. abyss, empty space 
color, oris m. color, hue, tint 
condo, ere, didi, ditus found; hide* 
consanguineus, i m. kinsman, brother 
cubile, is n. couch, bed 
Cura, ae /. Care, Anxiety 
Dis, Ditis m. Pluto, god of Hades 
Egestas, atis /. Need, Want! 

Fames, is /. Hunger, Famine, Greed 
fas n. indecl . right, justice, divine will* 
fauces, ium /. jaws, throat; pass(age) 
forma, ae /. shape, form, beauty* 
habito (1) inhabit, dwell (in), possess 
inanis, e empty, ghostly, useless* 
incertus, a, um doubtful, uncertain 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
late far and wide, widely 
Letum, i n. Death, Destruction, Ruin* 
loquor, I, locutus speak, say, talk, 
tell* 

Luctus, us m. Grief, Sorrow, Agony 


luna, ae /. moon, moonlight* 
malesuadus, a, um ill-counselingf 
malignus, a, um scanty, spiteful 
malus, a, um evil, wicked, false, bad* 
mergo, ere, rsi, rsus sink, plungef 
Metus, us m. Fear, Fright, Anxiety* 
Morbus, I m. Disease, Sickness! 
obscurus, a, um dark, dim, gloomy* 
Orcus, I m. (god of the) lower world, 
Hades; tomb 

pallens, entis pale, pallid, wan 
pando, ere, I, passus spread, disclose* 
Phlegethon, ontis m. fiery river of Hades! 
qualis, e (of) what sort, (such) as* 
Senectus, utis /. Old Age, Eld 
Sopor, oris m. Sleep, Slumber 
tacens, entis silent, quiet, still 
terribilis, e frightful, terrible, dire 
turpis, e shameful, disgraceful 
ultrlx, icis avenging 
vacuus, a, um empty, free, deserted 
vester, tra, trum your(s), your own* 
vestibulum, I n. entrance, vestibule 


266. sit fas mihi: vol. or opt. subj.; 
App. 254, 253. audita loqui: to tell what 
I have heard. 

267. (in) alta terra: deep in the earth; 

App. 246. 

268-294. Accompanied by the Sibyl 
Aeneas sets out on his journey. Near the 
entrance they find the death-bringing 
powers, and a little farther the horrible 
monsters of Hades. 

268. Ibant (Aeneas et Sibylla). 

272. rebus: dat. of separation. 
274-281. Observe the personification 

of abstract ideas. 


277-278. Letum; turn consanguineus 
Let! Sopor: “Sleep and his brother 
Death.” Cf. Shelley, Queen Mab: 
“Death and his brother Sleep, 

One pale as yonder waning moon 
With lips of lurid blue, 

The other rosy as the morn.” 

and Tennyson, In Memoriam , 67: 

“When in the down I sink my head, 
Sleep, Death’s twin-brother, times my 
breath; 

Sleep, Death’s twin-brother, knows 
not Death, 

Nor can I think of thee as dead.’ 




BOOK VI, 279-290 325 

Gaudia, mortiferumgwe adverso in limine Bellum, 
ferreigwe Eumenidum thalaml et Discordia demens 280 
vlpereum crlnem vittis innexa cruentls. 

In medio ramos annosague bracchia pandit 
ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem Somnia vulg 5 
vana tenere ferunt, folilsgwe sub omnibus haerent. 

Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum, 285 

Centaurl in foribus stabulant Scyllaegwe biformes 
et centumgeminus Briareus ac belua Lernae 
horrendum stridens, flammisque armata Chimaera, 

Gorgones Harpyiaegwe et forma tricorporis umbrae. 

Corripit hie subita trepidus formidine ferrum 290 


adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
annosus, a, um aged, ancient 
armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 
belua, ae /. beast, monsterf 
biformis, e two-formed, double-shaped 
bracchium, (i)i n. arm, limb* 

Briareus, ei m. a sea-monster with a 
hundred handsf 

Centaurus, i m. a monster with the body 
of a horse and the head of a manf 

centumgeminus, a, um hundredfold = 
hundred-armed t 

Chimaera, ae /. fire-breathing monster, 
having the head of a goat, and a tail 
ending in a serpent’s headf 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* 
crinis, is m. lock, hair, tresses* 
cruentus, a, um bloody, cruel 
demens, entis insane, mad, distracted 
Discordia, ae /. Strife, Discordf 
Eumenides, um /. the Furies 
fera, ae /. wild beast 
ferreus, a, um (of) iron 
folium, (i)i n. leaf, foliage 
foris, is /. door, gate, entrance 
forma, ae /. shape, form, beauty* 
formido, inis /. fear, fright, dread 
Gaudium, (i)i n. Joy, Delight, Pleasure 
Gorgo, onis /. snaky-locked monster who 
turned all beholders to stone 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus cling (to), 
stick* 

280. ferrei: two syllables here by 
synizesis; App. 403. 

281. crinem: obj. of the middle part., 
innexa; App. 309, a. 

282. In medio (vestibulo). 

284. ferunt = dicunt, as often. 

288. horrendum: cognate acc.; trans¬ 
late as an adverb. Cf. Paradise Lost , 
2, 625-628: 

“All monstrous, all prodigious things, 
Abominable, inutterable, and worse 


Harpyia, ae /. foul and ravenous monster 
with the face of a woman and the body 
of a bird 

horrendus, a, um horrifying, dreadful* 
innecto, ere, nex(u)i, nexus weave (in) 
Lerna, ae /. marsh near Argos in southern 
Greece, home of the Hydra, a monster 
with seven serpent heads, slain by Her¬ 
cules as the second of his twelve laborsf 
medium, (i)i n. middle, midst, center 
monstrum, i n. monster, portent, sign* 
mortifer, era, erum death-bringing| 
opacus, a, um dark, shady, gloomy 
pando, ere, i, passus spread, open* 
praeterea besides, also, in addition* 
ramus, i m. branch, limb, bough* 

Scylla, ae /. a monster half maiden and 
half fish, girt around the waist with 
howling dogs (wolves) 

Somnium, (i)I n. Dreamt 

stabulo (1) dwell, be stabledf 

strid(e)o, ere, i hiss, creak, whir 

subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected 

thalamus, im. (bridal) chamber, bedroom* 

trepidus, a, um agitated, scared, alarmed 

tricorpor, oris three-bodiedf 

ulmus, I /. elmf 

vanus, a, um empty, idle, vain 

varius, a, um various, different, diverse* 

vipereus, a, um snaky, of snakesf 

vitta, ae /. fillet, ribbon, band* 

vulgo commonly, everywhere 

Than fables yet have feigned, or fear 
conceived, 

Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimaeras 
dire. ” 

289. Gorgones: a Greek form; App. 
65, a. Harpyiae: three syllables, the yi 
making a diphthong pronounced we. 
forma tricorporis umbrae: Geryon, a 
Hispanian giant with three bodies, slain 
by Hercules. 






326 THE AENEID, 291-304 

Aeneas strictamg'we aciem venientibus offert, 
et ni docta comes tenuis sine corpore vitas 
admoneat volitare cava sub imagine formae, 
inruat et frustra ferro diverberet umbras. 

295 Hinc via Tartarel quae fert Acherontis ad undds. 

Turbidus hlc caenS vastdque voragine gurges 
aestuat atque omnem Cocyto eructat harenam. 
Portitor has horrendus aquas et flumina servat 
terribill squalore Charon, cui plurima mento 
300 canities inculta jacet, stant lumina flammd, 

sordidus ex umerls nodo dependet amictus. 

Ipse ratem conto subigit vellsque ministrat 
et ferruginea subvectat corpora cumba, 
jam senior, sed cruda deb viridisgue senectus. 


Acheron, ontis m. (a gloomy river of) 
Hades 

acies, elf. edge; eyesight; battle-line* 
admoneo, ere, ui, itus want, admonish 
aestuo (1) boil, seethe, surgef 
amictus, us m. wrap, cloak, mantle 
aqua, ae /. water, waves, flood* 
caenum, l n. mud, mire, dirt, filth t 
canities, el /. grayness, gray hairf 
cavus, a, um hollow, empty* 

Charon, ontis m. ferryman who trans¬ 
ported the souls of the dead across the 
river Styx in Hadesf 
Cocytus, i m. gloomy river of Hades 
contus, i m. pole, pike 
crudus, a, um raw, fresh, bloody 
cumba, ae /. skiff, boat, barkj 
depended, ere hang (down), depend 
diverbero (1) strike asunder, beat, cleave 
doctus, a, um learned, wise, skilled 
eructo (1) vomit, belch (forth) 
ferrugineus, a, um rusty, duskyf 
flumen, inis n. river, stream, flood* 
forma, ae /. form, shape, beauty* 
frustra in vain, uselessly, idly* 
gurges, itis m. stream, whirlpool, gulf* 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 
horrendus, a, um horrifying, dread(ful)* 


292. vitas = animas, umbras. 

292-294. ni admoneat: condition con¬ 
trary to fact, inruat, diverberet: conclu¬ 
sions contrary to fact, sub cava imagine 

formae: ’neath hollow show of form 
(Rhoades), diverberet: conative, would 
have tried to strike asunder; App. 351, 2, a. 

295-336. The river Styx, Charon the 
boatman, and the souls of the unburied 
dead, among whom Aeneas recog- 


imago, inis /. image, likeness, ghost* 
incultus, a, um unkempt, shaggy 
inruo, ere, ui rush (on), attack 
jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
mentum, i n. chin, beard 
ministro (1) serve, tend, provide 
nisi, ni if not, unless* 
nodus, i m. knot, fold 
offero, ferre, obtuli, oblatus present 
portitor, oris m. ferrymanf 
ratis, is /. raft, ship, boat* 
senectus, utis /. old age, eld 
senex, senis old, aged; senior, oris older, 
very old* 

sine without (adZ.)* 
sordidus, a, um dirty, filthy, squalidf 
squalor, oris m. filth, squalorf 
stringo, ere, strinxi, strictus draw, brush 
subigo, ere, egi, actus force, push 
subvecto (1) bear, convey, transport! 
Tartareus, a, um of Tartarus, abode of 
the wicked in Hadest 
tenuis, e slight, unsubstantial, thin 
terribilis, e terrible, dire, awful 
turbidus, a, um wild, turbid, thick 
viridis, e green, fresh, vigorous* 
volito (1) fly, speed, flit, flutter 
vorago, inis /. whirlpool, whirling waterf 


nizes his friends, Leucaspis and Orontes. 

296. caeno: abl. of means or cause, 
vasta voragine: abl. of quality. 

297. Cocyto: dat. of direction. 

299. squalore: abl. of quality, cui 
mento: on his chin . 

300. stant lumina flamma: his eyes 
are aflame with fire. 

301. nodo: abl. of manner. 

304. deo: dat. of possession. 




BOOK VI, 305-320 


327 


Hue omnis turba ad rlpas effusa ruebat, 305 

matres atque virl defunctagwe corpora vita 

magnanimum heroum, puerl innuptaegwe puellae, 

impositlgwe rogis juvenes ante ora parentum: 

quam multa in silvls autumn! frigore prlmo 

lapsa cadunt folia, aut ad terrain gurgite ab alto 310 

quam multae glomerantur aves, ubi frigidus annus 

trans pontum fugat et terms immittit aprlcls. 

Stabant orantes prlml transmittere cursum, 
tendebantque mantis rlpae ulterioris amore. 

Navita sed trlstis nunc hos nunc accipit illos, 315 

ast alios longe summotos arcet harena. 

Aeneas miratus enim motusque tumultu 

“Die” ait, “0 virgo, quid vult concursus ad amnem? 

Quidve petunt anirrmef Vel quo discrlmine ripas 

hae linquunt, illae remls vada livida verrunt?” 320 


amnis, is m. river, stream* 
annus, I m. year, season* 
apricus, a, um sunny, sun-loving 
arced, ere, ui keep off, defend, confine 
autumnus, i m. autumn, fallj 
avis, is /. bird, fowl 
cado, ere, cecidl, casus fall, sink, die* 
concursus, us m. gathering, concourse 
defungor, I, functus finish, perform ( abl .) 
discrimen, inis n. distinction, crisis 
effundo, ere, fudl, fusus pour out, scatter* 
enim for, indeed, truly* 
folium, (i)i n. leaf, foliage 
frigidus, a, um cold, chilly, frosty 
frigus, oris n. cold, chill, frost 
fugo (1) put to flight, rout, drive off 
glomero (1) assemble, gather, roll to¬ 
gether 

gurges, itis m. whirl(wind, pool), gulf* 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 
heros, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
immitto, ere, misi, missus send in(to), 
let go ( dat .) 

impond, ere, posui, pos(i)tus place on 
(dat.)* 


innuptus, a, um unmarried, virgin 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman)* 

linquo, ere, llqui, lictus leave, forsake* 
llvidus, a, um blue, dark, lividf 
longe (from) afar, far off* 
magnanimus, a, um great-souled, noble 
mlror, arl, atus wonder (at), admire* 
navita, ae m. sailor, ferrymanf 
oro (1) pray (for), entreat, beseech* 
pontus, I m. sea, waves* 
puella, ae /. girl, maiden 
quam how, than, as* 
rlpa, ae /. bank, shore* 
rogus, I m. funeral pyre 
summoveo, ere, movl, motus removef 
trans across, beyond ( acc .) 
transmitto, ere, misi, missus send across, 
cross 

tumultus, us m. tumult, uproar, hubbub 
turba, ae /. crowd, mob, confusion 
ulterior, ius farther, remoter 
vadum, i n. shallow, ford; deep 
verro, ere, I, rsus sweep (over), scour 
virgo, inis/, maid(en), virgin, girl* 


305. ad rlpas: enlarging upon hue. 

306. vita: abl. with defungor; App. 
342. 

307. magnanim(or)um. 

309. quam multa: as many (as). 
frigore: abl. of time when. 

313. orantes transmittere: poetic for 
the prose orantes ut transmittant; App. 
360. (se) transmittere. cursum: obj. of 
trans in transmittere; App. 308, a. 

314. ripae: obj. gen.; App. 284. 


315. Navita trlstis: Charon, called 
portitor in 1. 298. Cf. Shakespeare, Rich¬ 
ard III, I, 4, 46: 

“that grim ferryman that poets write 
of." 

316. submdtos arcet = submovet et 
arcet. 

318. Die: imp. quid vult: what 

means ? 

320. hae (animae): refused passage 
by Charon. 






328 THE AENEID, 321-334 

Olll sic breviter fata est longaeva sacerdos: 

“Anchlsa generate, deum certissima proles, 

Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamg'we paludem, 
dl cujus jurare timent et fallere numen. 

325 Haec omnis, quam cernis, inops inhumatag'we turba est; 
portitor ille Charon; hi, quos vehit unda, sepulti. 

Nec ripas datur horrendas et rauca fluenta 
transportare prius quam sedibus ossa quierunt. 

Centum errant annos volitant^ue haec lltora circum; 

330 turn demum admissi stagna exoptata revlsunt.” 
Constitit Anchlsa satus et vestigia pressit 
multa putans sortemgite animo miseratus iniquam. 
Cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentis 
Leucaspim et Lyciae ductorem classis Oronten, 


admitto, ere, ml si, missus admitf 
annus, i m. year, season* 
breviter shortly, briefly, concisely 
careo, ere, ui, itus lack, be free ( abl .) 
centum hundred* 

certus, a, um certain, sure, undoubted* 
Charon, ontis m. ferryman of souls 
across the Styx in Hades 
Cocytus, i ra. mournful river of Hades 
cdnsisto, ere, stiti, stitus stand (fast)* 
demum at length, finally 
ductor, oris ra. leader, pilot, chief 
exopto (1) choose, desire, hope (for) 
fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus deceive, prove 
false (to)* 

fluentum, i n. stream, river, flood 
genero (1) generate, beget, bear 
horrendus, a, um horrifying, dread(ful)* 
ibl there, then 
inhumatus, a, um unburied 
iniquus, a, um unequal, unfair, unjust 
inops, opis needy, helpless, destitute 
juro (1) swear (by), take oath 
Leucaspis, (id)is ra. Trojan leaderf 
longaevus, a, um aged, old, long-lived 
Lycius, a, um Lycian, Trojan 
maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 


miseror, ari, atus pity, commiserate* 

Orontes, is m. Trojan leader 

os, ossis n. bone* 

palus, udis /. swamp, marsh, mere 

portitor, oris m. ferryman 

premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press* 

prius sooner 

proles, is /. offspring, progeny, race* 
puto (1) think, suppose, consider 
quam how, than, as* 
quiesco, ere, evi, etus rest, repose* 
raucus, a, um hoarse, roaring 
reviso, ere revisit, see again 
ripa, ae /. bank, shore* 
sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
sepelio, ire, ivi (ii), sepultus bury, inter 
sero, ere, sevi, satus sow, beget* 
sors, rtis /. lot, destiny, portion, oracle* 
stagnum, i n. lake, marsh, mere 
Stygius, a, um of the Styx, a river of 
Hades* 

timed, ere, ui fear, dread, be anxious* 
transporto (1) carry across, transport! 
turba, ae /. crowd, mob, confusion 
veho, ere, vexi, vectus convey, bear* 
vestigium, (i)i n. step, track, trace* 
volito (1) fly, speed, flit, flutter 


321. longaeva: according to the legend, 
the Sibyl had been granted as many years 
as the grains of sand she could hold in 
her hand, but was not allowed to retain 
her youth. 

324. By whose divine power the gods fear 
to swear and prove false. 

325. inops: perhaps without the small 
coin usually placed in the mouth of the 
corpse to pay his passage across the Styx, 
inhumata: no one was allowed to cross 
the Styx unless duly buried. 


327. Nec datur (Charonti) transportare 
(animas). ripas, fluenta: objects of the 
preposition trans in composition; App. 
308, a. 

328. (in) sedibus: tomb , as in 1. 152. 
quie(ve)runt. 

331. Anchisa satus: son of Anchises. 
(re) pressit. 

332. (in) animo. 

333. mortis honore: burial. 

334. Oronten: lost in the storm, I, 
113-119. 





BOOK VI, 335-350 


329 


quos simul a Troja ventosa per aequora vectos 335 

obruit Auster, aqua involvens navemque virosque. 

Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat, 
qui Libyco nuper cursu, dum sldera servat, 
exciderat puppi mediis effusus in undis. 

Hunc ubi vix multa maestum cognovit in umbra, 340 

sic prior adloquitur: “Quis te, Palinure, dedrum 
eripuit nobis medidque sub aequore mersit? 

Die age. Namque mihi, fallax haud ante repertus, 

hoc uno responso animum delusit Apollo, 

qui fore te ponto incolumem finisque canebat 345 

venturum Ausonios. En haec promissa fides est?” 

Ille autem: “Neque te Phoebi cortina fefellit, 
dux Anchlsiade, nec me deus aequore mersit. 

Namque gubernaclum multa vi forte revulsum, 

cui datus haerebam custos cursiisque regebam, 350 


adloquor, i, locutus address, accost 
Anchisiades, ae m. descendant of An- 
chises, Aeneas 

Apollo, inis m. god of light, music, and 
prophecy* 

aqua, ae /. water, waves, flood* 
Ausonius, a, um Italian 
Auster, tri m. (south) wind* 
autem moreover, however, but* 
cano, ere, cecinl, cantus sing (of), chant, 
prophesy, proclaim* 
cognosco, ere, novi, nitus recognize 
cortina, ae /. caldron (resting on a tripod 
and serving as a seat for the priestess of 
Delphi when she delivered an oracle), 
kettle 

custos, odis m. guard(ian), sentinel* 
deludo, ere, si, sus deceive, deludef 
dux, ducis m. (/.) leader, guide, chief* 
ecce see! look! behold!* 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out, hurl* 
en see! look! behold! 
excido, ere, i fall (out), perish 
fallax, acis deceitful, treacherous 
fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus deceive, cheat* 


fides, ei /. faith, trust, pledge, fidel¬ 
ity* 

gubernac(u)lum, i n. tiller, rudder 
gubernator, oris m. pilot, helmsman 
haereo, ere, haesi, haesus cling (to)* 
incolumis, e safe, unharmed, intact 
involvo, ere, i, volutus wrap, engulf 
Libycus, a, um of Libya, a country of 
North Africa* 

maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 
mergo, ere, rsi, rsus sink, drown 
nuper recently, lately 
obruo, ere, ui, utus overwhelm, bury 
Palinurus, i m. Trojan pilot* 

Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 
pontus, i m. sea, waves* 
prior, ius sooner, former, first, prior* 
promitto, ere, misi, missus promise* 
rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, direct, guide* 
reperio, ire, repperi, repertus find 
responsum, i n. answer, oracle, reply 
revello, ere, i, vulsus tear off, remove 
veho, ere, vexi, vectus bear, convey* 
ventosus, a, um windy, stormyf 


337-383. They meet with the soul of 
Palinurus, who wishes to cross with 
Aeneas, but is consoled by the Sibyl with 
a promise of eternal fame. 

337. sese agebat : was passing along. 

338. Libyco cursu: V, 827-871. 

339. mediis effusus in undis = effusus 
in undas manebat in undis. 


343. Die: imp.; App. 202. mihi: dat. 
of agent with repertus. 

345. (in) ponto. (in) finis. 

347. Phoebi cortina: from which the 
oracles were delivered. 

348. deus (Phoebus). 

349. gubernac(u)lum: obj. of traxi, 
1. 351. 

350. cursus (navis tuae). 





330 THE AENEID, 351-366 

praecipitans trdxl mecum. Maria aspera juro 
non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem, 
quam tua ne spoliata armis, excussa magistro, 
deficeret tantls navis surgentibus undls. 

355 Trls Notus hlbernas immensa per aequora nodes 

vexit me violentus aqua; vix lumine quarto 
prospexl Italiam summa subllmis ab unda. 
Paulatim adnabam terrae; jam tuta tenebam, 
nl gens crudelis madida cum veste gravatum 
360 prensantemg'we uncls manibus capita aspera montis 

ferro invasisset praedamgue ignara putasset. 

Nunc me fluctus habet versantz/ue in litore venti. 
Quod te per caeli jucundum lumen et auras, 
per genitorem oro, per spes surgentis I fill, 

335 eripe me his, invicte, malls: aut tu mihi terram 

inj ice, namque potes, portusque require Vellnos; 


adno (1) swim, float to ( dat .) 
aqua, ae /. water, waves, flood* 
asper, era, erum rough, harsh, fierce* 
crudelis, e cruel, bloody, fierce* 
deficio, ere, feci, fectus fail, sink 
excutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake off, 
free (from)* 

gravo (1) burden, weigh down, oppress 
hlbernus, a, um wintry, of the winter 
ignarus, a, um ignorant, unaware* 
immensus, a, um boundless, vast 
injicio, ere, jeci, jectus cast upon 
invado, ere, si, sus enter, attack 
invictus, a, um unconquered, invinciblef 
lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
jucundus, a, um pleasant, delightfulf 
juro (1) swear (by), take oath 
madidus, a, um wet, dripping 
magister, tri m. master, pilot, chief 
malum, i n. evil, misfortune, trouble* 
nisi, ni if not, unless* 

Notus, l m. (south) wind 

oro (1) pray (for), entreat, beseech* 

paulatim gradually, little by little 


praecipito (1) throw, fall headlong 
praeda, ae /. booty, spoils, plunder 
pr(eh)enso (1) catch, grasp, seize 
pro before, in behalf of, for ( abl .)* 
prospicio, ere, spexi, spectus discern, see 
in front 

puto (1) think, suppose, consider 
quam how, than, as* 
quartus, a, um fourth 
quod because, but, the fact that, where¬ 
fore 

requiro, ere, sivi, situs seek (again) 
spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
spolio (1) rob, strip, despoil (abl.) 
sublimis, e high, uplifted, aloft, exalted 
timor, oris m. fear, dread, anxiety 
tres, tria three* 

tutus, a, um safe, protected, secure* 
uncus, a, um curved, bent, arched 
veho, ere, vexi, vectus bear, convey* 
Velinus, a, um of Velia, an Italian cityf 
verso (1) keep turning, toss, roll 
vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 
violentus, a, um boisterous, violentf 


351. (per) maria aspera juro. 

352. tantum timorem (me) cepisse: 
timorem is subject and me the ob¬ 
ject. 

353-354. armis, magistro: ablatives of 
separation, armis: here refers to the 
tiller, ne deficeret: after the idea of 
fearing in timorem me cepisse; App. 
363. 

356. aqua: abl. of route or of place, 
lumine: day , as often. 


358. tenebam: mixed condition; App. 
382, d. 

359-361. (me) gravatum. capita mon¬ 
tis: edge of the cliff, ni invasisset, puta- 
(vi)sset: conditions contrary to fact; App. 
382. praedam: they thought he might 
have some object of value on his person. 

365-366. mihi terram injice: if only 
three handfuls, the minimum requirement 
for burial rites and consequent entrance 
into Hades. 




BOOK VI, 367-383 


331 


aut tu, si qua via est, si quam tibi diva creatrix 
ostendit ( neque enim, credo, sine numine dlvum 
fltimina tanta paras Stygiamgwe innare paludem), 
da dextram misero et tecum me tolle per undas, 370 

sedibus ut saltern placidis in morte quiescam.” 

Talia fatus erat coepit cum talia vdtes: 

“Unde haec, 0 Palinure, tibi tam dlra cupldo? 

Tu Stygias inhumatus aquas amnerngue severum 
Eumenidum aspicies, ripamve injussus adlbis? 375 

Desine fata deum fleet! sperare precando. 

Sed cape dicta memor, durl solatia casus. 

Nam tua fmitimi, longe lat eque per urbes 

prodigils actl caelestibus, ossa piabunt 

et statuent tumulum et tumulo sollemnia mittent, 380 

aeternumgue locus Palinuri nomen habebit.” 

His dictis curae emotae pulsusgue parumper 
corde dolor trlstl; gaudet cognomine terra. 


adeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus approach 
aeternus, a, um everlasting, eternal* 
amnis, is m. river, stream* 
aqua, ae /. water, waves, flood* 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, behold* 
caelestis, e heavenly, divine, celestial 
coepi, isse, ptus begin, undertake 
cognominis, e of like name, of the same 
name! 

cor, rdis n. heart, spirit, feelings, soul* 
creatrix, icis /. mother, creator! 
credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust* 
cupido, inis /. desire, love, passion 
desino, ere, sivi (ii), situs cease, desist 
dirus, a, um fearful, awful, dire* 
dolor, oris m. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
emoveo, ere, movi, motus remove 
enim for, indeed, truly* 

Eumenides, um /. Furies 
finitimus, i m. neighbor; pi. adjoining 
people 

flecto, ere, flexi, flexus bend, move 
flumen, inis n. river, stream, flood* 
gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum rejoice, exult 
inhumatus, a, um unburied 
injussus, a, um unbidden, uninvited! 
inno (1) swim, float (on) 


late wide(ly), far and wide 
longe (from) afar, far* 
memor, oris mindful, remembering* 
os, ossis n. bone* 
ostendo, ere, i, ntus show, display 
Palinurus, i m. Trojan pilot* 
palus, udis /. swamp, marsh (water), 
mere 

parumper for a little while, momentarily! 
pello, ere, pepuli, pulsus expel, drive (out) 
pio (1) expiate, propitiate 
placidus, a, um calm, peaceful, quiet* 
precor, ari, atus pray, entreat, beg* 
prodigium, (i)I n. omen, portent, prodigy 
quiesco, ere, evl, etus rest, repose* 
ripa, ae /. bank, shore* 
saltern at least, at any rate 
severus, a, um stern, dread, strict! 
sine without ( abl .)* 
solarium, (i)i n. consolation, solace 
sollemne, is n. sacrifice, ritual 
spero (1) hope (for), expect, reckon* 
statuo, ere, ul, utus establish, build 
Stygius, a, um Stygian, of the Styx, a 
river of Hades* 
tam so (much, greatly), such* 
tumulus, l m. mound, tomb* 
unde whence, from what source* 


370. undas (Stygias). 

374-375. amnem Eumenidum: the 

Cocytus. 

379. prodigils acti: according to the 
legend, the Lucanians, the fmitimi of 
1. 378, were afflicted with a pestilence, 
and when they consulted the oracle, 


they were ordered to make atonement 
to the shades of Palinurus. This they 
did by dedicating to him a ceno¬ 
taph (empty tomb) and a grove near 
Velia. 

381. aeternum: called today Punta 
di Palinuro. Cf. 1. 235. 





332 


THE AENEID, 384-396 


Ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluviog'we propinquant. 

385 Navita quos jam inde ut Stygia prospexit ab undo, 
per taciturn nemus Ire pedemque advertere ripae, 
sic prior adgreditur dictis. atque increpat ultro: 
“Quisquis es, armatus qul nostra ad flumina tendis, 
fare age quid venids jam istinc, et comprime gressum. 

390 Umbrarum hie locus est, somni noctisque soporae: 
corpora viva nefas Stygia vectare carlna. 

Nec ver5 Alciden me sum laetatus euntem 

accepisse lacu, nec Thesea Pirithoumgwe, 

dis quamquam geniti atque invictl viribus essent. 

395 Tartareum ille manu custodem in vincla petivit 
ipsius a solio regis traxitque trementem; 


adgredior, I, gressus address, attack 
adverto, ere, I, rsus turn toward 
Alcldes, ae m. descendant of Alceus, 
Hercules, who descended to Hades and 
carried off Cerberus, the three-headed 
dog 

armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 
carlna, ae /. keel; ship, boat* 
comprimo, ere, pressi, pressus (re)press 
custos, odis m. (/.) guard(ian), sentinel* 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
flumen, inis n. river, stream, flood* 
fluvius, (i)i m. river, stream 
gigno, ere, genui, genitus bear, beget 
gressus, us ra. step, gait, walk, stride 
incipio, ere, cepl, ceptus begin, under¬ 
take* 

increpo, are, ui, itus reprove, chidef 
inde thence, from that point* 
invictus, a, um unconquered, invincible 
istinc from where you aret 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
lacus, us m. lake, marsh, mere 
laetor, arl, atus rejoice, exult, delight 
navita, ae mr. sailor, ferryman, mariner 
nefas n. indecl. sin, wrong, impiety* 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 
perago, ere, egi, actus complete, do 


Plrithoiis, i m. king of the Lapiths, friend 
of Theseusf 

prior, ius sooner, former, first, prior* 
propinquo (1) approach, draw near 
C dat .) 

prospicio, ere, spexl, spectus see (be¬ 
fore) 

quamquam although 

quisquis, quicquid whoever, whichever, 
whatever 

rlpa, ae /. bank, shore* 
solium, (i)i n. throne, seat 
soporus, a, um slumberous, sleepyt 
Stygius, a, um Stygian, of the Styx, a 
river of Hades* 

tacitus, a, um silent, quiet, still, secret 
Tartareus, a, um of Tartarus, the lowest 
region of Hhdes 

Theseus, ei (eos), acc. ea, m. early king 
of Athens who descended to Hades 
with Pirithoiis and attempted to carry 
off Proserpina, Pluto’s queen 
tremo, ere, ui tremble, shake, quiver* 
ultro further, voluntarily* 
vecto (1) convey, carry, bearf 
vero truly, indeed, but 
vinc(u)lum, l n. bond, chain, cable* 
vivus, a, um living, alive, natural 


384-416. Charon at first refuses to 
ferry Aeneas and the Sibyl across the 
Styx, but after being shown the golden 
bough he consents. 

389. istinc: from where you are , with¬ 
out approaching nearer. 

391. nefas (est). 

392. Alciden: the form Herculen 
(- w “) could not be used in dactylic 
hexameter, nec laetatus: litotes; App. 
431. According to the story, Charon 


was punished by a year’s imprisonment 
for assisting Hercules to enter Hades by 
ferrying him across the Styx. On this 
journey Hercules carried off Cerberus to 
the upper world. 

394. viribus: abl. of respect, essent: 
concession; App. 384. In classical prose 
quamquam usually takes the indica¬ 
tive. 

395. ille: Hercules. in vinc(u)la 
petivit = petivit ut caperet vinc(u)ils. 
custodem: Cerberus. 




BOOK VI, 397-412 


333 


hi dominam Ditis thalamo deducere adorti.” 

Quae contra breviter fata est Amphrysia vates: 

u Nullae hlc insidiae tales (absiste moverl), 

nec vim tela ferunt; licet ingens janitor antro 400 

aeternum latrans exsanguis terreat umbras, 

casta licet patrui servet Proserpina Ilmen. 

Troius Aeneas, pietate insignis et armls, 
ad genitorem Imas Erebi descendit ad umbras. 

Si te nulla movet tantae pietatis imago, 405 

at ramum hunc ” (aperit ramum qul veste latebat) 
“agnoscas.” Tumida ex Ira turn corda residunt. 

Nec plura his. Ille admirans venerabile donum 

fatalis virgae longo post tempore visum 

caeruleam advertit puppim ripa eque propinquat. 410 

Inde alias animas, quae per juga longa sedebant, 

deturbat laxatgue foros; simul accipit alveo 


absisto, ere, stiti depart, cease, desist 
admlror, ari, atus wonder (at), admire 
adorior, irl, ortus attempt, attackf 
adverto, ere, i, rsus turn (to, toward) 
aeternus, a, um eternal, continual, lasting 
agnosco, ere, novi, nitus recognize* 
alveus, i m. boat; hollow; trough f 
Amphrysius, a, um Amphrysian, of Am- 
phrysus, a river along which Apollo 
once herded cattlef 
antrum, i n. cave, cavern, grotto* 
aperio, ire, ui, ertus open, disclose* 
breviter shortly, briefly, concisely 
caerul(e)us, a, um dark (blue)* 
castus, a, um pure, holy, chaste 
contra opposite, in reply (to)* 
cor, rdis n. heart, spirit, feelings, soul* 
deduco, ere, duxi, ductus lead off, abduct 
descendo, ere, i, ensus descend 
deturbo (1) drive off, dislodge 
Dis, Ditis m. Pluto, lord of the lower realm 
domina, ae /. mistress, queen 
Erebus, i m. Hades, (god of) the lower world 
exsanguis, e bloodless, pale, lifeless 
fatalis, e fated, fatal, fateful 
forus, i m. gangway, deck 
imago, inis /. appearance, likeness, phan¬ 
tom* 


inde thence, next, thereupon* 
insidiae, arum /. ambush, plot, snare 
insignis, e distinguished, marked* 
janitor, oris m. doorkeeper, porterf 
jugum, i n. yoke, (mountain) ridge; 
bench* 

lateo, ere, ui lie hid, hide, lurk* 
latro (1) bark, howl, bayf 
laxo (1) loose(n), clear, open, free 
licet, ere, uit, itum it is permitted* 
patruus, i m. paternal unclef 
pietas, atis /. devotion, loyalty, sense of 
duty, righteousness, nobility* 
post after, behind ( acc .); next, later* 
propinquo (1) draw near, approach ( dat .) 
Proserpina, ae /. wife of Pluto and queen 
of Hades 

ramus, i m. branch, limb, bough* 
resido, ere, sedi subside, settle 
ripa, ae /. bank, shore* 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit* 
terreo, ere, ui, itus frighten, terrify 
thalamus, i m. bridal chamber, bedroom* 
Troius, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
tumidus, a, um swollen, swelling 
venerabilis, e venerable, awfulf 
vestis, is /. cloth(ing), garment, robe* 
virga, ae /. branch, shoot, twig 


397. hi: Theseus and Pirithous. do¬ 
minam: Proserpina. 

398. Amphrysia vates = Apollinea va¬ 
tes, and refers to the Sibyl. 

400. licet (per nos): so far as we are 
concerned. 

401-402. aeternum: cognate acc. 

Translate adverbially, (ut) terreat, (ut) 


servet. patrui = conjugis: since Proser¬ 
pina married her paternal uncle. 

407. agnoscas: vol. subj.; App. 254. 

408. Nec plura (dicta sunt), his: abl. 
with comparative, donum: for Proser¬ 
pina. 

412. alveo: dissyllabic here by synize- 
sis, or hypermetric; App. 403, 402. 





334 THE AENEID, 413-426 

ingentem Aenean. Gemuit sub pondere cumba 
sutilis et multam accepit rimosa paludem. 

415 Tandem trans fluvium incolumis vatemque virumque 

inform! limo glauca que exponit in ulva. 

Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna trifauci 
personat adverso recubans immanis in antro. 

Cui vates horrere videns jam colla colubris 
420 melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam 

objicit. Ille fame rabida tria guttura pandens 
corripit objectam, atque immdnia terga resolvit 
fusus hum! totoque ingens extenditur antro. 

Occupat Aeneas aditum custode sepulto 
425 evadit^we celer ripam inremeabilis undae. 

Continuo audltae voces vagitus et ingens 


aditus, us m. approach, entrance 
adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
antrum, i n. cave, cavern, grotto* 
celer, eris, ere quick, swift, fleet* 
Cerberus, l m. monstrous three-headed 
dog in Hades! 
collum, i n. neck* 
coluber, brl ra. snake, serpent 
continuo immediately, at once 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up)* 
cumba, ae /. boat, skiff 
custos, odis ra. (/.) guard(ian), senti¬ 
nel* 

evado, ere, si, sus escape; traverse 
expene, ere, posui, positus place out, 
disembarkf 

extende, ere, i, ntus stretch, extend 
fames, is /. hunger, famine, greed 
fluvius, (i)i ra. river, stream 
frux, frugis /. fruit, produce, meal 
geme, ere, ui, itus groan, roar, mourn 
glaucus, a, um gray, green, gleamingf 
guttur, uris n. throat, gulletf 
horreo, ere, ui bristle, shudder* 
humus, i /. ground, earth, soil* 
incolumis, e safe, unharmed, intact 
informis, e shapeless, hideous 


inremeabilis, e from which there is no 
return, irretraceable 
latratus, us m. bark(ing), howl(ing) 
limus, i m. slime, mud, miref 
medico (1) drug, medicate! 
mel, mellis n. honey 
objicio, ere, jeci, jectus throw (before) 
occupo (1) seize (beforehand), occupy 
offa, ae /. morsel, cake! 
palus, udis /. swamp, marsh, mere 
pando, ere, i, passus open, extend* 
persono, are, ui, itus (make) resound 
pondus, eris n. weight, burden, mass 
rabidus, a, um mad, fierce, raging 
recubo, are recline, lie 
resolvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), relax 
rimosus, a, um full of cracks, leaky! 
ripa, ae /. bank, shore* 
sepelio, ire, ivi (ii), ultus bury, inter 
soporo (1) make drowsy, drug 
sutilis, e sewed, with seams! 
tergum, i n. back, hide* 
trans across, beyond (acc.) 
tres, tria three* 
trifaux, faucis three-throated! 
ulva, ae /. sedge, marsh grass 
vagitus, us m. crying, wailing! 


414. sutilis: the boat was apparently 
of skins, sewed together, rimosa: made 
so by the unaccustomed weight placed 
upon it. paludem: (water of) the marsh. 

416. (in) limo. 

417-425. Aeneas and the Sibyl find 
their way blocked by Cerberus, the huge 
three-headed dog of Hades, but they 
give him a medicated cake which puts 
him to sleep and they pass on. 

422. objectam (offam). 


423. humi: loc. 

424. custode ( = Cerbero) sepulto 
(somno): abl. abs. 

425. inremeabilis: “ from whose bourn 
no traveler returns.” 

426-449. Under Minos as judge the 
souls of the dead are divided into five 
classes: (1) infants; (2) those con¬ 
demned to death under false accusations; 
(3) suicides; (4) those who have died for 
love; (5) renowned warriors. 




BOOK VI, 427-441 


335 


mfantumgue animae flentes, in limine primo 
quos dulcis vitae exsortis et ab ubere raptos 
abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo. 

Hos juxta falso damnati crlmine mortis. 430 

Nec vero hae sine sorte datae, sine judice, sedes: 
quaesitor Minos urnam movet; ille silentum 
conciliumgue vocat vitasque et crimina discit. 

Proxima deinde tenent maesti loca, qui sibi letum 
insontes peperere manu lucemque perosl 435 

projecere animas. Quam vellent aethere in alto 
nunc et pauperiem et duros perferre labores! 

Fas obstat, tristisque palus inamabilis undae 
alligat et novies Styx interfusa coercet. 

Nec procul hinc partem fusi monstrantur in omnem 440 
ltigentes campi; sic illos nomine dicunt. 


acerbus, a, um bitter, harsh, sad 
aether, eris m. upper air, sky, ether* 
alligo (1) bind, fasten, tie (to) 
aufero, ferre, abstuli, ablatus carry off 
coerced, ere, ui, itus restrain, confinef 
concilium, (i)I n. assembly, council 
crimen, inis n. crime, accusation 
damnd (1) condemn, sentence, devote 
deinde thence, next, thereupon* 
disco, ere, didici learn, investigate 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
exsors, rtis without a part (lot) ( gen .) 
falsus, a, um false, unfounded, mock 
fas n. indecl. justice, fate, divine will* 
fleo, ere, evl, etus weep, lament, mourn 
funus, eris n. funeral, death, disaster* 
inamabilis, e unlovely, hatefulf 
infans, antis m. (/.) infant, babyf 
insons, ontis innocent, guiltless 
interfundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour be¬ 
tween 

judex, icis m. (/.) judge, juryman, um¬ 
pire f 

juxta next, nearest to ( acc .)* 
letum, i n. death, destruction, ruin* 
lugeo, ere, luxi, luctus mourn, lament 


maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 
mergo, ere, rsi, rsus sink, drown 
Minos, ois m. king of Crete, and later 
judge in Hadesf 

mdnstro (1) point out, show, teach, 
guide* 

novies nine timesf 
obsto, are, stitl, status oppose ( dat .) 
palus, udis /. swamp, marsh, mere 
pario, ere, peperi, partus bear, cause 
pauperies, ei/. povertyf 
perfero, ferre, tuli, latus bear (to the 
end), endure 

perodi, odisse, osus hate, detestf 
projicio, ere, jeci, jectus throw (away) 
proximus, a, um next, nearest 
quaesitor, oris m. examiner, judgef 
quam how, than, as* 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch, rob* 
silens, entis silent, dead, still 
sine without ( abl .)* 

sors, rtis/. lot, destiny, portion; oracle* 
Styx, ygis /. hateful river in Hades 
uber, eris n. udder, breast, fertility 
urna, ae /. urn, vase (from which lots 
were drawn for the selection of judges) 
vero truly, indeed, but 


428. vitae: obj. gen. with exsortis. 

429. atra dies = dies mortis. 

430. mortis: with damnati; App. 
291. 

432. urnam movet: to select the 
judices, who were chosen by lot. Cf. the 
modern selection of jurymen. silent(i)um. 

435. manu (sua). 

436. Quam vellent: potential subj.; 


App. 252. aethere in altd: on earthy 
whose air is high above Hades. 

439. novies: Cf. Paradise Losty 2, 
434-436: 

“This huge convex of fire, 
Outrageous to devour, immures us round 
Ninefold. ” 

441. nomine dicunt = vocant. 





336 


THE AENEID, 442-455 


Hie quos durus amor crudell tabe peredit 

secret! celant calles et myrtea circum 

silva tegit; curae non ipsa in morte relinquunt. 

445 His Phaedram Procri mque locis maestamgwe Eriphylen 
crudelis nati monstrantem vulnera cernit, 

Euadneng'ue et Pasiphaen; his Laodamia 
it comes et juvenis quondam, nunc femina, Caeneus 
rursus et in veterem fato revoluta figuram. 

450 Inter quds Phoenissa recens a vulnere Dido 
errdbat silva in magna; quam Troius heros 
ut primum juxta stetit agnovit que per umbras 
obscuram, qualem primo qui surgere mense 
aut videt aut vidisse putat per nubila lunam, 

455 demlsit lacrimas dalclque adfatus amore est 


adfor, ari, atus address, accost* 
agnosco, ere, novi, nitus recognize* 
Caeneus, ei (eos) m. girl changed to a 
young man by Neptunet 
callis, is m. path, track 
celo (1) conceal, hide, cover 
crudelis, e cruel, bitter, bloody* 
demitto, mittere, misi, missus send down, 
let fall, drop, lower* 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, fond* 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
Eriphyle, es /. wife of Amphiaraus who 
induced her husband to go to war in 
order to get rid of him, for which she 
was murdered by their sonf 
Euadne, es /. wife of Capaneus who 
threw herself on his funeral pyref 
femina, ae /. woman, female 
figura, ae /. form, shape, figuref 
heros, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man)* 
juxta near, next, close to (acc.)* 
Laodamia, ae /. wife of Protesilaiis who 
died with her husband f 
luna, ae /. moon, moonlight* 
maestus, a, um sad, mournful, gloomy* 
mensis, is m. month 
monstro (1) show, point out, teach, 
guide* 


myrteus, a, um of myrtle, myrtle, a tree 
sacred to the dead and to Venus, 
goddess of lovef 
nubilum, i n. cloud, cloudiness 
obscurus, a, um dark, obscure, dim* 
Pasiphae, es /. wife of Minos who fell in 
love with a bull 

peredo, ere, edl, esus consume, eat (up)f 
Phaedra, ae /. wife of Theseus, who killed 
herself because her love for her stepson, 
Hippolytus, was unrequited! 
Phoenissa, ae /. Phoenician (woman), 
Dido 

Procris, (id)is /. jealous wife of Cepha- 
lus who spied on her husband and was 
accidentally killed by himf 
puto (1) think, suppose, consider 
qualis, e (such) as, of what sort* 
recens, entis recent, fresh 
revolvo, ere, I, volutus revolve, change 
again 

rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
secretus, a, um secluded, remote 
tabes, is /. wasting, piningf 
tego, ere, texi, tectus cover, shel¬ 
ter* 

Troius, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 


443. celant (eos). 

446. nati: subj. gen.; the wounds in¬ 
flicted by her son . 

447. Pasiphaen: see 11. 24 ff. 

450-476. Among those who have died 
for love Aeneas sees the shade of Dido 
and attempts to defend his course in de¬ 


serting her, but she scornfully sweeps 
away out of his sight and throws herself 
into the arms of Sychaeus, her first 
husband, while Aeneas stands and weeps. 

451. quam: with juxta and understood 
with agnovit in 1. 452. 

455. am6re: abl. of manner. 





BOOK VI, 456-472 


337 


“ Infellx Dido, verus mihi nuntius ergo 

venerat exstinctam ferroque extrema secutamf 

Funeris heu tibi causa fult Per sldera juro, 

per superos et si qua fides tellure sub ima est, 

invitus, reglna, tuo de lltore cessl. 460 

Sed me jussa deum, quae nunc has Ire per umbras, 

per loca senta situ cogunt noctemque profundam, 

imperils egere suls; nec credere qulvl 

hunc tantum tibi me discessu ferre dolorem. 

Siste gradum teque aspectu ne subtrahe nostro. 465 

Quern fugisf Extremum fato quod te adloquor hoc est.” 
Tdlibus Aeneas ardentem et torva tuentem 
lenlbat dictls animum lacrimdsque ciebat. 

Ilia solo flxos oculos a versa tenebat 

nec magis incepto vultum sermone movetur 470 

quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes. 

Tandem corripuit sese atque inimica refugit 


adloquor, I, locutus address, accost 
a(d)spectus, us m. sight, vision, aspect 
averto, ere, I, rsus turn away, avert* 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, occasion* 
cautes, is /. rock, cliff, crag 
cedo, ere, cessi, cessus yield, depart* 
cieo, ere, civi, citus stir (up), (a)rouse* 
cogd, ere, coegi, coactus force (together)* 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up, 
away) * 

credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, trust 
(. dat .)* 

discessus, us m. departure, separation! 
dolor, oris m. grief, pain, passion, anger* 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
ergo therefore, then, consequently* 

exstinguo, ere, inxi, inctus quench, de¬ 
stroy, extinguish 

extrema, drum n . end, death, funeral 
extremus, a, um final, last, utmost* 
fides, el /. faith, honor, pledge* 
flgo, ere, xi, xus fasten, fix, pierce* 
funus, eris n. funeral, death, disaster* 
gradus, us m. step, gait, pace, stride 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus begin, undertake* 


inimicus, a, um hostile, unfriendly 
invitus, a, um unwilling, reluctant 
juro (1) swear (by), take oath 
jussum, i n. command, order, behest 
lenio, Ire, ivi, itus soften, soothe, calm 
magis more, rather* 

Marpes(s)ius, a, um of Marpe(s)sus, 
a Parian mountain famous for its white 
marble f 

nuntius, (i)i m. messenger, message 
profundus, a, um deep, profound, vast 
quam how, than, as* 
queo, quire, ivi (ii), Itus be able, canf 
refugio, ere, fugi flee (away), shun 
sentus, a, um rough, thornyf 
sermo, onis m. conversation, speech 
silex, icis m. (/.) flint, rock crag 
sisto, ere, steti, status stay, stop 
situs, us m. position; neglect; mould 
solum, i n. ground, earth, soil* 
subtraho, ere, traxi, tractus withdraw 
torvus, a, um fierce, grim, lowering 
tueor, eri, itus (tutus) look (at), watch* 
verus, a, um true, real, genuine* 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 


456. nuntius: we need not worry as 
to how this message reached Aeneas: we 
are dealing with imaginative poetry, not 
sober history. 

457. (te) exstinctam (esse), extrema 
( = mortem) secutam (esse). 

461. jussa de(or)um: see IV, 237, 270. 

466. Extremum: this is the last (time) 
I shall address you . quod: cognate acc. 


hoc: pronounce hocc, making a long 
syllable. 

467. torva: neut. acc. pi., used ad¬ 
verbially. 

468. lenibat = leniebat, which could 
not be used in hexameter (" w ~ v ). It 
has a conative meaning here, he tried to 
soothe; App. 351, 2, a. 

470. vultum: acc. of respect. 





338 


THE AENEID, 473-488 


in nemus umbriferum, conjunx ubi pristinus Mi 
respondet curls aequat^we Sychaeus amorem. 

475 Nec minus Aeneas casu concussus inlquo 

prosequitur lacrimis longe et miseratur euntem. 

Inde datum molltur iter. Jamque arva tenebant 
ultima, quae bello clarl secreta frequentant. 

Hie illi occurrit Tydeus, hie inclutus armis 
480 Parthenopaeus et AdrastI pallentis imago, 
hie multum fletl ad superos belloque caduci 
Dardanidae, quos Me omnis longo ordine cernens 
ingemuit, Glaucumgwe Medonta^we Thersilochumgwe, 
tris Antenoridas Cererlque sacrum Polyboeten, 

485 IdaeUmgue etiam currus, etiam arma tenentem. 

Circumstant animae dextra laeva que frequentes: 
nec vidisse semel satis est; juvat usque morari 
et conferre gradum et veniendi discere causas. 


Adrastus, I m. Greek warriorf 
aequo (1) equal(ize), match, level* 
Antenorides, ae m. a Trojan warrior, 
son of Antenorf 

caducus, a, um fallen, falling, destined to 
fall, doomedf 

casus, us m. chance, (mis)fortune 
causa, ae /. cause, reason, occasion* 
Ceres, eris /. (goddess of) grain 
circumsto, stare, steti stand around 
clarus, a, um clear, bright, famous* 
concutio, ere, cussi, cussus shake, shatter, 
agitate 

conferd, ferre, tuli, latus unite, joint 
currus, us m. chariot, car* 

Dardanides, ae m. Trojan, Dardanian* 
disco, ere, didici learn (how); perf. know 
etiam also, even, too, likewise* 
fleo, ere, evi, etus weep, lament 
frequens, entis crowded, thronging 
frequento (1) crowd, throng, frequentf 
Glaucus, l m. Trojan warriorf 
gradus, us m. step, walk, pace, stride 
Idaeus, l m. charioteer of Priamf 
imago, inis/, image, likeness, ghost* 
inclutus, a, um renowned, famous * 
inde thence, next, thereupon* 
ingemo, ere, ui groan (over), lament 
iniquus, a, um unjust, harsh, uneven 
iter, itineris n . way, road, journey* 

473. illi: dat. of reference. 

475. casu (Didonis). 

476. prosequitur et miseratur (earn). 

477-534. Among the renowned warriors 
they find Deiphobus; he has been 
horribly mutilated by the Greeks through 
the treachery of Helen, who had be- 


juvo, are, juvi, jutus help, please* 
laevus, a, um left (hand), on the left* 
longe (from) afar, at a distance* 

Medon, ontis, acc. onta, m. Trojan war¬ 
rior f 

minus less 

miseror, ari, atus pity, commiserate* 
molior, iri, itus accomplish, do, make 
moror, ari, atus delay, tarry, hinder* 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 
occurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus (run to) 
meet (dat.) 

ordo, inis m. order, row, rank, array* 
pallens, entis pale, pallid, wan 
Parthenopaeus, i m. Greek warriorf 
Polyboetes, ae m. Trojan priestf 
pristinus, a, um ancient, formerf 
prosequor, i, secutus follow, attend 
responded, ere, i, onsus answer; sym¬ 
pathize with* 

sat(is) enough, sufficient(ly) * 
secretus, a, um secluded, remote 
semel once (for all) 

Sychaeus, i m. deceased husband of Dido 
Thersilochus, i m. Trojan warriorf 
tres, tria three* 

Tydeus, ei (eos) m. Greek warriorf 
ultimus, a, um last, outermost, utmost* 
umbrifer, era, erum shadyf 
usque continuously, ever, still 

trayed him into their hands on the night 
of the fall of Troy. 

481. ad superos = apud superos: among 

men of the upper world. 

483. Medonta: acc. sing., a Greek 
form. 

484. Cereri sacrum = priest of Ceres . 




BOOK VI, 489-504 


339 


At Danaurn proceres Agamemnoniaegwe phalanges 

ut vldere virum fulgentiagwe arma per umbras, 490 

ingentl trepidare metu; pars vertere terga, 

ceu quondam petiere rates, pars tollere vocem 

exiguam: inceptus clamor frustratur hiantis. 

Atque hie Priamiden laniatum corpore toto 
Deiphobum vldit, lacerum crudeliter ora, 495 

ora manusque ambas, populatagwe tempora raptls 
auribus et truncas inhonesto vulnere naris. 

Vix adeo agnovit pavitantem ac dlra tegentem 
supplicia, et notls compellat vocibus ultro: 

“Deiphobe armipotens, genus alto a sanguine Teucrl, 500 

quis tam crudells optavit sumere poenasf 

Cui tantum de te licuit? Mihifama suprema 

node tulit fessum vasta te caede Pelasgum 

procubuisse super confusae stragis acervum. 


acervus, i m. heap, pile, mass 
adeo so (far), indeed 

Agamemnonius, a, um of Agamemnon, 
Greek king, and leader of the expedition 
against Troy 

agndsed, ere, ndvi, nitus recognize* 
ambd, ae, 6 both, two, double 
armipotens, entis mighty in arms 
auris, is /. ear* 

caedes, is /. slaughter, destruction 
ceu as, just as 

compello (1) address, accost, speak to 

cdnfundd, ere, fudi, fusus confuse 
crudelis, e cruel, brutal, bloody* 
crudeliter cruelly, brutallyf 
Deiphobus, I m. son of Priam, husband 
of Helen after the death of Paris 
dirus, a, um awful, dire, dreadful* 
exiguus, a, um slight, weak, thin 
frustror, arl, atus baffle, mock, failf 
fulg(e)o, ere, lsl shine, gleam, glitter 
hio (1) yawn, gape, stand openf 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus begin, undertake* 
inhonestus, a, um shamefulf 
lacer, era, erum torn, mangled, maimed 
lanio (1) tear, mutilate, manglef 
licet, ere, uit, itum it is permitted* 


491-493. trepidare, vertere, tollere: 
hist, infinitives, ceu quondam: referring 
to an incident in the Trojan war when the 
defeated Greeks fled to their ships, vocem 
exiguam: since they were only shades, 
lacking in bodily strength. Cf. Hamlet, 
I, 1, 115-116: 

“ The graves stood tenantless and the 
sheeted dead 


metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* 
naris, is /. nose, nostrilf 
notus, a, um (well-) known, familiar* 
opto (1) choose, desire, hope (for)* 
pavito (1) cower, tremble, quake 
Pelasgus, a, um Pelasgian, Greek 
phalanx, angis /. phalanx, troop 
populo (1) strip, rob, devastate 
Priamides, ae m. descendant of Priam 
procer, eris m. leader, chief 
procumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus sink (for¬ 
ward), fall, recline 
rapid, ere, ui, ptus snatch, tear off* 
ratis, is /. raft, ship, boat* 
strages, is /. destruction, carnagef 
sumo, ere, mpsi, mptus take, inflict 
supplicium, (i)i n. punishment, suffering 
tam so (much, greatly), such* 
tego, ere, texi, teetus cover, hide* 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
tergum, i n. back, hide* 

Teucrus (cer), i m. early king of Troy 
trepido (1) tremble, scurry, bustle 
truncus, a, um maimed, mangled 
ultro further(mo.re), voluntarily* 
verto, ere, I, rsus turn, change* 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 


Did squeak and gibber in the Roman 
streets.” 

495-497. ora, manus, tempora, naris: 

accusatives of respect with lacerum. 

498. tegentem: the present of at¬ 
tempted action (conative present); App. 
351, 1, c. 

502-503. tantum de te: so much 
(power) over you. suprema nocte: the 





340 THE AENEID, 505-520 

505 Tunc egomet tumulum Rhoeteo lltore inanem 

constitui et magna manis ter voce vocavi. 

Nomen et arma locum servant; te, amice, nequlvi 
conspicere et patria decedens_pon.ere terra.” 

Ad quae Priamides: “ Nihil 0 tibi, amice, relictum; 

510 omnia Deiphobo solvisti et funeris umbris. 

Sed me fata mea et scelus exitiale Lacaenae 
his mersere malls; ilia haec monimenta reliquit. 
Namque ut supremam falsa inter gaudia noctem 
egerimus, nosti: et nimium meminisse necesse est. 

515 Cum fatalis equus saltu super ardua venit 

Pergama et armatum peditem gravis attulit alvo, 
ilia chorum simulans euhantls orgia circum 
ducebat Phrygias; flammam media ipsa tenebat 
ingentem et summd Danaos ex arce vocabat. 

520 Turn me confectum curls somnoque gravatum 


adfero, ferre, tuli, latus bring (to) 
alvus, I /. belly, womb 
amicus, i m. friend, comrade, lover* 
arduus, a, um high, lofty, steep* 
armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 
chorus, i m. (dancing) band, troop 
conficio, ere, feci, fectus finish, use up, 
weary 

conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, behold 
constituo, ere, ui, utus set up 
decedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart 
Deiphobus, i m. son of Priam and third 
husband of Helen 

euhans, antis celebrating with cries of 
Euhan (Bacchus) f 

exitialis, e deadly, mortal, destructive 
falsus, a, um false, treacherous, mock 
fatalis, e fatal, fateful, fated 
funus, eris n. funeral, death, destruction* 
gaudium, (i)i n. joy, delight, pleasure 
gravis, e heavy, pregnant, serious* 
gravo (1) burden, weigh down, oppress 
inanis, e empty, useless, idle, vain* 
Lacaena, ae /. Spartan woman, Helen 
malum, i n. evil, misfortune, trouble* 


manes, ium m. (souls of) the dead, Hades* 
memini, isse remember {gen.) 
mergo, ere, rsi, rsus sink, drown 
monimentum (monumentum), i n. re¬ 
minder, memorial 
necesse necessary, need(ful) 
nequeo, ire, ivi (ii), itus be unable 
nihil (nil) n. nothing, not at all 
nimium too much, too (greatly) 
nosco, ere, novi, notus learn; perf. know* 
orgia, drum n. (sacred) rites, revels 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
pedes, itis m. infantry, foot soldier(y)f 
Pergama, drum n. (citadel of) Troy* 
Phrygius, a, um Phrygian, Trojan* 
Priamides, ae m. son of Priam 
Rhoete(i)us, a, um of Rhoeteum, a 
Trojan promontory 
saltus, us m. leap, bound, dancing 
scelus, eris n. crime, villainy, sin* 
simulo (1) imitate, pretend, simulate 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), pay, 
free* 

ter three times, thrice* 
tumulus, i m. mound, tomb* 


night of the fall of Troy; abl. of time 
when. 

505. tumulum inanem: a cenotaph. 

505-506. These ceremonies entitled the 
shade of the departed to cross the Styx. 

507. te: your dead body, te, amice: 
semi-hiatus; App. 400. 

509. tibi: dat. of agent with relictum 
(est). 

511. Lacaenae: Helen, whom he dis¬ 
dains to name. 


513. ut: how , introducing an indir. 
quest. 

514. no(vi)sti. 

516. (in) alvo. 

517-518. ilia: that notorious woman; 
Deiphobus does not deign to mention 
Helen by name, orgia: cognate acc. with 
euhantls. circum: with ducebat = cir- 
cumducebat; this separation of the 
different parts of a compound word is 
called tmesis; App. 445. flammam: as 




BOOK VI, 521-535 


341 


infelix habuit thalamus, pressitgue jacentem 
dulcis et alta quies placidaegwe simillima morti. 

Egregia interea conjunx arma omnia tectis 

amovet et fldum capiti subduxerat ensem; 

intra tecta vocat Menelaum et limina pandit, 525 

scilicet id magnum sperans fore munus amanti, 

et famam exstingui veterum sic posse malorum. 

Quid moror? Inrumpunt thalamo, comes additus una 

hortator scelerum Aeolides. Di, talia Grajis 

instaurate, pio si poenas ore reposco. 530 

Sed te qui vlvum casus, age fare vicissim, 

attulerint. Pelagine venis erroribus actus 

an monitu divumf An quae te fortiina fatigat, 

ut tristis sine sole domos, loca turbida, adires?” 

Hdc vice sermonum rosels Aurora quadrigls 535 


addo, ere, did!, ditus add, join* 
adeo, ire, ii (ivi), itus approach 
adfero, ferre, tuli, latus bring (to) 
Aeolides, ae m. putative son of Aeolus, 
Ulysses, a wily Greekf 
amans, antis m. (/.) lover 
amoved, ere, movl, motus removef 
an interrog. or, whether* 

Aurora, ae /. (goddess of) dawn* 
dulcis, e sweet, dear, delightful, fond* 
egregius, a, um wonderful, remarkable 
ensis, is m. sword, knife* 
error, oris m. wandering, mistake 
exstinguo, ere, inxi, inctus destroy, blot 
out 

fatigo (1) weary, harass, torment, vex 
fidus, a, um faithful, trusty, safe* 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 
hortator, oris m. instigator, inciterf 
inrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break in 
instauro (1) renew, repeat, refresh 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
intra within ( acc .) 

jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
malum, i n. evil, wrong, trouble, sin* 
Menelaus, i m. Greek warrior, first hus¬ 
band of Helen 


monitus, us m. advice, warning 
moror, arl, atus delay, tarry, hinder* 
pando, ere, i, passus open, spread* 
placidus, a, um calm, quiet, peaceful* 
premo, ere, pressi, pressus (re)press* 
quadrigae, arum /. four-horse chariotf 
quies, etis /. rest, quiet, peace, re¬ 
pose* 

reposed, ere demand, seek, ask (for) 
roseus, a, um rosy, rose-colored, red 
scelus, eris n . crime, villainy, sin* 
scilicet doubtless, forsooth, of course 
sermo, onis m. conversation, speech 
similis, e similar, like ( dat., gen .)* 
sine without ( abl .)* 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
spero (1) hope (for), expect, suppose* 
subdued, ere, duxi, ductus withdraw 
(from under) (dat.) 

thalamus, i m. bridal chamber, bed¬ 
room* 

turbidus, a, um confused, disordered 
una together, at the same time 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 
vicis gen. f. (ex)change, alternation 
vicissim in turn, by turns, alternately 
vivus, a, um living, alive, natural 


a signal to the Greek fleet to start back 
to Troy. Cf. II, 254 ff. 

523. Egregia: ironically of Helen. This 
passage contradicts the account of II, 
567-588, but it is useless to expect strict 
consistency of a great poetic genius, 
conjunx: after the death of Paris, Helen 
had married Deiphobus. 

526. amanti: Menelaus, her lawful 
husband. 

529. Aeolides: contemptuously of 


Ulysses, in accordance with the scandal 
which claimed that he was not the son of 
Laertes at all but of Sisyphus, a notorious 
robber and trickster, son of Aeolus. 

532. Pelagine erroribus: a Homeric 
conception, according to which Hades 
lay beyond the western ocean and could 
be reached only by ship. This idea is at 
variance with the rest of this book. 

535-547. Aeneas parts with Deiphobus. 





342 THE AENEID, 536-550 

jam medium aetherio cursu, trajecerat axem; 
et fors omne datum traherent per tdlia tempus, 
sed comes admonuit brevitergwe adfata Sibylla est: 
“ Nox ruit, Aenea; nos flendo ducimus horas. 

540 Hie locus est partis ubi se via findit in ambas: 

dextera quae Ditis magni sub moenia tendit, 
hdc iter Elysium nobis; at laeva malorum 
exercet poenas et ad impia Tartara mittit 
Deiphobus contra: “ Ne saevl, magna sacerdos; 

545 discedam, explebo numerum reddargwe tenebris. 

I decus, i, nostrum; melioribus utere fatis.” 
Tantum effatus, et in verbo vestigia torsit. 

Respicit Aeneas subito et sub rupe sinistra 
moenia lata videt triplici circumdata muro, 

550 quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis, 


adfor, ari, atus address, speak to* 
admoneo, ere, ul, itus warn, advise 
aetherius, a, um ethereal, heavenly 
ambio, ire, ivi (ii), itus surround 
ambo, ae, 6 both, two 
amnis, is m. river, stream* 
axis, is m. axle, wheel, chariot; heaven 
breviter shortly, briefly, concisely 
circumdo, dare, dedi, datus surround 
contra against, opposite, in reply* 
decus, oris n. ornament, glory, honor 
Deiphobus, i m. son of Priam and third 
husband of Helen 

Dis, Ditis m. Pluto, god of the lower 
world 

discedo, ere, cessi, cessus depart 
effor, ari, atus speak, utter 
Elysium, (i)i n. abode of the blessed in 
Hadesf 

exerceo, ere, ui, itus exercise, inflict, vex* 
expleo, ere, evi, etus fill (out) 
findo, ere, fidi, fissus divide, splitf 
fled, ere, evi, etus weep (for), lament 
hora, ae /. hour, season, time 
impius, a, um impious, wicked, disloyal 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 

537. fors = forsitan (fors sit an): per¬ 
haps. traherent: conclusion of an implied 
condition contrary to fact. 

540. se via findit: up to this point 
there had been only one road, but now 
there is a definite parting of the ways, 
one leading to the place of bliss (Elysium), 
the other to the place of torment (Tarta¬ 
rus). 

541. dextera (via est ea) quae. 

542. hac (via) iter (est) nobis (ad) 
Elysium: acc. of place to which with iter 
(est). laeva (via): the road is said to 


laevus, a, um left (hand), on the left* 
latus, a, um broad, wide, spacious* 
malus, a, um evil, wicked, bad, false* 
melior, ius better, superior, preferable 
murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 
numerus, i m. number, multitude* 
rapidus, a, um swift, hurrying, fleet* 
reddo, ere, didi, ditus give back, return* 
respicio, ere, spexi, spectus look (back) 
at, regard* 

rupes, is /. rock, cliff, crag* 
sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
saevio, ire, ivi (ii), itus rage, be angry 
Sibylla, ae /. ancient Italian priestess 
sinister, tra, trum left (hand), on the left 
subito suddenly, unexpectedly* 

Tartara, orum n. lowest realm of Hades 
tenebrae, arum /. darkness, gloom 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus turn, twist, whirl* 
torreo, ere, ui, tostus burn, seethe 
trajicio, ere, jeci, jectus throw across, 
cross 

triplex, icis triple 

utor, i, usus use, enjoy, employ ( ahl .) 
verbum, i n. word, speech, talk 
vestigium, (i)i n. step, track, trace* 

punish because it leads to the place of 
punishment. 

545. explebo numerum (umbrarum): 

by rejoining them. 

546. decus nostrum = decus nostro- 
rum. 

547. in verbo: as he spoke . Cf. in 
voce, IV, 76. 

548-627. Description of Tartarus and 
some of its horrible punishments, which 
Aeneas does not see as he passes on 
toward the Elysian Fields. 




BOOK VI, 551-566 


343 


Tartareus Phlegethon, torquetgwe sonantia saxa. 

Porta adversa ingens solidogwe adamante columnae, 
vis ut nulla virum, non ipsi exscindere hello 
caelicolae valeant; stat ferrea turris ad auras, 

Tisiphonegue sedens palla succincta cruenta 555 

vestibulum exsomnis servat noctesque diesque. 

Hinc exaudiri gemitus et saeva sonare 
verbera, turn stridor ferri tractaeque catenae. 

Constitit Aeneas strepitumgue exterritus hausit. 

“Quae scelerum facies? 0 virgo, effare; quibusve 560 

urgentur poems? Quis tantus clangor ad auris?” 

Turn vates sic orsa loqui: “Dux inclute Teucrum, 

nulli fas casto sceleratum Insistere Ilmen; 

sed me cum lucls Hecate praefecit Avernis, 

ipsa deum poenas docuit perque omnia duxit. 565 

Gnosius haec Rhadamanthus habet durissima regna 


adamas, antis m. adamantf 
adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
auris, is /. ear* 

Avernus, a, um of Avernus, an Italian 
lake where there was an entrance to 
Hades* 

caelicola, ae m. (/.) god(dess), divinity 
castus, a, um pure, holy, chaste 
catena, ae /. chain, shackle, fetterf 
clangor, oris ra. noise, uproar, clang 
columna, ae /. pillar, column, post 
consisto, ere, stiti, stitus stand (fast)* 
cruentus, a, um bloody, cruel 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, tell, inform* 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
dux, ducis m. (/.) leader, chief, guide* 
effor, ari, atus say, tell 
exaudio, ire, ivi (if), itus (over)hear 
exscindo, ere, scidi, scissus cut out, 
destroy 

exsomnis, e sleepless, wakefulf 
exterreo, ere, ui, itus terrify, frighten 
facies, ei /. appearance, face, aspect* 
fas n. indecl. right, fate, divine will* 
ferreus, a, um (of) iron 
gemitus, us m. groan(ing), roar* 
Gno(s)sius, a, um of Gnossus, a city of 
Crete 

haurio, ire, hausi, haustus drain, drink 

( in ) 

Hecate, es /. goddess of the lower world 


552. Porta (est). 

557-558. stridor, catenae: additional 
subjects of the hist, infinitives, exaudiri, 
sonare. 

560. Quae (sunt). 


inclutus, a, um renowned, famous 
insisto, ere, stiti stand (on), pursue 
loquor, i, locutus speak, say, talk, tell* 
lucus, i m. (sacred) grove, wood* 
ordior, iri, orsus begin, commence 
palla, ae /. cloak, robe, mantle 
Phlegethon, ontis m. fiery stream of 
Hades 

porta, ae /. door, gate, entrance, exit* 
praeficio, ere, feci, fectus set over ( dat.) 
Rhadamanthus, i m. early king of Crete 
and later judge of the dead in Hadesf 
saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* 
sceleratus, a, um criminal, unholy 
scelus, eris n. crime, villainy, sin* 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit* 
solidus, a, um solid, firm, strong 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
strepitus, us m. uproar, noise, bustle 
stridor, oris m. creaking, clanking, whir 
succingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus gird(le) 
Tartareus, a, um of Tartarus, the lowest 
region and abode of the wicked in Hades 
Tisiphone, es /. a Furyf 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus turn, twist, whirl* 
turris, is /. tower, turret 
urged, ere, ursi (op)press, beset 
valeo, ere, ui, itus be strong, be able 
verber, eris n. blow, lash, whip 
vestibulum, i n. entrance, vestibule 
virgo, inis/, virgin, maid(en), girl* 


561. clangor (venit) ad auris (nos¬ 
tras). 

563. fas (est). 

565. de(or)um: subj. gen., the punish¬ 
ments inflicted by the gods. 






344 THE AENEID, 567-580 

castlgatgwe auditque dolos subigitgwe fateri 
quae quis apud superos furto laetatus inanl 
distulit in seram commissa piacula mortem. 

570 Continuo sontls ultrlx acclncta flagello 

Tisiphone quatit Insultans, torvosgwe sinistra 
intentans anguis vocat agmina saeva sororum. 
Turn demum horrisonS stridentes cardine sacrae 
panduntur portae. Cernis custodia qualis 
575 vestibulo sedeat, facies quae llmina servetf 

Quinquaginta atrls immanis hiatibus Hydra 
saevior intus habet sedem. Turn Tartarus ipse 
bis patet in praeceps tantum tenditque sub umbras 
quantus ad aetherium caeli suspectus Olympum. 
580 Hie genus antiquum Terrae, Titania pubes, 


accingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus gird(le) 
aetherius, a, um ethereal, heavenly 
anguis, is m. (/.) snake, serpent 
apud among, at, in ( acc .) 
bis twice* 

cardo, inis m. hinge, pivot, socket 
castigo (1) punish, avenge, chastise 
committo, ere, ml si, missus commit, 
perform 

continuo immediately, at once 
custodia, ae/. guard(ian), caref 
demum at length, finally 
differo, ferre, distuli, dilatus put off, 
deferf 

dolus, I m. deceit, wiles, trick, fraud* 
facies, ei /. appearance, face, aspect* 
fateor, eri, fassus confess, agree 
flagellum, i n. whip, lash, scourge 
furtum, i n. theft, stealth, concealment 
hiatus, us m. gaping (mouth), yawning 
horrisonus, a, um horrible-soundingf 
Hydra, ae /. monster with seven (fifty) 
serpent heads, killed by Herculesf 
inanis, e empty, useless, vain, idle* 
insulto (1) leap on, insult 
intento (1) stretch (out), threaten 
intus within, inside 
laetor, ari, atus rejoice, exult, delight 
Olympus, i m. high mountain of northern 
Greece, home of the gods; heaven 
pando, ere, i, passus open, extend* 


568. quis: indef. apud superos: see 
1. 481 and note, furto inani: vain conceal¬ 
ment, because punishment is inescapable. 

568-569. quae commissa piacula = 
commissa quorum piacula. 

574. custodia: Tisiphone. 

579. caeli: obj. gen. with suspectus 
(est), the gazing up (from earth) to heaven , 


pateo, ere, ui lie open, extend 
piaculum, i n. atonement, expiation, 
crime 

porta, ae /. door, gate, entrance, exit* 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, precipitous; 

in praeceps straight downward* 
pubes, is/, youth, (group of) young men* 
qualis, e of what sort, (such) as* 
quantus, a, um how great, how much, as* 
quatio, ere, quassus shake, shatter 
quinquaginta fifty 
saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit* 
serus, a, um (too) late, tardy 
sinister, tra, trum left (hand), on the left 
sons, sontis guilty, impious, criminalf 
soror, oris /. sister* 
strid(e)o, ere, i grate, creak, whir 
subigo, ere, egi, actus force, subdue 
suspectus, us m. view upwardf 
Tartarus, i m. the lowest part of Hades, 
abode of the wicked 
Tisiphone, es /. a Fury 
Titanius, a, um of the Titans, an early 
race of giants who attempted to storm 
heaven, but who were cast down by 
the thunderbolts of Jove and confined 
in the lowest depths of Hadest 
torvus, a, um savage, grim, scowling 
ultrix, icis avenging, (as) avenger 
vestibulum, i n . entry, vestibule 


or possibly from the abyss to heaven , with 
ad aetherium Olympum added as explan¬ 
atory. 

580-581. Titania pubes: overthrown 
by Jupiter, genus, pubes, dejecti: ob¬ 
serve the three genders and two numbers, 
all referring to the same thing, the race of 
Titans. 




BOOK VI, 581-596 


345 


fulmine deject! fundo volvuntur in imo. 

Hie et Aloldas geminos immania vidi 

corpora, qui manibus magnum rescindere caelum 

adgressl superisque Jovem detrudere regnis. 

Vidi et crudelis dantem Salmonea poenas, 585 

dum flammam Jovis et sonitus imitatur Olympl. 

Quattuor hie invectus equis et lampada quassans 

per Grajum populos mediaeque per Elidis urbem 

ibat ovans, divumque sibi poscebat honorem, 

demens, qui nimbos et non imitabile fulmen 590 

aere et cornipedum pulsu simularet equorum. 

At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum 
contorsit, non ille faces nec fumea taedls 
lumina, praecipitemgwe immdni turbine adegit. 

Nec non et Tityon, Terrae omniparentis alumnum, 595 

cernere erat, per tota novem cui jugera corpus 


adgredior, I, gressus attack, attempt 
adigo, ere, egl, actus drive, hurl 
aes, aeris n. bronze (utensil)* 

Aloldae, arum ra. sons of Aloeus, Otus 
and Ephialtes, giants who attempted 
to storm heaven by piling up moun¬ 
tains, but were overthrown and con¬ 
fined in the lowest depths of Hadesf 
alumnus, i m. nursling, foster childf 
contorqueo, ere, rsl, rtus twist, whirl 
cornipes, pedis horny-hoofedf 
crudelis, e cruel, merciless, harsh* 
dejicio, ere, jeci, jectus hurl down 
demens, entis mad, frenzied, foolish 
densus, a, um thick, dense, crowded* 
detrudo, ere, si, sus thrust downt 
Elis, idis /. district of southern Greece 
fax, facis /. torch, firebrand, faggot* 
fulmen, inis n. thunderbolt, lightning* 
fumeus, a, um smoky, smokingf 
fundus, i m. bottom, depths 
Grajus, a, um Greek* 
imitabilis, e that may be imitated, imi- 
tablef 

imitor, ari, atus imitate, mimict 
inveho, ere, vexi, vectus convey 
jugerum, i n. acre; more accurately 
about five-eighths of an acref 


lampas, adis /. torch, lantern 
nimbus, i m. storm (cloud), rainstorm* 
novem nine 

nubila, drum n. clouds, cloudiness 
Olympus, l m. mountain of northern 
Greece, home of the gods; heaven 
omniparens, entis parent of allf 
omnipotens, entis almighty, omnipo¬ 
tent 

ovo (1) exult, rejoice, triumph 
posco, ere, poposci demand, seek, ask* 
praeceps, cipitis headlong, headfore¬ 
most* 

pulsus, us m. beat, trample, strokef 
quasso (1) shake, brandish; shatter 
quattuor four 

rescindo, ere, scidi, scissus tear downf 
Salmoneus, eos (ei), acc. ea, m. king of 
Elis, who attempted to imitate the thun¬ 
der and lightning of Jove by means of 
his rattling chariot and blazing torchesf 
simulo (1) imitate, counterfeit, simu¬ 
late 

sonitus, us m. sound, thunder, roar* 
taeda, ae /. pine torch 
Tityos, i m. giant slain by Apollo for 
attempting to violate Latonaf 
turbo, inis m. whirl(wind, pool), gulf 


581. fulmine: the thunderbolt of Jupiter. 
583. corpora: in apposition with 

Aloldas. 

585. Salmonea: acc. sing., a Greek 
form. 

587. hie: pronounce hicc, making a 
long syllable. 


590-591. qui . . . simularet: rel. clause 
of cause; App. 357. 

593. ille: Jupiter. 

594. turbine (fulminis). (Salmonea) 
praecipitem. 

595. Nec non: likewise . 

596. erat: it was possible . 





346 


THE AENEID, 597-610 


porrigitur, rostrogwe immanis vultur obunco 
immortale jecur tondens fecundagwe poems 
viscera rimaturgite epulis habitatgwe sub alto 
600 pedore, nec fibrls requies datur ulla renatis. 

Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona Plrithoumgwef 

• ••••••••• 

Quo super atra silex jam jam lapsura cadenti que 
imminet adsimilis; lucent genialibus altls 
aurea fulcra toris, epulaegwe ante ora paratae 
605 regifico luxu; furiarum maxima juxta 

accubat et manibus prohibet contingere mensas, 
exsurgitgue facem attollens atque intonat ore. 
Hie, quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat, 
pulsatusve parens aut fraus innexa client!, 

6io aut qui dlvitiis soli incubuere repertis 


accubo, are, ui, itus recline (by)t 
adsimilis, e like, similar {dat .)f 
attollo, ere lift, raise, rear* 
aureus, a, um golden, (of) gold* 
cado, ere, cecidi, casus fall, sink, die* 
cliens, entis m. client, dependant! 
contingo, ere, tigi, tactus touch, reach* 
divitiae, arum /. riches, wealth! 
epulae, arum/, banquet, feast 
exsurgo, ere, surrexi, surrectus rise! 
fax, facis /. torch, firebrand* 
fecundus, a, um fruitful, productive! 
fibra, ae/. fiber, filament; entrailf 
frater, tris m. brother* 
fraus, fraudis /. deceit, trick, wile, fraud 
fulcrum, i n. prop, support, headrestj 
furiae, arum /. the furies, goddesses of 
vengeance 

genialis, e festal, joyous, pleasant! 
habito (1) inhabit, dwell, possess 
immineo, ere overhang, threaten 
immortalis, e immortal, undying! 
incubo, are, ui, itus lie on; gloat over 
innecto, ere, nex(u)i, nexus fasten, 
contrive 

intono, are, ui thunder (at) 
invisus, a, um hated, hateful, odious 
Ixion, onis, acc. ona, m. giant bound to a 
revolving wheel in Hades for attempt¬ 
ing to violate Juno! 


jecur, (jecin)oris n. liver, the seat of 
evil passions! 

juxta next, nearest, close (to)* 

Lapithae, arum m. tribe of northern 
Greece, famous for their battle with 
the Centaurs! 

luceo, ere, luxi shine, gleam, beam 
luxus, us m. luxury, splendor, excess 
memoro (1) (re)call, recount, mention* 
mensa, ae /. table* 
obuncus, a, um curved, hooked! 
Pirithoiis, i m. king of the Lapiths, who 
with the help of Theseus attempted to 
carry off Proserpina, queen of Pluto 
porrigo, ere, rexi, rectus stretch, extend! 
prohibeo, ere, ui, itus prevent, pro¬ 
hibit 

pulso (1) strike, beat, lash, throb 
regificus, a, um royal, regal, kingly! 
renascor, i, natus be reborn, be renewed! 
reperio, ire, repperi, repertus find 
requies, etis (ei) /. rest, respite 
rimor, ari, atus split, tear (open), ex¬ 
plore! 

rostrum, i n. beak, snout; prow 
silex, icis m. (/.) flint, rock, stone 
tondeo, ere, totondi, tonsus shear; eat 
torus, i m. (banqueting) couch* 
viscus, eris n. vitals, flesh 
vultur, uris rn. vulture, buzzard! 


598. jecur: supposed to be the seat of 
lust and the evil passions. 

599. epulis: for his banquet; dat. of 
purpose. 

600. renatis: his flesh grows again as 
fast as it is devoured by the vulture. 

602-603. One or more verses describ¬ 


ing Tantalus seem to have fallen out here, 
cadentique: hypermetric; App. 402. 

604. toris: dat. of reference. 

605. maxima (natu): the eldest . 
608-609. Hie (sunt ei) quibus fratres 

(erant) invisi (et ei a quibus) pulsatus 
(est) parens aut fraus innexa (est). 




BOOK VI, 611-624 


347 


nec 'partem posuere suis (quae maxima turba est), 

quique ob adulterium caesi, qulque arma secuti 

impia nec veritl dominorum fallere dextras, 

inclusi poenam exspectant. Ne quaere doceri 

quam poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave mersit. 615 

Saxum ingens volvunt alii, radilsgwe rotarum 

district! pendent; sedet aeternumgue sedebit 

infelix Theseus, Phlegyasg'ue miserrimus omnis 

admonet et magna testatur voce per umbras: 

‘Discite justitiam monitl et non temnere divosd 620 

Vendidit hie auro patriam dominurngwe potentem 
imposuit; flxit leges pretio atque refixit; 
hie thalamum invasit natae vetitosgue hymenaeos: 
ausl omnes immane nefas auso que potiti. 


admoneo, ere, ui, itus warn, advise 
adulterium, (i)i n. adulteryf 
aeternum eternally, forever 
audeo, ere, ausus sum dare, venture* 
ausum, 1 n. daring deed, crime, thing 
dared 

caedo, ere, cecidl, caesus cut (down), 
kill 

disco, ere, didici learn; perf. know 
distringo, ere, strinxi, strictus stretch 
outf 

doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, tell, inform* 
dominus, i ra. master, lord, ruler 
exspecto (1) await, expect, hope (for)* 

fallo, ere, fefelll, falsus deceive, vio¬ 
late* 

figo, ere, xl, xus fix, fasten, set up* 
forma, ae /. shape, beauty, form* 
hymenaeus, i m. (god of) marriage 
impius, a, um disloyal, treacherous 
impono, ere, posui, positus place on* 
includo, ere, si, sus shut (in), inclose 
invado, ere, si, sus enter, attack 
justitia, ae /. justice, righteousness 
lex, legis /. law, decree, statute 
merge, ere, rsi, rsus sink, bury, drown 
monee, ere, ui, itus advise, warn 


nata, ae /. daughter 

nefas n. indecl. impiety, crime, sin* 

ob on account of ( acc.) 

patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 

pendee, ere, pependi hang* 

Phlegyas, ae m. father of Ixion, who set 
fire to Apollo’s temple at Delphif 
potens, entis powerful, ruling, mighty* 
potior, iri, itus attain, gain ( abl .) 
pretium, (i)i n. price, bribe, reward 
radius, (i)i m. rod, spoke, ray 
refige, ere, xi, xus unfasten, annul, pull 
down 

rota, ae/. wheel; chariot, car 
sedeo, ere, sedi, sessus sit* 
temno, ere despise, scorn, disdain 
testor, ari, atus call to witness, testify 
thalamus, im. (bridal) chamber, bedroom* 
Theseus, ei (eos) m. early king of Athens; 
he helped his friend, Pirithous, in his 
attempt to carry off Proserpina and 
was condemned to sit forever on a 
stone in Hades 

turba, ae /. crowd, mob, confusion 
vendo, ere, didi, ditus sell, betray 
vereor, eri, itus fear, dread, revere 
veto, are, ui, itus forbid, prohibit 


611. quae: attracted into the gender of 
the predicate; App. 240, a . 

612-613. arma impia: probably refer¬ 
ring to the civil wars at Rome. 

613. dominorum: obj. gen., the faith 
pledged to their masters , probably re¬ 
ferring to the slave revolts at Rome. 

615. quam poenam (exspectant). 

616. Saxum volvunt: Sisyphus, for 
example, was compelled to roll a huge 
stone to the top of a hill; but at the 


summit the stone always escaped and 
rolled back to the bottom. 

621. hie: pronounce hicc, making a 
long syllable. 

622. fixit atque refixit: made and un¬ 
made . At Rome the laws were inscribed 
on bronze tablets and put in some publis 
place; when the laws were repealed or 
annulled, the tablets were removed. 

624. ausi (sunt), ausoque potiti (sunt): 
dared and gained what they dared . 





348 THE AENEID, 625-639 

625 Non, mihi si linguae centum sint draque centum, 
ferrea vox, omnls scelerum comprendere formas, 
omnia poenarum percurrere nomina possim.” 

Haec ubi dicta dedit Phoebi longaeva sacerdos, 
“Sed jam age, carpe viam et susceptum perfice munus; 

630 acceleremus” ait; “Cyclopum educta caminis 
moenia conspicio atque adverso fornice portas, 
haec ubi nos praecepta jubent deponere dona.” 

Dixerat et pariter gressi per opaca viarum 
corripiunt spatium medium foribusgue propinquant. 

635 Occupat Aeneas aditum corpusque recent! 

spargit aqua ramum^we adverso in limine figit. 

His demum exactls, perfecto munere divae, 
devenere locos laetos et amoena virecta 
fortunatorum nemorum sedesque beatas. 


accelero (1) hasten, hurry, speed 
aditus, us m. approach, entrance 
adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
amoenus, a, um pleasant, delightful 
aqua, ae /. water, waves, flood* 
beatus, a, um happy, blessed 
caminus, i m. forge, furnace, chimney 
carpo, ere, psl, ptus pluck, take, consume 
centum hundred* 

compre(he)ndd, ere, I, ensus grasp, 
comprise 

conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look at 
corripio, ere, ui, reptus snatch (up), 
hurry over* 

Cyclops, opis m. one of a race of one- 
eyed giants, workmen of Vulcan, the 
smithy god 

demum at length, finally 
depono, ere, posui, positus lay down, 
deposit 

devenio, ire, veni, ventus come down (to), 
reach 

educo, ere, duxl, ductus lead out, raise 
exigo, ere, egi, actus drive out, per¬ 
form 

ferreus, a, um (of) iron 

flgo, ere, xi, xus fix, plant, fasten* 

foris, is /. door, gate, entrance 

628-636. Aeneas and the Sibyl ap¬ 
proach the palace of Dis, god of the lower 
world, and place the golden bough at the 
entrance. 

629. munus: the presentation of the 
golden bough to Proserpina. 

631. fornice: abl. of quality. 

636. spargit: as a rite of purification, 
figit: the golden bough is apparently a 
votive offering; hence Aeneas fastens it 


forma, ae /. shape, form, beauty* 
fornix, icis m. arch, vaultf 
fortunatus, a, um blessed, happy 
gradior, i, gressus step, go, march 
lingua, ae /. tongue, language 
longaevus, a, um aged, old, long-lived 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 
occupo (1) seize (beforehand), gain, oc¬ 
cupy 

opacus, a, um dark, shady, gloomy 
pariter equally, side by side* 
percurro, ere, (cu)curri, cursus run 
through, enumerate, recount, mention f 
perficio, ere, feci, fectus complete, finish, 
accomplish 

Phoebus, i m. Apollo, god of light, music, 
and prophecy* 

porta, ae /. door, gate, entrance, exit* 
praeceptum, i n . instruction, order 
propinquo (1) draw near, approach ( dat .) 
ramus, i m. branch, limb, bough* 
recens, entis recent, fresh, new 
sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
scelus, eris n. crime, villainy, sin* 
spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 
spatium, (i)i n. space, distance, place 
suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus undertake 
virectum, l n. greensward, meadow, turff 

in some way at the entrance, just as he 
had hung up the shield of Abas at the en¬ 
trance to the temple of Apollo (III, 286- 
287), and as Antenor had dedicated his 
arms in the temple at Patavium (I, 248- 
249). 

637-665. The region of the blessed 
with its beautiful meadows, more abun¬ 
dant atmosphere, and purple light. Here 




BOOK VI, 640-654 


349 


Largior hie campos aether et lumine vestit 640 

purpureo, sdlemque suum, sua sidera norunt. 

Pars in gramineis exercent membra palaestris, 
contendunt ludo et fulva luctantur harena; 
pars pedibus plaudunt choreas et carmina dicunt. 

Nee non Threicius longa cum veste sacerdos 645 

obloquitur numeris septem discrimina vocum, 
jamque eadem digitls, jam pectine pulsat eburno. 

Hie genus antiquum Teucrl, pulcherrima proles, 
magnanimi heroes, nati melioribus annis, 

Ilusgwe Assaracus^we et Trojae Dardanus auctor. 650 

Arma procul currusfj'ue virum miratur inanis. 

Stant terra defixae hastae passimgwe soluti 
per campum pascuntur equi. Quae gratia currum 
armorumque fuit vlvis, quae cur a nitentis 


aether, eris ra. upper air, sky, ether* 
annus, i m . year, season, time* 
Assaracus, i ra. king of Phrygia, and 

grandfather of Anchises 
auctor, oris ra. author, founder, sponsor 
carmen, inis n. song, poem, chant 
chorea, ae/. (round) dance, choral dancet 
contendo, ere, i, ntus strive, struggle 
currus, us ra. chariot, car* 

Dardanus, i ra. ancestor of the Trojans 
defigo, ere, xi, xus fix, fasten (down) 
digitus, i ra. finger, toe 
discrimen, inis n. distinction, interval 
eburnus, a, um (of) ivoryf 
exerceo, ere, ui, itus exercise, drive* 
fulvus, a, um yellow, tawny, blond 
gramineus, a, um grassy, of grass 
gratia, ae /. charm, liking, favor 
harena, ae /. sand, beach* 
hasta, ae /. spear, lance, dart 
herds, ois m. hero, mighty warrior* 

Ilus, i m. founder and early king of Troy 
inanis, e empty, unsubstantial, idle* 
largus, a, um abundant, spacious 
luctor, arl, atus wrestle, struggle 
ludus, l m. sport, game, play, contest 
magnanimus, a, um great-souled 
melior, ius better, superior, preferable* 
membrum, i n. member, limb, body* 

the souls of the righteous follow in com¬ 
plete freedom the pursuits to which 
they had devoted their lives while on 
earth. 

641. suum, sua: as contrasted with 
those of our world. no(ve)runt. 

642-647. Cf. Paradise Lost , 2, 528 ff. 

644. choreas: cognate acc. 


miror, arl, atus wonder at, admire* 
nascor, i, natus be born, arise* 
nitens, entis shining, white, sleek 
nosed, ere, novi, notus learn; perf. 
know* 

numerus, i m. number, tune, measure* 
obloquor, i, locutus (make) accompany, 
sing responsivelyf 

palaestra, ae /. wrestling (place, bout) 
pasco, ere, pavi, pastus feed, graze 
passim everywhere, all about* 
pecten, inis m. comb, pick (for striking 
the strings of a lyre)f 
plaudo, ere, si, sus clap, strike, beat, dance 
proles, is /. offspring, progeny, race* 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, handsome, 
noble, splendid, illustrious* 
pulso (1) strike, beat, lash, throb 
purpureus, a, um purple, crimson 
sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 
septem seven 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 
solvo, ere, i, solutus loose(n), free* 
Teucrus (cer), cri m. early king of Troy 
Threicius, a, um Thracian, of Thrace, 
a country northeast of Greece 
vestio, ire, ivi (ii), itus clothe, covert 
vestis, is/, cloth(ing), garment, robe* 
vivus, a, um living, alive, natural 

645. Nec non: likewise. Threicius 
sacerdos: Orpheus. 

649. melioribus annis: in the good old 

days . 

651. (Aeneas) miratur. 

653. curr(u)um: obj. gen. with gratia, 

the delight in chariots. 

654. (eis) vivis: {while) alive; dat. of 
possession; App. 299. 





350 THE AENEID, 655-669 

655 pascere equos, eadem sequitur failure repostSs. 

Conspicit, ecce, alios dextra laeva que per herbam 
vescentis laetumque choro paeana canentis 
inter odoratum laurl nemus, unde superne 
plurimus Eridani per silvam volvitur amnis. 

660 Hie manus ob patriam pugnando vulnera pass!, 

quique sacerdotes cast!, dum vita manebat, 
quique pii rates et Phoebo digna locutl, 
inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artis, 
quique sui memores alios fecere merendo: 

665 omnibus his nivea cinguntur tempora vitta. 

Quos circumfusos sic est adfata Sibylla, 

Musaeum ante omnis (medium nam pliirima turba 
hunc habet atque umeris exstantem suspicit altis ): 
“Dicite, felices animae, tuque, optime rates, 


adfor, arl, atus address, speak to* 
amnis, is m. river, stream* 
ars, artis /. art, skill, device, craft* 
cano, ere, cecinl, cantus sing (of), chant* 
castus, a, um pure, holy, chaste 
chorus, I m. (dancing) band, chorus 
cingo, ere, cinxi, cinctus encircle, gird(le)* 
circumfundo, ere, fudl, fusus pour 
(scatter) around 

conspicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, behold 
dignus, a, um deserving, worthy of ( abl .) 
ecce look! see! behold!* 

Eridanus, I m. the river Po in northern 
Italy! 

excolo, ere, ui, cultus cultivate, enrich! 
exsto, are stand out, tower above! 
fellx, icis happy, blessed* 
herba, ae /. herb(age), grass, plant* 
invenio, Ire, veni, ventus find, invent 
laevus, a, um left (hand), on the left* 
laurus, I (us) /. laurel, a tree sacred to 
Apollo 

loquor, I, locutus speak, say, talk, tell* 
memor, oris mindful, remembering* 
mereo, ere, ui, itus deserve, earn, merit* 


655. repos(i)tos. 

657. choro: abl. of manner, paeana: 
acc. sing., a Greek form. 

658. superne: the Po (Eridanus) in 
its upper part flows some distance under 
ground, and was thus thought to have its 
source in Hades. 

660. Hie (est) manus (virorum qui) 

pass! (sunt): manus being used collec¬ 
tively ( = manus virorum) is followed 
by the masc. pi., a construction ac¬ 
cording to the sense; App. 444. 


Musaeus, I m. early Thracian bard! 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 
niveus, a, um snowy, white 
ob on account of, for {acc.) 
odoratus, a, um scented, fragrant! 
optimus, a, um best, finest 
paean, anis, acc. ana, m. song of praise! 
pasco, ere, pavi, pastus feed, graze 
patior, I, passus suffer, endure, allow* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
Phoebus, I m. Apollo, god of light, 
poetry, music, and prophecy* 
pugno (1) fight, battle, struggle, oppose 
repono, ere, posui, pos(i)tus lay away, 
bury* v 

sacerdos, otis m. (/.) priest(ess)* 

Sibylla, ae /. ancient Italian prophetess 
superne (in the world) above! 
suspicio, ere, spexi, spectus look up (at) 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
turba, ae /. crowd, mob, confusion 
unde whence, from which source* 
vescor, I feed, eat (abl.) 
vitta, ae /. fillet, ribbon, band* 
vulnus, eris n. wound, deadly blow* 


661. et (el) qui (erant) sacerdotes 
cast!. 

662. vates (erant), locutl (erant). 

663. vitam: of mankind in general. 

666-702. Aeneas and the Sibyl are 
guided by Musaeus to Anchises who 
receives his son with a great show of 
affection. 

667. plurima turba: indicating his 
prominence. 




BOOK VI. 670-685 


351 


quae regio Anchisen, quis habet locus? Illius ergo 670 

venimus et magnos Erebi tranavimus amnis.” 

Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros: 

“Nulll certa domus; lucls habitamus opacls, 
riparumgwe toros et prata recentia rivis 

incolimus. Sed vos, si fert ita corde voluntas, 675 

hoc superate jugum, et facill jam tramite sistam. ,, 

Dixit, et ante tulit gressum camposque nitentis 
desuper ostentat; dehinc summa cacumina linquunt. 

At pater Anchises penitus convalle virentl 
inclusas animas superumque ad lumen ituras 680 

lustrabat studio recolens, omnemque suorum 
forte recensebat numerum, cards que nepotes 
fataque fortunasque virum mores que manusque. 

Isque ubi tendentem adversum per gramina vidit 

Aenean, alacris palmas utrasque tetendit, 685 


adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
alacer (cris), cris, ere eager, quick 
amnis, is ra. river, stream* 
cacumen, inis n. summit, peak, top 
carus, a, um dear, beloved, fond* 
certus, a, um fixed, sure, trusty, cer¬ 
tain* 

convallis, is /. valley, vale, dale 
cor, rdis n. heart, spirit, feelings, soul* 
dehinc thence, from there 
desuper from above 

Erebus, i ra. Hades, (god of) the lower 
world 

ergo therefore, then, consequently; on 
account of, for the sake of {gen.) 
facilis, e easy, favorable, propitious 
gramen, inis n. grass, sward, meadow 
gressus, us ra. step, walk, gait, stride 
habito (1) inhabit, dwell, possess 
heros, bis ra. hero, mighty warrior* 
includo, ere, si, sus shut (up), inclose 
incolo, ere, ui inhabit, dwell (in)f 
ita thus, so, in this way 
jugum, i n. yoke, (mountain) ridge* 
linquo, ere, liqui, lictus leave, forsake* 
lucus, i ra. (sacred) grove, forest* 
lustro (1) survey; traverse; purify* 
mbs, moris m. custom, character, man¬ 
ner* 


nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 
nitens, entis shining, bright 
numerus, i m. number, multitude* 
opacus, a, um dark, shady, gloomy 
ostento (1) show (off), display, exhibit 
palma, ae /. palm, hand* 
paucus, a, um little, few, scanty* 
penitus deep (within), deeply; wholly* 
pratum, I n. meadow, greenswardf 
recens, entis recent, fresh, new 
recenseo, ere, ui, sus (situs) reviewf 
recolo, ere, ui, cultus survey, reflect (on), 
contemplate! 

reddo, ere, didi, ditus give back, render* 
regio, onis /. district, region, tract 
responsum, i n. reply, answer 
ripa, ae /. bank, shore* 
rivus, i m. stream, rivulet 
sisto, ere, steti, status set, place 
studium, (i)i n. desire, zeal, pursuit 
superb (1) surmount, overcome, pass 
over* 

torus, i m. (banqueting) couch* 
trames, itis m. path, way 
trano (1) swim, voyage across 
uterque, utraque, utrumque each (of two), 
both* 

virens, entis green, flourishing 
voluntas, atis /. desire, purpose 


672. paucis (dictis). 

674. riparum: (the couches) formed 
by the banks; appositional geni¬ 
tive. 

675. si fert ita corde voluntas: if your 
heart thus inclines. 

678. dehinc: one syllable here by 


synizesis. (Aeneas et Sibylla) linquunt 
summa cacumina. 

681. suorum: of his {own) people. 

683. manus: deeds (of valor in war). 
Observe Vergil’s fondness for -que, which 
he employs four times in this line and 
seven times in this sentence; App. 439. 




352 


THE AENEID, 686-703 


effusaegue genis lacrimae et vox excidit ore: 
“Venistl tandem, tuaque exspectata parentl 
vlcit iter durum pietas? Datur ora tueri, 
nate, tua et notas audlre et reddere voces t 
690 Sic equidem ducebam animo rebargue futurum 

tempora dinumerans, nec me mea cura fefellit. 
Quas ego te terras et quanta per aequora vectum 
accipio! Quantis jactatum, nate, pencils! 

Quam metui ne quid Libyae tibi regna nocerent! ” 
695 Ille autem: 11 Tua me, genitor, tua trlstis imago ' 

saepius occurrens haec llmina tendere adegit ; 
stant sale Tyrrheno classes. Da jungere dextram, 
da, genitor, teque amplexu ne subtrahe nostro ” 

Sic memorans largo fletu simul ora rigabat. 

700 Ter conatus ibi collo dare bracchia circum; 

ter frustra comprensa manus effugit imago, 
par levibus ventls volucrlgwe simillima somno. 

Interea videt Aeneas in valle reducta 


adigo, ere, egi, actus drive to, force 
amplexus, us m. embrace, fold, grasp 
autem moreover, however, but* 
bracchium, (i)i n. arm, forearm* 
collum, l n . neck* 

compre(he)ndo, ere, I, ensus seize, grasp 
Conor, arl, atus attempt, try, endeavor 
dlnumero (1) count, number, computet 
durus, a, um hard(y), harsh, stern* 
effugio, ere, fugi flee, escape 
effundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour out, utter* 
equidem indeed, surely, truly* 
excido, ere, i fall from, drop 
exspecto (1) await, expect, hope (for)* 
fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus deceive, disap¬ 
point* 

fletus, us m. weeping, tears, lament 
frustra in vain, uselessly, ineffectually* 
gena, ae /. cheek 
ibi there, then 

imago, inis /. likeness, phantom, shade* 
interea meanwhile, (in the) meantime* 
iter, itineris n. way, road, journey* 
jacto (1) toss, buffet, hurl, cast, fling* 
jungo, ere, junxl, junctus join, unite* 
largus, a, um abundant, large, copious 
levis, e light, unsubstantial, swift 
Libya, ae /. country of northern Africa; 
Carthage* 


memoro (1) (re)call, recount, say* 
metuo, ere, ui fear, dread, be anxious 
noceo, ere, ui, itus harm, hurt ( dat .) 
notus, a, um (well) known, familiar* 
occurro, ere, (cu)currl, cursus (run to) 
meet (dat.) 

par, paris equal, like, similar (dat.)* 
peric(u)lum, i n. danger, peril, risk 
pietas, atis f. devotion, loyalty, sense of 
duty, righteousness, nobility* 
quam how, than, as* 

quantus, a, um how (great, much, many), 

as* 

reddo, ere, didi, ditus give (back), answer* 
reduco, ere, duxi, ductus lead back, re¬ 
tire, seclude 

reor, reri, ratus think, suppose, reckon 
rigo (1) wet, water, bedew, moistenf 
saepe often, frequently* 
sal, salis m. (n.) salt, brine; sea 
similis, e like, similar (dat.)* 
subtraho, ere, traxi, tractus withdraw 
ter thrice, three times* 
tueor, erl, itus (tutus) look (at), watch* 
Tyrrhenus, a, um Etruscan, of Etruria 
in northern Italy 
vallis, is /. valley, vale, dale 
veho, ere, vexi, vectus convey, bear* 
volucer, cris, ere winged, fleet* 


687. parent! (tuo) = mihi: dat. of 
agent. 

690. futurum (esse). 

692. (per) terras. 

696. (ad) haec limina. 


700-702. Repeated from II, 792-794. 
somno = somnio: dream. 

703-751. Anchises tells Aeneas how 
individual souls originate as parts of 





BOOK VI, 704-720 


353 


seclusum nemus et virgulta sonantia silvae, 

Lethaeumgwe domos placidas qui praenatat amnem. 705 

Hunc circum innumerae gentes populigwe volabant, 

ac velut in pratls ubi apes aestate serena 

floribus Insldunt varils et Candida circum 

lilia funduntur, strepit omnis murmure campus. 

Horrescit visu subito causasgwe requirit 710 

Inscius Aeneas, quae sint ea flumina porro, 
quive viri tanto complerint agmine ripas. 

Turn pater Anchises: “Animae, quibus altera fata 

corpora debentur, Lethael ad fluminis undam 

securos latices et longa oblivia potant. 715 

Has equidem memorare tibi atque ostendere coram, 

jamprldem /ianc prole m cupio enumerare meorum, 

quo magis Italia mecum laetere reperta.” 

“0 pater, anne aliquas ad caelum hinc ire putandum est 
sublimls animas iterumgue ad tarda revert! 720 


aestas, atis /. summer (time) 

aliquis, qua, quid some(one), any (one)* 

alter, era, erum other (of two), second* 

amnis, is ra. river, stream* 

an(ne) interrog. whether, orf 

apis, is /. bee 

candidus, a, um white, shining 
causa, ae /. reason, cause, occasion* 
compleo, ere, evi, etus fill, complete 
coram face to face, before the face 
cupio, ere, ivi (il), Itus wish, desire 
debeo, ere, ul, itus owe, be due, ought 
enumero (1) enumerate, count (off) 
equidem indeed, surely, truly* 
flos, oris m. flower, blossom, bloom 
flumen, inis n. river, stream, flood* 
horresco, ere, horrui shudder, tremble 
innumerus, a, um countlessf 
inscius, a, um ignorant, unaware 
insido, ere, sedi, sessus sit (down, on), 
settle ( dat .) 

iterum again, anew, a second time* 
jampridem long since, for a long time 
laetor, ari, atus rejoice, exult, delight 
latex, icis m. liquid, water, wine 
Lethaeus, a, um of Lethe, the river of 
forgetfulness in Hades 
lilium, (i)i n. lilyf 
magis more, rather* 
memoro (1) recount, recall, mention* 

the great world-soul, how they unite 
with earthly bodies, how they are 
purified after death from the stains 
of the body, and how they return 
to the upper world and enter new 
bodies. 


murmur, uris n. murmur, buzz, roar 
nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 
oblivium, (i)I n. forgetfulness, oblivionf 
ostendo, ere, i, ntus show, display* 
placidus, a, um calm, peaceful, quiet* 
populus, l m. people, nation, race* 
porro further, yonder, afar (off) 
poto (1) drink (of), quafff 
praenato (1) flow past, glide byf 
pratum, i n. meadow, greensward 
proles, is /. progeny, offspring, race* 
puto (1) think, suppose, consider 
reperio, ire, repperi, repertus find 
requiro, ere, sivi, situs seek, inquire 
revertor, i, rsus return, revert 
ripa, ae /. bank, shore* 
secludo, ere, si, sus shut off, seclude 
securus, a, um free(ing) from care 
serenus, a, um clear, calm, serene 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
strepo, ere, ui, itus hum, sound, rat¬ 
tle t 

subitus, a, um sudden, unexpected 
sublimis, e lofty, aloft, on high 
tardus, a, um slow, sluggish, late 
varius, a, um various, variegated* 
velut® as, just as* 
virgultum, i n. thicket, bush, copse 
visus, us m. sight, vision, view 
volo (1) fly, speed, flit, flutter* 

712. comple(ve)rint. 

717. meorum: of my descendants. 

718. quo laetere ( = laeteris): rel. 
clause of purpose; App. 204, 4; 388. 

719. ad caelum: to the upper air , i.e., 
to the world of living men. 





354 


THE AENEID, 721-733 


corpora? Quae lucis miserls tam dira cupido?” 

“Dicam equidem nec te suspension, ndte, tenebo,” 
suscipit Anchises atque ordine singula pandit. 

“Principio caelum ac terram camposque liquentis 
725 lucentemgwe globum lunae Tltaniagwe astra 
spiritus intus alit, totamque infusa per art us 
mens agitat molem et magno se corpore miscet. 

Inde hominum pecudumgwe genus vitaeque volantum 
et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aequore pontus. 

730 Igneus est ollls vigor et caelestis origo 

seminibus, quantum non corpora noxia tardant 
terrenigwe hebetant artus moribundagwe membra. 

Hinc metuunt cupiuntgwe, dolent gaudentgwe, neque auras 


agito (1) move, drive, harass, agitate 
alo, ere, ui, (i)tus, nourish, feed, rear 
artus, us m. joint, member, limb, body* 
astrum, l n. star, sun, constellation* 
caelestis, e heavenly, celestial, divine 
cupido, inis /. desire, love, passion 
cupio, ere, ivi (ii), Itus desire, wish 
dirus, a, um terrible, dire, wild* 
doled, ere, ui, itus grieve, suffer, resent 
equidem indeed, truly, surely* 
gaudeo, ere, gavlsus sum rejoice, exult 
globus, l m. globe, sphere, orb 
hebeto (1) blunt, dull, dim, weaken 
homo, inis m. (/.) man, human, mortal* 
igneus, a, um fiery, flaming 
inde thence, from that source* 
infundo, ere, fudi, fusus pour (on, in), 
infuse 

intus within, inside 
liquens, entis clear, bright, liquid 
luceo, ere, luxi shine, gleam, beam 
luna, ae /. moon, moonlight* 
marmoreus, a, um (of) marble, shining 
membrum, i n. member, limb, body* 
metuo, ere, ui fear, dread, be anxious 
misceo, ere, ui, mixtus mix, mingle* 
moles, is /. (huge) mass, bulk, burden* 


monstrum, i n. monster, prodigy, omen* 
moribundus, a, um dying, ready to die 
noxius, a, um harmful, hurtfulf 
ordo, inis m. order, rank, array, row* 
origo, inis /. origin, source, beginning 
pando, ere, i, passus open, disclose* 
pecus, udis /. animal (of the flock)* 
pontus, l m. sea, waves* 
principio first(ly), in the first place 
quantus, a, um how great, how much, 
how many, as* 

semen, inis n. seed, germ, element 
singuli, ae, a separate, each, one by one 
spiritus, us m. breath, air, spirit, soul 
suscipio, ere, cepi, ceptus undertake, 
resume 

suspensus, a, um uncertain, anxious 
tam so (much), so great(ly), such* 
tardo (1) hinder, clog, impede, retard 
terrenus, a, um earthy, earthen f 
Titanius, a, um of the Titans, great 
giants who rebelled against the gods; 
Titania astra the sun (god), son of the 
Titan Hyperion 

vigor, oris m. force, vigor, life, energyf 
volans, antis ?n. (/.), bird, fowl, flying 
thing 


724. campos liquentis = mare. 

724- 751. This whole passage has many 
difficulties and much of it is far from clear, 
possibly due at least partially to the un¬ 
finished condition of the poem; Introd. 5. 

725- 727. Titania astra = the sun (god), 
a descendant of a Titan, artus: the uni¬ 
verse is here conceived as an organism, 
filled with a vital force (anima mundi), 
the source of all life, thought, and mo¬ 
tion. totam molem, magno corpore: re¬ 
fer to the whole universe. 


728. volant(i)um. 

731. seminibus: germs, i.e., souls; dat. 
of possession, quantum: so far as harm¬ 
ful mortal bodies do not hinder (these 
souls). Cf. Shakespeare’s Merchant of 
Venice , V, 1, 64-65: 

“But whilst this muddy vesture of decay 
Doth grossly close it in.” 

733. Hinc: from the debasing influence 
of the body, (animae) metuunt. auras = 
caelum. 




BOOK VI, 734-748 


355 


dispiciunt clausae tenebrls et carcere caeco. 

Quin et supremo cum lumine vita rellquit, 735 

non tamen omne malum miserls nec funditus omnes 
corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusgwe necesse est 
multa diu concreta modis inolescere miris. 

Ergo exercentur poems veterumgwe malorum 

supplicia expendunt: aliae panduntur inanes 740 

suspensae ad ventos, alils sub gurgite vasto 

infectum eluitur scelus aut exuritur ignl — 

quisque suos patimur manls; exinde per amplum 

mittimur Elysium et pauci laeta arva tenemus — 

donee longa dies perfecto temporis orbe 745 

concretam exemit labem, purumgwe relinquit 

aetherium sensum atque aural simplicis ignem. 

Has omnls, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos, 


aetherius, a, um ethereal, heavenly 
amplus, a, um wide, spacious, ample 
annus, i m. year, season, time* 
caecus, a, um blind, dark, hidden* 
career, eris m. prison, inclosure, barrier 
claudo, ere, si, sus shut (in), confine* 
concresco, ere, crevi, cretus grow (with, 
in), ingrain 

corporeus, a, um of the body, corporeal! 
dispicio, ere, spexl, spectus see, discern 
diu (for) a long time 
donee until, while, as long as 
eluo, ere, ui, utus wash out! 

Elysium, (i)I n. abode of the blessed in 
Hades 

ergo therefore, then, consequently* 
excedo, ere, cessi, cessus withdraw, de¬ 
part 

exerceo, ere, ui, itus drive, torment* 
eximo, ere, emi, emptus remove, destroy 
exinde thence, next! 
expendo, ere, i, ensus pay, suffer 
exuro, ere, ussi, ustus burn out, consume 
funditus completely, entirely, utterly! 
gurges, itis m. whirlpool, wind), water* 
inanis, e empty, shadowy, spectral, vain* 
inficio, ere, feci, fectus dye, work in 
inolesco, ere, levi, litus grow in, become 
ingrained! 


labes, is/, spot, stain, blemish; ruin 
malum, i n. evil, sin, misfortune, trouble* 
manes, ium m. spirit, soul, character; (lot 
in) Hades* 

mille; pi. milia, ium n. thousand* 
minis, a, um wonderful, marvelous 
modus, i m. manner, measure, limit* 
necesse indecl. necessary; necessity 
orbis, is m. circle, cycle, orb(it), earth* 
pando, ere, i, passus open, spread out* 
patior, i, passus endure, suffer, allow* 
paucus, a, um little, few, scanty, slight* 
penitus deeply, (deep) within; wholly* 
perficio, ere, feci, fectus finish, complete 
pestis, is /. plague, scourge, infection, 
curse 

purus, a, um clean, pure, clear; unpointed 
quin (but) that, nay even, why not* 
quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) 
each (one), every (one) 
rota, ae /. wheel, cycle 
scelus, eris n. crime, sin, guilt* 
sensus, us m. feeling, sense, perception 
simplex, icis simple, unmixed! 
supplicium, (i)i n. suffering, punishment 
suspendo, ere, i, ensus hang up* 
tamen nevertheless, however, but* 
tenebrae, arum /. darkness, gloom 
vetus, eris old, aged, ancient, former* 


734. tenebris et carcere caeco: i.e., 

in the body. 

735. lumine supremo: at the last day. 

736. (eis) miseris: dat. of separa¬ 
tion. 

737. corporeae pestes: the plagues 
caused by the body to the soul. 

740. inanes (animae) : unsubstantial 
(souls). 

743. quisque suos patimur manis: each 


of us endures his own spirit; each one 
suffers according to his character (manes). 

744. pauci nos = pauci nostrorum. 

745. longa dies = longum tempus. per- 
fecto temporis orbe: a thousand years, 
as we see in 1. 748. 

747. aurai: trisyllabic; an old form 
of the gen. sing.; App. 34, b. 

748. rotam (temporis). volvere = vol- 
verunt. 





356 THE AENEID, 749-764 

Lethaeum ad fluvium deus evocat agmine magno, 

750 scilicet immemores supera ut convexa revisant 
rursus, et incipiant in corpora velle revertT.” 

Dixerat Anchises natumque una que Sibyllam 
conventus trahit in medids turbamgite sonantem, 
et tumulum capit unde omnls longo ordine posset 
755 adversos legere et venientum discere vultus. 

“Nunc age, Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur 
gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, 
inlustris animas nostrumque in nomen ituras, 
expediam dictls, et te tua fata docebo. 

760 I lie, vides, pura juvenis qui nititur hasta, 

proxima sorte tenet lucis loca, primus ad auras 
aetherias Italo commixtus sanguine surget, 

Silvius, Albanum nomen, tua postuma proles, 
quern tibi longaevo serum Lavinia conjunx 


adversus, a, um opposite, facing* 
aetherius, a, um ethereal, heavenly 
Albanus, a, um of Alba Longa, the mother 
city of Rome 

commisceo, ere, ui, mixtus (com) mingle, 
mix 

conventus, us m. assembly, gathering! 
convexum, I n. hollow, vault (of heaven) 
Dardanius, a, um Dardanian, Trojan* 
deinde next, thence, thereupon* 
disco, ere, didici learn, recognize 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach, tell, show* 
evoco (1) summon, call forth, evoke 
expedio, ire, ivi (ii), itus extricate, unfold, 
set forth 

fluvius, (i)i m. river, stream 
gloria, ae /. glory, renown, reputation 
hasta, ae /. spear, lance, dart 
immemor, oris forgetful, unmindful 
incipio, ere, cepi, ceptus begin, undertake* 
inlustris, e famous, glorious! 

Italus, a, um Italian, of Italy 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

Lavinia, ae /. Italian princess, second 
wife of Aeneas! 


lego, ere, legi, lectus gather, choose, scan* 
Lethaeus, a, um of Lethe, the river of 
forgetfulness 

longaevus, a, um aged, old, long-lived 
nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 
nitor, i, sus (nixus) lean (on) ( abl .) 
ordo, inis m. order, row, rank, array* 
postumus, a, um latest-born, last 
proles, is /. progeny, offspring, race* 
proximus, a, um nearest, closest, next 
purus, a, um clean, pure, clear; unpointed 
revertor, i, rsus return, revert 
reviso, ere revisit, see again 
rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
scilicet of course, forsooth, doubtless 
serus, a, um (too) late, tardy 
Sibylla, ae /. ancient Italian prophetess 
Silvius, (i)im. son of Aeneas and Lavinia, 
king of Alba Longa! 
sono, are, ui, itus (re)sound, roar* 
sors, rtis /. lot, destiny, portion; oracle* 
tumulus, I m. mound, tomb* 
turba, ae /. crowd, mob, confusion 
una together, at the same time 
unde whence, from which source* 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, aspect* 


750. immemores: forgetful of the 
past, due to drinking of the waters of 
Lethe. 

752-805. Anchises leads Aeneas to a 
height whence they pass in review their 
descendants yet unborn, the Alban and 
the Roman kings, and especially Augustus 
Caesar, associated with Romulus as the 
second founder of the Roman state. 


754. posset: rel. clause of character¬ 
istic; App. 389. 

756. deinde: two syllables here by 
synizesis. 

760. pura hasta: a spear without the 
iron head, awarded for distinguished 
conduct in battle. 

761. proxima loca: i.e., he will be 
born next. 

762. Italo commixtus sanguine: since 




BOOK VI, 765-777 


357 


educet silvis regem regumque parentem, 765 

unde genus Longa nostrum dominabitur Alba. 

Proximus ille Procas, Trojanae gloria gentis, 

et Capys et Numitor et qul te nomine reddet 

Silvius Aeneas, pariter pietate vel armis 

egregius, si umquam regnandam acceperit Albam. 770 

Qul juvenes! Quantas ostentant, aspice, viris 

atque umbrata gerunt clvili tempora quercu! 

Hi tibi Nomentum et Gabios urbemque Fidenam, 
hi Collatinas imponent montibus arces, 

Pometios Castrurngwe Inui Bolamgae Coram que. 775 

Haec turn nomina erunt, nunc sunt sine nomine terrae. 

Quin et avo comitem sese Mavortius addet 


addo, ere, didi, ditus add, place be¬ 
side* 

Aeneas, ae see Silviusf 

Alba, ae /. Alba Longa, mother city of 
Rome 

a(d)spicio, ere, spexl, spectus see, look 
upon 

avus, I m. grandfather; ancestor 
Bola, ae /. Italian cityf 
Capys, yos m. king of Alba Longaf 
Castrum, i n. Castle, Fort; Castrum 
Inui, Italian cityf* 
civilis, e civic, civil, of a citizenf 
Collatinus, a, um of Collatia, a city near 
Romef 

Cora, ae /. Italian cityf 
dominor, ari, atus rule, dominate, master 
educo, ere, duxi, ductus lead out, raise, 
bear 

egregius, a, um remarkable, distinguished 
Fidena, ae /. Italian cityf 
Gabii, drum m. Italian cityf 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus carry (on), wear* 
gloria, ae /. fame, glory, reputation 
impono, ere, posui, positus place on 
( 1 dat .) * 

Inuus, I m. god of cattlef 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 


Longa, ae see Alba 

Mavortius, a, um of Mars, god of 
war 

Nomentum, i n. Italian cityf 
Numitor, oris m. king of Alba Longaf 
ostento (1) show (off), display, parade, 
exhibit 

pariter equally, side by side* 
pietas, atis /. devotion, loyalty, sense of 
duty, righteousness, nobility* 

Pometii, drum m. Italian cityf 
Procas, ae m. king of Alba Longaf 
proximus, a, um next, closest, nearest 
quantus, a, um how (great, much, many), 
as* 

quercus, us /. oak 

quin (but) that, nay even, why not* 

reddo, ere, didi, ditus give back, recall, 
repeat* 

regno (1) rule (as king), reign, gov¬ 
ern 

Silvius, (i)i m. Silvius Aeneas, king of 
Alba Longa 
sine without ( abl .)* 
tempus, oris n. temple, brow 
Trojanus, a, um Trojan, of Troy* 
umbro (1) shade, shadow, darken 
umquam ever, at any time 
unde whence, from which source* 


he was to be the son of Aeneas, a Trojan, 
and of Lavinia, an Italian. 

765. (in) silvis: Livy says of him 
casu quodam {some) in silvis natus. 

768. Numitor: with the final syllable 
lengthened under the verse accent and 
before the pause; App. 394, a. 

770. umquam: according to tradition 
his guardian kept him from the royal 
power for fifty years. 


772. civili quercu: usually called 
corona civica, a wreath of oak leaves 
granted to those who had saved the life 
of a Roman citizen in battle. The Senate 
decreed that such a crown should always 
hang before the doors of Augustus, and 
the poet may have this in mind here. 

773. Hi (condent). 

777. avo: Numitor. addet: will join 
him (in the world of living men). 





358 THE AENEID, 778-791 

Romulus, Assaraci quem sanguinis Ilia mater 
educet. Viden, ut geminae stant vertice cristae 
780 et pater ipse sud superum jam signat honore? 

En hujus, ndte, auspiciis ilia incluta Roma 
imperium terris, animos aequabit Olympo, 
septemgiie una sibi muro circumdabit arces, 
felix prole virum: qualis Berecyntia mater 
785 invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per urbes 

laeta deum partu, centum complexa nepotes, 
omnis caelicolas, omnls supera alta tenentis. 

Hue geminds nunc flecte acies, hanc aspice gentem 
Romanosgwe tuos. Hie Caesar et omnis lull 
790 progenies magnum caeli ventiira sub axem. 

Hie vir, hie est, tibi quem promitti saepius audis, 


acies, elf. edge; line; vision, eye* 
aequo (1) equal(ize), make equal, even* 
altum, i n. the deep; the height, heaven 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look at* 
Assaracus, l m. Phrygian king, grand¬ 
father of Anchises 

auspicium, (i)i n. auspices, authority 
axis, is m. axis, axle, wheel; vault 
Berecyntius, a, um of Berecyntus, a 
mountain in Phrygia, center of the 
worship of Cybele, mother of the godsf 
caelicola, ae m. (/.) god(dess), divinity 
Caesar, aris m. great Roman statesman 
and general 
centum hundred* 

circumdo, dare, dedi, datus surround 
complector, i, plexus embrace, enfold 
crista, ae /. crest, plume 
currus, us m. chariot, car* 
educo, ere, duxi, ductus lead out, raise, 
bear 

en see! look! behold! 
felix, icis happy, blessed, fruitful* 
flecto, ere, xi, xus bend, turn; guide 
Ilia, ae/. a vestal virgin, mother of Romu¬ 
lus and Remus by the god Mars 


inclutus, a, um famous, renowned 
inveho, ere, vexl, vectus convey, bear 
lulus, i m. Ascanius, son of Aeneas* 
murus, i m. (city) wall, rampart* 
nepos, otis m. grandson, descendant* 
Olympus, i m. high Greek mountain, 
home of the gods; heaven 
partus, us m. birth, offspring 
Phrygius, a, um of Phrygia, a country 
of Asia Minor* 

progenies, el /. offspring, race, prog¬ 
eny 

proles, is /. offspring, progeny, race* 
promitto, ere, misi, missus promise* 
qualis, e of what sort, as* 

Roma, ae /. Rome, a city and empire 
Romanus, a, um Roman, of Rome* 
Romulus, l m. son of Mars and the vestal 
virgin Ilia, legendary founder of Rome 
saepe, ius, issime often, frequently* 
septem seven 

signo (1) mark, distinguish, observe 
turrltus, a, um crowned with towers, 
turreted 

una together, at the same time 
vertex, icis m. top, head, summit, peak* 


779. Viden = videsne. 

780. pater: Mars, suo honore: i.e., 
the double-crested helmet (geminae 
cristae), which was a characteristic of 
Mars. (eum) superum: acc. sing., 
marks him (as) a god. 

781. hujus auspiciis: under his aus¬ 
pices ■, referring to the famous omen of 
the twelve vultures which Romulus saw, 
while Remus saw only six. 

783. sibi: dat. of reference. 


784. Berecyntia mater: Cybele, mother 
of the gods, usually represented as driving 
a chariot drawn by lions and as wearing 
on her head a crown with decorations 
representing the towers of a city wall, 
thus symbolizing the earth and its cities. 

788. acies = oculos. 

789. Caesar: Julius (or possibly 
Augustus). 

791. hie: irregularly short; App. 
107, 3, c. 




BOOK VI, 792-803 


359 


Augustus Caesar, dlvl genus, aurea condet 

saecula qul rursus Latio regnata per arva 

Saturno quondam, super et Garamantas et Indos 

proferet imperium; jacet extra sldera telius, 795 

extra annl solis^we vias, ubi caelifer Atlas 

axem umero torquet stellls ardentibus aptum. 

Hujus in adventum jam nunc et Caspia regna 
responses horrent divum et Maeotia telius, 
et septemgemini turbant trepida ostia Nlll. soo 

Nec verb Alcides tantum telluris obivit, 
fixerit aeripedem cervam licet, aut Erymanthi 
pacarit nemora et Lernam tremefecerit arcu; 


adventus, us m. approach, arrival 
aeripes, edis bronze-hoofedf 
Alcides, ae m. descendant of Alceus, 
Hercules, god of strength who wan¬ 
dered over the whole world in perform¬ 
ing his famous twelve labors, among 
which was the killing of the bronze¬ 
footed Arcadian deer, of the Eryman- 
thian boar, and of the Lernaean hydra 
annus, I m. year, season, time* 
aptus, a, um fitted, studded, furnished 
arcus, us m. bow, arch, arc* 

Atlas, antis m. god who supported the 
heavens on his shoulders; mountain of 
northwestern Africa 

Augustus, I m. great Roman statesman! 
aureus, a, um golden, (of) gold* 
axis, is m. axle, axis, wheel; vault 
caelifer, era, erum heaven-supporting! 
Caesar, aris m. great Roman statesman! 
Caspius, a, um of the Caspian Sea in 
Asia! 

cerva, ae /. deer, doe 
condo, ere, didl, ditus found, establish* 
Erymanthus, I m. mountain range of 
Arcadia where Hercules killed the 
famous wild boar 
extra beyond, outside (of) (acc.) 
figo, ere, xi, xus (trans)fix, pierce, fasten* 
Garamantes, um m. African tribe! 
horreo, ere, ul bristle, shudder, quake* 


Indi, orum m. inhabitants of India! 
jaceo, ere, ui, itus lie (low, outspread)* 
Latium, (i)I n. district around Rome* 
Lerna, ae /. marsh near Argos where 
Hercules killed the famous hydra, a 
monster with seven (fifty) serpent 
heads 

licet, ere, uit, itum it is permitted* 
Maeotius, a, um of Lake Maeotia, the 
Sea of Azov! 

nemus, oris n. (sacred) grove, forest* 
Nilus, I m. the great river of Egypt! 
obeo, Ire, il (Ivlj, itus pass over, die 
ostium, (i)I n. mouth, entrance; harbor 
paco (1) pacify, tame, quiet, calm! 
profero, ferre, tull, latus advance, ex¬ 
tend! 

regno (1) rule (as king), reign, govern 
responsum, I n. answer, oracle, response 
rursus, um again, anew, back(ward)* 
saeculum, I n. age, generation 
Saturnus, I m. early Italian god who 
ruled during the Golden Age! 
septemgeminus, a, um sevenfold! 
sol, solis m. sun; day* 

Stella, ae /. star, constellation 
torqueo, ere, rsi, rtus twist, turn, whirl* 
tremefacio, ere, feci, factus make tremble 
trepidus, a, um agitated, fluttered 
turbo (1) confuse, perplex, be alarmed* 
vero truly, verily, indeed, but 


792. dlvl genus: son of the deified 
(Julius Caesar). 

793. (in) Latio. 

794. Saturno: dat. of agent; Saturn 
was ruler of heaven and earth in the 
Golden Age; after his dethronement he 
came to Italy. 

795. sldera: the zodiac, which denotes 
the course of the sun. 


796. annl solisque vias: the yearly 

course of the sun. 

800. septemgemini: the Nile divides 
into a number of streams near its mouth, 
forming a delta. 

802-803. licet fixerit, paca(ve)rit, tre¬ 
mefecerit: concessive; App.384. cervam: 
the third labor of Hercules was to capture 
the bronze-footed deer of Ceryneia in 





360 


THE AENEID, 804-817 


nec qui pampinels victor juga flectit habenis 
805 Liber, agens celso Nysae de vertice tigris. 

Et dubitamus adhuc virtutem extendere factls, 
aut metus Ausonia prohibet consistere terra? 

Quis procul ille autem ramis insignis ollvae 
sacra ferens? Nosco crinis incana que menta 
8io regis Romani primam qui legibus urbem 
fundabit Curibus parvis et paupere terra, 
missus in imperium magnum. Cui deinde subibit 
otia qui rumpet patriae residesgwe movebit 
Tullus in arma viros et jam desueta triumphis 
815 agmina. Quern juxta sequitur jactantior Ancus 

nunc quoque jam nimium gaudens popularibus auris. 
Vis et Tarquinios reges animamque superbam 


adhuc still, yet, hitherto 
Ancus, i m. fourth king of Rome, pictured 
by Vergil as a demagogue f 
Ausonius, a, um Ausonian, Italian 
autem however, moreover, but* 
celsus, a, um high, lofty, towering* 
consisto, ere, stiti, stitus stand (fast)* 
crinis, is ra. hair, locks, tresses* 

Cures, ium m. Italian city, home of Numa, 
lawgiver and second king of Romef 
deinde then, thence, next, thereupon* 
desuetus, a, um unaccustomed, dormant 
dubito (1) doubt, hesitate, waver 
extendo, ere, i, ntus extend, stretch out 
factum, l n. deed, achievement, exploit* 
flecto, ere, xl, xus bend, turn; guide 
fundo (1) found, establish, base 
gaudeo, ere, gavisus sum rejoice, exult 
habena, ae /. rein, curb, check 
incanus, a, um hoary, gray, whitef 
insignis, e distinguished, marked* 
jacto (1) toss, buffet, boast, vaunt* 
jugum, i n. yoke, (mountain) ridge* 
juxta next, close to (acc.)* 
lex, legis /. law, decree, regulation 
Liber, eri m. Bacchus, god of wine, who 
drove his chariot drawn by tigers (or 
panthers) all over the worldt 
mentum, i n. chin; beard, whiskers 
metus, us m. fear, dread, anxiety* 


Arcadia. He wounded it and then caught 
it. paca(ve)rit: gave peace to , by killing 
the wild boar. 

806-846. Aeneas is shown others of 
his descendants, among whom Caesar 
and Pompey attract special attention. 

808. ramis olivae : a priest when sacri¬ 


nimium too (much, greatly) 

nosco, ere, novi, notus learn, recognize; 

perf. know* 

Nysa, ae /. mountain of India, fabled 
birthplace of Bacchusf 
oliva, ae /. olive 

otium, (i)i n. repose, peace, leisure 
pampineus, a, um of vine (leaves, ten¬ 
drils) t 

parvus, a, um small, little* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
pauper, eris poor, needy, lowly 
popularis, e popular, of the peoplef 
prohibeo, ere, ui, itus prevent, prohibit 
quoque also, in addition, too, likewise* 
ramus, i m. branch, limb, bough* 
reses, idis inactive, sluggish, dormant 
Romanus, a, um Roman, of Rome* 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break, burst 
(forth)* 

superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
Tarquinius, (i)i m. Tarquinius Priscus, 
the fifth, and Tarquinius Super bus, the 
seventh and last king of Romef 
tigris, (id)is m. (/.) tiger, tigress 
triumphus, I m. triumph, victory 
Tullus, I m. a greq-t warrior, third king 
of Romef 

vertex, icis m. top, peak, summit, head* 
virtus, utis /. manhood, excellence, valor* 


ficing often wore a wreath of olive, ille: 
Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome. 

809. menta: poetic plural; App. 243. 

810. regis: Numa, legendary founder 
of most of the early Roman laws and 
religious ceremonies. 

816. popularibus auris: the breezes of 
popular favor. 

817. Vis: from volo. 




BOOK VI, 818-830 361 

ultoris Bruti, iasclsque videre receptos? 

Consulis imperium hie primus saevas que securis 
accipiet, natosque pater nova hella moventis 820 

ad poenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit. 

Infelix! Utcumque ferent ea facta minores: 
vincet amor patriae laudumgue immensa cupido. 

Quin Decios Drusos^ue procul saevumgwe securi 

aspice Torquatum et referentem signa Camillum. 825 

Illae autem paribus quas fulgere cernis in armis, 

Concordes animae nunc et dum node premuntur, 
heu quantum inter se helium, si lumina vitae 
attigerint, quantas acies stragemgwe ciebunt, 
aggeribus socer Alpinis atque arce Monoeci sao 


acies, el/. edge; battle (-line); view* 
agger, eris m. mound, barrier, rampart 
Alpinus, a, um Alpine, of the Alps 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexi, spectus see, look at* 
attingo, ere, tigi, tactus touch, attain 
autem however, moreover, but* 

Brutus, 1 m. expeller of the Tarquins and 
first consul at Rome, who executed his 
own sons for attempted rebellion! 
Camillus, I m. conqueror of the Gauls who 
had captured Rome in 390 b.c.! 
cieo, ere, civi, citus stir (up), arouse* 
concors, rdis harmonious, concordant 
consul, ulis m. one of the two chief magis¬ 
trates annually appointed at Rome! 
cupido, inis /. desire, love, longing 
Decius, (iji ra. name of two heroic consuls 
who devoted themselves in battle in 
the Latin and Gallic wars! 

Drusus, l m. (1) one of the consuls who de¬ 
feated Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, 
at the Metaurus in 207 b.c.; (2) brother 
of Tiberius and stepson of Augustus! 
factum, l n. deed, achievement, exploit* 
fascis, is ra. bundle of rods with ax, carried 
by lictors before Roman kings and con¬ 
suls as a symbol of authority! 


818. fascis: bundles of rods with an 
ax in the middle, used as symbols of 
authority by the kings of Rome but taken 
over (receptos) by Brutus for the republic 
and henceforth symbols of the consuls. 

820. nova = civil . See the note on 
novandis, IV, 290. The sons of Brutus 
plotted for the return of the expelled 
kings and were executed by their father. 

822. Utcumque ferent minores: how¬ 
soever posterity may extol the deed. 

824. Drusos: Vergil is here compli¬ 
menting Augustus, whose wife Livia be¬ 
longed to this famous family. 


fulg(e)o, ere, lsi shine, gleam, glitter 
immensus, a, um boundless, vast 
laus, laudis /. praise, glory, merit* 
libertas, atis /. liberty, freedom! 
minores, um m. younger people, posterity 
Monoecus, i m. Monaco, a city in north¬ 
ern Italy! 

par, paris equal, similar, like* 
patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
premo, ere, press!, pressus (re)press, 
weigh down* 

pro before, on behalf of, for ( abl .)* 
pulcher, chra, chrum beautiful, glorious, 
handsome, splendid, illustrious* 
quantus, a, um how (great, much, many), 

as* 

quin (but) that, nay even, why not* 
recipio, ere, cep!, ceptus recover, receive* 
saevus, a, um fierce, cruel, stern* 
securis, is /. ax, battle-ax 
signum, i n. sign, standard, mark, token* 
socer, eri m. father-in-law 
strages, is /. slaughter, carnage 
Torquatus, i m. consul who executed his 
own son for disobeying orders! 
ultor, oris m. avenger, punisher 
utcumque how(so)ever, when(so)ever! 

825. signa: the standards captured by 
the Gauls from the Romans at the battle 
of the Allia, 387 b.c., but recovered by 
Camillus, who defeated the Gauls shortly 
thereafter. 

826-827. Illae animae: Pompey and 
Caesar, fulgere: usually of the second 
conjugation, but of the third conjugation 
here, nocte: a general term for the lower 
world as distinguished from the world 
of light and sunshine. 

830. socer: Caesar, whose daughter 
Julia had married Pompey. aggeribus 
Alpinis: beyond which Caesar had been 




362 


THE AENEID, 831-842 


descendens, gener adversls instructus Eois! 

Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis adsuescite bella 
neu patriae validas in viscera vertite vlris; 
tuque prior, tu parce, genus qui duds Olympo, 

835 projice tela manio, sanguis meus! — 

Ille triumphata Capitolia ad alta Corintho 
victor aget currum caesis Insignis Achivis. 

Eruet ille Argos Agamemnoniasgiie Mycenas 
ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilll, 

840 ultus avos Trojae templa et temerata Minervae. 

Quis te, magne Cato, taciturn aut te, Cosse, relinquatf 
Quis Gracchi genus aut geminos, duo fulmina belli, 


Achilles, is (ei, I) ra. famous Greek chief¬ 
tain before Troy* 

Achivus, a, um Achaean, Greek 
adsuesco, ere, suevi, suetus make ac¬ 
customed 

adversus, a, um opposite, opposing, fac¬ 
ing* 

Aeacides, ae m. descendant of Aeacus; 
Perseus, king of Macedonia, who 
claimed to be descended from Aeacus 
through Achilles 

Agamemnonius, a, um of Agamemnon, 
king of Mycenae, who led the Greek 
expedition against Troy 
Argi, orum m. famous kingdom and city 
of southern Greece 
armipotens, entis powerful in arms 
avus, i m. grandfather; ancestor 
caedo, ere, cecidl, caesus cut (down), 
kill 

Capitolium, (i)i n. the Capitoline Hill, 
the Capitol at Rome! 

Cato, onis m. famous Roman statesman, 
noted for his stern simplicity! 
Corinthus, i /. famous Greek city, cap¬ 
tured and destroyed by Lucius Mum- 
mius in 146 B.c.f 

Cossus, l m. Roman general who was the 
second (Romulus being first and Mar- 
cellus third) to win the spolia opima 
by killing in battle the enemy’s leader 
currus, us m. chariot, car* 


descendo, ere, i, ensus descend 
duo, ae, o two* 

Eous, a, um eastern, of the East 
eruo, ere, ul, utus overthrow, ruin 
fulmen, inis n. thunderbolt, lightning* 
gener, eri m. son-in-law 
Gracchus, l m. (1) Tiberius; (2) Gaius; 
the Gracchi, famous Roman states¬ 
men and reformers! 
insignis, e distinguished, marked* 
instruo, ere, struxi, structus draw up 
Minerva, ae /. goddess of wisdom and 
the arts 

Mycenae, arum/, famous city in southern 
Greece 

neve, neu nor, and not 
Olympus, i m. high mountain in northern 
Greece, home of the gods; heaven 
parco, ere, peperci (parsi), parsus spare 

(< dat .) 

patria, ae /. fatherland, country* 
prior, ius sooner, former, first, prior* 
projicio, ere, jeci, jectus throw away 
tacitus, a, um silent, unmentioned 
temero (1) violate, desecrate, pollute, de¬ 
file! 

templum, i n. temple, shrine, sanctuary* 
triumpho (1) triumph (over), conquer! 
ulciscor, i, ultus avenge, punish 
validus, a, um strong, valiant, stout 
verto, ere, i, rsus turn, change* 
viscus, eris n. vitals, flesh 


occupied for nine years, 58-50 b.c., in 
his Gallic campaigns. 

831. Eois (agminibus): Pompey’s 
troops contained a large number of 
eastern contingents. 

834. genus Olympo: referring to 
Caesar, who traced his ancestry through 
lulus and Aeneas to Venus. 


836. Ille: Lucius Mummius, con¬ 
queror and destroyer of Corinth. 

838. ille: Lucius Aemilius Paulus, 
conqueror of the Macedonian king, 
Perseus, who traced his ancestry to 
Achilles. 

840. templa: for this incident see I, 41 
and II, 165-175, with notes. 




BOOK VI, 843-853 


363 


Sclpiadas, cladem Libyae, parvo que potentem 
Fabricium vel te sulco, Serrane, serentem? 

Quo fessum rapitis, Fabii? Tu Maximus Hie es, 845 

unus qul nobis cunctando restituis rem. 

Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera 

(credo equidem), vivos ducent de marmore vulttis, 

orabunt causas melius, caellque meatus 

describent radio et surgentia sldera dlcent: sso 

tu regere impend populos, Romane, memento 

(hae tibi erunt artes), pads que imponere morem, 

parcere subjectis et debellare superbos.” 


aes, aeris n. bronze* 
ars, artis /. art, skill, handicraft* 
causa, ae /. cause, case (at law)* 
clades, is /. slaughter, destruction 
credo, ere, didi, ditus believe, suppose* 
cunctor, arl, atus delay, tarry, wait 
debello (1) war down, crush 
describo, ere, psi, ptus mark out, map 
equidem indeed, truly, surely* 
excudo, ere, i, sus hammer out, fashion 
Fabius, (i)i m. Roman dictator who 
“wore out” Hannibal by delay and 
thus restored the Roman fortunes! 
Fabricius, (i)I m. Roman consul and 
general, who refused large bribes! 
imponb, ere, posui, positus place on, 
impose, establish* 

Libya, ae /. country of northern Africa, 
Carthage* 

marmor, oris n. marble 
Maximus, I m. surname of Fabius after 
his successes against Hannibal! 
meatus, us m. course, path, motion! 
melior, ius better, superior, finer 
meminl, isse remember, recollect {gen.) 
molliter softly, gently, gracefully! 
mos, moris m. custom, usage, rule, law* 


oro (1) pray (for), entreat, plead, argue* 
parco, ere, peperci (pars!), parsus spare 

(dat.) 

parvus, a, um small, little* 
pax, pads /. peace, quiet, repose 
populus, i m. people, nation, race* 
potens, entis powerful, mighty* 
radius, (i)i m. rod, spoke, compass 
rapio, ere, ui, ptus seize, hurry along* 
rego, ere, rexi, rectus rule, guide, direct 
restituo, ere, ui, utus restore! 

Romanus, a, um Roman, of Rome* 
Scipiades, ae m. member of the Scipionic 
family; Scipio, famous in the wars 
against Carthage! 

sero, ere, sevi, satus sow, plant, be¬ 
get* 

Serranus, I m. consul called from the 
plow to fight the Carthaginians in 
257 b.c.! 

spiro (1) breathe, blow, live, quiver 
subjicio, ere, jeci, jectus vanquish 
sulcus, i m. furrow, trench 
superbus, a, um proud, haughty* 
vivus, a, um living, alive, natural 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, as¬ 
pect* 


843. Sclpiadas = Sclpiones (- ^ —) 
which cannot be used in dactylic verse. 
Their victories over Carthage (cladem 
Libyae) were notable, parvo potentem: 

rich in poverty. 

844. Serrane, serentem: alliteration; 
Serranus sowing , referring to the tradi¬ 
tion that he was sowing grain when news 
was brought to him of his election as 
consul. 

845. (me) fessum: wearied as I am 
with reciting the great achievements of 
others. Maximus: dubbed Cunctator, 
the Delayer , by his political enemies. 

847-853. Aeneas is assured that the 


Romans are called by high destiny to 
rule the world. 

847. alii: the reference is to the 
Greeks, the acknowledged masters of the 
Romans in the arts, sciences, oratory, 
and literature, spirantia aera: bronze 
statues so lifelike that they seem to 
breathe. 

847-848. sculptors, orators. 

849-850. astronomers, dlcent = voca- 
bunt. 

851. Romane: addressed to the Roman 
people in general. 

852. hae: attracted into the gender of 
the predicate; App. 240, a. 





364 


THE AENEID, 854-865 


Sic pater Anchlses atque haec mirantibus addit: 

855 “Aspice, ut Insignis spoliis Marcellus oplmls 
ingreditur victorque viros supereminet omuls. 

Hie rem Romanam magno turbante tumultu 
sistet, eques sternet Poenos Gallumgue rebellem, 
tertiagwe arma patrl suspendet capta Quirino.” 

860 Atque hie Aeneas (una namque Ire videbat 

egregium forma juvenem et fulgentibus armls, 
sed frons laeta parum et dejecto lumina vultu) 

“Quis, pater, ille, virum qul sic comitatur euntemf 
Filius, anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum? 

865 Qul strepitus circa comitum! Quantum instar in ipso! 


addo, ere, didi, ditus add* 
aliquis, quid some(one), any (one)* 
an(ne) interrog. whether, or 
a(d)spicio, ere, spexl, spectus see, look at* 
circa around, aboutf 
comitor, ari, atus accompany, attend, 
escort, follow* 

dejicio, ere, jeci, jectus cast down 
egregius, a, um extraordinary, distin¬ 
guished 

eques, itis m. cavalryman, knight 
filius, (i)i ra. son 
forma, ae /. form, beauty, shape* 
frons, frontis /. front, forehead, brow* 
fulg(e)o, ere, lsi shine, gleam, glitter 
Gallus, a, um Gallic, Gaulf 
ingredior, i, gressus step, stride, enter 
insignis, e distinguished, marked* 
instar n. indecl. likeness, weight, dignity 
juvenis, is m. (/.) youth, young (man, 
woman) * 

Marcellus, i ra. famous Roman consul, 
slew in battle Viridomarus, king of the 
Insubrian Gauls, and thus won the 
third spolia opimaf 
miror, ari, atus wonder (at), admire* 


nepos, otis ra. grandson; descendant* 
opimus, a, um rich, splendid, sumptuous; 
spolia opima spoils of honor, taken 
when the general with his own hand 
slew the general of the enemy 
parum slightly, too little, notf 
Poenus, a, um Phoenician, Carthaginian 
quantus, a, um how (much, great, many), 
as* 

Quirinus, i ra. the deified Romulus as 
god of war 

rebellis, e rebellious, insurgentf 
Romanus, a, um Roman, of Rome* 
sisto, ere, steti, status stop, stand 
spolium, (i)i n. spoil, booty, plunder 
sterno, ere, stravi, stratus lay low, strew* 
stirps, pis /. stock, lineage, race 
strepitus, us ra. uproar, noise 
superemineo, ere overtop, tower above 
suspendo, ere, i, ensus hang up* 
tertius, a, um third* 

tumultus, us m. tumult, uprising, clamor 
turbo (1) confuse, shake, disturb* 
una together, at the same time 
vultus, us m. countenance, face, as¬ 
pect* 


854-887. Anchises especially praises 
the younger Marcellus and sings a dirge 
for his untimely death. 

854. (Aeneae et Sibyllae) mirantibus. 

855. spoliis opimis: arms and other 
booty taken on the field of battle by the 
victorious from the vanquished general, 
whom he has slain with his own hand. 
These were won before by Romulus and 
Cossus, 1. 841, and never afterward. 
Marcellus: a hero of the second Punic 
War and an ancestor of the younger 
Marcellus. 

857. tumultu: the war with the Gauls 
in Italy, in which the elder Marcellus 
had killed Viridomarus, leader of the 


Gauls, and stripping him of his armor had 
obtained the third and last spolia opima, 
the tertia arma capta of 1. 859. 

858. eques: (though but) a knight. 

860. Aeneas (dicit). una (cum Mar¬ 
cello). 

862. frons (erat). et lumina (erant) 
dejecto vultu = et lumina (erant) de¬ 
jecta. lumina = oculi, as often. 

863. virum: the elder Marcellus. ille: 
the younger Marcellus, son of Augustus’s 
sister Octavia. Augustus had chosen him 
to be his successor, but he died in 23 b.c. 

864. nepotum (nostrorum). 

865. strepitus: indicating the future 
fame and popularity of the younger 
Marcellus. 




BOOK VI, 866-880 


365 


Sed nox atra caput trlstl circumvolat umbra.” 

Turn pater Anchlses lacrimls ingressus obortls: 

“0 nate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum; 
ostendent terrls hunc tantum fata neque ultra 
essesinent. Nimium vobls Romana propago 870 

visa potens, superl, propria haec si donafuissent. 

Quantos ille virum magnam Mavortis ad urbem 
campus aget gemitus! Vel quae, Tiberine, videbis 
funera, cum, tumulum praeterlabere recentem! 

Nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos 875 

in tantum spe toilet avos, nec Romula quondam 
ullo se tantum tellus jactabit alumno. 

Heu pietas, heu prisca tides invicta que bello 

dextera! Non Ml se quisquam impune tulisset 

obvius armato, seu cum pedes Iret in hostem sso 


alumnus, I m. nursling, (foster) child 
armo (1) arm, equip, furnish* 
avus, i m. grandfather; ancestor 
circumvolo (1) flit around, fly about 
fides, el /. faith, trust, fidelity, pledge* 
funus, eris n. funeral, death, disas¬ 
ter* 

gemitus, us ra. groan(ing), wail(ing)* 
hostis, is ra. enemy, foe, stranger* 
Iliacus, a, um Ilian, Trojan* 
impune unpunished, with impunity 
ingredior, i, gressus stride, begin, enter 
invictus, a, um unconquered, invincible 
jacto (1) toss, buffet, vaunt, boast* 
Latinus, a, um Latin, of Latium 
luctus, us ra. grief, mourning, sorrow 
Mavors, rtis ra. Mars, god of warf 
nimium too (much), too great(ly) 
oborior, Iri, ortus arise, spring up 
obvius, a, um before, meeting ( dat .) 
ostendo, ere, i, ntus show, display* 
pedes, itis m. footsoldier, infantry 


pietas, atis /. loyalty, devotion, sense of 
duty, righteousness, nobility* 
potens, entis powerful, mighty* 
praeterlabor, i, lapsus glide by 
prlscus, a, um ancient, primitive 
propago, inis /. offshoot, offspring, racef 
proprius, a, um one’s own, special, secure 
quantus, a, um how (great, much, many), 
as* 

quisquam, quaequam, quidquam any(one, 
thing) 

recens, entis recent, fresh, new 
Romanus, a, um Roman, of Rome* 
Romulus, a, um of Romulus, Romanf 
sino, ere, sivi, situs permit, allow* 
sive, seu or if, whether, or 
spes, ei /. hope, expectation* 
tantum so much, so great(ly), only 
Tiberinus, l m. (god of) the Tiber, river 
on which Rome is situated 
tumulus, i m. mound, tomb* 
ultra beyond, farther 


867. ingressus (est). 

868-886. These lines were recited by 
Vergil to Augustus and Octavia, the 
mother of Marcellus. Octavia is said to 
have swooned and later to have royally 
rewarded the poet for his glowing tribute 
to the memory of her son. 

869. neque ultra: Marcellus was only 
nineteen at the time of his death. 

871. visa (esset): conclusion contrary 
to fact; App. 382. si fuissent: condition 
contrary to fact, haec dona: Marcellus. 

872. vir(or)um. Mavortis urbem = 
Rome, founded by Romulus, a son of 
Mars. 


873. campus: the Campus Martius, 
on the banks of the Tiber near Rome, 
where the whole populace assembled to 
celebrate the funeral of the young 
Marcellus. 

874. tumulum: the magnificent mauso¬ 
leum of Augustus, erected by the emperor 
four years before the death of Mar¬ 
cellus. praeterlabere = praeterlaberis. 

876. spe: by the hope (of his future 
greatness). 

879. ill! = Marcello: dat. with obvius 
in 1. 880. tulisset: conclusion of a clause 
contrary to fact, with the condition im¬ 
plied. 





366 THE AENEID, 881-893 

seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armSs. 

Heu, miserande puer, si qua fata aspera rumpas, 
tu Marcellus rn's. Manibus date lllia plenls, 
purpureos spargam flores animamque nepotis 
885 his saltern accumulem donis, et fungar inanl 

munere.” Sic totd passim regione vagantur 
aeris in campis latis atque omnia lustrant. 

Quae postquam Anchises natum per singula duxit 
incenditr/ae animum famae venientis amore, 

890 exim bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda, 

Laurentisgue docet populos urbemque Latin!, 
et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem. 
Sunt geminae SomnI portae, quarum altera fertur 


accumulo (1) heap up; pile up; honorf 
aer, aeris m. air, mist, fog 
alter, era, erum one (of two), other (of 
two), second* 

armus, i m. shoulder, flank, sidef 
asper, era, erum rough, harsh, fierce* 
calcar, aris n. spur, goad, prickf 
deinde thence, next, thereupon* 
doceo, ere, ui, ctus teach (about), tell* 
exim, exin(de) thence, next, thereupon! 
flos, oris m. flower, blossom, bloom 
fodio, ere, fodi, fossus dig, pierce, spurf 
fungor, I, functus perform, fulfil (abl.) f 
gero, ere, gessi, gestus bear, wage* 
inanis, e empty, useless, unavailing* 
incendo, ere, i, ensus inflame, kin¬ 
dle* 

Latinus, i m. early king of Italy, whose 
daughter, Lavinia, married Aeneasf 
latus, a, um wide, broad, spacious* 
Laurens, entis of Laurentum, a city near 
Rome 

lilium, (i)I n. lily 

lustro (1) purify; survey; traverse 
Marcellus, i m. nephew and adopted son 
of Augustus, died in 23 b.c., to the 


great grief of his mother and of the 
emperor 

memoro (1) recount, (re)call, relate* 
miseror, ari, atus pity, commiserate* 
modus, i m. manner, measure, limit* 
nepos, otis m. grandson; descendant* 
passim everywhere, all about* 
plenus, a, um full, filled, complete 
populus, i m. people, nation, race* 
porta, ae /. door, gate, entrance, exit* 
postquam after (that), when* 
purpureus, a, um purple, crimson, bright 
qua where(by), wherever, in any (some) 
way 

quisque, quaeque, quidque (quodque) 

each, every (one) 

regio, onis/. district, region, quarter 
rumpo, ere, rupi, ruptus break, burst 
(forth) * 

saltern at least, at any rate 
singuli, ae, a each, one by one 
sive, seu or if, whether, or 
Somnus, i m. Sleep, Slumber 
spargo, ere, rsi, rsus scatter, sprinkle* 
spumo (1) foam, froth, spray* 
vagor, ari, atus wander, roam, rove 


882. rumpas: fut. less vivid condition; 
App. 381. qua (via). 

883. Marcellus: (a true ) Marcellus , 
worthy of the name. 

884-885. purpureos: a color much 
used in the funerals of the great, as in¬ 
dicated in the note to 1. 221. spargam, 
accumulem, fungar: volitives; App. 254. 

886. vagantur (Anchises et Aeneas et 
Sibylla). 

888-892. A prophecy of the impending 
wars and difficulties of Aeneas in Italy. 


890. gerenda (sint). 

892. fugiat, ferat: subjunctives in 
indirect questions. 

893-901. Aeneas and the Sibyl depart 
through the ivory exit of Hades to the 
upper world. Aeneas hastens to his fleet, 
sets sail once more and soon lands at 
Cajeta in Latium, the final goal of his 
journey and the destined end of his 
wanderings. 

893. fertur (esse) = dicitur (esse). 




BOOK VI, 894-901 


367 


cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus umbrls, 

altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto, 895 

sed falsa ad caelum mittunt Insomnia manes. 

His ibi turn natum Anchises una que Sibyllam 
prosequitur dictls porta que emittit eburna; 
ille viam secat ad navis sociosque revisit. 

Turn se ad Cajetae recto fert lltore portum. 900 

Ancora de prora jacitur; stant lltore puppes. 


alter, era, erum one (of two), other (of 
two), second* 

ancora, ae /. anchor 

Cajeta, ae /. Italian coast city near 
Romef 

candens, entis shining, white, gleaming 
corneus, a, um of horn, hornyf 
eburnus, a, um (of) ivory 
elephantus, i m. elephant, ivory 
emitto, ere, misi, missus send forth 
exitus, us m. exit, outlet, egress 
facilis, e easy, favorable, ready 
falsus, a, um false, deceitful, mock 
ibi there, then 

insomnium, (i)I n. dream, vision 


jacio, ere, jeci, jactus throw, cast, hurl 
manes, ium m. (souls of) the dead, 
Hades* 

nitens, entis gleaming, bright, shin¬ 
ing 

perficio, ere, feci, fectus finish, make 
porta, ae /. door, gate, entrance, exit* 
prora, ae /. prow (of a ship)* 
prosequor, i, secutus follow, escort 
rectus, a, um right, straight, direct 
revlso, ere revisit, see again 
seco, are, ui, ctus cut, cleave; speed* 
Sibylla, ae /. ancient Italian prophetess 
una together, at the same time 
verus, a, um true, real, genuine, honest* 


895. candenti elephanto: abl. of ma 
terial; App. 324. 

896. sed (per hanc portam). 


900. recto lltore: (sailing) straight 
along the shore; abl. of route. 

901. This line repeats III, 277. 










GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 




GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


ALPHABET; PRONUNCIATION; QUANTITY; ACCENT 

1. With the exception that it has no w the Latin alphabet is the same 
as the English, which has been borrowed from it. 

2. The vowels, as in English, are a, e, i, o, u, and sometimes y. The 
other letters are consonants. 


SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS 


3. Vowels. All Latin vowels are either long or short. All long vowels 
are indicated in this text by having the mark (-) placed over them, as 
non, not. All unmarked vowels in this book are to be considered short. 


4. Latin vowels have the following sounds: 

Long Shobt 


a as in father: ara, altar 
e as in they: mens, mind 
I as in machine: divus, divine 
6 as in bone: mons, mountain 
u as in prune: lux, light 


a as in ask: anima, soul 
e as in red: helium, war 
i as in hit: mitto, send 
o as in obey: aequor, sea 
u as in full: fuga, flight 


5. Diphthongs. A diphthong is the union of two vowels in a single 
syllable. The sounds of the Latin diphthongs are: 

ae as ai in aisle: caelum, heaven 
au as ou in house: aurum, gold 
ei as ei in freight: ei, alas! 
oe as oi in boil: poena, punishment 

eu as eh-oo (oo as in spoon, but fused with the eh sound into a single syllable): 
heu, alas! 

ui somewhat as we, but with a more vocalic sound of the u : cui, to whom 

6. Consonants. In general the consonants have the same sounds as in 
English, but there are the following exceptions: 

c as k, always hard, as in come: facio, do, make 
g always hard, as in get: fugio, flee 
j (consonantal i) as y in ye t: jubeo, order 
s as in sit, never as in rise: casus, chance 
t as in he, never as in nafion: talis, such 
v (consonantal u) as w in will: video, see 
x as in extra, always hard: rex, king 
bs, bt, as ps, pt: urbs, city; obtineo, gain, obtain 
ch as k in kite: pulcher, beautiful 

gu (usually), qu, and sometimes su before a vowel, as gw, kw, and sw, re¬ 
spectively: sanguis, blood; qui, who; suadeo, persuade 
ph as p-h (as p-h in sap/iead, but without the break): philosophia, philosophy 
th as t-h (as t-h in fathead, but without the break): Corinthus, Corinth 

1 


2 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


a. Modern printed texts often use the same character (i) for both 
vocalic and consonantal i (i, j), as well as only one character for vocalic 
and consonantal u (u, v). The Romans did not employ separate charac¬ 
ters to distinguish between the vocalic and consonantal uses of these 
letters. 

b. When coming between vowels within a word, j is regularly doubled 
in pronunciation, although written but once, as major, greater; pejor, 
worse; ejus, of him; hujus, of this; cujus, of whom; ajo, say. These are 
to be pronounced as though spelled majjor, pejjor, ejjus, hujjus, cujjus, 
ajjo. This rule does not apply to j, which was originally initial, but which 
comes between vowels as a result of composition, as praejudico, prejudge; 
bijugi, chariot. 

c. When followed by the letter i, as in compounds of jacio, throw, j, 
although pronounced, is not ordinarily written in the classical period, as 
conicio, throw together; deicio, cast down; eicio, throw out; reicio, throw 
back. These are to be pronounced as though spelled conjicio, dejicio, ejicio, 
rejicio, and in this text they are so written. 

7. Doubled Consonants. All doubled consonants are to be sounded 
separately, not as one consonant as is customary in English. Thus puella, 
girl, must be pronounced pu-el-la, and not pu-ell-a as in English; so also 
er-ro, wander, stray; oc-cu-po, occupy. 

8. Double Consonants. The double consonants are x and z; x is 
equivalent to ks or cs; z a Greek letter, originally zd, may be pronounced 
as z in lazy. 


SYLLABLES 

9. A Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs; 
as so-ci-us, comrade; vo-ca-re, to call; moe-ni-a, walls; ac-ci-pi-o, receive. 

10. In dividing a Latin word into syllables, a single consonant is pro¬ 
nounced with the following vowel, as ca-put, head. 

11. A consonant followed by 1 or r (except 11 or rr) is usually pro¬ 
nounced with the 1 or r, as pa-tres, fathers; pu-bli-cus, public. 

12. In all other combinations of two or more consonants between 
vowels, the first consonant is pronounced with the preceding vowel, and 
the others with the vowel following, as her-ba, herb; mon-stro, show; 
ar-ma, arms. 

13. Exceptions. Compound words are divided in accordance with 
their original elements, as ab-est, he is absent; trans-eo, I pass across. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


3 


QUANTITY 

14. The quantity of a syllable is the term used to denote the relative 
amount of time employed in pronouncing it. About twice as much time 
should be used in pronouncing a long syllable as a short one. 

15. A syllable is said to be long by nature, when it contains a long 
vowel or a diphthong. It is said to be long by 'position when its vowel is 
followed by two or more consonants which are separated in pronunciation 
(10-12), or by either of the double consonants x or z (8), or by j, which 
was regularly doubled in pronunciation (6 6). H never helps to make a 
syllable long, and qu counts as a single consonant. Thus the first syllable 
of adhuc, thus far, and of aqua, water, is short. 

16. Except under the metrical accent (394), a final syllable ending in 
a short vowel regularly remains short before a word beginning with two 
consonants or a double consonant. 

17. If a consonant followed by 1 or r comes after a short vowel, the 
syllable containing the short vowel is said to be common, i.e., it may be 
either long or short, according to the pleasure of the one using it. 

18. Note: This is due to the fact that the 1 and r blend so easily with the 
preceding consonant that the combination takes scarcely more time than a 
single consonant. When the 1 or r is separated in pronunciation from the pre¬ 
ceding consonant, as may be done in all cases, more time is required in pronuncia¬ 
tion and the preceding syllable is treated as long. 

19. Observe that the vowel in a long syllable may be either long or 
short, and is to be pronounced accordingly. Thus in erro, wander; capto, 
seize; verto, turn; nox, night; the first vowel in each case is short, and 
must be so pronounced, according to 4, but the syllable is long, and must 
occupy more time in pronunciation, according to 14, 15. 

20. A vowel is regularly short before another vowel, or h, as aes-tu-o, 
boil; de-us, god; tra-ho, draw. 

a. This rule does not apply to Greek words in Latin, such as a-er, air; 
I-xi-on, Ixion (a proper name). 

21. A vowel is regularly short before nt or nd. Observe that the 
syllable in this case is long. 

22. A vowel is regularly short before any final consonant except s. 

a. Some monosyllables ending in 1, r, n, and c, have a long vowel as 
sol, sun; par, equal; non, not; sic, so. 

23. A vowel is regularly long before ns, nf, nx, and net. 

24. Diphthongs and vowels derived from diphthongs or contracted 
from other vowels are regularly long. 


4 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


ACCENT 

25. Words of two syllables have the accent or stress on the first (pe¬ 
nult), as a'-mo, love. 

а. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima (ultimus, last ); the 
next to the last syllable is called the penult (paene, almost; ultimus, last ); 
and the syllable before the penult is called the antepenult (ante, before; 
paene, almost; ultimus, last). 

26. Words of more than two syllables (polysyllabic words) have the 
accent on the penult when the penult is long, on the antepenult when the 
penult is short or common (17), as aes-tu-a'-re, boil; a'-ni-mus, mind. 

27. Enclitics. Certain words are not ordinarily written separately but 
are regularly appended to the word they introduce. The most common of 
these are -que, and; -ve, or; and -ne (sign of a question). They are called 
enclitics and, when appended to words accented on the antepenult, add an 
accent to the ultima, as fo'ribus'que, and from the doorway. When an 
enclitic is appended to a word of two syllables having a long ultima, the 
accent is shifted to the ultima; as amo'que, and I love; but be'llaque, and 
wars; i'taque, and so. 

PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN WORDS IN ENGLISH 

28. Latin words and phrases commonly used in English are to be pro¬ 
nounced according to the ordinary English system of pronunciation; for 
example, in alumni, the final i is to be pronounced as i in five, and the u 
as u in bum; and in the phrase via Chicago, v is to be pronounced as in 
wine, and i as in vine; in the phrase vox popull, the voice of the people, v as 
in voice, 6 as in ox, u as in due, i as in die. 

NUMBER 

29. In Latin there are two numbers: the singular, denoting one; the 
plural, denoting more than one. For the poetic plural see 243. 

CASES 

30. In Latin there are seven cases: 

1. The nominative is the case of the subject. 

2. The genitive is usually equivalent to the English possessive or to the 

objective with the preposition of. 

3. The dative is the case of the indirect object or of personal interest. 

4. The accusative is usually the case of the direct object. 

5. The vocative is the case of direct address. 

б. The ablative is the case of adverbial relation. 

7. The locative is the case of the place where. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


5 


DECLENSIONS 

31. There are five declensions in Latin, which are characterized by 
the final letter of their respective stems (stem characteristic). For practical 
purposes and regularly in lexicons they are also distinguished by the end¬ 
ing of the genitive singular. 


Declension 

Stem Characteristic 

Genitive Singular 

I. 

a (a) 

ae 

II. 

0 

i 

III. 

a consonant or i 

is 

IV. 

u 

us 

V. 

e 

ei 


a. The first, second, and fifth declensions are called vowel declensions; 
the third and fourth, which really form but one, the consonant declension, 
i and u being considered semiconsonants. 

32. The case endings in combination with the stem characteristics 
give rise to the following systems of terminations for the five declensions: 

SINGULAR 



I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

Nom. 

a 

us; wanting; um 

s; wanting 

us; u 

es 

Gen. 

ae 

i 

is 

us 

ei, e 

Dat. 

ae 

6 

i 

ui; u 

ei, e 

Acc. 

am 

um 

em, im 

um, u 

em 

Yoc. 

a 

e; wanting; um 

s; wanting 

us, u 

es 

Abl. 

a 

6 e, i 

PLURAL 

u 

e 


I. 

II. 

III. 

IV. 

V. 

Nom. Yoc. 

ae 

i, a 

es; a,ia 

us, ua 

es 

Gen. 

arum 

orum 

um, ium 

uum 

erum 

Dat. Abl. 

is 

is 

ibus 

ubus, ibus 

ebus 

Acc. 

as 

os, a 

es, Is; a, ia 

us, ua 

es 

33. General Rules of Declension. 

a. The vocative is like the nomina- 


tive, except in the singular of the second declension, when the nominative 
ends in us. 

b. In the third, fourth, and fifth declensions the nominative, accusa¬ 
tive, and vocative cases are alike in the plural. 

c. Neuter substantives have the nominative, accusative, and vocative 
alike; in the plural these cases always end in a. 

d. The dative and ablative plural are alike in all declensions. 


First Declension 

34. The stem ends in a. The nominative-vocative singular is the 
simple stem with shortened stem vowel and no case ending. 


6 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


Sg. Nom. terra, f., (a, the) land 

Gen. terrae, of (a, the) land, (a, 
the) land’s 

Dat. terrae, to, for (a, the) land 
Acc. terram, (a, the) land 
Voc. terra, 0 land! land! 

Abl. terra, from, with, by, in, on, 
at (a, the) land 


PI. terrae, (the) lands 

terrarum, of (the) lands, (the) 
lands’ 

terns, to, for (the) lands 
terras, (the) lands 
terrae, 0 lands! lands! 

terris, from, with, by, in, on, 

at (the) lands 


a. The locative singular of the first declension is like the genitive: 
Romae, at Rome; militiae, abroad (i. e., engaged in warfare). 

b. The genitive singular sometimes ends in ai in poetry; the genitive 
plural sometimes takes the form um instead of arum. 

c. The ending abus is found (along with the regular ending) in the 
dative and ablative plural of dea, goddess, and filia, daughter. 

35. Rule of Gender. Nouns of the first declension are feminine, ex¬ 
cept when they refer to males. 


Second Declension 

36. The stem ends in o, which in the classical period usually becomes u. 
In combination with the case endings it frequently disappears altogether. 
In the vocative singular (except in neuters) it becomes e. 

a. The nominative ends in s (m., f.) and m (n.). But many masculine 
stems in which the original final vowel, o, was preceded by r have dropped 
the us of the nominative and the e of the vocative, and inserted e before 
the r, if it was preceded by a consonant; thus original pueros became 
puer, boy, and libros became liber, book. 

b. The final o was often retained after u or v until the first century a.d.; 
as servos, slave. 

37. Animus, spirit; puer, boy; vir, man; bellum, war, are declined as 
follows: 


Sg. Nom. animus, m. 

puer, m. 

vir, m. 

bellum, n 

Gen. animi 

pueri 

viri 

belli 

Dat. animo 

puero 

viro 

bello 

Acc. animum 

puerum 

virum 

bellum 

Voc. anime 

puer 

vir 

bellum 

Abl. animo 

puero 

viro 

bello 

PI. Nom. animi 

pueri 

viri 

bella 

Gen. animorum 

puerorum 

virorum 

bellorum 

Dat. animls 

pueris 

viris 

bellis 

Acc. animos 

pueros 

viros 

bella 

Voc. animi 

pueri 

viri 

bella 

Abl. animis 

pueris 

viris 

bellis 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


7 


a. Words in ius (ium) have the genitive singular for the most part in i 
until the first century a.d., without change of accent: inge'ni (nom., in- 
genium), of genius; Vergi'll, of Vergil. 

b. Proper names in ius have the vocative in i, without change of 
accent: Anto'ni, Tulli, Ga/i, Vergi'li. Filius, son, and genius, genius, 
form their vocative in like manner: fill, 'geni. In solemn discourse us of 
the nominative is employed also for the vocative. So regularly deus, 
0 god! 

c. The locative singular ends in i like the genitive, as Rhodi, at Rhodes; 
Tarenti, at Tarentum. 

d. In the genitive plural um instead of drum is often found. 

e. The locative plural is identical with the ablative: Delphis, at Delphi. 

f. The declension of deus, m., god, is irregular: 


Sg. Nom. deus 
Gen. dei 
Dat. deo 
Acc. deum 
Voc. deus 
Abl. deo 


PI. di, dei, dii 
deorum, deum 
dis, deis, diis 
deos 

di, dei, dii 
dis, deis, diis 


38. Rule of Gender. Nouns of the second declension ending in us or 
r are masculine; in um neuter. 

a. Exceptions. Feminine are: (1) cities and islands, as Corinthus, 
Samus; (2) most trees, as fagus, beech; pirns, pear tree; (3) alvus, belly; 
colus, distaff; humus, ground; vannus, wheat fan; (4) many Greek nouns, 
as atomus, atom. 

Neuters are: pelagus, sea; virus, venom; vulgus, the rabble. 


Third Declension 

39. The stem ends in a consonant or in the close vowels (or semi¬ 
vowels) i and u. The stems are divided according to their last letter, 
called the stem characteristic: 


I. Consonant Stems 

1. Liquid stems, ending in 1, m, n, r. 

2. Sibilant stems, ending in s. 

f a. Ending in b, p. 

3. Mute stems j 6. Ending in g, c. 

( c. Ending in d, t. 

II. i-Stems 

40. 1. The nominative singular, masculine and feminine, case ending 
is s, which, however, is dropped after 1 , n, r, s, and combines with c or g 
to form x. In the other cases, the endings are added to the unchanged 
stem. The vocative of the third declension is always like the nominative. 


8 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


2. Neuters always form the nominative without the addition of a 
case ending and the accusative and vocative cases in both numbers are 
like the nominative. The nominative plural ends in a. 


I. Consonant Stems 

41. 1. Liquid Stems in l 

Form the nominative without the case ending s. These comprise: 
a. Those in which the stem characteristic is preceded by a vowel; 
thus: 


Sg. Nom. consul, m., consul 
Gen. consulis 
Dat. consul! 

Acc. consulem 
Voc. consul 
Abl. consule 


PL consules, consuls 
consulum 
consulibus 
consules 
consules 
consulibus 


b. Two neuter substantives with stems in 11, one of which is lost in 
the nominative: mel, mellis, honey; fel, fellis, gall. 


42. Rules of Gender. Third declension nouns having their stems in 1 
are regularly masculine; those having stems in 11 are neuter. 


43. 2. Liquid Stems in n 

Most masculine and feminine stems form the nominative singular 
by dropping the stem characteristic and changing a preceding vowel to o. 
Some masculine and most neuter stems retain the stem characteristic in 
the nominative and change a preceding i to e. 

Masculine Neuter 


Sg. 

Nom. 

sermo, m., conversation 

homo, m., 

man nomen, n., name 


Gen. 

sermonis 

hominis 

nominis 


Dat. 

sermon! 

homini 

nomin! 


Acc. 

sermonem 

hominem 

nomen 


Voc. 

sermo 

homo 

nomen 


Abl. 

sermone 

homine 

nomine 

PI. 

Nom. 

sermones 

homines 

nomina 


Gen. 

sermonum 

hominum 

nominum 


Dat. 

sermonibus 

hominibus 

nominibus 


Acc. 

sermones 

homines 

nomina 


Voc. 

sermones 

homines 

nomina 


Abl. 

sermonibus 

hominibus 

nominibus 


44. Rules of Gender. 1. Third declension nouns ending in 6 are 
masculine, except those ending in do, go, and io, which are mostly feminine. 
2. Third declension nouns in en (men) are regularly neuter. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


9 


45. 

3. Liquid Stems in r 


Form nominative 

without s. 


Sg. Nom. 

soror, f., sister 

pater, m., father 

Gen. 

sororis 

patris 

Dat. 

sorori 

patri 

Acc. 

sororem 

patrem 

Yoc. 

soror 

pater 

Abl. 

sorore 

patre 

PI. Nom. 

sorores 

patres 

Gen. 

sororum 

patrum 

Dat. 

sororibus 

patribus 

Acc. 

sorores 

patres 

Voc. 

sorores 

patres 

Abl. 

sororibus 

patribus 


a. Imber, shower; linter, skiff; uter, bag; venter, belly, have the 
genitive plural in ium. Imber has also sometimes the ablative singular in L 

46. Rules of Gender. 1. Third declension nouns in er and or are 
usually masculine. 2. Third declension nouns in ar and ur are neuter. 


47. 


4. Sibilant Stems 


The nominative has no additional s, and in masculines changes e 
to i, and in neuters e or o to u before s. 

In the oblique cases, the s of the stem usually passes over, between 
two vowels, into r. 


Sg. Nom. Acc. Yoc. genus, n., kind 
Gen. generis 
Dat. generi 
Abl. genere 


corpus, n., body 
corporis 
corpori 
corpore 


PI. 4 Nom. Acc. Voc. genera 
Gen. generum 
Dat. Abl. generibus 


corpora 

corporum 

corporibus 


48. Rules of Gender. 1. Masculine are third declension nouns in is 
(eris), and os (oris). 

2. Neuter are third declension nouns in us (eris, oris) and in us (uris). 


49 . 5. Mijte Stems 

All masculines and feminines of mute stems have s in the nominative. 
Before s a p or b is retained, a c or g combines with it to form x, a t or d 
is dropped. 

a. Most polysyllabic mute stems change their stem vowel i to e in the 
nominative. 


10 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


50. Stems in p or b 


Sg. Nom. princeps, m., leader 

PI. principes 

Gen. principis 

principum 

Dat. principi 

principibus 

Acc. principem 

principes 

Voc. princeps 

principes 

Abl. principe 

principibus 

Stems in c or g 

Sg. Nom. dux, m., leader 

PI. duces 

Gen. ducis 

ducum 

Dat. duel 

ducibus 

Acc. ducem 

duces 

Voc. dux 

duces 

Abl. duce 

ducibus 

Stems in t or d 

Sg. Nom. comes, m., f., companion 

PI. comites 

Gen. comitis 

comitum 

Dat. comiti 

comitibus 

Acc. comitem 

comites 

Voc. comes 

comites 

Abl. comits 

comitibus 

Sg. Nom. pes, m .,foot 

PI. pedes 

Gen. pedis 

pedum 

Dat. pedi 

pedibus 

Acc. pedem 

pedes 

Voc. pes 

pedes 

Abl. pede 

pedibus 

Sg. Nom. caput, n., head 

PI. capita 

Gen. capitis 

capitum 

Dat. capiti 

capitibus 

Acc. caput 

capita 

Voc. caput 

capita 

Abl. capite 

capitibus 


a. The following mute stems have certain irregular forms: cor (gen. 
cordis), heart; nox (gen. noctis), night; lac (gen. lactis), milk. 


53. Monosyllabic mute stems, with the characteristic preceded by a 
consonant, have the genitive plural in ium: urbium, of cities; arcium, of 
citadels; montium, of mountains; noctium, of nights. 

a. Monosyllabic mute stems, with characteristic preceded by a long 
vowel or diphthong, vary: dotium, of dowries; litium , of lawsuits; faucium, 
of throats; fraudum (ium), of frauds; laudum (ium), of praises; but 
vocum, of voices. 

b. Most monosyllabic stems, with characteristic preceded by a short 


grammatical appendix 


11 


vowel, have urn: opum, of resources; but fac-ium, of torches; nuc-um 
(ium), of nuts; niv-ium (um), of snows. 

c. Polysyllabic stems in nt and rt have more frequently ium, as clien- 
tium (um), of clients; cohortium (um), of companies. 

d. Polysyllabic feminine stems in at have either um or ium, as aetatum 
or aetatium, of ages; civitatum or civitatium, of states; the rest have 
usually um. Palus, marsh, has usually paludium. 

54. Rule of Gender. Mute stems, with nominative in s, are usually 
feminine. 


II. i-Stems 

55. Masculines and feminines form their nominative in s. 

a. Some feminines change the stem vowel i to e in the nominative. 

b. Neuters change the stem vowel i to e in the nominative. This e is 
generally dropped after 1 and r in polysyllabic neuters. 

c. Stems in i have genitive plural in ium. 

cl. Neuter stems in i have the ablative singular in i and nominative 
plural in ia. 


56. Sg. 

Nom. 

hostis, m., f., enemy 

mare, n., sea 

animal, n., living being 


Gen. 

hostis 

maris 

animalis 


Dat. 

hosti 

marl 

animal! 


Acc. 

hostem 

mare 

animal 


Voc. 

hostis 

mare 

animal 


Abl. 

hoste 

mari 

animal! 

PI. 

Nom. 

hostes 

maria 

% 

animalia 


Gen. 

hostium 

marium 

animalium 


Dat. 

hostibus 

maribus 

animalibus 


Acc. 

hostes (is) 

maria 

animalia 


Voc. 

hostes 

maria 

animalia 


Abl. 

hostibus 

maribus 

animalibus 


a. The accusative singular ending im is found always in sitis, thirst; 
tussis, cough; vis, strength; and in names of towns and rivers in is, as 
Neapolis, Naples; Tiberis, Tiber; usually in febris, fever; puppis, stern 
of ship; restis, cable; securis, ax; turris, tower; occasionally in clavis, 
key; cratis, hurdle; cutis, skin; messis, harvest; navis, ship. 

b. The ablative in i is found in i-stem nouns that regularly have im 
in the accusative (except perhaps restis, rope, cable ); also not infrequently 
in amnis, river; avis, bird; canalis, canal; civis, citizen; classis, fleet; 
finis, end; fustis, club; ignis, fire; orbis, circle; unguis, claw; occasionally 
in anguis, snake; bilis, bile; clavis, key; collis, hill; corbis, basket; 
messis, harvest; regularly in neuters in e, al, and ar, except in rete, net; 
and in the proper nouns Caere, Praeneste. 



12 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


c. In the genitive plural instead of the ending ium, urn is found always 
in canis, dog; juvenis, young man; panis, bread; senex, old man; strues, 
heap; volucris, bird; usually in apis, bee; sedes, seat; vates, bard; fre¬ 
quently in mensis, month. 

d. The accusative plural ending Is is found frequently in the classical 
period along with es. 

57. Rule of Gender, a. i-stems, with nominative in es, are feminine, 
unless they refer to males; those with nominative in is are partly mascu¬ 
line, partly feminine. 

b. i-stems, with nominative in e, al, ar, are neuter. 

c. The rest are feminine. 


Fourth Declension 

58. The fourth declension embraces only dissyllabic and polysyllabic 
stems in u. 

a. The endings are the same as those of i-stems of the third declension. 

b. In the genitive and ablative singular, and in the nominative, accusa¬ 
tive, and vocative plural (sometimes, too, in the dative singular), the u of 
the stem absorbs the vowel of the ending, and becomes long. 

c. In the dative and ablative plural u generally becomes i before the 
ending bus. 




Masculine 

Neuter 

Sg. 

Nom. 

casus, m., chance 

cornu, n., horn 

4 

Gen. 

casus 

cornus 


Dat. 

casui (casu) 

cornu 


Acc. 

casum 

cornu 


Voc. 

casus 

cornu 


Abl. 

casu 

cornu 

pi. 

Nom. 

casus 

cornua 


Gen. 

casuum 

cornuum 


Dat. 

casibus 

comibus 


Acc. 

casus 

cornua 


Voc. 

casus 

cornua 


Abl. 

casibus 

comibus 


60. Domus, f., house, is declined: sg. gen. domus; dat. domul; acc. 
domurn; voc. domus; abl. domo; loc. domi (domul); pi. nom. domus; 
gen. domorum; dat.-abl. domibus; acc. domos, domus. 

61. Rule of Gender. Fourth declension nouns in us are generally 
masculine; those in u are neuter. 

a. But feminine are acus, needle; domus, house; Idus (pi.), the ides; 

manus, hand; penus, victuals; porticus, piazza; tribus, tribe. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


13 


Fifth Declension 

62. The stem ends in e; the nominative in es. 

a. In the genitive and dative singular the stem vowel e is shortened 
after a consonant. 

b. The accusative singular always ends in em; 22. 

c. The ending in the genitive singular is that of the second declension, 
I; the other endings are those of the third declension. 



Masculine 

Feminine 

Nom. 

dies, m., f., day 

res, f., thing 

Gen. 

diel (die) 

rei 

Dat. 

diel (die) 

rei 

Acc. 

diem 

rem 

Voc. 

dies 

res 

Abl. 

die 

re 

Nom. 

dies 

res 

Gen. 

dierum 

rerum 

Dat. 

diebus 

rebus 

Acc. 

dies 

res 

Voc. 

dies 

res 

Abl. 

diebus 

rebus 


a. The genitive, dative, and ablative plural are rarely found except in 
dies and res. 

b. Many words of the fifth declension have a parallel form, which 
follows the first declension, as mollifies or mollitia, softness. Where this 
is the case, forms of the fifth declension are usually found only in the 
nominative, accusative, and ablative singular. 

64. Rule of Gender. Fifth declension nouns are feminine except dies 
which in the singular is either masculine or feminine, and in the plural 
masculine, and meridies, midday, which is always masculine. 


Declension of Greek Nouns 

65. Greek nouns, especially proper names, are commonly Latinized 
and declined regularly according to their stem characteristic. Some 
Greek nouns, however, either retain their Greek form exclusively or have 
the Greek and Latin forms side by side. These variations occur princi¬ 
pally in the singular. 

a. In the plural the declension is usually regular, but the third declen¬ 
sion often shows es in the nominative and as in the accusative. In the 
genitive plural the endings on and eon are found in the titles of books, as 
Georgicon, of the Georgies; Metamorphoseon, of the Metamorphoses. 


14 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


66. 

Sg. Nom. Penelope 
Gen. Penelopes 
Dat. Penelopae 
Acc. Penelopen 
Voc. Penelope 
Abl. Penelopa 


First Declension 

Aeneas 

Aeneae 

Aeneae 

Aeneam (an) 

Aenea 

Aenea 


Anchises 
Anchisae 
Anchisae 
Anchisen (am) 
Anchise (a, a) 
Anchisa 


67. 


Second 

Declension 


Sg. Nom. 

Delos (us) 

Ilion (um) 

Panthus 

Androgeos (us) 

Gen. 

Dell 

im 

Panthi 

Androgei (eo) 

Dat. 

Delo 

Ilio 

Pantho 

Androgeo 

Acc. 

Delon (um) 

Ilion (um) 

Panthun 

Androgeon (6, ona 

Voc. 

Dele 

Ilion (um) 

Panthu 

Androgeos 

Abl. 

Delo 

ilio 

Pantho 

Androgeo 



68. 


Third Declension 


Sg. 

Nom. 

Solon (Solo) 

aer, air 

Xenophon 

Atlas 


Gen. 

Solonis 

aeris 

Xenophontis 

Atlantis 


Dat. 

Solon! 

aeri 

Xenophonti 

Atlanti 


Acc. 

Solona (em) 

aera (em) Xenophonta (em) 

Atlanta 


Voc. 

Solon 

aer 

Xenophon 

Atla 


Abl. 

Solone 

aere 

Xenophonte 

Atlante 

Sg. 

Nom. 

Thales 


Paris 

heros 


Gen. 

Thal-etis (is) 


Paridis (os) 

herois 


Dat. 

Thal-eti (i) 


Paridi (i) 

heroi 


Acc. 

Thal-eta (en, 

em) 

Par-ida (im, in) 

heroa (em) 


Voc. 

Thale 


Pari (Paris) 

herds 


Abl. 

Thale 


Paride 

heroe 


69. Mixed Declensions 




II and III 

II AND III 

II AND III 

Sg. 

Nom. 

Orpheus 

Athos 

Oedipus 


Gen. 

Orphei (el) 

Atho (onis) 

Oedip-odis (!) 


Dat. 

Orpheo (ei) 

Atho 

Oedipidi 


Acc. 

Orpheum (ea) 

Atho (on, onem) 

Oedip-um (oda) 


Voc. 

Orpheu 

Athos 

Oedipe 


Abl. 

Orpheo 

Athone 

Oedip-ide (o) 



II AND III 

II AND III 

II AND III 

Sg. 

Nom. 

Achilles (eus) 

Socrates 

Dido 


Gen. 

Achillis (e)i, eos 

Socratis (!) 

Didus (onis) 


Dat. 

Achilli 

Socrat! 

Dido (on!) 


Acc. 

Achillem (ea, en) 

Socraten (em) 

Dido (onem) 


Voc. 

Achilles (e, eu, e) 

Socrate (es) 

Dido 


Abl. 

Achille, (!) 

Socrate 

Dido (one) 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


15 


ADJECTIVES 

70. The Adjective adds a quality to its noun or pronoun. Adjectives 
have the same declension as nouns, and according to the stem character¬ 
istic are of the first and second or third declension. 

Adjectives of the First and Second Declension 

71. Stems end in o for masculine and neuter, a for feminine; nomi¬ 
native in us (er), a, um. The same variations in termination occur as in 
nouns, except that adjectives in ius form the genitive and vocative singular 


regularly. 

See 37, a. 




M. 

F. 

N. 

Sg. Nom. 

bonus, good 

bona 

bonum 

Gen. 

boni 

bonae 

boni 

Dat. 

bono 

bonae 

bond 

Acc. 

bonum 

bonam 

bonum 

Voc. 

bone 

bona 

bonum 

Abl. 

bono 

bona 

bono 

PI. Nom. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Gen. 

bonorum 

bonarum 

bonorum 

Dat. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Acc. 

bonos 

bonas 

bona 

Voc. 

boni 

bonae 

bona 

Abl. 

bonis 

bonis 

bonis 

Sg. Nom 

miser, wretched 

misera 

miserum 

Gen. 

miseri 

miserae 

miseri 

Dat. 

misero 

miserae 

misero 

Acc. 

miserum 

miseram 

miserum 

Voc. 

miser 

misera 

miserum 

Abl. 

misero 

misera 

misero 

PI. Nom, 

miseri 

miserae 

misera 

Gen. 

miserorum 

miserarum 

miserorum 

Dat. 

miseris 

miseris 

miseris 

Acc. 

miseros 

miseras 

misera 

Voc. 

miseri 

miserae 

misera 

Abl. 

miseris 

miseris 

miseris 

Sg. Nom. 

pulcher, beautiful 

pulchra 

pulchrum 

Gen. 

pulchri 

pulchrae 

pulchri 

Dat. 

pulchro 

pulchrae 

pulchro 

Acc. 

pulchrum 

pulchram 

pulchrum 

Voc. 

pulcher 

pulchra 

pulchrum 

Abl. 

pulchro 

pulchra 

pulchro 

PI. Nom. 

pulchri 

pulchrae 

pulchra 

Gen. 

pulchrorum 

pulchrarum 

pulchrorum 

Dat. 

pulchris 

pulchris 

pulchris 

Acc. 

pulchros 

pulchras 

pulchra 

Voc. 

pulchri 

pulchrae 

pulchra 

Abl. 

pulchris 

pulchris 

pulchris 

a. All 

participles ending in 

us, a, um, are 

inflected like bonus. 


16 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


72. In poetry we find um alongside of orum and arum in the genitive 
plural. 

a. In the dative and ablative plural ils from adjectives in ius is often 
contracted to Is especially in names of months and in adjectives formed 
from proper names. 

73. The so-called Pronominal Adjectives show certain peculiarities 
in the genitive and dative singular. These adjectives are: alter, one 
of the two ; alteruter (a combination of alter and uter), either of the two; 
alius, other ; neuter, neither; nullus, none; solus, sole; totus, whole; 
ullus, any ; unus, one; uter, which of the two. 



74. 

M. 

F. 

N. 

Sg. 

Nom. 

alter, one of two 

altera 

alterum 


Gen. 

alterius 

alterius 

alterius 


Dat. 

alter! 

alterl 

alterl 


Acc. 

alterum 

alteram 

alterum 


Abl. 

altero 

altera 

altero 

Sg. 

Nom. 

alius 

alia 

aliud 


Gen. 

alius 

alius 

alius 


Dat. 

alii 

alii 

alii 


Acc. 

alium 

aliam 

aliud 


Abl. 

alio 

alia 

alio 

Sg. 

Nom. 

ullus, any 

ulla 

ullum 


Gen. 

ulllus 

ulllus 

ulllus 


Dat. 

ulli 

ulli 

ulli 


Acc. 

ullum 

ullam 

ullum 


Abl. 

ullo 

ulla 

ullo 

Sg. 

Nom. 

uter 

utra 

utrum 


Gen. 

utrius 

utrius 

utrius 


Dat. 

utri 

utri 

utri 


Acc. 

utrum 

utram 

utrum 


Abl. 

utro 

utra 

utro 


Like uter is declined neuter; like ullus are declined nullus, solus, 
totus, unus. The plural is regular. 

a. The genitive alius is very rare, and its place is usually taken by 
alterius or alienus. 

h. The i of the ending Ius (except in alius) is often shortened in 
poetry. This is usually the case with alter, and regularly in the com¬ 
pounds of uter; as utriusque. 

c. In the compound alteruter we usually find both parts declined; 
sometimes the second only. 

d. Alius has its nominative and accusative singular neuter irregularly 

aliud. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


17 


Adjectives of the Third Declension 

75. The declension of the adjectives of the third declension follows 
the rules given for nouns. Most adjectives of the third declension are 
vowel stems in i, with two (rarely three) endings in the nominative. The 
remaining adjectives of the third declension are consonant stems and have 
one ending only in the nominative. 

Adjectives of Two or Three Endings 

76. These have (except stems in ri) one ending in the nominative for 
masculine and feminine, one for neuter. Most stems in i form the mascu¬ 
line and feminine alike, with nominative in s; but the nominative neuter 
weakens the characteristic i into e. Compare mare, sea. 

a. Several stems in i, preceded by r (cr, tr, br), form the nominative 
masculine, not by affixing s, but by dropping the i and inserting short e 
before the r, as, stem, acri, sharp; nom., acer (m.), acris (f.), acre (n.). 


77. 


M., F. 


N. 



Sg. Nom. 

omnis, all 


omne 



Gen. 

omnis 


omnis 



Dat. 

omni 


omni 



Acc. 

omnem 


omne 



Voc. 

omnis 


omne 



Abl. 

omni 


omni 



PI. Nom. 

omnes 


omnia 



Gen. 

omnium 


omnium 



Dat. 

omnibus 


omnibus 



Acc. 

omnes (is) 


omnia 



Voc. 

omnes 


omnia 



Abl. 

omnibus 


omnibus 



M. 


F. 


N. 

Sg. 

Nom. acer, sharp 

acris 


acre 


Gen. acris 


acris 


acris 


Dat. acri 


acri 


acri 


Acc. acrem 


acrem 


acre 


Voc. acer 


acris 


acre 


Abl. acri 


acri 


acri 

PI. 

Nom. acres 


acres 


acria 


Gen. acrium 


acrium 


acrium 


Dat. acribus 


acribus 


acribus 


Acc. acres (is) 

acres (is) 


acria 


Voc. acres 


acres 


acria 


Abl. acribus 


acribus 


acribus 


Adjectives of One Ending 

78. Adjective stems of one ending (consonant stems) end with 1, r, s; 

p, b; t, d; c, g. 


18 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


79. Present active participles are also consonant stems and follow the 
same declension. 

80. The consonant stem adjectives have the same forms in all the 
genders, except that in the accusative singular and in the nominative, 
accusative, and vocative plural, the neuter is distinguished from the 
masculine and feminine. 

81. Consonant stem adjectives follow in part the declension of i-stem 
nouns; thus: 

1. In the ablative singular they have I or e; when used as nouns, 
commonly e. 

a. The participles, as such, have e; but used as nouns or adjectives, 
either e or I, with a tendency to I. 

2. In the neuter plural they have ia; except all comparatives (91), 
vetus, old, and uber, fertile, which have vetera and ubera. Many have 
no neuter. 

3. In the genitive plural they have ium, when the stem character¬ 
istic is preceded by a long vowel or a consonant; um, when the charac¬ 
teristic is preceded by a short vowel. The participles regularly have ium. 


82. 

M., F. 

N. 

M., F. 

N. 

Sg. 

Nom. 

felix, lucky 

felix 

Sg. recens, recent 

recens 


Gen. 

felicis 

felicis 

recentis 

recentis 


Dat. 

felici 

felici 

recenti 

recenti 


Acc. 

felicem 

felix 

recentem 

recens 


Voc. 

felix 

felix 

recens 

recens 


Abl. 

felici (e) 

felici (e) 

recenti (e) 

recenti (e) 

PI. 

Nom. 

felices 

felicia 

PI. recentes 

recentia 


Gen. 

felicium 

felicium 

recentium 

recentium 


Dat. 

felicibus 

felicibus 

recentibus 

recentibus 


Acc. 

felices (is) 

felicia 

recentes (is) 

recentia 


Voc. 

felices 

felicia 

recentes 

recentia 


Abl. 

felicibus 

felicibus 

recentibus 

recentibus 

Sg. 

Nom. 

vetus, old 

vetus 

Sg. amans, loving 

amans 


Gen. 

veteris 

veteris 

amantis 

amantis 


Dat. 

veteri 

veteri 

amanti 

amanti 


Acc. 

veterem 

vetus 

amantem 

amans 


Voc. 

vetus 

vetus 

amans 

amans 


Abl. 

vetere (i) 

vetere (i) 

amante (i) 

amante (i) 

PI. 

Nom. 

veteres 

vetera 

PI. amantes 

amantia 


Gen. 

veterum 

veterum 

amantium 

amantium 


Dat. 

veteribus 

veteribus 

amantibus 

amantibus 


Acc. 

veteres 

vetera 

amantes (is) 

amantia 


Voc. 

veteres 

vetera 

amantes 

amantia 


Abl. 

veteribus 

veteribus 

amantibus 

amantibus 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


19 


a. In the poets, e is often found for i in the ablative singular. Also in 
classical prose we find regularly paupere, poor; vetere, old; and fre¬ 
quently divite, rich; sapiente, wise. 

b. In the nominative and accusative plural Is for es belongs to early 
Latin and the poets, but a few cases of this accusative are found in 
Cicero. In the case of participles Is is very common, and is the rule in 
Vergil and Horace. 

c. In the genitive plural cicur, tame; vetus, old; dives, rich, have um 
instead of ium; so also many compound adjectives. 

d. In the poets and in later writers, um is not infrequently found 
where classical prose uses ium. 


Comparison of Adjectives 

83. The Degrees of Comparison are: positive, comparative, and su¬ 
perlative. 

84. The Comparative is formed by adding to the consonant stems the 
endings ior for the masculine and feminine, and ius for the neuter. 


85. The Superlative is formed by adding to the consonant stems the 

endings issimus, a, um (earlier issumus). 

86. Vowel stems, before forming the comparative and superlative, 
drop their characteristic vowel. 


87. Positive 

altus, a, um, high 
fortis, e, brave 
felix, happy 
recens, recent 


Comparative 
altior, ius, higher 
fortior, ius, braver 
fellcior, ius, happier 
recentior, ius, more recent 


Superlative 

altissimus, a, um, highest 
fortissimus, bravest 
felicissimus, happiest 
recentissimus, most recent 


88. Peculiarities of Comparison. Adjectives in er add the superla¬ 
tive ending rimus directly to the nominative masculine. The comparative 
has the regular formation. See 84. 


89. Positive 

miser, era, erum, wretched 
celer, eris, ere, swift 
acer, acris, acre, sharp 


Comparative 

miserior, miserius 
celerior, celerius 
acrior, acrius 


Superlative 

miserrimus 

celerrimus 

acerrimus 


a. Six adjectives in ilis add limus (earlier lumus) to the stem, after 
dropping i, to form the superlative: facilis, easy; difficilis, hard; similis, 
like; dissimilis, unlike; gracilis, slender; and humilis, low. 

Pos. facilis Comp, facilior, ius Sup. facillimus, a, um 


90. Participles used as adjectives are subject also to the same laws of 

comparison: as amans, loving; amantior, more loving; amantissimus, 
most loving; apertus, open; apertior, apertissimus. 


20 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


91. The superlative follows the declension of adjectives of three end¬ 
ings of the first and second declensions; 71. The comparative is declined 
according to the third declension, thus: 


M., F. 

N. 

M., F. 

N. 

Nom. altior, higher 

altius 

PI. altiores 

altiora 

Gen. altioris 

altioris 

altiorum 

altiorum 

Dat. altiori 

altiori 

altioribus 

altioribus 

Acc. altiorem 

altius 

altiores (is) 

altiora 

Voc. altior 

altius 

altiores 

altiora 

Abl. altiore (i) 

altiore (i) 

altioribus 

altioribus 


92. Irregular Comparison. Certain adjectives are irregular in their 
comparison: 


Positive 
bonus, good 
malus, bad 
magnus, great 
parvus, small 
multus, much 


nequam, worthless 
frugi (indecl.), frugal 


Comparative 
melior, melius 
pejor, pejus 
major, majus 
minor, minus 
Sg. plus (no dat. nor abl.) 

PI. plures, plura 

complures, complura (ia) 
nequior, nequius 
frugalior 


Superlative 

optimus 

pessimus 

maximus 

minimus 

plurimus 


nequissimus 

frugalissimus 


a. For the pronunciation of major and pejor = majjor, pejjor, see 6, b. 

b. The older form of the superlative ended in umus. 


ADVERBS 

93. Most adverbs are either oblique cases or mutilated forms of oblique 
cases of adjectival, nominal or pronominal stems. 

94. The cases from which they are derived are principally the accusa¬ 
tive and the ablative. 

Adverbs Formed from Adjectives 

95. Many adverbs are formed from the ablative case of adjectives in 
us: tuto, safely; primo, at first. 

a. Many adverbs are formed from an old ablative form (e) of ad¬ 
jectives in us and er: alte, loftily; pulchre, beautifully. 

b. Many adverbs are formed from accusative singular neuter ad¬ 
jectival and pronominal stems: multum, much; facile, easily. This is 
true of all comparatives: facilius, more easily. To the comparatives be¬ 
long also magis, more; nimis, too. 

c. Adverbs are regularly formed from adjectives and participles of 
the third declension by the addition of ter (iter) to the stem; stems in nt 
dropping the t, and stems in c or g inserting the connecting vowel i before 
the ending: fortiter, bravely; ferociter, wildly; prudenter, 'prudently. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


21 


Comparison of Adverbs 

96. The comparative of the adverb is the accusative neuter of the 
comparative of the adjective. See 95, b. The superlative ends in issime, 
errime, illime (earlier issume, errume, illume), or irregularly, according 
to the superlative of the adjective. See 87, 88, 89, 92. 


97. Positive 

Comparative 

Superlative 

alte, loftily 

altius 

altissime 

pulchre, beautifully 

pulchrius 

pulcherrime 

misere, poorly 

miserius 

miserrime 

fortiter, bravely 

fortius 

fortissime 

audacter, boldly 

audacius 

audacissime 

tuto, safely 

tutius 

tutissime 

facile, easily 

facilius 

facillime 

bene, well 

melius 

optime 

male, ill 

pejus 

pessime 

[parvus], small 

minus, less 

minime, least 

[magnus], great 

magis, more 

maxime, most 

multum, much 

plus, more 

plurimum 

cito, quickly 

citius 

citissime 

diu, long 

diutius 

diutissime 

saepe, often 

saepius 

saepissime 

nuper, recently 
satis, enough 

satius, better 

nuperrime 


NUMERALS 
Numeral Adjectives 

98. The Cardinal Numerals, as unus, one; duo, two; decern, ten, 
answer the question quot, how many? and are the numbers used in counting. 

a. The Ordinal Numerals, as primus, first; secundus (alter), second; 
decimus, tenth, answer the question quotus, which one in the series? 


99. The cardinal numerals are indeclinable, except: unus, one; duo, 
two; tres, three; the hundreds beginning with ducenti, two hundred; and 
the plural milia, thousands, which forms milium and mflibus. 



M. 

F. 

N. 

M„ F. 

N. 

Nom. 

duo, two 

duae 

duo 

tres, three 

tria 

Gen. 

duorum 

duarum 

duorum 

trium 

trium 

Dat. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

tribus 

tribus 

Acc. 

duos, duo 

duas 

duo 

tres (tris) 

tria 

Abl. 

duobus 

duabus 

duobus 

tribus 

tribus 


a. For the declension of unus see 73-74. 


100. The Distributive Numerals, as singuli, one each; bini, two each; 
deni, ten each, answer the question quoteni, how many each? 


22 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


101. Numeral Adverbs, as semel, once; bis, twice; ter, thrice, answer 
the question quotiens, how often? 


PRONOUNS 

102. A Pronoun is a word that may be substituted for a noun. Latin 
pronouns may be divided into six classes: personal (including reflexive), 
demonstrative, intensive, relative, interrogative, and indefinite. 

a. All but the personal pronouns may be used as pronominal adjectives. 

b. The possessive adjectives are often classified as possessive pronouns. 


A. Personal Pronouns 

103. The Personal Pronoun of the First Person. 


Sg. Nom. ego, I 
Gen. mei, of me 
Dat. mih! (mi), to, for me 
Acc. me, me 

Abl. me, from, with, by me 


PI. nos, we 

nostri, nostrum, of us 
nobis, to, for us 
nos, us 

nobis, from, with, by us 


a. Compare the corresponding possessive adjectives: 

Sg. meus, a, um, (voc. m., mi), PI. noster, nostra, nostrum, our(s), 

mine, my own our own 

b. The oblique cases of ego may also be used with reflexive force: 
mei, of myself, etc. 


104. The Personal Pronoun of the Second Person. 


Nom. Voc. tu, you 

PI. vos, you 

Gen. 

tul, of you 

vestri, vestrum, of you 

Dat. 

tibi, to, for you 

vobis, to, for you 

Acc. 

te, you 

vos, you 

Abl. 

te, from, with, by you 

vobis, from, with, by you 


a. Compare the corresponding possessive adjectives: 

Sg. tuus, a, um, your(s), your own PI. vester, vestra, vestrum, 

your(s), your own 

b. The oblique cases of tu may also be used with reflexive force: tul, 
of yourself, etc. 


105. The Personal Pronouns of the Third Person. 

a. Is, ea, id, he, she, it, 107, used also as a demonstrative, this, that, is 
the ordinary form of the third personal pronoun. It lacks the possessive 
adjective. 

b. The original personal pronoun of the third person, together with its 
possessive, is used only as a reflexive in Latin, and therefore lacks a 
nominative. See 106. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


23 


106. The Personal (Reflexive) Pronoun of the Third Person. 


Sg. Nom. 
Gen. 
Dat. 

Acc. 

Abl. 


sui, of him(self), her(self), it (self) 
sibi, to, for, him(self), her (self), 
it(self) 

se, sese, him(self), her(self), it- 
(self) 

se, sese, from, with, by him- 
(■ self), her (self), it (self) 


PI. - 

sui, of them(selves) 
sibi, to, for them(selves) 

se, sese, them(selves) 

se, sese, from, with, by them¬ 
selves) 


a. Compare the corresponding possessive adjective, suus, a, urn, his 
(own), her (own), its (own); their (own), theirs. 

b. The enclitic -met is sometimes added to certain forms of the per¬ 
sonal pronouns; as egomet, I myself. 

c. The enclitic -pte is sometimes added to the ablative singular of the 
possessive adjective; as suopte ingenio, by his own genius. 


107. B. Demonstrative Pronouns 


1. is, this, that; he, she, it 




M. 

F. 

N. 

Sg. 

Nom. 

is 

ea 

id 


Gen. 

ejus 

ejus 

ejus 


Dat. 

ei 

ei 

ei 


Acc. 

eum 

earn 

id 


Abl. 

eo 

ea 

eo 

PI. 

Nom. 

il, ei, i 

eae 

ea 


Gen. 

eorum 

earum 

eorum 


Dat. 

iis, eis, is 

iis, eis, is 

iis, eis, is 


Acc. 

eos 

eas 

ea 


Abl. 

iis, eis, is 

iis, eis, is 

iis, eis, is 


a. For the pronunciation of ejus ( = ejjus) see 6, b. 

b. This pronoun is often used as a third personal pronoun, he, she, it; 


105, a. 


2. idem, (is + dem), the same 


Sg. M. 
Nom. idem 
Gen. ejusdem 
Dat. eidem 
Acc. eundem 
Abl. eodem 


F. 

eadem 

ejusdem 

eidem 

eandem 

eadem 


N. 

idem 

ejusdem 

eidem 

idem 

eodem 


PI. 

Nom. idem, eidem, iidem 
Gen. eorundem 
Dat. isdem, eisdem, iisdem 
Acc. eosdem 

Abl. isdem, eisdem, iisdem 


eaedem 

earundem 

isdem, eisdem, iisdem 
easdem 

isdem, eisdem, iisdem 


eadem 

eorundem 

isdem, eisdem, iisdem 
eadem 

isdem, eisdem, iisdem 


a. For the pronunciation of ejusdem = ejjusdem, see 6, b. 


24 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


3. hie, this 



M. 

F. 

N. 

Nom. 

hie 

haec 

hoc 

Gen. 

hujus 

hujus 

hujus 

Dat. 

huic 

huic 

huic 

Acc. 

hunc 

hanc 

hoc 

Abl. 

hoc 

hac 

hoc 

Nom. 

hi 

hae 

haec 

Gen. 

horum 

harum 

horum 

Dat. 

his 

his 

his 

Acc. 

hos 

has 

haec 

Abl. 

his 

his 

his 


a. For the pronunciation of hujus = hujjus, see 6, b. 

b. The full forms with -ce are rare in classical Latin, except in the 
phrase hujusce modi, of this kind. 

c. When followed by a word which begins with a vowel or h, the 
nominative singular of the masculine, hie, and the nominative and ac¬ 
cusative singular of the neuter, hoc, are usually pronounced as though 
spelled hicc, hocc, making these syllables long by position; 15. 


4. iste, that (of yours ) 



M. 

F. 

N. 

Sg. Nom. 

iste 

ista 

istud 

Gen. 

istius 

istius 

istius 

Dat. 

isti 

isti 

isti 

Acc. 

istum 

istam 

istud 

Abl. 

isto 

ista 

isto 

PI. Nom. 

isti 

istae 

ista 

Gen. 

istorum 

istarum 

istorum 

Dat. 

istis 

istis 

istis 

Acc. 

istos 

istas 

ista 

Abl. 

istis 

istis 

istis 

a. Iste combines with 

-ce, but in classical Latin the only 

forms are istuc 

(for istud) and istaec (for ista). 

5. ille, that 



M. 

F. 

N. 

Sg. Nom. 

ille 

ilia 

illud 

Gen. 

illius 

illius 

illius 

Dat. 

ill! 

illi 

illi 

Acc. 

ilium 

ill am 

illud 

Abl. 

illo 

ilia 

illo 

PI. Nom. 

illi 

illae 

ilia 

Gen. 

illorum 

illarum 

illorum 

Dat. 

illis 

illis 

illis 

Acc. 

illos 

illas 

ilia 

Abl. 

illis 

illis 

illis 





GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


25 


108. C. The Intensive Pronoun 





ipse, self 




M. 

F. 

N. 

Sg. 

Nom. 

ipse 

ipsa 

ipsum 


Gen. 

ipsius 

ipsius 

ipsius 


Dat. 

ipsi 

ipsi 

ipsi 


Acc. 

ipsum 

ipsam 

ipsum 


Abl. 

ipso 

ipsa 

ipso 

PI. 

Nom. 

ipsi 

ipsae 

ipsa 


Gen. 

ipsorum 

ipsarum 

ipsorum 


Dat. 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 


Acc. 

ipsos 

ipsas 

ipsa 


Abl. 

ipsis 

ipsis 

ipsis 

109. 


D. 

The Relative Pronoun 





qui, who 




M. 

F. 

N. 

Sg. 

Nom. 

qui 

quae 

quod 


Gen. 

cujus 

cujus 

cujus 


Dat. 

cui 

cui 

cui 


Acc. 

quem 

quam 

quod 


Abl. 

quo 

qua 

qud 

PI. 

Nom. 

qui 

quae 

quae 


Gen. 

quorum 

quarum 

quorum 


Dat. 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 


Acc. 

quos 

quas 

quae 


Abl. 

quibus 

quibus 

quibus 


a. For the pronunciation of cujus = cujjus, see 6, b. 

b. Qui may also be used as a relative adjective. 

c. The dative-ablative plural quis is common in the poets at all 
periods and occurs also occasionally in prose writers. 

d. The ablative singular qui for all genders is the prevalent form in 
early times; and in combination with cum, as quicum, with whom, is pre¬ 
ferred to quo, qua, by Cicero. 

110. General Relatives are: 

Pronoun quisquis, whoever quidquid, quicquid, whatever 

Adjective quiqui, quaequae, quodquod, whatsoever 

quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whichever 


111. E. The Interrogative Pronoun 


Pronoun quis? who? quid? what? 

Adjective qui? quae? quod? which? 

Pron. and Adj. uter? utra? utrum? who? which of two? 





26 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



M., F. 

N. 

Nom. 

quis? 

quid? 

Gen. 

cujus? 

cujus? 

Dat. 

cui? 

cui? 

Acc. 

quem? 

quid? 

Abl. 

quo? 

quo? 


a. The plural of the interrogative pronoun and both numbers of the 
interrogative adjective coincide with the forms of the relative qux, quae, 
quod. 


112. F. Strengthened Interrogatives 

Pronoun quisnam? who, pray? quidnam? what, pray? 

ecquis? (is there) any one? ecquid? (is there) anything? 

Adjective qulnam? quaenam? quodnam? which, pray? 

ecqul? ecqua? (ecquae?) ecquod? is there any? 


113. G. The Indefinite Pronoun 

aliquis aliqua (rare) aliquid, somebody, someone or 

other, anybody 

quis qua quid, someone, anyone 

a. The adjective forms are aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, some, any; qui, 
quae (qua), quod, some, any. 


114. The declension of the pronominal adjectives has been given, 
73-74. They are: ullus, a, um, any; nullus, a, um, no one, not one; alius, 
a, ud, another; alter, era, erum, the other, one (o/ two); neuter, tra, trum, 
neither of two; ambo, ae, 6, both. The corresponding substantives for 
nullus and nullum are nemo and nihil, the latter of which forms only 
nihill (gen.) and nihilo (abl.) and those only in certain combinations, 
a. Some of the more important compounds of these adjectives are: 

nonnullus, a, um, some, many a, declined like nullus. 
alteruter, alterutra, alterutrum, the one or the other of the two 
uterque, utraque, utrumque, each of two, either 
utervis, utravis, utrumvis whichever you please of the two 
uterlibet, utralibet, utrumlibet, whichever you please of the two 


THE VERB 

115. The inflection given to the verbal stem is called conjugation and 
expresses: 

1. Person: First, Second, Third. 

2. Voice: Active, Passive, Middle. 

a. The active voice denotes that the action proceeds from the subject: 
paro, I prepare. The passive voice denotes that the subject receives the 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


27 


action of the verb: paror, I am prepared. The middle voice has passive 
form and denotes the subject as acting either for itself or upon itself 
(reflexive) as: paror, I prepare (for) myself. This is chiefly a poetic usage. 

3. Tense: Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future 
Perfect. 

4. Mood: Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative. 

a. The indicative is the mood of the fact: paro, I prepare. The sub¬ 
junctive is the.mood of the wish, command, or qualified statement: parem, 
may I prepare, I may prepare; paret, may he prepare, let him prepare; si 
paret, if he should prepare. The imperative is the mood of command: 
para, prepare! 


CONJUGATION 


116. The stem of a verb is variously modified, either by change of 
vowel or by addition of suffixes, and appears in the following forms: 

1. The Present Stem: being the stem of the present, imperfect, and 
future tenses. These forms are called the present system. 

2. The Perfect Stem: being the stem of the perfect, pluperfect, and 
future perfect tenses of the active. These forms are called the perfect 
system. 

3. The Perfect Passive Participial Stem: which is used to form the 
perfect, pluperfect and future perfect tenses of the passive and also the 
future active and perfect passive participles, infinitives, and the supine. 
These forms are called the participial system. 

117. 1. The perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses in the pas¬ 
sive voice are formed by the combination of the perfect passive participle 
with forms of the verb sum, be, exist. 

2. The future passive infinitive is formed by the combination of the 
supine with the present passive infinitive of eo, go. 

3. The infinite parts of the verb are formed by the addition of the 
following endings to the present, perfect, or participial stem: 


ACTIVE 

Infinitive Pres, re 


Perf. isse 

Fut. urus (a, um) esse 


PASSIVE 

ri, i 

us (a, um) esse 
um In 


Participles Pres, ns (Gen. ntis) 


us (a, um) 


Perf. - 

Fut. urus (a, um) 


Gerund 

ndi, (do, dum, do) 


Gerundive 

ndus (a, um) 


Supine 


um, u 




28 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


i The Verb sum, be, exist 

Principal Parts: sum, esse, fui 

118. INDICATIVE 119. SUBJUNCTIVE 


PRESENT 


Sg. 

1 . 

sum, I am 


sim 1 


2. 

es, you are 


sis 


3. 

est, he, she, it, is 


sit 

PI. 

1 . 

sumus, we are 


simus 


2. 

estis, you are 


sitis 


3. 

sunt, they are 

IMPERFECT 

sint 

Sg. 

1 . 

eram, I was 


essem (forem) 


2. 

eras, you were 


esses (fores) 


3. 

erat, he was 


esset (foret) 

PI. 

1 . 

eramus, we were 


essemus (foremus) 


2. 

eratis, you were 


essetis (foretis) 


3. 

erant, they were 

FUTURE 

essent (forent) 

Sg. 

1 . 

ero, 7 shall be 




2. 

eris, you will be 




3. 

erit, he will be 


(lacking) 

PI. 

1 . 

erimus, we shall be 




2. 

eritis, you will be 




3. 

erunt, they will be 

PERFECT 


Sg. 

1 . 

fui, I have been, I was 


fuerim 


2. 

fuisti, you have been, you were 

fueris 


3. 

fuit, he has been, he was 


fuerit 

PI. 

1 . 

fuimus, we have been, we were 

fuerimus 


2. 

fuistis, you have been, you were 

fuerxtis 


3. 

fuerunt, fuere, they have been, they were 

fuerint 




PLUPERFECT 


Sg. 

1 . 

fueram, I had been 


fuissem 


2. 

fueras, you had been 


fuisses 


3. 

fuerat, he had been 


fuisset 

PI. 

1 . 

fueramus, we had been 


fuissemus 


2. 

fueratis, you had been 

• 

fuissetis 


3. 

fuerant, they had been 


fuissent 


1 The meaning of the subjunctive varies greatly, according to its use, and is best 
learned from the sections on syntax. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


29 


FUTURE PERFECT 

Sg. 1. fuerd, I shall have been 

2. fueris, you will have been 

3. fuerit, he will have been 

(lacking) 

PI. 1. fuerimus, we shall have been 

2. fueritis, you will have been 

3. fuerint, they will have been 


120 . 


IMPERATIVE 


PRESENT 

Sg. 1.-PL - 

2. es, be este, be 

3. - - 

121 . 


FUTURE 


Sg. 


esto, you shall be 
esto, he shall be 


estote, you shall be 
sunto, they shall be 


INFINITIVE 


Pres, esse, to be 
Perf. fuisse, to have been 

Fut. futurus (a, um) esse, fore, to be about to be 


122 . 


PARTICIPLES 


Pres, only in the compounds absens, absent , praesens, present (79) 
Fut. futurus, a, um, about to be (71, a) 


123. Compounds of sum 

absum, be away, absent. Perf. (abfui) afui, Pres. Part, absens, absent. 
adsum, be present. Perf. affui (adfui) 
desum, be wanting 

insum, be in 
intersum, be between 

obsum, be against, hurt. Perf. obfui (offui) 
possum, be able 

praesum, be over, superintend. Pres. Part, praesens, present 
pro sum, be for, profit 
subsum, be under. No Perf. 
supersum, be or remain, over. 

These are all inflected like sum, but prosum and possum require special 
treatment by reason of their composition. 


124. 


Prosum, profit 


In the forms of prosum, prod- is used before vowels, thus: 


INDICATIVE 


Pres. 

Imperf. 

Fut. 

Perf. 
Pluperf. 
Fut. Perf. 


prosum, prodes, prodest; 

prdsumus, prodestis, prosunt 

proderam 

prbdero 

profui 

profueram 

prdfuerd 


SUBJUNCTIVE 

prosim 

prodessem 


profuerim 

profuissem 










30 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


INFINITIVE 


Pres. 

prodesse; Fut. profuturum esse (profore); Perf. profuisse. 

125. 


Possum, be able, can 


Possum 

is compounded of pot (potis, pote) 

and sum; t becomes s 

before s. 

The perfect forms and the present participle are from an old 

form poteo, potere. 



INDICATIVE 

SUBJUNCTIVE 



PRESENT 


Sg. 

1 . 

possum, I am able, can 

possim 


2. 

potes 

possis 


3. 

potest 

possit 

PI. 

t! 

possumus 

possimus 


2. 

potestis 

possitis 


3. 

possunt 

possint 



IMPERFECT 


Sg. 

1 . 

poteram, I was able, could 

possem 


2. 

poteras 

posses 


3. 

poterat 

posset 

PI. 

1 . 

poteramus 

possemus 


2. 

poteratis 

possetis 


3. 

poterant 

possent 



FUTURE 


Sg. 

1 . 

potero, I shall be able 



2. 

poteris 



3. 

poterit 





(lacking) 

PL 

1 . 

poterimus 



2. 

poteritis 



3. 

poterunt 




PERFECT 


Sg. 

1 . 

potui, I have been able 

potuerim 


2. 

potuisti 

potueris 


3. 

potuit 

potuerit 

PL 

1 . 

potuimus 

potuerimus 


2. 

potuistis 

potueritis 


3. 

potuerunt, ere 

potuerint 



PLUPERFECT 


Sg. 

1 . 

potueram, I had been able 

potuissem 


2. 

potueras 

potuisses 


3. 

potuerat 

potuisset 

Pl. 

1 . 

potueramus 

potuissemus 


2. 

potueratis 

potuissetis 


3. 

potuerant 

potuissent 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


31 


FUTURE PERFECT 

Sg. 1. potuero, I shall have been able 

2. potueris 

3. potuerit 

PI. 1. potuerimus 

2. potueritis 

3. potuerint 

INFINITIVE 

Pres, posse 
Perf. potuisse 


(lacking) 


PARTICIPLE 
Pres, potens (79) 


REGULAR VERBS 


Systems of Conjugation 


126. 1. There are two systems of conjugation, the vowel and the 
consonant. The consonant system is confined to a small class. The vowel 
system comprises four conjugations, distinguished by the vowel character¬ 
istics of the present stem, a, e, e, I, which may be found by dropping re 
from the present infinitive active. The consonant preceding the short 
vowel stem characteristic is called the consonant stem characteristic. 

2. From the present stem, as seen in the present indicative and present 
infinitive active; from the perfect stem, as seen in the perfect indicative 
active; and from the perfect passive participial stem, can be derived all 
forms of the verb. These forms are accordingly called the principal parts; 
and in the regular verbs appear in the four conjugations as follows: 


Pres. Ind. 

I. paro 

II. habeo 

III. dico 
capio 

IV. audio 


Pres. Inf. 

parare 

habere 

dicere 

capere 

audire 


Perf. Ind. 
paravi 
habui 
dixi 
cepl 
audivi 


Perf. Part. 
paratus, prepare 
habitus, have 
dictus, say 
captus, take 
auditus, hear 


Formation of the Tenses 


127. The tenses are formed by the addition of the personal endings to 
the various stems, either directly or by means of certain tense signs, as 
shown in the paradigms. 


128. While no practical rules for the formation of the tenses can be 
given, it is well to observe that: 

1. The second person singular imperative active is the same as the 
present stem. 

2. The imperfect subjunctive may be formed from the present in¬ 
finitive active by adding m, etc. for active and r, etc. for passive. 


32 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


3. The second person singular imperative passive and second person 
singular present passive in re are the same as the present infinitive active. 
Hence ris is preferred in the present indicative passive in order to avoid 
confusion. 

4. The present subjunctive active and future indicative active in the 
third and fourth conjugations are alike in the first person singular. 

5. The future perfect indicative active and the perfect subjunctive 
active differ only in the first person singular, except for the quantity of 
the i. 

6. Euphonic changes sometimes occur in the consonant stem charac¬ 
teristic in the perfect and participial stem. Characteristic b before s and 
t becomes p; g and qu before t become c; c, g, qu, with s, become x; t 
and d before s are assimilated, and then sometimes dropped; thus: scribo, 
scrips! (scribsi), scriptus; lego, lectus (legtus); coquo, coctus (coqtus); 
dico, dixi (dies!); jungo, junxi (jungsi); coquo, coxi (coqsi); edo, esus 
(edsus); cedo, cessi (cedsi); mitto, misi (mitsi), missus (mitsus). 


First Conjugation 
Conjugation of pard, prepare 
Principal Parts: paro, parare, paravi, paratus 
ACTIVE 

129. INDICATIVE 130. SUBJUNCTIVE 

PRESENT 


I prepare, am preparing, 


Sg. 

do prepare 

1. paro 

parem 


2. paras 

pares 


3. parat 

paret 

PI. 

1. paramus 

paremus 


2. paratis 

paretis 


3. par ant 

parent 


IMPERFECT 


I prepared, was preparing, 
did prepare 


Sg. 

1. parabam 

pararem 


2. parabas 

parares 


3. parabat 

pararet 

PI. 

1. parabamus 

par ar emus 


2. parabatis 

pararetis 


3. parabant 

pararent 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


33 


FUTURE 

I shall prepare, shall 
be preparing 

Sg. 1. parabo 

2. parabis 

3. parabit 

(lacking) 

PI. 1. parabimus 

2. parabitis 

3. parabunt 


PERFECT 

I prepared, have prepared, 
did prepare 

Sg. 1. paravl 

2. paravistl 

3. paravit 

PI. 1. paravimus 

2. paravistis 

3. paraverunt, ere 

PLUPERFECT 

1 had prepared 

Sg. 1. paraveram 

2. paraveras 

3. paraverat 

PI. 1. paraveramus 

2. paraveratis 

3. paraverant 


paraverim 

paraveris 

paraverit 

paraverimus 

paraveritis 

paraverint 


paravissem 

paravisses 

paravisset 

paravissemus 

paravissetis 

paravissent 


FUTURE PERFECT 


I shall have prepared 

Sg. 1. paravero 

2. paraveris 

3. paraverit 

PI. 1. paraverimus 

2. paraveritis 

3. paraverint 


(lacking) 


131. 

PRESENT 

Sg. 1.- 

2. para, prepare 

3. - 

PI. 1. - 

2. parate, prepare 

3. - 


IMPERATIVE 


FUTURE 


parato, you shall prepare 
parato, he shall prepare 


paratote, you shall prepare 
paranto, they shall prepare 










34 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


132. INFINITIVE 

Pres, parare, to prepare 

Perf. paravisse, to have prepared 

Fut. paraturus, a, um esse, to he about to prepare 

133. GERUND 134. SUPINE 

Gen. parandl, of preparing 
Dat. parando, to, for preparing 

Acc. parandum, preparing, to prepare paratum, to prepare 

Abl. parando, with, from, by preparing paratu, to prepare, in the preparing 

135. PARTICIPLES 

Pres. Nom. parans (Gen. parantis), preparing (79) 

Fut. paraturus, a, um, (being) about to prepare (71, a) 


First Conjugation 
PASSIVE 


136. INDICATIVE 137. SUBJUNCTIVE 

PRESENT 


I am (being) prepared 


Sg. 1. paror 

2. pararis, re 

3. paratur 


parer 
pareris, re 
paretur 

PI. 1. paramur 

2. paramini 

3. parantur 

IMPERFECT 

paremur 

paremini 

parentur 

was (being) prepared 

Sg. 1. parabar 

2. parabaris, re 

3. parabatur 


pararer 
parareris, re 
pararetur 

PI. 1. parabamur 

2. parabamini 

3. parabantur 

FUTURE 

pararemur 

pararemini 

pararentur 

I shall be prepared 

Sg. 1. parabor 

2. paraberis, re 

3. parabitur 

PI. 1. parabimur 

2. parabimini 

3. parabuntur 


(lacking) 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


35 


I have been -prepared, was 
prepared 

Sg. 1. paratus, a, um sum 


2. es 

3. est 

PI. 1. parati, ae, a sumus 

2. estis 

3. sunt 


I had been prepared 

Sg. 1. paratus, a, um eram 


2. eras 

3. erat 

PI. 1. parati, ae, a eramus 

2. eratis 

3. erant 


PERFECT 


paratus, a, um sim 
sis 
sit 

parati, ae, a simus 
sitis 
sint 

PLUPERFECT 


paratus, a, um essem 
esses 
esset 

parati, ae, a essemus 
essetis 
essent 


FUTURE PERFECT 


IMPERATIVE 

FUTURE 


I shall have been prepared 

Sg. 1. paratus, a, um ero 


2. eris 

3. erit 

PI. 1. parati, ae, a erimus 

2. eritis 

3. erunt 


138. 

PRESENT 

Sg. 1. - 

2. parare, be prepared 

3. - 

PI. 1. - 

2. paramini, be prepared 

3. - 

139. 

Pres. 

Perf. 

Fut. 

140. PARTICIPLE 

Perf. paratus, a, um, having been 
prepared (71, a) 


parator, you shall be prepared 
parator, he shall be prepared 


parantor, they shall be prepared 


141. GERUNDIVE 

parandus, a, um, (about) to be 
prepared; must be, ought to be 
prepared (71, o) 


INFINITIVE 

parari, to be prepared 

paratus, a, um esse, to have been prepared 

paratum iri, to be about to be prepared 









36 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


Second Conjugation 

Conjugation of habed, have 
Principal Parts: habeo, habere, habui, habitus 


ACTIVE PASSIVE 

142 . Indicative 143 . Subjunctive 144 . Indicative 145 . Subjunctive 


present 


Sg. 1. habeo 

2. habes 

3. habet 

habeam 

habeas 

habeat 

habeor 
haberis, re 
habetur 

habear 
habearis, re 
habeatur 

PI. 1. habemus 

2. habetis 

3. habent 

habeamus 

habeatis 

habeant 

habemur 

habemini 

habentur 

habeamur 

habeamiru 

habeantur 


IMPERFECT 


Sg. 1. habebam 

2. habebas 

3. habebat 

haberem 

haberes 

haberet 

habebar 
habebaris, re 
habebatur 

haberer 
habereris, re 
haberetur 

PI. 1. habebamus 

2. habebatis 

3. habebant 

haberemus 

haberetis 

haberent 

habebamur 

habebaixiini 

habebantur 

haberemur 

haberemini 

haberentur 


Sg. 1. habebo 

2. habebis 

3. habebit 

PI. 1. habebimus 

2. habebitis 

3. habebunt 


FUTURE 

habebor 
habeberis, re 
habebitur 

habebimur 

habebimini 

habebuntur 


PERFECT 


Sg. 1. 

2. 

3. 

habui 

habuisti 

habuit 

habuerim 

habueris 

habuerit 

habitus, 
a, urn 

f sum 
| es 
[ est 

habitus, I 
a, um | 

\ sim 
sis 
[ sit 

PI. 1. 

2. 

3. 

habuimus 
habuistis 
habuerunt, ere 

habuerimus 

habueritis 

habuerint 

habiti, 1 
ae, a | 

r sumus 
estis 
sunt 

habiti, j 
ae, a | 

simus 

sitis 

sint 



PLUPERFECT 




Sg. 1. 
2. 
3. 

habueram 

habueras 

habuerat 

habuissem 

habuisses 

habuisset 

habitus, 1 
a, um j 

' eram 
eras 

erat 

habitus, 
a, um 

f essem 
esses 
[ esset 

PI. 1. 

2. 

3. 

habueramus 

habueratis 

habuerant 

habuissemus 

habuissetis 

habuissent 

habiti, I 
ae, a j 

f eramus 
eratis 
k erant 

habiti, j 
ae, a j 

( essemus 
essetis 
[ essent 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


37 


FUTURE PERFECT 


Sg. 1. 

habuero 

habitus, a, um ero 

2. 

habueris 

eris 

3. 

habuerit 

erit 

PI. 1. 

habuerimus 

habiti, ae, a erimus 

2. 

habueritis 

eritis 

3. 

habuerint 

erint 


146. 

PRESENT 


Sg. 1. - 

2. habe 

3. - 


PL 1. 


2. habete 

3. - 


IMPERATIVE 

FUTURE PRESENT 


habeto 

habeto 

habetote 

habento 


habere 


habemini 


FUTURE 

habetor 

habetor 


habentor 


147. 

Pres. 

Perf. 

Fut. 


INFINITIVE 


habere 

habuisse 

habiturus, a, um esse 


148. GERUND 149. SUPINE 

Gen. habendi 
Dat. habendo 

Acc. habendum Acc. habitum 

Abl. habendo Abl. habitu 


haberi 

habitus, a, um esse 
habitum iri 

150. PARTICIPLES 

Pres. Nom. habens; Gen.habentis (79) 
Fut. habiturus, a, um (71, a) 

Perf. habitus, a, um (71, a) 


GERUNDIVE 
habendus, a, um (71, a) 


Third Conjugation 
Conjugation of died, say 
Principal Parts: died, dicere, dixi, dictus 
ACTIVE PASSIVE 

151. Indicative 152. Subjunctive 153. Indicative 154. Subjunctive 


Sg. 1. died 

2. dicis 

3. dicit 


PI. 


1. dlcimus 

2. dicitis 

3. dicunt 


dicam 

dlcas 

dicat 

dicamus 

dicatis 

dicant 


PRESENT 

dicor 

diceris, re 
dicitur 

dicimur 

dicimini 

dicuntur 


dicar 

dicaris, re 
dicatur 

dicamur 

dicamini 

dicantur 














38 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


Indicative 

Subjunctive Indicative 

Subjunctive 




IMPERFECT 




Sg. 1. 

dicebam 

dlcerem 

dicebar 


dicerer 


2. 

dicebas 

diceres 

dicebaris, re 

dicereris, re 

3. 

dicebat 

diceret 

dicebatur 

diceretur 

PI. 1. 

dicebamus 

diceremus 

dicebamur 

diceremur 

2. 

dicebatis 

diceretis 

dicebamini 

diceremini 

3. 

dicebant 

dicerent 

dicebantur 

dicerentur 




FUTURE 




Sg. 1. 

dicam 


dicar 




2. 

dices 


diceris, 

re 



3. 

dicet 


dicetur 




PI. 1. 

dicemus 


dicemur 



2. 

dicetis 


dicemini 



3. 

dicent 


dicentur 






PERFECT 




Sg. 1. 
2. 

dixi 

dixisti 

dixerim 

dixeris 

dictus, 1 
um 1 

sum 

es 

dictus, 

( sim 
[ sis 

3. 

dixit 

dixerit 


est 

3j um 

! sit 

PI. 1. 

diximus 

dixerimus 

dicti, , 

f sumus 

dicti, 

f simus 

2. 

dixistis 

dixeritis 

estis 

sitis 

3. 

dixerunt, ere 

dixerint 

a.e, 3. 

^ sunt 

3Q y 3 

[ sint 




PLUPERFECT 




Sg. 1. 
2. 

dixeram 

dixeras 

dixissem 

dixisses 

dictus, i 

f eram 
eras 

dictus, 1 

r essem 
esses 

3. 

dixerat 

dixisset 

a, um i 

k erat 

a, um 

esset 

PI. 1. 

dixeramus 

dixissemus 

dicti, , 

( eramus 

dicti, ! 

" essemus 

2. 

dixeratis 

dixissetis 

eratis 

essetis 

3. 

dixerant 

dixissent 

ae, a 

[ erant 

ae, a ] 

essent 



FUTURE PERFECT 




Sg. 1. 
2. 

dixerS 

dixeris 


dictus, 

( ero 
eris 



3. 

dixerit 


a, um 

( erit 



PI. 1. 

dixerimus 


dicti, 1 

f erimus 



2. 

dixeritis 


eritis 



3. 

dixerint 


ae, a 

[ erunt 




155. IMPERATIVE 


PRESENT 

1 

FUTURE 

PRESENT 

FUTURE 

2. die 1 

3. - 

1 

dicito 

dicito 

dicere 

dicitor 

dicitor 

2. dicite 

dicitote 

dicimini 


3. 

dicunto 


dicuntor 


1 See 202. 















GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


39 


156. 

Pres. 

Perf. 

Fut. 


INFINITIVE 

dlcere 

dlxisse 

dicturus, a, urn esse 


did 

dictus, a, um esse 
dictum iri 


157. GERUND 158. SUPINE 


159. PARTICIPLES 


Gen. dicendi 
Dat. dlcendo 
Acc. dicendum 
Abl. dlcendo 



Pres. 

Nom. dicens; Gen. dicentis (79) 


Fut. 

dicturus, a, um (71, a) 

dictum 

dictu 

Perf. 

dictus, a, um (71, a ) 


160. 


GERUNDIVE 
dicendus, a, um 


Verbs in io of the Third Conjugation 

161. Many verbs of the third conjugation with present indicative in 
io, change i to e before r and drop it when it would come before e or i in 
all tenses of the present system except the future, participle, and gerund. 
Otherwise they follow the inflection of dicere. 

162. These verbs are capio, take; cupio, desire; facio, do, make; fodio, 
dig; fugio, flee; jacio, throw; pario, 'produce, hear; quatio, shake; rapid, 
snatch; sapid, be wise, and their compounds; also compounds of — licio, 
-spicio; and the deponents gradior, go, and its compounds; morior, die, 
and its compounds; patior, endure, suffer, and its compounds. 


Synopsis of Present System of capio , take 
Principal Parts: capio, capere, cepi, captus 


ACTIVE 

PASSIVE 

163. Indicative 

164. Subjunctive 

165. Indicative 

166. Subjunctive 


present 


Sg. 1. capio 

capiam 

capior 

capiar 

2. capis 

capias 

caperis, re 

capiaris, re 

3. capit 

capiat 

capitur 

capiatur 

PI. 1. capimus 

capiamus 

capimur 

capiamur 

2. capitis 

capiatis 

capimini 

capiamini 

3. capiunt 

capiant 

capiuntur 

capiantur 


IMPERFECT 


Sg. 1. capiebam 

caperem 

capiebar 

caperer 

etc. 

etc. 

etc. 

etc. 


FUTURE 


Sg. 1. capiam 


capiar 


2. capies 


capieris, re 


etc. 


etc. 



40 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


167. 

PRESENT 

Sg. 1. - 

2. cape 

3. - 

PL 1. - 

2. capite 

3. -- 

168. 

Pres, capere 

169. PARTICIPLE 
Pres, capiens (79) 


IMPERATIVE 


FUTURE 

PRESENT 

capito 

capere 

capito 


capitote 

capimini 

capiunto 



INFINITIVE 

cap! 

170. GERUND 
Gen. capiendi 


FUTURE 


capitor 

capitor 


capiuntor 


171. GERUNDIVE 
capiendus, a, um (71, a) 


Fourth Conjugation 

Conjugation of audio, hear 
Principal Parts: audio, audire, audivi, audltus 


ACTIVE PASSIVE 


172. Indicative 173. 

Subjunctive 

174. Indicative 

175. Subjunctive 



present 


Sg. 1. 

audio 

audiam 

audior 

audiar 

2. 

audis 

audias 

audiris, re 

audiaris, re 

3. 

audit 

audiat 

audltur 

audiatur 

PI. 1. 

audimus 

audiamus 

audimur 

audiamur 

2. 

auditis 

audiatis 

audimini 

audiamini 

3. 

audiunt 

audiant 

audiuntur 

audiantur 



IMPERFECT 


Sg. 1. 

audiebam 

audirem 

audiebar 

audirer 

2. 

audiebas 

audires 

audiebaris, re 

audireris, re 

3. 

audiebat 

audiret 

audiebatur 

audiretur 

PI. 1. 

audiebamus 

audlremus 

audiebamur 

audiremur 

2. 

audiebatis 

audiretis 

audiebamini 

audireminx 

3. 

audiebant 

audirent 

audiebantur 

audxrentxxr 



FUTURE 


Sg. 1. 

audiam 


audiar 


2. 

audies 


audieris, re 


3. 

audiet 


audietur 


PI. 1. 

audiemus 


audiemur 


2. 

audietis 


audiemim 


3. 

audient 


audientur 
















GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


41 


PERFECT 


Sg. 1. audivi 

2. audivisti 

3. audlvit 

audiverim 

audiveris 

audiverit 

auditus, 
a, um 

f sum 
j es 
( est 

auditus, 
a, um 

f sim 
< sis 
( sit 

PI. 1. audivimus 

2. audivistis 

3. audiverunt, ere 

audiverimus 

audiveritis 

audiverint 

auditi, 
ae, a 

f sumus 
estis 
( sunt 

auditi, i 
ae, a 

f simus 
sitis 
( sint 


PLUPERFECT 




Sg. 1. audiveram 

2. audiveras 

3. audiverat 

audivissem 

audivisses 

audivisset 

auditus, 1 
a, um | 

\ eram 
eras 
( erat 

auditus, j 
a, um | 

' essem 
esses 

esset 

PI. 1. audiveramus 

2. audiveratis 

3. audiverant 

audivissemus 

audivissetis 

audivissent 

auditi, 1 
ae, a | 

\ eramus 
eratis 
[ erant 

auditi, 1 
ae, a | 

essemus 

essetis 

essent 


FUTURE 

PERFECT 




Sg. 1. audivero 

2. audiveris 

3. audiverit 


auditus, j 
a, um | 

' ero 
eris 
erit 



PI. 1. audiverimus 

2. audiveritis 

3. audiverint 


auditi, 1 
ae, a j 

erimus 

eritis 

erunt 




176. 


IMPERATIVE 


PRESENT FUTURE 

Sg. 1. - - 

2. audi audito 

3. - audito 


PRESENT 


audire 


FUTURE 


auditor 

auditor 


PI. 1. 


2. audite 


auditote 


3. — 

- audiunto 

177. 

B 

Pres. 

audire 

Perf. 

audivisse 

Fut. 

auditurus, a, um esse 


audimini 


INFINITIVE 


audiuntor 


audiri 

auditus, a, um esse 
audltum iri 


178. GERUND 179. SUPINE 

Gen. audiendi 
Dat. audiendo 

Acc. audiendum auditum 

Abl. audiendo auditu 


180. PARTICIPLES 

Pres. Nom. audiens; Gen. audientis (79) 
Fut. auditurus, a, um (71, a) 

Perf. auditus, a, um (71, a) 


181. 


GERUNDIVE 
audiendus, a, um 















42 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


DEPONENT VERBS 

182. Deponent verbs have the passive form, but are active in meaning. 
They have also the present and future active participles, and the future 
active infinitive. Thus a deponent verb alone can have a present, future, 
and perfect participle, all with active meaning. The gerundive, however, 
is passive in meaning as well as in form. 

The conjugation differs in no particular from that of the regular 
conjugation. 

I. First Conjugation 

Conjugation of moror, delay 
Principal Parts: moror, morari, moratus 

183. INDICATIVE 184. SUBJUNCTIVE 


PRESENT 

I delay, am delaying, do delay 

Sg. 1. moror 

2. moraris, re 

3. moratur 


morer 
moreris, re 
moretur 


PI. 1. moramur 

2. moramini 

3. morantur 

IMPERFECT 

7 teas delaying, delayed, 
did delay 

Sg. 1. morabar 

2. morabaris, re 

3. morabatur 


moremur 

moremini 

morentur 


morarer 
morareris, re 
moraretur 


PI. 1. morabamur 

2. morabaminl 

3. morabantur 


moraremur 

morareminl 

morarentur 


FUTURE 

7 shall delay, will delay 

Sg. 1. morabor 

2. moraberis, re 

3. morabitur 

PI. 1. morabimur 

2. morabimim 

3. morabuntur 


moratus, a, um sim 
sis 
sit 


PERFECT 


7 have delayed, delayed, did 
delay 

Sg. 1. moratus, a, um sum 

2. es 

3. est 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


43 


PI. 1. morati, ae, a 

sumus 

morati, ae, a simus 

2. 

estis 

sitis 

3. 

sunt 

sint 



PLUPERFECT 

I had delayed 


Sg. 1. moratus, a, um 

eram 

moratus, a, um essem 

2. 

eras 

esses 

3. 

erat 

esset 

PI. 1. morati, ae, a 

eramus 

morati, ae, a essemus 

2. 

eratis 

essetis 

3. 

erant 

essent 



FUTURE PERFECT 

1 shall (will) have delayed 


Sg. 1. moratus, a, um 

ero 


2. 

eris 


3. 

erit 


PI. 1. morati, ae, a 

erimus 


2. 

eritis 


3. 

erunt 


185. 


IMPERATIVE 

PRESENT 


FUTURE 

Sg. 1. - 



2. morare, delay 


morator, you shall delay 

3. 


morator, he shall delay 

PI. 1. 



2. moramini, delay 


— 

3. - 


morantur, they shall delay 

186. 


INFINITIVE 


Pres, morari, to delay 

Fut. moraturus, a, um esse, to be about to delay 
Perf. moratus, a, um esse, to have delayed 


187. SUPINE 

Acc. moratum, to delay, for delaying 
Abl. moratu, to delay, in the delaying 

188. PARTICIPLES 

Pres, morans, antis, delaying (79) 

Fut. moraturus, a, um, about to delay (71, a) 

Perf. moratus, a, um, having delayed (71, a) 

189. GERUNDIVE 

morandus, a, um, {one) to be delayed, about to be delayed (71, a) 


190 . 


GERUND 

Gen. morandi, of delaying 









44 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 



II. Second, 

, Third, Fourth Conjugations 

Synopsis 

of fateor, confess; sequor, follow; patior, endure; experior , try 

191. 


INDICATIVE 


Pres. 

fateor 

sequor 

patior 

experior 


fateris, etc. 

sequeris 

pateris 

experiris 

Imperf. 

fatebar 

sequebar 

patiebar 

experiebar 

Fut. 

fatebor 

sequar 

patiar 

experiar 

Perf. 

fassus sum 

secutus sum 

passus sum 

expertus sum 

Pluperf. 

fassus eram 

secutus eram 

passus eram 

expertus eram 

Fut. Perf. 

fassus ero 

secutus ero 

passus ero 

expertus ero 

192. 


SUBJUNCTIVE 


Pres. 

fatear 

sequar 

patiar 

experiar 


fatearis, etc. 

sequaris 

patiaris 

experiaris 

Imperf. 

faterer 

sequerer 

paterer 

experlrer 

Perf. 

fassus sim 

secutus sim 

passus sim 

expertus sim 

Pluperf. 

fassus essem 

secutus essem 

passus essem 

expertus essem 

193. 


IMPERATIVE 


Pres. 

fatere 

sequere 

patere 

experire 

Fut. 

fatetor 

sequitor 

patitor 

experitor 

194. 


INFINITIVE 


Pres. 

fateri 

sequi 

pati 

experiri 

Fut. 

fassurus esse 

secuturus esse 

passurus esse 

experturus esse 

Perf. 

fassus esse 

secutus esse 

passus esse 

expertus esse 

195. 


PARTICIPLES 


Pres. 

fatens 

sequens 

patiens 

experiens 

Fut. 

fassurus 

secuturus 

passurus 

experturus 

Perf. 

fassus 

secutus 

passus 

expertus 

196. 


GERUND 




fatendi 

sequendi 

patiendi 

experiendi 

197. 


GERUNDIVE 



fatendus 

sequendus 

patiendus 

experiendus 

198. 


SUPINE 




fassum 

secutum 

passum 

expertum 


fassu 

secutu 

passu 

expertu 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


45 


Periphrastic Conjugation 

199. The periphrastic conjugation arises from the combination of the 
future participle active and passive (the gerundive) with forms of the verb 

sum. 

a. The active periphrastic denotes something about to take place. 

b. The passive periphrastic denotes necessity or duty. 


200 . 


ACTIVE 

INDICATIVE 


SUBJUNCTIVE 


Pres. 

Imperf. 

Fut: 

Perf. 

Pluperf. 

Fut. Perf. 


paraturus (a, um) sum, am about to prepare 
paraturus eram, was about to prepare 
paraturus ero, shall be about to prepare 
paraturus fui, have been, was, about to pre¬ 
pare 

paraturus fueram, had been about to pre¬ 
pare 


paraturus (a, um) sim 
paraturus essem 

paraturus fuerim 

paraturus fuissem 


paraturus fuero, shall have been about to prepare 


INFINITIVE 

Pres, paraturus (a, um) esse, to be about to prepare 
Perf. paraturus (a, um) fuisse, to have been about to prepare 


201 . 


PASSIVE 


Pres. parandus (a, um) sum, have to be prepared; 

ought to be, must be prepared 
Imperf. parandus eram, had to be prepared; ought 
to be, must be prepared 

Fut. parandus ero, shall have to be prepared 

Perf. parandus fui, have had to be prepared 
Pluperf. parandus fueram, had had to be prepared 
Fut. Perf. parandus fuero, shall have had to be prepared 


parandus (a, um) sim 
parandus essem, forem 

parandus fuerim 
parandus fuissem 


INFINITIVE 

Pres, parandus (a, um) esse, to have to be prepared 
Perf. parandus fuisse, to have had to be prepared 

202. Irregular Imperatives : Four verbs, dico, say, dued, lead, facio, do, 
make, fero, bear, form the present imperative active die, due, fac, fer. 
But in early Latin dice, duce, face are common. The compounds follow 
the usage of the simple verbs, except prepositional compounds of facio. 
Scio, know, lacks the present imperative sci. 

203. Gerunds and Gerundives. The older ending of the gerund and 
gerundive in the third and fourth conjugations was undus; and endus was 
found only after u. In classical times undus is frequent, especially in verbs 
of the third and fourth conjugations; later, endus is the regular form. 


46 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


204. 1. Syncopated and Shorter Forms. The perfects in avi, evi, 

Ivi often drop the v before s or r and contract the vowels throughout, 
except those in Ivi, which admit the contraction only before s. These 
forms are called syncopated. They are found in all periods, and in the 
poets are used to suit the meter. 


PERFECT 

Indic. Sg. 1. - 

2. paravistl, parastl 

3. - 

PI. 1. - 

2. paravistis, parastis 

3. paraverunt, pararunt 

Subj. paraverim, pararim 

etc. 


audivisti, audxsti 


audivistis, audistis 
audiverunt, audierunt 

audiverim, audierim 

etc. 


Indic. 


Subj. 


PLUPERFECT 

paraveram, pararam 

etc. 


audiveram, audieram 

etc. 


paravissem, parassem 
etc. 


audivissem, audissem 

etc. 


FUTURE PERFECT 

Indic. paravero, pararo audivero, audiero 

etc. etc. 

INFINITIVE 

Perf. paravisse, parasse audivisse, audisse 

2. In the first and third persons singular and in the first person plural 
of the perfect, syncope occurs regularly only in perfects in Ivi, and there is 
no contraction. It is most common in the perfects of eo, go, and peto, 
seek. The unsyncopated forms are always common except those of eo, 
which are very rare in good prose, but occur more often in the poets for 
metrical reasons. 


3. novl, I know, and movi, I have moved, are also contracted, especially 
in their compounds. 

Sg. 2. nosti. PI. 2. nostis. 3. norunt. Subj. norim, etc. Pluperj. noram, 
etc. Subj. nossem, etc. Inf. nosse. 

But the future perfect noro is found only in compounds. 

a. Similar contractions are seen in movi, but not so often. 

4. The shorter form of the ending of the perfect active indicative third 
plural, ere instead of erunt, and of the second singular, re instead of ris, 
is often found. Thus amavere = amaverunt, they have loved, and ama- 
bare = amabaris, you were loved. 








GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


47 


Semideponents 

205. 1. A few verbs form the perfect forms only as deponents: 

audeo, audere, ausus sum, dare 
fldo, fldere, fisus sum, trust 
gaudeo, gaudere, gavlsus sum, rejoice 
soleo, solere, solitus sum, be accustomed 


IRREGULAR VERBS 

206. Irregular in the conjugation of the present stem are: 

1. orior, oriri, ortus, arise 

The present indicative is usually formed according to the third conjuga¬ 
tion; the imperfect subjunctive is always orerer; but the future participle 
is oriturus. The compounds follow the same usage except adoriri, rise up 
at, attack, which follows the fourth conjugation. 

2. eo, go. 

The stem is i, which, before a, o, u, becomes e. 


Principal Parts: eo, ire, ivi (ii), itus 


207. INDICATIVE 


Pres. Sg. 1. 

eo, I go 

2. 

is 

3. 

it 

PI. 1. 

imus 

2. 

itis 

3. 

eunt 

Imperf. 

ibam, I went 

Fut. 

ibo, I shall go 

Perf. 

ivi (ii), I have gone 

Pluperf. 

iveram (ieram), I had gone 


208. SUBJUNCTIVE 

earn 

eas 

eat 

eamus 

eatis 

eant 

xrem 


iverim (ierim) 
ivissem (issem) 


209. IMPERATIVE 

Sg. 1. - 

2. i, go 

3. - 

PI. 1. - 

2. ite, go 

3. - 


xto, you shall go 
ltd, he shall go 


Itote, you shall go 
eunto, they shall go 


210. INFINITIVE 

Pres, ire 

Fut. iturus esse 

Perf. ivisse (isse) 


211. PARTICIPLES 

Pres, iens {Gen. euntis) 
Fut. iturus 


212. GERUND 
eundi, etc. 


213. SUPINE 
itum, to go 









48 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


a. Like the simple verb are inflected most of the compounds, except 
in the perfect system, where il is the regular form. Veneo, be for sale, and 
pereo, perish, serve as passives to vendo, sell, and perdo, destroy. Ambio, 
solicit, follows the fourth conjugation throughout. 

b. The passive of the simple verb eo is found only in the impersonal 
forms itur, ibatur, itum est, iri (in combination with the supine). But 
compounds with transitive force are conjugated regularly: so, praetereo 
forms praetereor, Iris, Itur, Imur, IminI, euntur, Ibar, etc.; itus sum, eram, 
ero, euntor, Itor, Iri, eundus. 

3. fero, bear. 

The endings beginning with t, s, and r are added directly to the root, 

fer. 

a. Some forms of fero are lacking and are supplied by tul and (t)la. 


Principal Parts: fero, ferre, tuli, latus 



ACTIVE 


214. INDICATIVE 215. 

SUBJUNCTIVE 

Pres. Sg. 1. 

fero, I bear 

feram 

2. 

fers 

feras 

3. 

fert 

ferat 

PI. 1. 

ferimus 

feramus 

2. 

fertis 

feratis 

3. 

ferunt 

ferant 

Imperf. 

ferebam, I was bearing 

ferem 

Fut. 

fer am, 7 shall bear 


Perf. 

tuli, I have borne 

tulerim 

Pi-uperf. 

tuleram, I had borne 

tulissem 

Fut. Perf. 

tulero, 7 shall have borne 


216. 

IMPERATIVE 


Sg. 1. 



2. 

fer, bear 

ferto, you shall bear 

3. 


ferto, he shall bear 

PI. 1. 


_ 

2. 

ferte, bear 

fertote, you shall bear 

3. 


ferunto, they shall bear 

217. INFINITIVE 

218. PARTICIPLES 

Pres. 

ferre 

ferens, ferentis, bearing 

Fut. 

laturus esse 


Perf. 

tulisse 

laturus 

219. GERUND 

220. SUPINE 


ferendi, etc. 

latum, latu 









GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


49 


PASSIVE 

221. INDICATIVE 222. SUBJUNCTIVE 


Pres. Sg. 1. 

feror, I am borne 

ferar 

2. 

ferris 

feraris 

3. 

fertur 

feratur 

PI. 1. 

ferimur 

feramur 

2. 

ferimini 

feramini 

3. 

feruntur 

ferantur 

Imperf. 

ferebar 

ferer 

Fut. 

ferar 


Perf. 

latus sum 

latus sim 

Pluperf. 

latus eram 

latus essem 

Fut. Perf. 

latus ero 


223. 

IMPERATIVE 


Sg. 1. 



2. 

ferre, be borne 

fertor, you shall be borne 

3. 


fertor, he shall be borne 

PI. 1. 



2. 

ferimini, be borne 


3. 


feruntor, they shall be borne 


224. INFINITIVE 

225. PARTICIPLES 

Pres. 

ferri, to be borne 

Perf. latus, a, um, borne 

Fut. 

latum iri, to be about to be borne 


Perf. 

latus esse, to have been borne 



226. GERUNDIVE ferendus, a, um, ought to be borne 

4. fio, become 

227. Fio is conjugated in the present, imperfect, and future, accord¬ 
ing to the fourth conjugation, but in the subjunctive imperfect and in the 
infinitive the stem is increased by e ; thus, fierem, fieri, to become. In these 
forms the i is short, but elsewhere it is long except before final t. 

The infinitive ends in ri, and the whole verb in the present system is 
treated as the passive of facio, do, make (161-171). The rest of the verb is 
formed as a regular passive of facio. 


228. Principal Parts: fio, fieri, factus sum 


Pres. Indic. fio, I am made, I become 
fls, fit, flmus, fitis, fiunt 
Imperf. fiebam, 7 was made, I became 
Fttt. flam, I shall be made ( become) 

Perf. factus sum 

Pluperf. factus eram 

Ftjt. Perf. factus ero 


Subj. flam, fias, fiat, etc. 

fierem, fieres, etc. 

factus sim, etc. 
factus essem, etc. 


IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE 

(fl) (fito) Pres, fieri, to become 

(fito) Perf. factus esse, to have become 

Fut. factum iri, to be about to become 











GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


229. When compounded with prepositions, facio changes the a of the 
stem into i, and forms the passive in classical Latin regularly from the 
same stem: perficio, achieve; passive, perficior; interficio, destroy; passive, 
interficior. When compounded with words other than prepositions, facio 
retains its a, and uses fio as its passive: patefacio, lay open; passive, 
pateflo; calefacio, warm; passive, calefid. 


230. void, wish; nolo, he unwilling; malo, prefer. 

Principal Parts: void, velle, volui 
nolo, nolle, nolui 
malo, malle, malul 


231. INDICATIVE 


Pres. 

void 


nolo 

malo 


vis 


non vis 

mavis 


vult 


non vult 

mavult 


volumus 


nolumus 

malumus 


vultis 


non vultis 

mavultis 


volunt 


nolunt 

malunt 

Imperf. 

volebam 


nolebam 

malebam 

Fut. 

volam 


nolam 

malam 


voles, etc. 


noles, etc. 

males, etc. 

Perf. 

volui 


nolui 

malui, etc. 

Pluperf. 

volueram 


nolueram 

malueram, etc. 

Fut. Perf. 

voluero 


noluerd 

maluero, etc. 

232. 



SUBJUNCTIVE 


Pres. 

velim 


nolim 

malim 


velis 


nolis 

malis 


velit 


nolit 

malit 


velimus 


nolimus 

malimus 


velitis 


nolitis 

malitis 


velint 


nolint 

malint 

Imperf. 

vellem 


nollem 

mallem 

Perf. 

voluerim 


noluerim 

maluerim, etc. 

Pluperf. 

voluissem 


noluissem 

maluissem, etc. 

233. 



IMPERATIVE 




Sg. 

noli, nolito 




PI. 

nolite, nolitote, nolunto 


234. 



INFINITIVE 


Pres. 

velle 


nolle 

malle 

Perf. 

voluisse 


noluisse 

maluisse 

235. 



PARTICIPLES 


Pres. 

volens 


nolens 





PRINCIPAL RULES OF SYNTAX 

AGREEMENT 

,236: A verb agrees with its subject in number and person, as ego 
voco, I call; tru vocas, you call. 

a. A collective noun may take its predicate in the plural, as pars 
veniunt, part come. 

b. The nearer subject is preferred to the more remote, as mfiites et 
dux venit, the leader and his troops came. 

c. The copula may agree in number with the predicate noun, as 
amantium irae amoris integratio est, lovers’ quarrels are love’s renewal. 
Compare "the wages of sin is death.” 

237. The adjective agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case, 
as talis vir, such a man; tales virl, such men; talia dona, such gifts. 

238. The common attribute of two or more substantives generally 
agrees with the nearest, rather than with the most important, as cuncta 
maria terraeque patebant, all seas and lands lay open. 

239. The common predicate attribute of two or more subjects is 
usually in the plural, as pater et mater mortul sunt, father and mother are 
dead; but may agree with the nearest or most important, as Caesar mor- 
tuus est et Julia, Caesar is dead, and Julia also. 

a. When the persons of the subjects are different, the predicate takes 
the first in preference to the second; the second in preference to the third. 

b. When the genders of the subjects are different, the predicate at¬ 
tribute takes the nearest gender or the strongest (the masculine being the 
strongest of things with life, the neuter of those without), as pater et 
mater mortui sunt, father and mother are dead; murus et porta de caelo 
tacta erant, wall and gate had been struck by lightning. 

240. The predicate substantive agrees with its subject in case, as file 
vir erat dux, that man was leader. 

a. The pronoun used as subject is commonly attracted into the gender 
of the predicate as negat Epicurus; hoc enim vestrum lumen est, Epicurus 
says No; for he is your great light! 

241. The appositive agrees with its subject in case; if possible, also 
in number and person, as Aeneas, pius dux, Aeneas, the devoted leader; 
Aeneas et Dido, superbi duces, Aeneas and Dido, proud leaders. 

51 


52 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


242. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, num¬ 
ber, and person, as vir qui adest, the man who is present; dona quae adsunt, 
the gifts which are here; ego qui hoc dico, I who say this. 

a. Occasionally the antecedent is attracted into the case of the relative, 
as urbem quam statuo vestra est, the city which I am founding is yours. 

243. Poetic Plural. The plural is often used instead of the singular, 
especially in poetry, to generalize a statement, for metrical reasons, or 
for rhetorical effect, as Irae, wrath, wrathful passions; fortitudines, gallant 
actions; ora, face, features; sceptra, scepter; silentia, silence. 

a. Plural of Modesty. The plural of the first person is sometimes 
used instead of the singular, as diximus multa, we (I) have spoken much. 
Similarly nos in all its cases for ego, etc., and noster in all its forms for 
meus, etc. This usage in English is sometimes called the “editorial we.” 

244. Disproportion is indicated by the comparative with quam pro, 
than for; quam ut, than that; quam qui, than who; as minor caedes quam 
pro tanta victoria fuit, the loss was (too) small for so great a victory; major 
sum quam cui fortuna nocere possit, I am too great for fortune possibly to 
hurt me. 

245. In comparing two qualities, use either magis quam with the 
positive, as disertus magis est quam sapiens, he is eloquent rather than 
wise (more eloquent than wise); or a double comparative, acutiorem se 
quam omatiorem vult, he wishes to be acute rather than ornate. 

246. Superlatives denoting order and sequence are often used par- 
titively and then usually precede their substantives, as summa aqua, the 
surface (of the) water; summus mons, the top (of the) mountain; primo 
vere, in the beginning (of) spring. Similarly in media urbe, in the midst 
of the city; reliqua, cetera Graecia, the rest of Greece, and the like. 

PRONOUNS 

247. Since the form of the verb indicates its person, the nominative of 
the personal pronouns is used only for emphasis or contrast, as ego reges 
ejeci, vos tyrannos introduxisti, I drove out kings; you bring in tyrants. 

a. The forms mei, tui, nostri, vestri are used as objective genitives; 
nostrum and vestrum as partitive genitives (284, 286). 

248. The reflexive is used regularly when reference is made to the 
grammatical subject, as ipse se quisque diligit, quod sibi quisque earns 
est, every one loves himself, because every one is dear to himself. 

a. The reflexive is sometimes used when reference is made to the 
logical subject, as ferunt sua flamina classem, their own ( favorable) breezes 
waft the fleet. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


53 


b. The reflexive is used of the principal subject when reference is 
made to the thought or will of that subject, especially in indirect discourse 
or in substantive volitive clauses (clauses of desire), as sentit animus se vi 
sua mover!, the mind feels that it moves by its own force; a me petivit ut 
secum essem, he asked me to be with him; libros qu6s frater suus reli- 
quisset mihi donavit, he gave me the books (as he said) that his brother had left. 

249. The possessive adjective is used instead of the genitive of the 
first and second person pronouns, as socius meus, a comrade of mine; 
telum tuum, a weapon of yours; amor meus, my love (which I feel)] spes 
tua, your hope (which you have). 

a. The appositive to a possessive adjective is in the genitive, as urbs 
mea unius opera fuit salva, the city was saved by my exertions alone. 

ADJECTIVES FOR ADVERBS 

250. With words of inclination and disinclination, knowledge and 
ignorance, order and position, time and season, the adjective is commonly 
employed for the adverb, as id facio volens, I do this willing (ly). 

SPECIAL USE OF MOODS 

251. The Indicative, not the subjunctive, is commonly used to express 
possibility, power, obligation, and necessity, as possum persequl permulta 
oblectamenta rerum rusticarum, I might rehearse very many delights of 
country life; ad mortem te due! oportebat, you ought to have been led to 
execution. 

252. The Potential Subjunctive. The present or perfect subjunctive 
may be used to express possibility in the present or future, as te superesse 
velim, I should like for you to survive; Platonem non nimis valde laudaveris, 
you can’t praise Plato too much; the imperfect subjunctive to express 
possibility in the past, crederes victos, you would {might) have thought 
them beaten. 

253. The Optative Subjunctive. The subjunctive, sometimes with 
utinam, would that, is often used in expressions of wishing. The negative 
is ne. Valeas, farewell! ne veniant, may they not come! utinam ne natus 
essem, would that I had not been born! utinam viveret frater, would that 
my brother, were alive! 

254. The Volitive Subjunctive. The subjunctive may be used in ex¬ 
pressions of will, asseveration, command, or concession, as stet haec urbs, 
may this city continue to stand; moriar si magis gauderem, may I die if I 
could be more glad; amemus patriam, let us love our country; sit deus, 
granted that he is a god. This subjunctive is often called jussive, hortatory, 


54 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


or concessive, according as it expresses a command, an exhortation, or a 
concession, respectively. 

255. The present imperative looks forward to immediate, the future 
imperative to contingent, fulfilment, as haec dlcite vestro regi, tell this to 
your king; consules nemini parento, the consuls shall obey no one. 

256. The negative of the imperative is regularly noli with the infinitive; 
as noli fugere, don’t flee! sometimes ne or cave (ne) with the present or 
perfect subjunctive is also used, as cave (ne) facias, don’t do it! ne mortem 
timeas (or timueritis), don’t fear death! 

a. In poetry ne is often found with the imperative, as ne time, fear 
not! ne fuge, don’t run! 


INFINITIVES 

257. The Historical Infinitive. The present infinitive, with the sub¬ 
ject in the nominative, is sometimes used to give a rapid sequence of events, 
as hinc Ulixes terrere, henceforth Ulysses began to frighten (me). This is 
called the historical infinitive. 

258. The Infinitive as Neuter Subject. The infinitive with or without 
a subject may be treated as a neuter subject, object, or predicate, as dulce 
et decorum est pro patria mori, it is sweet and glorious to die for one’s 
fatherland; turpe est vinci, it is shameful to be conquered; scit vincere, he 
knows (how) to conquer; vivere est cogitare, to live is to think, living is 
thinking. 

259. The Complementary Infinitive. The infinitive is used with verbs 
of will, desire, power, duty, habit, inclination, resolve, continuance, pur¬ 
pose, etc., as cupit mori, he wishes to die; debet haec vulnera pati, he 
ought to suffer these wounds. This is called the complementary infinitive. 

260. The Infinitive as Object. The accusative with infinitive is used 
as the object of verbs of emotion, will, and desire; as te venisse gaudeo, I 
rejoice that you have come; me dicere vult, he wishes me to speak. 

261. The Infinitive of Purpose. In poetry the infinitive is often used 
to express purpose, as non populare venimus, we have not come to pillage. 

262. The Infinitive of Exclamation. The infinitive with accusative 
subject is used in exclamation or exclamatory questions, as me desistere, 
what! 1 desist? 

263. The Infinitive of Indirect Statement (Indirect Discourse). The 
infinitive is used after verbs of saying, showing, believing, and perceiving, 
to express an indirect statement; the present infinitive expresses action 
contemporary with that of the governing verb, the perfect infinitive action 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


55 


prior to it, the future infinitive action future to it, as dxcit te errare, he says 
that you are wrong; dlcebat te errare, he was saying that you were wrong; 
dicebat te errasse, he was saying that you had been wrong. 

a. The future infinitive of sum followed by ut and the subjunctive is 
used in indirect statement of future action when the verb has no future 
participle, as dlcit fore (futurum esse) ut metuas, he says that you will fear. 

264. The Infinitive with Nouns. The poets and later prose writers 
use the infinitive with nouns denoting attention or opportunity, as amor 
casus cognoscere nostros, desire to know our misfortunes; adfectare po- 

testas, opportunity to seize. 

265. The Infinitive with Adjectives. The infinitive is used with many 
adjectives and with participles of adjectival force, as nescia vine! pectora, 
hearts not knowing (how) to yield; certa mori, determined to die. 

GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES 

266. The genitive of the gerund or gerundive is used chiefly after sub¬ 
stantives and adjectives that require a complement, as sapientia ars vivendi 
putanda est, philosophy is to be considered the art of living; nulla spes 
placandi del, no hope of appeasing god; cupidus maledxcendl, eager to abuse. 

267. The dative of the gerund or gerundive is used mainly in post- 
classical Latin after words of fitness and function; also after words of 
capacity and adaptation, and to express purpose, as tela apta mittendo, 
weapons suitable for hurling; comitia consulibus creandis, elections for 
nominating consuls. 

268. The accusative of the gerund or gerundive is used with ad to 
express purpose, as ad bellandum venimus, we come to make war. 

a. The accusative of the gerundive is used in agreement with the direct 
object of verbs of giving, sending, and leaving, etc., to indicate purpose, 
as id mihi servandum dedit, he gave it to me to keep; Conon muros re- 
ficiendos curat, Conon has the walls rebuilt; patriam dlripiendam reliqui- 
mus, we have left our country to be plundered. 

269. The ablative of the gerund or gerundive is used to denote means 
and cause, rarely manner, as unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem, one 
man by delaying raised our cause again. 

SUPINES 

270. The supine in um (accusative) is used chiefly after verbs of 
motion to express purpose, as veniunt spectatum, they come to see. 

271. The supine in u (ablative) is used chiefly with adjectives to indi¬ 
cate respect, as mirabile dictu, wonderful to relate (in the relating) ; mirabile 
visu, wonderful to see (in the seeing). 


56 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


PARTICIPLES 

272. The Present Participle denotes continuance; the perfect parti¬ 
ciple denotes completion at the time of the principal verb. 

273. The participle is used after verbs of perception and representa¬ 
tion to express the actual condition of the object at the time, as Catonem 
vidi in bibliotheca sedentem multis circumfusum libris, I saw Cato sitting 
in the library with an ocean of books about him; illam audivi furtiva voce 
loquentem, I heard her talking in a stealthy tone. 

274. The Future Participle is used in poetry and occasionally in prose 
to express desire or purpose, as fabricata est machina inspectura domos 
venturaque desuper urbi, it has been built as an engine of war, to spy into 
our homes and come down upon the city from above. 

275. The Perfect Participle passive is used after verbs of causation 
and desire, to denote that entire fulfilment is demanded or desired, as si 
qui voluptatibus ducuntur, missos faciant honores, if any are led captive by 
sensual pleasures, let them give up honors (at once and forever). 

CASES 

Nominative 

276. The subject of a finite verb is in the nominative, as urbs stat, the 
city is standing. 

277. The subject of a historical infinitive is in the nominative, as 
Ulixes terrere, Ulysses began to terrorize (me). 

278. The predicate of a finite form of the verb to be, sum, or of a verb 
of seeming or becoming, or of the passive of a verb of making, choosing, 
showing, thinking, or calling, is in the nominative, as pater est rex, his 
father is king; pater fit rex, his father becomes king; pater vocatur rex, his 
father is called king. 

279. When an active verb of saying, showing, believing, or perceiving, is 
changed to the passive, the accusative subject of the infinitive may become 
the nominative subject of the leading verb, as urbs dicitur magna fuisse, 
the city is said to have been great. Compare dicunt urbem fuisse magnam, 
they say that the city was great. 

Genitive 

280. Genitive of Material. The genitive may be used to denote the 
material or substance of which a thing consists, as flumina lactis, rivers of 
milk. See 324 for the ablative of material. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


57 


281. The Appositional Genitive is used with vox, nomen, verbum, res, 
urbs, etc., as nomen amicitiae, the name of friendship; urbem Patavi, the 

city of Patavium. 

282. The Epexegetical Genitive (or genitive of explanation) is used 
after genus, vitium, culpa, etc., as virtutes continentiae, gravitatis, justitiae, 
fidei, the virtues of self-control, earnestness, justice, honor. 

283. The Possessive Genitive is used to denote possession, as domus 
regis, the palace of the king, the king’s palace. 

284. The Subjective Genitive is used of the subject of the action in¬ 
dicated by the substantive; the Objective Genitive, of the object of that 
action, as metus hostium, the fear of the enemy, which may mean: (1) the 
fear which the enemy feel (subjective genitive) or (2) the fear felt toward 
the enemy (objective genitive). The objective genitive is used with nouns, 
adjectives, and participles used as adjectives, as cupido gloriae, desire for 
glory; tempestatum potentem, ruling the storms; memorem vestri, ob- 
litum sui, mindful of you, forgetful of himself. 

285. Genitive of Quality. The genitive with an adjective may be 
used to describe a person or thing, as homo maxim! corporis, a man of 
gigantic size. This is called the genitive of quality (characteristic, de¬ 
scription). Compare the ablative of quality or characteristic (330). 

a. The genitive of quality (or description) or the possessive genitive 
may be used as a predicate, as id virtutis est, that is a mark of virtue; 
hujus ero vivus, mortuus hujus ero, hers I shall be living; dead, hers shall 
I be; haec domus est patris mei, this house is my father’s. 

286. The Partitive Genitive stands for the whole to which a part be¬ 
longs, as pars hominum, part of the men; maximus omnium, greatest of all. 
This is sometimes called the genitive of the whole. 

287. Genitive with Special Adjectives and Verbs. Adjectives and 
verbs of fullness and want, of knowledge and ignorance, of desire and 
disgust, of participation and power, may take the genitive. Also some 
present participles used as adjectives, and in later Latin some verbals in 
ax, as plenus laboris, full of toil; egenus omnium, in need of everything; 
conscius recti, conscious of right; ignarus mail, ignorant of misfortune; 
cupidus auri, desirous of gold; dlligens verl, careful (a lover of) the truth; 
capax imperi, capable of empire; implentur veteris Bacchi, they fill them¬ 
selves with old wine. 

288. Genitive with Verbs. Verbs of reminding, remembering, and 
forgetting usually take the genitive, as meminit malorum, oblitus est 

bonorum, he remembers the evil, forgets the good. 


58 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


a. Sometimes these verbs take the accusative, especially of things, as 
haec olim meminisse juvabit, to reme?nber these things will one day be a 
pleasure. 

289. Verbs of Emotion take the genitive, as miserere animi non digna 
ferentis, pity a soul enduring what it does not deserve. 

290. Impersonal verbs of emotion take the accusative of the person 
who feels, and the genitive of the exciting cause, as tui me miseret, mei 
piget, 1 pity you, I loathe myself. 

291. Verbs of accusing, convicting, condemning, and acquitting take 
the genitive of the charge, as accusatus est proditionis, he was accused of 
treason; damnatus est caedis, he was convicted of murder; absolutus est 
criminis, he was acquitted of the charge. 

292. Genitive of Value. Verbs of rating and buying take the genitive of 
the general value, as parvi existimare, to consider of small account; emit 
equos tanti quanti Caesar voluit, he bought the horses at the price Caesar 
wanted. 

293. Interest and refert take the genitive of the person, rarely of the 
thing concerned, as interest omnium recte facere, it is to the interest of all 
to do right; refert omnium, it concerns evenjbody. 

a. Sometimes the ablative singular feminine of the possessive adjective 
is used, as mea interest, mea refert, I am concerned. 

294. Genitive of Respect. The genitive is used with various adjectives 
to denote the respect to which a thing is true, as aeger animi, sick at heart. 
This is sometimes called the genitive of specification. 

Dative 

295. The Indirect Object is put in the dative, as aurum homini dat, 

he gives gold to the man. 

296. Some verbs of giving take either the dative and the accusative, 
or the accusative and the ablative, as homini aurum donat, he presents the 
gold to the man; hominem auro donat, he presents the man with gold. 

297. Dative with Special Verbs. Many verbs meaning favor, help, 
trust, bid and forbid, believe, persuade, obey, serve, threaten, pardon, 
spare, join, and contend, take the dative, as invideo nemini, I envy no one; 
cedit fortunae, he yields to fortune; id mihi placet, that pleases me; paremus 
duci, we obey our leader; credit homini, he trusts the man. 

298. Dative with Compounds. Many intransitive verbs compounded 
with ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, post, prae, sub, and super, may take a 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


59 


dative, as accedo equo, I approach the horse ; antecellit omnibus, he excels 
all; nox incubat marl, night broods over the sea; piger ipse sibi obstat, the 

lazy man stands in his own way. 

a. Transitive verbs so compounded also take an accusative, as me 
vestris oris deus appulit, god drove me to your shores. 

299. Dative of Possession. The dative is used with esse to denote 
possession, as est ager nobis, we have a field. 

300. The Ethical Dative is used of the personal pronouns only, as ecce 
tibi homo, here’s your man! tibi bellum geret, he shall wage war (for you, 
let me tell you). 

301. The Dative of Reference is used of the person interested or con¬ 
cerned in the action or of the person to whom a statement is referred, as 
deo altaria fumant, the altars smoke in honor of the god; pulchra est multls, 
she is beautiful to many (in the eyes of many); est urbe egressis tumulus, 
as you go out of town (to those who have gone out of town) there is a mound. 
This is also called the dative of interest, and at times is called the dative 
of advantage and of disadvantage. 

302. The Dative of Agent is used with a passive verb, especially with 
the gerundive, as id faciendum mihi, this must be done by me, I must do 
this; vetor fatls, I am forbidden by the fates; urbs capta est mihi, the city 
was captured by me. 

303. Dative of Purpose. The dative may denote the object for which 
(purpose), as pars optare locum tecto, part were choosing a site for a home. 

a. The Dative of Purpose is often used in combination with the dative 
of reference (301), as auxilio iis fuit, he was a help to them; id erit curae 
mihi, that shall be my care. 

304. Dative with Adjectives. Adjectives of friendliness, fullness, like¬ 
ness, nearness, with their opposites, take the dative, as similis est hominl, 
he is like a man; hom6 amicus est mihi, the man is friendly to me; id erit 
utile omnibus, this will be useful to all; proximus sum egomet mihi, myself 
am nearest to me. 

305. Dative of Separation. Many verbs of warding off, robbing, and 
ridding, depriving, and separation take a dative, especially in poetry, as 
eripies mihi hunc errorem, you will rid me of this mistake; silici scintillam 
excudit, he strikes a spark from the flint. This is called the dative of separa¬ 
tion. 

306. Dative of Direction. In poetry the place to which, or limit of 
motion, is often expressed by the dative, as it clamor caelo, a shout goes to 
heaven; multos demittimus Oreo, we send many to Hades. 



60 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


Accusative 

307. The Direct Object of active transitive verbs is in the accusative 
case and may denote either the object effected or the object affected, as 
bellum gerunt, they wage war (object effected or result produced); condidit 
urbem, he founds the city (object effected ); capit urbem, he captures the city 
(object affected ); rex ducit homines, the king leads the men (object affected). 

308. Accusative with Compounds. Many intransitive verbs, mostly 
those of motion, compounded with ad, ante, circum, con, in, inter, ob, per, 
praeter, sub, subter, super, and trans, take the accusative, as adit urbem, 

he approaches the city; poenam subit, he submits to punishment. 

a. Transitive verbs thus compounded may have two accusatives, as 
exercitum flumen trajecit, he threw his army across the river. 

309. In poetry the passive is often used in a reflexive or middle sense, 
as fertur in hostis, he charges upon the enemy. 

a. When thus used the verb may take an accusative as a direct object, 
as ferrum cingitur, he girds on (girds himself with) the steel; sinus collecta, 
having gathered her robes; tunsae pectora, beating their breasts; insternor 
umeros, I spread over my shoulders. 

310. The accusative and ablative of certain adjectives are used ad¬ 
verbially, as multum jactatus, much tossed; primo, at first. See 93-94. 

311. Accusative of Respect. In poetry the accusative is often used 
with an adjective or verb to denote the part concerned, as nuda genu, 
with knee bare (bare as to her knee) ; os umerosque deo similis, like a god in 
(as to) face and shoulders. This is called the accusative of respect or 
specification. 

312. Accusative with Prepositions. The accusative is used with many 
prepositions, the most important being 

ante, apud, ad, adversum 
circum, cis, ob, trans, secundum 
penes, pone, prope, per, 
post, and all in -a, and -ter. 1 

313. Cognate Accusative. Intransitive verbs may take an accusative 
of similar form or meaning, as dum vitam vivas, as long as you live; som- 
nium somniavi, I dreamed a dream. This is called a cognate accusative. 

314. Accusative of Extent. The accusative may express extent in 
space, time, or degree, as tumulum centum pedes altum, a mound one 
hundred feet high; fuit rex decern annos, he was king ten years; si me 
amas tantum quantum te amo, if you love me as I love you. This is called 

1 Observe the metrical form of these four lines. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


61 


the accusative of extent. With expressions of time this is often called the 
accusative of duration of time. 

315. Place Whither (place to which) is regularly denoted by the ac¬ 
cusative with the preposition ad or in, as venit ad Italiam, he came to 
Italy. This is sometimes called the accusative of limit of motion. 

a. The names of towns, small islands, domus, and rus, do not or¬ 
dinarily take the preposition, as venit Romam, he came to Rome; pater, 
veni domum, father, come home! fugiunt rus, they flee to the country. 

b. In poetry also the preposition is often omitted, as Italiam Lavinaque 
venit litora, he came to Italy and the Lavinian shores. 

316. Two Accusatives. Verbs meaning to inquire, require, teach, and 
conceal take two accusatives, one of the person, one of the thing, as quis 
te illud docuit, who taught you thatf Milesios navem poposcit, he demanded 
a ship of the Milesians; quid me istud rogas, why do you ask me that? 

a. Verbs of naming, making, taking, choosing, and. showing, take two 
accusatives of the same person or thing, as vocant urbem Romam, they call 
the city Rome; ilium regem faciunt, they make him king. 

317. The Subject of the Infinitive is regularly in the accusative, as 

vult me dicere, he wishes me to speak. 

a. A predicate noun in such an infinitive phrase agrees with the sub¬ 
ject, as volunt eum regem esse, they wish him to be king. 

318. Accusative of Exclamation. The accusative may be used in ex¬ 
clamations, as me miserum, poor me! pro deum fidem, for heaven's sake! 

Ablative 

319. Place Where is denoted by the ablative, usually with in, as in 
alto et in terris, on sea and on land. 

a. With names of towns and small islands the locative is used to ex¬ 
press place where, as Romae, at Rome. See 345. 

b. In poetry the preposition is often omitted, as terra marique, on 
land and sea; Italia, in Italy; litore, on the shore; pectore, in his heart. 

320. Place Whence is denoted by the ablative, usually with ex, de, 
or ab, as ex mari, out of the sea. 

a. With names of towns, small islands, domo, from home, and with 
rure, from the country, the preposition is regularly omitted, as Karthagine, 
from Carthage. 

b. In poetry the preposition is often omitted, as venit (ex) Italia, he 
comes from Italy. 

321. Ablative of Accompaniment. Accompaniment (attendance) is de¬ 
noted by the ablative with cum, as venit cum sociis, he comes with his com¬ 
rades. 


62 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


a. With me, te, se, nobis, vobis, quo, qua, quibus, the preposition cum 
is regularly appended, as mecum, with me; tecum, with you; secum, with 
him {self), with them (selves). 

322. Time When or Within Which is denoted by the ablative, as 
urbem cepit nocte, he captured the city at night; nocte pluit tota, it rains 
all night. 

323. Origin (source or descent) is denoted by the ablative with or 
without ex or de, as natus dea, born of a goddess ( goddess-born ); ex me 
atque ex hoc natus es, you are his son and mine. 

324. Ablative of Material. Material is denoted by the ablative, 
usually with ex, as domus facta ex saxo, ex ferro, a house made of stone, of 
iron; aere clipeus, a shield of bronze. See 280 for the genitive of material. 

325. Ablative of Respect. The respect in which a verb, adjective, or 
noun is to be taken is denoted by the ablative, as sunt quldam homines 
non re sed nomine, some people are human beings not in fact (reality), but 
in name (only). This is sometimes called the ablative of specification. 

326. Ablative of Accordance. The ablative, usually with de or ex, is 
used to express that in accordance with which a thing is done or judged, 
as ex senatus consulto, in accordance with the decree of the senate. 

a. With certain words accordance is usually expressed by the ablative 
without a preposition, as consuetudine sua, according to his custom; tuo 
consilio, in accordance with your plan; mea sententia, in my opinion. 

327. Ablative with Comparatives. Comparatives without quam are 
followed by the ablative, as exegi monumentum aere perennius, I have 

erected a monument more enduring than bronze; O matre pulchra filia 
pulchrior, 0 daughter fairer than a mother fair! 

328. Ablative of Manner. Manner is denoted by the ablative regu¬ 
larly with an adjective or with cum, as cum virtute vivere, to live virtuously; 
id fecit magna cum cur a, he did it very carefully. 

a. The simple ablative of certain nouns may be used to denote manner, 
as casu, by chance; vi, by force. 

329. Ablative of Attendant Circumstance. Attendant circumstance, 
situation, or result may be expressed by the ablative, usually with a modi¬ 
fier, and without a preposition, but sometimes with cum, as magno inter- 
vallo, at a great distance; frequentissimo senatu, at a crowded meeting of 
the senate; imperio suo, under his full power; clamore, with shouting; 
cum tua pemicie, with (to) your destruction; magno (cum) dolore omnium, 
to the great grief of all . 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


63 


330. Ablative of Quality. Quality or description is denoted by the 
ablative regularly with an adjective, as statura fuit humili, he was of low 
stature. This is sometimes called the ablative of characteristic or descrip¬ 
tion. See 285 for the genitive of quality. 

331. Ablative of Means. Means or instrument is denoted by the ab¬ 
lative, without a preposition, as clare video oculis, I see clearly with my 
eyes; pugnabant armis, they fought with arms. 

332. Ablative of Cause. Cause may also be expressed by the ablative 
without a preposition, as oderunt peccare boni virtutis amore, the good hate 
to sin from love of virtue. 

333. Ablative of Agent. The agent is denoted by the ablative with 
a (ab), as urbs capta est ab ill6 duce, the city was captured by that leader. 

334. The Standard of Measurement is denoted by the ablative, as 
magnos homines virtute metimur, non fortuna, we measure great men by 
worth, not by fortune. 

335. Measure of Difference is put in the ablative, as sol multis par- 
tibus est major quam terra universa, the sun is many parts (a great deal ) 
larger than the whole earth. This is also sometimes called the degree of 
difference. 

336. Ablative of Price. Definite price is put in the ablative, as emit 

morte immortalitatem, he purchased deathlessness with death. 

a. General value is expressed by the genitive. See 292. 

337. Ablative with Adjectives. The ablative is used with dignus, 
indignus, fretus, contentus, and laetus, and with adjectives of fullness 
and abundance, as contentus hoc equo, content with this horse; dignus 
poena, worthy of punishment; indignus poena, unworthy of punishment. 

a. Also the verb dignor, deem worthy, takes the ablative in poetry and 
later prose, as haud tali me dignor honore, I do not deem myself worthy of 
such honor. 

338. The Ablative of Route is used to denote the way by which, as 
provehimur pelago, we sail forth over the sea. 

339. Ablative with Prepositions. The ablative is used with many 
prepositions, the most important being 

abs (ab, a), cum, coram, de 
prae, pro, sine, ex (or e). 

340. Ablative of Separation. Separation is expressed by the ablative 
case, with or without a preposition. This ablative is used especially with 
verbs of depriving, of freedom, and of want, as se privavit oculis, he deprived 
himself of his eyes; omnibus egere rebus, to be in need of everything; te 
ab eo libero, I free you from him. This is called the ablative of separation. 


64 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


a. The ablative of separation is also used with alienus and with adjec¬ 
tives of freedom and want, as alienum majestate deorum, inconsistent with 
the dignity of the gods; liber cura, free from care. 

341. The ablative is used with opus and usus, as opus est mihi auro, 

I need gold; usus est dictis bonis, there is need of kind words. 

342. Ablative with Special Verbs. Utor, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, 

and their compounds take the ablative, as his vocibus usa est, she spoke 
(used) these words; abusus est nostra patientia, he used up our patience; 
fruimur luce vitae, we enjoy the light of life; fungor officio, I am perform¬ 
ing my duty; potitur victoria, he gains the victory; lacte vescuntur, they 
live on milk. 

343. Ablative Absolute. The ablative, combined with a participle, ad¬ 
jective, or noun, may serve to express the circumstances in which an act 
takes place, as duce victo, abeunt, the leader having been conquered, they 
depart; urbe capta, homines redeunt, the city having been captured, the men 
return. This phrase is called the ablative absolute. 

a. The ablative absolute phrase may have an accessory idea of time, 
cause, or condition, as Caesare consule haec lex lata est, this law was 
passed in Caesar’s consulship. 

344. Vocative. The vocative, with or without 6, 0, is used in address¬ 
ing a person or thing, as Musa, 0 Muse! Aeole, 0 Aeolus! 6 reglna, 0 
queen! 

Locative 

345. Names of towns and small islands of the first and second de¬ 
clensions, humus, domus, and rus, are put in the locative of the place 
where, as Romae, at Rome; Cretae, in Crete; humi, on the ground; domi, 
at home. 

a. In poetry the names of countries and large islands also are some¬ 
times found in the locative, as Libyae, in Libya. 

ADVERBS 

346. Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, as male 
vivit, he lives badly; bene laborat, he works well; fere omnes, almost all; 
nimis saepe, too often. 

QUESTIONS 

347. a. A question for information merely is generally introduced by 
-ne, as videtne patrem, does he see his father? 

b. A question that expects the answer yes is generally introduced by 
nonne, as nonne vides, don’t you see? 

c. A question that expects the answer no is generally introduced by 
num, as num vides patrem, you don’t see your father (do you)? 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


65 


MOODS IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES 

348. The Deliberative Question has its verb in the subjunctive, as 
dicam an taceam, shall I speak or hold my tongue? quid facerem, what 
was I to do? 

a. Occasionally the present indicative is used in deliberative questions, 
as quem sequimur, whom are we to follow? 

349. The Indirect Question has its verb in the subjunctive, as quaere- 
mus (1) quid fecerit, (2) quid faciat, (3) quid facturus sit, we shall ask 
what he has done, what he is doing, what he is going to do (will do). 

350. The direct form of these three questions would be: (1) quid 
fecit? (2) quid facit? (3) quid faciet (or facturus est)? 

TENSES 

351. There are six tenses in Latin: the present, imperfect, future, 
perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect. 

1. The Present denotes continuance in the present; it is used: (1) of 
that which is going on now (specific present), as auribus teneo lupum, I 
am holding a wolf by the ears; (2) of statements that apply to all time 
(universal present), as probitas laudatur et alget, honesty is praised and 
freezes. 

a. The Historical Present. The present is used far more frequently 
than in English as a lively representation of the past, as cohortis incedere 
jubet, he orders the cohorts to advance. This is called the historical present. 

b. The present is used in Latin of actions that continue into the 
present, especially with jam, now, jam diu, now for a long time, jam 
pridem, now long since, as Mithridates annum jam tertium et vicesimum 
regnat, Mithridates has been reigning now going on twenty-three years. 

c. The present is sometimes used for the future, or to denote attempted 
action (conative present), as quam prendimus arcem, what citadel are we 
to seize? uxorem ducis, are you to be married? quid me terres, why do you 
try to frighten me? 

2. The Imperfect Tense denotes continued or repeated action in the 
past, as pugnabam, I was fighting, I kept fighting, I used to fight. The im¬ 
perfect is employed to represent manners, customs, situations; to describe 
and to particularize. 

a. The Imperfect of Endeavor. The imperfect is used of attempted 
and interrupted, intended and expected actions (imperfect of endeavor, 
conative imperfect), as urbem relinquebat, he was trying to leave the city; 
lex abrogabatur, the law was to be abrogated. 

b. The imperfect and the historical perfect serve to supplement each 
other. The imperfect dwells on the process; the historical perfect states 


66 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


the result. The imperfect counts out the items; the historical perfect 
gives the sum. The two tenses are often so combined that the general 
statement is given by the historical perfect, the particulars of the action 
by the imperfect, as Verres in forum venit; ardebant oculi; toto ex ore 
crudelitas eminebat, Verres came into the forum; his eyes were blazing; 
cruelty was standing out from his whole countenance. 

3. The Future Tense denotes continuance in the future, as scribam, 
I shall be writing. It is also used to express indefinite action in the future, 
as scribam, I shall write. 

a. The future is sometimes used in an imperative sense, as in English, 
as cum volet, accedes; cum te vitabit, abibis, when she wants you, approach; 
when she avoids you, begone sir. Compare such English expressions as 
“ Thou shalt not kill.” 

b. A similar use is that of the future in asseverations, as ita me amabit 
Juppiter, so help me, Jove! 

4. The Perfect Tense has two distinct uses: the pure perfect and the 
historical perfect. 

a. The Pure Perfect expresses completion in the present and hence is 
sometimes called the present perfect. It is used of an action that is now 
over and gone, as viximus, we have lived (life for us has been); Troja fuit, 
Troy has been (but is no longer). It is more frequently used to denote the 
present result of a more remote action (resulting condition), as actum est, 
peristi, it is all over, you are ruined; equum et mulum Brundisil tibi reliqui, 
I have left a horse and mule for you at Brundisium (they are still there). 

b. The Historical or Indefinite Perfect states a past action, without 
reference to its duration, simply as a thing attained, an occurrence, as 
veni, vidi, vici, I came, I saw, I conquered; Milo domum venit, calceos et 
vestimenta mutavit, paulisper commoratus est, Milo came home, changed 
shoes and clothes, tarried a little while. 

5. The Pluperfect denotes completion in the past and is used of an 
action that was completed before another was begun, as fuerat inimicus, 
he had been my enemy. 

6. The Future Perfect denotes both completion and attainment, as 
fecero, I shall have done it, or I shall do it (once and for all). 

352. The Latin tenses are divided into primary (principal) and 
secondary (historical). 

a. The Primary Tenses have to do with the present and future; they 
are the present, pure perfect, future, and future perfect. 

b. The Secondary Tenses have to do with the past; they are the 
historical present, imperfect, historical perfect, and pluperfect. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


67 


MOODS IN SUBORDINATE SENTENCES 


Sequence of Tenses 

353. Primary (principal) tenses are ordinarily followed by primary 
tenses, secondary (historical) by secondary tenses, as follows: 


(1) All forms that relate to the ) 

present and future (primary ( a je regularly 

tenses) J followed by 


(2) All forms that relate to the 'l are regularly 
past (secondary tenses) / followed by 


the present subjunctive (for 
continued action); the perfect 
subjunctive (for completed ac¬ 
tion) . 

the imperfect subjunctive (for 
continued action); the plu¬ 
perfect subjunctive (for com¬ 
pleted action). 


a. The action which is completed with regard to the leading verb may 
be in itself a continued action. So in English: I do not know what he has 
been doing, I did not know what he had been doing. The Latin is unable to 
make this distinction, and so the imperfect indicative (he was doing ) is rep¬ 
resented in the dependent form by the perfect or pluperfect, thus: nescio 
quid fecerit, nescivi quid fecisset. 

b. The above rule is subject to several modifications: 

1. Tense refers to time, not merely to tense form, so that 

(а) . The historical present may be felt according to its sense as past 
or according to its tense as present. 

(б) . The pure perfect may be felt according to its starting-point as 
past, or according to its completion as present. 

2. The effect of a past action may be continued into the present or the 
future. 


3. The dependent clause may depend on two or more clauses with 
their verbs in different tenses, and so follow a varying sequence. 

4. An original imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive does not change its 
tense even when made to depend on a primary leading verb, for example, 
in unreal conditions (382, a). 


354. The future relation of a verb in a dependent subjunctive clause 
may be made clearer by the use of an active periphrastic, as cognoscam, 
quid facturus sis, I shall (try to) find out what you are going to do; cognovi 
quid facturus esses, I have found out {know) what you were going to do. 

355. In Indirect Discourse (indirect statement) all verbs in subordi¬ 
nate clauses are in the subjunctive and follow the general rule of sequence 
of tenses. See 390. 


QUOD CLAUSES 

356. Quod, the fact that, in that, is used with the indicative to intro¬ 
duce explanatory clauses after verbs of adding and dropping, doing and 


68 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


happening, and after demonstrative expressions, as adde quod vicimus, 
add the fact that we have won; praetereo quod non mansit, I pass over the 
fact that he did not remain; bene facis quod taces, you do well in that you 
keep silent; hac re est infelix, quod victus est, in this he is unfortunate, in 
that he was conquered. 

CAUSAL CLAUSES 

357. Quod, quia, quoniam and quando take the indicative in direct 
discourse, the subjunctive in implied indirect discourse, to express cause, 
as fugit quod timebat, he fled because he was afraid; fugit quod timeret, 

he fled because (as he said) he was afraid. 

358. Quod is used after verbs of emotion with the indicative in direct 
discourse, the subjunctive in implied indirect discourse, to give the reason 
(ground), as gaudet quod venerunt, he rejoices that they have come; gaudet 
quod venerint, he rejoices that (as he says) they have come. 

PURPOSE CLAUSES 

359. Purpose is expressed by the present or imperfect subjunctive 
with ut or ne, as venit ut duceret homines, he came to lead (that he might 
lead ) the men; fugit ne capiatur, he flees lest he be (that he may not be) 
captured. For the relative clauses of purpose see 388. 

360. Substantive Volitive Clauses. The present or imperfect sub¬ 
junctive with ut or ne is used in a substantive clause after verbs of will 
and desire, as orb ut venias, I beg that you come; void ut veniat, I wish 
him to come; volui ne veniret, I wished him hot to come. Such a clause is 
called a substantive volitive clause. 

a. The infinitive may also be used with such verbs, especially in 
poetry. 

b. Jubeo regularly takes the accusative and infinitive. 

VERBS OF HINDERING 

361. A verb of preventing, refusing, and the like may take ne or 
quominus with the subjunctive, as obstat ne veniat, he hinders him from 
coming. 

362. A negatived verb of preventing, refusing, and the like may take 
quin or quominus with the subjunctive, as nihil obstat quin (or quominus) 
sis beatus, nothing hinders you from being happy. 

VERBS OF FEARING 

363. A verb of fear may be followed by ne or ut (= ne + non) with any 
tense of the subjunctive, as timed ne hostis veniat, I fear lest the enemy 
come, that he is coming, that he will come; timed ne hostis venerit, I fear 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


69 


lest the enemy have come, that (it will turn out that) he has come; timed ut 
amicus veniat, I fear lest my friend come not, that he is not coming, will not 
come. 

RESULT CLAUSES 

364. The subjunctive with ut or ut non is used to denote result, as 
tanta vis deorum est ut eis non posslmus obstare, so great is the power of 
the gods that we cannot oppose them; nemo est tarn fortis ut non possit 
cadere, no one is so strong but he can (that he cannot) fall. 

a. A relative pronoun is sometimes used instead of ut, as nemo est tarn 
fortis qui non possit cadere. 

365. A verb of effecting has the subjunctive with ut, ne, or ut non, as 
faciam ut veniat, I shall make (have) him come; faciam ne veniat, I shall 
bring it about that he does not come. 

366. Negatived or questioned verbs of doubt and uncertainty may 
be followed by the subjunctive with quin, as non dubium est quin urbs 
capiatur, there is no doubt (but) that the city is being captured. 

367. Substantive Clauses of Result. The subjunctive with ut is often 
used in a substantive clause to give the contents or character of a pre¬ 
ceding substantive, adjective, or pronoun, as to turn in eo est, ut tibi im- 
peres, all depends on this, your self-command (that you rule yourself)', id 
est proprium civitatis, ut sit libera, this is the peculiar privilege of a state, 
to be free (that it be free). This is called the substantive clause of result. 

TEMPORAL CLAUSES 

368. Ut, ut prlmum, cum, cum prlmum, ubi, ubi prlmum, simul ac, 
simul atque, in the sense of as soon as, and postquam take the perfect 
indicative, as postquam venit dux, urbs capta est, after the leader came, the 
city was captured; ut vldit urbem captam, fugit, as (soon as) he saw the 
city captured, he fled. 

a. The imperfect indicative is used of overlapping action, and the plu¬ 
perfect indicative when a definite interval is given, as ut videbat hostes 
vincentes, rediit domum, as he saw the enemy were conquering, he returned 
home; postquam ceperat urbem, mllites ducit domum, after he had cap¬ 
tured the city, he led his soldiers home. 

369. When two repeated actions are contemporaneous, both are put 
in the indicative in tenses of continuance, as rex bellum gerebat cum 
volebat, the king waged war whenever he wished. 

370. When one repeated action comes before another, the antecedent 
action is put in the perfect, pluperfect, or future perfect indicative, the 


70 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


subsequent in the present, imperfect, or future indicative, according to 
the relation, as quotiens cecidit, surgit, as often as he falls (has fallen), he 
rises; quotiens ceciderat, surgebat, as often as he fell (had fallen), he rose; 
quotiens ceciderit, surget, as often as he falls (shall have fallen), he will 
rise. 

371. Dum, donee, quoad, and quamdiu, so long as, while] take the 
indicative of all tenses, as vita dum superest, bene est, while (as long as) 
there is life, it is well; donee gratus eram tibi, felix fui, while I was pleas¬ 
ing to you, I was fortunate; quoad potuit restitit, he resisted as long as 
he could. 

372. Dum, while, while yet, usually takes the present indicative when 
the verb of the main clause is in the past tense, as dum haec res aguntur, 
urbs ardebat; while these things were going on, the city was burning. 

373. Dum, donee, and quoad, until, take the present, historical pres¬ 
ent, historical perfect, or future perfect indicative, when suspense or an¬ 
ticipation are not involved, as manebo dum venit, I shall remain until he 
comes; mans! dum (quoad, donee) venit, I remained until he came. See 374. 

374. Dum, donee, and quoad, until, take the subjunctive when sus¬ 
pense, anticipation, or design is involved, as mans! dum veniret, I re¬ 
mained until he could come; exspecto dum veniat, I am waiting for him 
to come. See 373. 

375. Dum, modo, and dummodo, if only, provided only, take the pres¬ 
ent or imperfect subjunctive in a proviso clause, as oderint dum metuant, 
let them hate so long as they fear (provided that, if they will only fear ); veniat, 
dum maneat, let him come, provided that he remains. 

376. Antequam and priusquam take the indicative present, perfect, 
or future perfect when the time limit is stated as a fact, as antequam 
abeo, dicam pauca, before I go, I shall say a few words; antequam abiit, 
dixerat pauca, before he went, he had said a few words. 

a. Antequam and priusquam take the subjunctive when the action is 
anticipated, contingent, or designed, as urbem capit priusquam rex veniat, 
he captures the city before the king may arrive (too soon for the king to arrive); 
ante videmus fulgorem quam sonum audiamus, we see the flash of light¬ 
ning before we hear the sound (of thunder). 

CUM CLAUSES 

377. Temporal cum, when, is used with all tenses of the indicative to 
designate merely temporal relations, as animus nec cum adest nec cum 
discedit apparet, the soul is not visible, either when it is present or when it 
departs; paruit cum necesse erat, he obeyed when it was necessary. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 71 

378. Descriptive cum, when, is used with the imperfect and pluperfect 
subjunctive to give the circumstances under which an action took place, 
as cum dimicaret, occisus est, when he engaged in battle, he was slain; 
Caesar cum id nuntiatum esset, maturat ab urbe proficisci, when this was 
(had been) announced to Caesar, he hastened to set out from the city. This 
cum is sometimes called cum circumstantial. 

379. Causal or Concessive cum, when, whereas, although, is used with 
any tense of the subjunctive, as quae cum ita sint, debet fugere, since 
these things are so, we must flee; cum par esset armis, tamen debuerat 

fugere, although he was equal in arms, nevertheless he had to flee. 


CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 

380. The Logical (More Vivid or Simple) Conditional Sentence 

regularly has the same tense of the indicative in both the subordinate 
clause (the condition or protasis) and the principal clause (the conclusion 
or apodosis) as follows: 


CONDITION 
Si id credis, 

If you believe that, 

Si id credebas, 

If you believed that, 

Si id credidisti, 

If you (have) believed that, 

Si id credes, 

If you (shall) believe that, 

Si id credideris, 

If you shall have believed that, 


CONCLUSION 

erras, 

you are wrong. 

errabas. 

you were wrong 

erravisti, 

you were (have been) wrong 

errabis. 

you will be wrong. 

erraveris, 

you will have been wrong. 


381. The Ideal (Less Vivid) Conditional Sentence regularly has the 

present or perfect subjunctive, in both clauses, as follows: 

CONDITION CONCLUSION 

Si id credas, erres. 

If you should (were to) believe that, you would be wrong. 

Si id credideris, erraveris (rare) 

If you should (prove to) have believed that, you would have been wrong. 

a. In indirect discourse, or indirect statement, the verb of the condi¬ 
tional clause of a logical or less vivid conditional sentence is in the sub¬ 
junctive and follows the general rule of sequence of tenses, as dico te, si 
id credas, errare; dixi te, si id crederes, errare. 

382. The Unreal (Contrary to Fact) Conditional Sentence regularly 
has the imperfect subjunctive in both clauses if contrary to present fact, 




72 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


and the pluperfect subjunctive in both clauses if contrary to past fact, 
as follows: 

CONCLUSION 


CONDITION 


Si id crederes, 

If you believed that (but you do not), 


err ares. 

you would be wrong. 


Si id credidisses, erravisses, 

If you had believed that (but you did not), you would have been wrong 

a. In indirect discourse the verb of an unreal condition is in the same 
mood and tense as it would be in direct discourse, and the verb of an un¬ 
real conclusion takes one of four special periphrastic forms, as follows: 


Dico (dim) si id crederes, te erraturum esse. 
Dico (dixi) si id credidisses, te erraturum fuisse. 

Died (dixi) si id crederes, fore ut decipereris. 

Dico (dixi) si id credidisses, futurum fuisse ut 
decipereris 


(active, contrary to present 
fact) 

(active, contrary to past 
fact) . 

(passive, contrary to present 
fact) 

(passive, contrary to past 
fact) 


b. Similarly in substantive clauses, as follows: 

Non dubitum est quin, si id crederes, errares. 

Non dubitum erat quin, si id credidisses, erraturus fueris. 

c. In poetry the present subjunctive is often used in both clauses of 
an unreal conditional sentence. 

d. All conceivable combinations of types of mixed conditions and 
conclusions may be used; as the conclusion may have the form of a wish, 
command, statement of obligation, necessity, etc. These mixed forms 
are especially common with verbs which convey a future idea, as debeo, 
ought; possum, be able, can; studeo, desire; volo, will, wish, as si Pom- 
peius privatus esset, tamen is mittendus erat, if Pompey were a private 
citizen, nevertheless he ought to be sent; vincite si vultis, have your way if 
you will. 

383. Ut si, ac si, quasi, quam si, tamquam, tamquam si, velut, or 
velut si, and the subjunctive are used in a clause of comparison, as tantus 
metus patres cepit, velut si jam ad portas hostL esset, a great fear took 
hold of the senators, as if the enemy were already at the gates. 

a. The subjunctive verb in such a clause follows the rule of sequence 
of tenses. 

CONCESSIVE CLAUSES 

384. A Concessive Clause may be introduced by etsi, etiamsi, or 
tametsi, with the indicative or subjunctive; by quamquam, with the in¬ 
dicative only; by quamvis, with the subjunctive only. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


73 


RELATIVE CLAUSES 

385. The Relative Clause as such, that is, a clause used as an ad¬ 
jective to modify a noun, regularly has its verb in the indicative, as amo 
virum qui fortis est, I like a man who is brave, I like a brave man. 

386. An indefinite or general relative clause usually has its verb in 
the indicative; so explanatory qui, when equivalent to quod, as erraverim 
fortasse, qui me aliquid putavi, I may have erred in thinking myself to be 
something. 

387. A relative clause that depends on an infinitive or a subjunctive, 
and forms an integral part of the thought, has its verb in the subjunc¬ 
tive by attraction, as pigri est ingenii contentum esse ils quae sint ab 
alils inventa, it is the mark of a lazy mind to be content with what has been 
found out by others. 

388. A relative clause has its verb in the subjunctive when qui is 
equivalent to ut is in an expression of purpose, as eripiunt aliis quod alils 
dent, they snatch from some to give to others. This is called the relative 
clause of purpose. 

389. A relative clause has its verb in the subjunctive when qui is 
equivalent to ut is in a clause of description or characteristic; so after an 
indefinite antecedent, after dignus, indignus, idoneus, aptus, etc., as 
multi sunt qui eripiant, there are many to snatch away; sunt (ei) qui dicant, 
there are those who say (some say); dignus est qui consul fiat, he is worthy 
of being made consul. This is called the subjunctive of characteristic. 

INDIRECT DISCOURSE 

390. Indirect discourse (indirect statement), as opposed to direct dis¬ 
course, gives the main drift of a speech and not the exact words. 

a. Indirect discourse depends on some verb of saying, showing, be¬ 
lieving, perceiving, or thinking, expressed or implied. 

b. In indirect discourse a principal statement has its verb in the in¬ 
finitive, as dicit eos venisse, he says that they have come; dicit eos venire, 
he says that they are coming; a question or a command has its verb in 
the subjunctive, as quaerit quid velint, he asks what they want; quaesivit 
quid vellent, he asked what they wanted; dicit hominibus ut veniant, he 
tells the men to come; dixit hominibus ut fugerent, he told the men to flee. 

c. A subordinate clause in indirect discourse has its verb in the sub¬ 
junctive. See 355. 


74 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


VERSIFICATION 
The Dactylic Hexameter 

391. One of the most common meters of Latin poetry is the dactylic 
hexameter. It was commonly employed by the Greeks and Romans in 
epic (narrative) poetry, such as the Iliad and the Odyssey of Homer, the 
Aeneid of Vergil, and the Metamorphoses of Ovid. It is occasionally used 
in English, as in Longfellow’s Evangeline. Some of the most beautiful 
Latin hexameters ever written are those of Vergil and Ovid. 

392. There are six feet in a hexameter (Gr. hex, six; metron, measure) 
verse or line. The first five feet are either dactyls (Gr. dactylos, finger) t 
i.e., one long syllable followed by two shorts (— ww), or spondees, i.e., 
two longs (— —). The sixth foot is always treated as a spondee (— —). 

393. The final syllable of a hexameter verse may be either long or 
short (syllaba anceps); but for practical purposes in scansion it may be 
considered long and thus marked. 

394. The Metrical Scheme of a verse is thus: 

r \j\j r \j\j * * \j\j r ' w 


i.e., the first syllable of each foot must be long. It is also given slightly 
more stress than the other half of the foot. This stress is called the metrical 
accent. 

a. A short syllable is often lengthened under the metrical accent or 
before a pause. 

395. The fifth foot of the hexameter is almost always a dactyl. When 
a spondee is used in this place, it gives the verse a slower movement than 
usual. Such a verse is then called spondaic. 

396. For metrical purposes each syllable of a Latin verse is considered 
either long or short, a long syllable occupying approximately twice as 
much time as a short (14). For this reason a spondaic foot (— —) is con¬ 
sidered the metrical equivalent of a dactylic foot. (— ww). 

397. Observe that only long vowels are marked in the Latin words in 
this book. For the general rules on the length of syllables, see 14-24. 

398. Elision. Whenever a word ends with a vowel, diphthong, or m, 
and the following words begin with a vowel or h, the first vowel or diph¬ 
thong is regularly elided. Elision is not a total omission, but rather a 
light and hurried half-pronunciation, somewhat similar to grace notes in 
music. 



GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


75 


399. Hiatus. Occasionally a word ending in a vowel, diphthong, or m 
is followed by a word beginning with a vowel or h and elision does not 
take place. This is called hiatus. 

400. Semi-hiatus. Sometimes when a word ends in a long vowel or a 
diphthong and the next word begins with a vowel or h, the long final vowel 
or diphthong is shortened. This is called semi-hiatus. 

401. The vowels i and u are sometimes used as consonants (j, v), 
as abiete (pronounce abjete), genua (pronounce genva). 

402. Hypermeter. Sometimes the final syllable at the end of a verse 
is elided before a vowel at the beginning of the following verse. This is 
called synapheia, and the verse whose final syllable is elided is called a 
hypermeter or a hypermetric verse. 

403. Synizesis. Two successive vowels which do not ordinarily form 
a diphthong are sometimes pronounced as one syllable for the sake of the 
meter. This sort of contraction of two syllables into one within a word 
is called synizesis. 

Scansion 

404. Observe the scansion of the following passage: 

Arma virumque cano, Trojae qui primus ab oris 

Italiam fato profugus Lavlnaque venit 

litora, multum^ille^et terris jactatus et^alto 

vi superum saevae memorem Junonis ob iram, 

multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem 

A ^ ~ I _ I A _ l A I /- ~ ~ I A _ 

inferretque deos Latio; genus unde Latinum 

Albanique patres atque altae moenia Romae. 

A _|_^± -I A ww| A _ 

In marking the scansion the sign ( — ) is used below the line to indicate 
a long syllable and the sign ( v ) for a short syllable. The feet are sepa¬ 
rated from each other by the perpendicular line (| ), the metrical accent is 
indicated by a ( ') over the first syllable of each foot, and elision is indi¬ 
cated by a ( w ) connecting the elided vowel with the vowel following. 

Hints on the Metrical Heading of Latin Poetry 

405. In reading Latin poetry orally, the words should be kept distinct 
and no break made between the separate feet, unless there is a pause in 


sense. 



76 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


406. Careful attention should be paid to the meaning of the passage, 
and the various pauses in sense should be indicated by the voice. Of 
course the voice should not be allowed to drop at the end of a verse unless 
there is a distinct pause in sense. 

407. Remember that the rhythm of Latin verse is based primarily 
upon the regular succession of long and short syllables, that of English 
primarily on the succession of accented and unaccented syllables. 

408. To obtain facility in reading Latin verse, a considerable amount 
of it should be memorized, special attention being paid to the quantity, 
i.e., approximately twice as much time should be given to each long 
syllable as to a short one. 

409. Caesura. 1 Whenever a word ends within a foot the break is 
called caesura. If this coincides with a pause in the verse, it is called the 
principal caesura, or sometimes simply the caesura of the verse. 

410. A single verse may have more than one caesura, each marked by 
a pause in sense. The principal caesuras are: (1) After the first long sylla¬ 
ble of the third foot; (2) After the first long syllable of the fourth foot. 

FIGURES OF SYNTAX AND RHETORIC 

411. Alliteration is the repetition of the same letter or sound, as the 
sound of v in turn victu revocant viris, then they recall their strength with 
food. 

r 

412. Anacolouthon or want of sequence occurs when the scheme of a 
sentence is changed in its course. 

413. Anaphora is the repetition of a word or words at the beginning of 
successive clauses, as mlrantur dona Aeneae, mirantur Iulum, they marvel 
at the gifts of Aeneas, they marvel at lulus. 

r 

414. Anastrophe is an inversion of the usual order of words, as te 
propter, on account of you. 

415. Antithesis is an opposition or contrast of words or ideas, as 
specie blanda, reapse repudianda, charming in appearance, in reality to he 
rejected. 

r 

416. Aposiopesis is a breaking off before the close of the sentence, as 
quos ego —- sed motos praestat componere fluctus, whom I — but it is 

better to calm the angry waves. 

1 In the teaching of scansion to beginners, it is preferable to omit all reference to 
caesura for at least the first two or three years of reading Latin poetry. These para¬ 
graphs on caesura are given for the benefit of teachers who may wish their pupils to 
know something about it. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


77 


r 

417. Apostrophe is a sudden break from the previous method of dis 
course and an addressing, in the second person, of some person or object, 
absent or present, as 6 patria, 6 divum domus, 0 fatherland , 0 home of 
the gods! (In this case the speaker is in Carthage, many miles from his 
native land, and is making an apostrophe to Troy which had been de 
stroyed by the Greeks.) 

418. Asyndeton is the omission of conjunctions, as ancora de prora 
jacitur; stant litore puppes, the anchor is cast from the prow; the sterns rest 
on the beach. 

r r 

419. Brachylogy (breviloquentia) is the failure to repeat an element 
which is to be supplied in a more or less modified form, as tam felix esses 
quam formosissima (es) vellem, would that you were as fortunate as {you 
are) fair. 

420. Chiasmus is the arrangement of corresponding pairs of words in 
opposite order, as Ilionea petit dextra laevaque Serestum, he sought 
Ilioneus with his right {hand) and with his left Serestus, where ilionea 
and Serestum form one pair and dextra laevaque form the other pair. 

421. Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words which are obviously 
understood but must be supplied to make the expression grammatically 
complete, as Aeolus haec contra, Aeolus thus {spoke) in reply. The words 
most commonly omitted are ago, died, facio, loquor, and sum. 

422. Enailage is a shift from one form to another, as vos (pi.), 6 
Calliope (sg.), precor, I entreat you, 0 Calliope. 

423. Euphemism is the substitution of an agreeable or nonoffensive 
word or expression for one that is harsh, indelicate, or otherwise unpleas¬ 
ant, as si quid ei accident, if anything should happen to him (i.e., if he 
should die). 

424. Euphony is the effect produced by words or sounds so combined 
and uttered as to please the ear. 

425. Hendiadys is the expression of an idea by means of two nouns 
connected by a conjunction instead of by a noun and a limiting adjective, 
or by one noun limited by another, as vi et armis, by force of arms; vul- 
gus et multitudo, the common herd. 

426. Hypallage is an interchange in the relations of words, as dare 
classibus Austros, to give the winds to the fleet (instead of to give the fleet to 
the winds). 

427. Hyperbaton or Trajection is the violent displacement of words, 
as per omnis te deos oro, by all the gods I beg you. 


78 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


428. Hyperbole is rhetorical exaggeration, as praeruptus aquae mons, 

a sheer mountain of water, referring to a great wave of the sea. 

r r 

429. Hysteron Proteron is a reversal of the natural order, as moriamur 

et in media arma ruamus, let us die and rush into the midst of arms. 

430. Irony is a sort of humor, ridicule, or light sarcasm which states 
an apparent fact with the manifest intention of expressing its opposite, as 
scilicet is superis labor est, ea cura quietos sollicitat, of course this is work 
for the gods, this care vexes them in their serenity! 

431. Litotes or Understatement is the use of an expression by which 
more is meant than meets the ear. This is especially common with the 
negative. Non indecoro pulvere sordid!, soiled with not unbecoming (i.e., 
glorious) dust. 

432. Metaphor is an implied comparison, as ilia, Trojae et patriae 
communis Erinys, she {Helen), the common curse of Troy and of her native 
land. 

433. Metonymy is the substitution of one word for another which it 
suggests, as Ceres, goddess of grain, for grain. 

434. Onomatopoeia is the use of words of which the sound suggests 
the sense, as magno cum murmure montis, with a mighty rumbling of the 
mountain. 

435. Oxymoron is the use of words apparently contradictory of each 
other, as cum tacent clamant, when they are silent they cry out. 

436. Paraleipsis or Preterition is an apparent omission by which a 
speaker artfully pretends to pass by what he really emphasizes, as non 
dico te pecunias accepisse; rapinas tuas omnis omitto, I do not say that 
you accepted sums of money; I omit all your acts of rapine; praetereo quod 
non mansit, 1 pass over the fact that he did not remain. 

437. Personification is an attribution of the element of personality to 
an impersonal thing, as aspirat fortuna labor!, fortune favors our struggle; 

fuge crudelis terras, fuge litus avarum, flee the cruel lands, flee the greedy 
shore. 

438. Pleonasm is the use of superfluous words, as sic ore locuta est, 

thus she spoke with her mouth. 

439. Polysyndeton is the use of unnecessary conjunctions, as una 
Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis Africus, both the East wind 
and the South wind and the Southwester rush forth together. 


GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 


79 


440. Prolepsis or Anticipation is the use of a word, usually a modifier, 
before it is logically appropriate, as summersas obrue puppls, overwhelm 
the sunken ships, i.e., sink and overwhelm the ships. 

r 

441. Simile is a figure of speech which likens or asserts an explicit 
comparison between two different things in one or more of their aspects, 
as par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno, like unto the light winds 
and most resembling winged sleep; veluti cum coorta est seditio, just as 
when a riot has arisen. 

442. Synchysis is an interlocked order of words, as saevae memorem 

Junonis Iram, fell Juno's unforgetting hate. 

443. Synecdoche is the use of a part for the whole, or the reverse, as 
tectum, roof, for domus, house; puppis, stern, for navis, ship; mucro, point, 
for gladius, siOord. 

444. Synesis is a construction according to sense and not according to 
grammatical form, as pars veniunt, part come. 

445. Tmesis is the separation of the parts of a compound word by 
one or more intervening words, as quae me cumque vocant terrae (for 
quaecumque terrae me vocant), whatever the lands that call me. 

446. A Transferred Epithet is an epithet which has been transferred 
from the word to which it strictly belongs to another word connected with 
it in thought, as velivolum mare, the sail-flying sea, where sail-flying is 
properly applied to ships which sail the sea rather than to the sea itself. 

447. Zeugma is the junction of two words with a modifying or govern¬ 
ing word which strictly applies to only one of them, as Danaos et laxat 
claustra, he looses the barriers and (sets free ) the Greeks. 








INDEX TO THE GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX 

(The references are to sections.) 


a, ending of acc. sing, of Greek nouns, 
68; nom., acc. and voc. pi. ending of 
neuters, 33, c 

a, prepositions ending in, 312 
a or ab with abl., 320, 339, 333 
Ability, verbs of with inf., 259 
Ablative, defined, 30; in abus, 34, c; 
in i, 55, d, 56, b, 77, 81, 82, a; 
prepositions with, 339; adv. forms 
of, 310; of supine, 271; pi. like the 
dat., 33, d; quis and qui as abl. 
and dat., 109, c, d 

Ablative, Syntax: abs., 343; ac¬ 
companiment, 321; accordance, 
326; as adv., 95, 310, 328, a; 
agent, 333; with adjectives (dignus, 
alienus, etc.), 337, 340, a; cause, 
332, gerund(ive), 269; with com¬ 
paratives, 327; degree of differ¬ 
ence, 335; with dep. verbs (utor, 
etc.), 342; with dignor, 337, a; 
with dono, 296; manner, 328; 
material, 324; means, 331; with 
gerund (ive), 269; measurement, 
334; with opus est and usus est, 
341; origin, 323; place where, 319; 
place whence, 320; with preposi¬ 
tions, 339; price, 336; respect, 325; 
route, 338; separation, 340; time, 
322 

Abounding, words of with gen., 287 
Absolute, abl. abs., 343 
absum, conj., 123 
abus, dat. and abl. ending, 34, c 
Accent, 25-27; metrical, 394; of 
nouns in ius, ium, 37, a, b 
Accompaniment, abl. of with cum, 
321 

Accomplishing, verbs of, 365 
Accordance, abl. of, 326 
Accusative, defined, 30; in neuters 
like nom., 33, c; sing, in a, 68; 
sing, in im, 56, a; pi. in is, 56, d; 
83, b; of supine, 270; names of 
towns, domus and rus, 315, a 


Accusative, Syntax: adv., 309-311, 
95, b; cognate, 313; direct obj., 
307; exclamation, 318; extent, 314; 
Greek, 309-311; subj. of inf., 317; 
with middle voice, 309; with prepo¬ 
sitions, 312; respect, 311; of 
gerund (ive) with ad, 268; two 
accusatives: verbs of asking, mak¬ 
ing, etc., 316; remembering and 
forgetting, 288, a; compound verbs, 
308 

Accusing and acquitting, gen. with 
verbs of, 291 

acer, deck, 77; compar., 89 
ac si, in clauses of compar., 383 
Action, see tenses, moods, etc. 

Active voice, 115, a; changed to 
pass., 279; act. periphrastic, 199, a 
ad, with acc., 312; dat. with com¬ 
pounds of, 298; acc. with com¬ 
pounds of, 308; with gerund (ive), 
268 

adde quod, with indie., 356 
Adjectives, definition, 70; a and o 
stems, 71; i stems, 76; consonant 
stems, 80-82; three terminations, 
77; compar., 83-92; deck of 
compar., 91; num. adjectives, 98- 
100; pronom. adjectives, 73, 102, 
a, 113, a, 114; poss. adjectives, 
103, a, 104, a, 106, a 
Adjectives, Syntax: agreement, 237- 
239; as adverbs, 95, 250, 310; 
with inf., 265; with gen., 287; 
with dat., 304; with abh, 337; 
pred., 239; double compar., 245 
Advantage, dat. of, 301 
Adverbial accusative, 310; adv. abh, 
328 

Adverbs, 93-97; formation, 95; 
compar., 96-97; adjectives used 
adverbially, 250, 310, 328, a; use, 
346; double compar., 245; num. 
adverbs, 101 

Adversative clauses, 379, 384 


81 



82 


INDEX 


adversum, with acc., 312 
ae, diphthong, 5 
aeger, decl. like pulcher, 71 
Aeneas, deck, 66 
aer, deck, 68 
aether, deck like aer, 68 
Affecting, acc. of, 307 
Affirmative, expressed by two nega¬ 
tives, 431; nonne for affirmative 
answer, 347, b 

Agent, dat. of, 302; abl. of, 333 
ager, deck like masc. of pulcher, 71 
Agreement, nouns: appos., 241; pred., 
240, 278, 317, a; adjectives: 237- 
238; pred., 239; poss., 249; pro¬ 
nouns: rel., 242; dem., 240, a; 
verbs: 236; according to sense, 
236, a, 444 

ai, ending of gen. sing., 34, b 
ajo, pronounced aj-jo, 6, b 
al, deck of nouns in, 56 
alienus, for gen. of alius, 74, a; abl. 
with 340, a 

aliquis (aliqui), deck, 113 
alius, deck, 74 
Alliteration, 411 
Alphabet, 1-6 

alter, deck, 74; alterius in gen. for 
alius, 74, a; ordinal num., 98 
alterius for alius, 73, a 
Although, how expressed, 379, 384 
an, in double questions, 348 
Anacolouthon, 412 
Anaphora, 413 
Anastrophe, 414 
anceps, syllaba, 393 
Anchises, deck, 66 
Androgeos, deck, 67 
Andromache, deck like Penelope, 66 
animal, deck, 56 
Answer to questions, 347 
ante, prep, with acc., 312; dat. with 
compounds of, 298; acc. with 
compounds of, 308 
Antecedent, agreement of rel. pron. 
with, 242; attracted to case of 
rel., 242, a; undefined in char, 
clauses, 389 
Antepenult, 25, a 

antequam, with indie., 376; with 
subj., 376, a 

Anticipation, clauses of, 440; attrac¬ 
tion of antecedent to case of rel., 
242, a 


Antithesis, 415 
apis, gen. pi. in ium, 56, c 
Apodosis, defined, 380 
Aposiopesis, 416 
Apostrophe, 417 

Appointing, verbs of with two ac¬ 
cusatives, 316, a 

Apposition, 241; pronouns and poss. 
adjectives, 249; expressed by gen., 
281; quod and ut clauses with 
nouns and pronouns, 356, 367; inf. 
with nouns. 264 

aptus, with dat. of gerund(ive), 267; 

with rel. clause of char., 389 
apud, prep, with acc., 312 
are, inf. ending, 132 
as, acc. pi. of Greek nouns in, 65, a 
Asking, verbs of with two accusatives, 
316; questions, 347-349 
Asseverations, with fut. indie., 351, 
3, b; subj., 254 
Asyndeton, 418 

At, translated by prep, with abh, 319; 
by loc., 345 

ater, deck like pulcher, 71 
Athos, deck like Androgeos, 67 
Atlas, deck, 68 

atque, simul atque, 368; ac si, 383 
Attendant circumstance, abl. of, 329 
Attraction, antecedent to case of rel., 
242, a; dem. to gender of pred., 
240, a; of verb in rel. clauses to 
subjunctive, 387 
au, diphthong, 5 
audeo, semi-deponent, 205 
audio, conj., 172; with dat., 297 
avis, deck, 65, ,5 

ax, gen. with verbal adjectives in, 287 

b, stems in, 50; becomes p before s 
and t, 128, 6 

Becoming, verbs of, constr. with, 278 
Believing, verbs of, with dat., 297; 

pers. constr. with pass., 279 
bene, compar., 97 

Beseeching, verbs of, with ut (ne), 360 

bis, num. adv., 101 

bonus, compar., 92; deck, 71 

Brachylogy, 419 

Buying, abl. with verbs of, 336 

c, stems ending in, 51; represents 
changed g before t, 128, 6 

Caere, deck, 56, b 



INDEX 


83 


Caesura, 409-410 
canalis, decl., 56, b 
canis, decl., 56, c 
capio, conj., 163-171 
caput, decl., 52 
Cardinal numerals, 98-99 
careo, abl. with, 340 
Cases, 30; endings, 32; of pred. 
substantive, 240, 278; for uses see 
norm, gen., etc. 
casus, decl., 59 

Cause, abl. of, 332; gerund(ive), 269; 
expressed by abl. abs., 343, a; 
clauses with quod, quia, quoniam, 
quando, 357-358; cum with subj., 
379; rel. clause, 386 
Causing, verbs of, with perf. part., 
275; with gerundive, 268, a 
Caution, constr. with verbs of, 363 
cave, in prohibitions, 256 
-ce, enclitic, 107, 3, b, 4, a 
Ceasing, complementary inf. with 
verbs of, 259 
cetera, partitive use, 246 
Characteristic, rel. clause of, 389; 

abl. of, 330; gen. of, 285 
Chiasmus, 420 

Choosing, two accusatives with verbs 
of, 316, a 

circum, prep, with acc., 312; dat. 
with compounds of, 298; acc. with 
compounds of, 308 
Circumstances, part., 273; abl. abs., 
343; cum descriptive, 378; abl., 
329 

cis, prep, with acc., 312 
Cities and islands, names of, fern., 38, 
a; in acc., 315, a; abl., 320, a; 
loc., 345 

Clauses, see substantive, temporal, 
conditional, etc. 

Cognate accusative, 313 
Collective nouns, with pi. verbs, 
236, a 

comes, decl., 52 

Command, imp., 255; subj., 254; fut. 

indie., 351, 3, a; in ind. disc., 390, b 
Commanding, verbs of, with dat., 
297; with inf., 360, a, b; with subj., 
360 

Common syllables, 17 
Comparative, 84; decl., 91; of ad¬ 
verbs, 96; double compar., 245; 
conjunctions, 383 


Comparison, of adjectives, 83; of 
adverbs, 96; disproportion, 244; 

abl. of, 327; degree of difference, 
335; clauses of with ut si, quasi, 
etc., 383; metaphor, 432; simile, 441 

Complement, subj., 278-279; obj., 
316, a, 317, a; agreement with 
subj., 238-240 

Complementary infinitive, 259 
Complex sentences, see clauses 
Compounds, of sum, 123; of facio and 
flo, 229; dat. with, 298 
Compound verbs, with dat., 298; 
with dat. and acc., 298, a; with 

acc. , 308; with two accusatives, 
308, a 

con-, in composition with dat., 298; 

in composition with acc., 308 
Conative, pres., 351, 1, c; impf., 351, 
2, a 

Concessive clauses, with cum, 379; 
with etsi, quamquam, quamvis, 
etc., 384; concessive subj., 254; 
see participles and abl. abs. 
Conclusion, see conditions 
Condemning and convicting, gen. 
with verbs of, 291 

Condition, of an object, expressed by 
part., 273 

Conditions, simple, 380; more vivid, 
380; ideal (less vivid), 381; con¬ 
trary to fact (unreal), 382, c; 
mixed, 382, d; in ind. disc., 381, a, 
382, a; in substantive clauses, 382, 
c; abl. abs., 343, a 
Conjugation, 116, 126-128; see verbs 
and first, second, etc. 

Conjunctions, see ut, cum, etc.; 
omission of, 418; asyndeton, 418; 
polysyndeton, 349; compar. con¬ 
junctions, 383 

Conor, conj., 183; inf. with, 259 
conscius, with gen., 287 
Consecutive clauses, 364-367 
Consonantal, i and u, 6, a, b, c; 401 
Consonants, 6-8; quantity, 15, 17 
constructs ad sensum, 236, a, 444; 

reflex, refers to logical subj., 248, a 
Construction, see cases, moods, etc. 
consul, decl., 41, a 
contentus, abl. with, 337 
Continued action, pres., 351, 1; impf., 
351, 2; hist, inf., 257; sequence of 
tenses, 353 




84 


INDEX 


Continuing, verbs of, with comple¬ 
mentary inf., 259 
Contracted perfects, 204 
Contracted verb forms, 204; con¬ 
tracted vowels long, 24 
Contracting, undertaking, verbs of, 
with gerund (ive), 268, a 
Contradiction, oxymoron, 435 
Contrary to fact conditions, 382 
coram, with abb, 339 
cornu, deck, 59 
corpus, deck, 47 

Crasis, 204, vowels resulting from 
long, 24 

cujus, see qui; pronunciation, 6, b 
cum (preposition), 339; enclitic, 321, 
a; abl. of accompaniment, 321 
cum clauses, temporal, 377; descrip¬ 
tive, 378; causal, 379; concessive, 
379; cum (whenever), 370, 377 
cum primum, 368 
cupidus, with gen., 287 

d, stems ending in, 52; before s, 128, 
6, 124 

Dactyl, 392; fifth foot usually a 
dactyl, 395 

Date, cum with indie., 377 
Dative, defined, 30; sing, in ai (first 
deck), 34, b; sing, in i (second 
deck), 74; pi. in is for iis (deus), 
37, /; pi. in ubus (fourth deck), 
58, c 

Dative, Syntax: with adjectives, 304, 
267; agent, 302; compounds, 298; 
direction, 306; double dat., 303, a; 
ethical, 300; ind. obj., 295; poss., 
299; purpose, 303; reference, 301, 
303, a; separation, 305; with 
special verbs, 297 

de, with abl., 329; place whence, 320; 

origin, 323; accordance, 326 
dea, deck, 34, c 

debed, with complementary inf., 259; 
indie, for obligation, 251; in con¬ 
ditions, 382, d 

Declensions, 31-33; first, 34-35; 
second, 36-38; third, 39-57; fourth, 
58-61; fifth, 62-64; of Greek nouns, 
65-69; of adjectives, 71-82, 91; of 
numerals, 99; of pronouns, 103- 
114 

Defective verbs, 205 

Degree of difference, abl. of, 335 


Deliberative questions (subjunctive), 
348 

Delos, deck, 67 

Demonstrative pronouns, deck, 107; 
as subj. attracted to gender of 
pred., 240, a; as adjectives, 102, a 
Deponent verbs, 182; first conj., 163- 
190; second, third, fourth conj., 
191-198; participles of, 182; abl. 
with, 342; semi-deponents, 205 
Depriving, verbs of, with abh, 340; 
with dat., 305 

Descriptive genitive, 285; abl., 330; 
impf., 351, a, b; cum descriptive, 
378 

Desire, expressions of with gen., 287; 
clauses of, 360; in ind. disc., 248, 
b; verbs of with inf., 260; ex¬ 
pressed by fut. part., 274; volitive 
subj., 253 

desum, conj., 123; dat. with, 301 
deum = dedrum, 37, d, f 
deus, deck, 37, / 
dexter, deck like miser, 71 
died, ind. disc., 263, 390; imp. die, 
202 

dies, deck, 63; gender, 64 
dignor, with abl., 337, a 
dignus, with abl., 337; with rel. 
clause, 389 

Diphthongs, 5; always long, 24 
Direct, obj., 307; question, 347; re¬ 
flex., 106, 248 
Direction, dat. of, 306 
Disproportion, quam (pro, ut), qui, 
244 

Distance, acc., 314 
Distributive, numerals, 100; pro¬ 
nouns, see quisque and uterque 
diu, compar., 97 

domus, abl. of, 320, a; loc., 345; 

acc., 315, a; deck, 60; gender, 61, a 
donee, with indie., 371; with subj., 
374 

dono, with dat. or abl., 269 
Double consonants, 7; s and z, 8; 
double questions, 348; double ac¬ 
cusatives, 308, 316; double datives, 
303, a; double comparatives, 245 
Doubting, verbs of; potential subj., 
252; deliberative question, 348; 
subst. clause with quin, 366; cf. 
382, b 

due, imperative, 202 



INDEX 


85 


dum, 371; with indie., 371-373; with 
subj., 374; in proviso clauses, 375 
duo, decl., 99 

Duration, ace., 314; abl., 322 
Duty, expressed by indie., 251; by 
periphrastic, 199, b, 382, d 
dux, decl., 51 

e, prep.; see ex; adv. ending, 95, a 
ecquis, 112 

Editorial “we,” 243, a 
Effecting, acc. of, 307; verbs of: with 
perf. part., 275; with result clause, 
365 

egeo, abl. with, 340 
ego, decl., 103; omission, 247; for 
emphasis and contrast, 247 
ei, diphthong, 5 
Elision, 398, 402 
Ellipsis, 421 

Emotion, verbs of with gen., 289; 
with inf., 260; with quod and indie, 
or subj., 358; see exclamation 
Emphasis, see figures of speech, 106, 
b, c, and 247 
Enallage, 422 

Enclitics, 27; -que, 27; -met, 106, 
b; -pte, 106, c; -ce, 107, 3, b, 4, a; 
-nam, 112; -cum, 321, a; -ve, 27; 
-ne, 27, 347, a 

Endings (regular), of nouns, 32; of 
infinitives and participles, 117, 3; 
see declensions and conjugations 
Endings (irregular), gen. sing, in ai, 
34, b; gen., dat. sing, e for ei in 
fifth decl., 63; gen. pi. um, 34, b, 
37, d; acc. pi. is, 56, d, 83, b; gen. 
sing, ius, 74; gen. pi. ium, 77, 81, 
3, 55, c; abl. sing, i, 55, d, 77, 81, 
1; nom. and acc. pi. ia, 55, d, 81, 
2; dat., abl. pi. aims, 34, c; acc. 
im, 56, a; gen. pi. on, 65, a; acc. 
sing, in, 68; asti, arunt, ere, etc., 
204 

English pronunciation of Latin words, 
28 

Envy, verbs of with dat., 297 
eo, see is, ea, id 

eo, conj., 207-213; compounds of, 
213, a; iri in fut. pass, inf., 117, 2, 
213, b 

er, nom. ending, 37, 74, 77 
ere for erunt, 204, 4; ere for eris, 
204, 4 


esse, see sum 

Esteeming, verbs of, double acc., 316; 

abl. with dignor, 337, a 
Ethical dative, 300 
etsi, etiamsi, in concessive clauses, 
384 

eu, diphthong, 5 
Euphemism, 423 

Euphony, 424; in verb stems, 128, 6 
ex (e), prep, with abl., 339; place 
whence, 320; origin, 323; accord¬ 
ance, 326; material, 324 
Exchanging, verbs of with abl., 336 
Exclamations, subj., 253; imp., 255- 
256; inf., 262; acc., 318; voc., 
344; fut. ind. in asseverations, 351/ 
3, b; apostrophe, 417 
Exhortations, subj., 254; imp., 255; 
ut clause, 360 

Extent of space and time, acc., 314 

fac, imp. of facio, 202 
facilis, decl. like omnis, 77; compar., 
89, e 

facio, conj. like capio, 163; imp. fac, 
202; two accusatives, 316, a; facio 
ut (ne), 365; pass, of, 227; com¬ 
pounds of, 229 
fagus, gender, 38, a 
fateor, conj., 191-198 
Favor, verbs of with dat., 297 
Fearing, clauses with ne or ut, 363 
Feeling, verbs of with gen., 289-290; 

with quod and indie, or subj., 358 
Feet, in verse, 392; fifth foot, 395 
fel, decl., 41, b 
felix, decl., 82; compar., 87 
Feminine, first decl. (mostly), 35; 
second deck: cities, islands, trees, 
and a few others, 38, a; third decl., 
nouns in do, go, io, 44; i stems in 
es, 57; some i stems in is, 57; all 
other i stems, 57; mutes in s, 54; 
fourth decl., a few in us, 61, a; 
fifth decl., all but dies and meri- 
dies, 64 

fer, imp. of fero, 202 
fero, conj., 214-225; imp., 202 
fido, semi-deponent, 205; with dat., 
297 

Fifth declension, 62-64 
Figures of Speech, 411-447 
filia, deck, 34, c 
fllius, deck, 37, a, b 



86 


INDEX 


Final clauses, 359-360 
fid, conj., 228; compounds, 229; pass, 
of facio, 227 

First conjugation, 129-141; depo¬ 
nents, 183-190 
First declension, 34-35 
Fitness, adjectives of, with dat., 304; 

of gerund (ive), 267 
fore (futurus esse), 121; fore ut in 
ind. disc., 263, a; cf. 382, a 
Forgetting, verbs of, with gen., 288; 
acc., 288, a; complementary inf., 
259 

Forms, 29-275; see nouns, verbs, etc. 
Fourth conjugation, 172-181; de- 
‘ ponents, 191-198 
Fourth declension, 58-61 
Freedom, adjectives and verbs with 
abl., 340; adjectives and verbs 
with gen., 287 
fretus, with abl., 337 
frugi, compar., 92 
fruor, with abl., 342 
fui, see sum 

Fullness, expressions of, with gen., 
287; with abl., 337 
fungor, with abl., 342 
Future perfect tense, 351, 6; in con¬ 
ditions, 380; in temporal clauses, 
370; like perf. subj., 128, 5 
Future tense, 251, 3; specific and 
universal, 351, 3; as imperative, 
351, 3, a; asseverative, 351, 3, b; 
part, expressing purpose, 274; con¬ 
ditions, 380-381; formation of pass, 
inf., 117, 2, 213, b; expressed by 
fore ut, 263, a; use of periphrastic, 
199, a; in subj., 354 

g, stems in, 51; changes to c before t, 
128, 6 

Gender, rules of, 35, 38, 42, 48, 54, 57, 
61, 64; attraction of pronouns, 240, 
a; and see masculine, feminine and 
neuter; of pred. complement, 239, b 
Genitive, defined, 30; al for ae, 34, b; 
um for drum, 37, d; um and ium, 
53, 55, c, 56, c, 77, 81, 3; e for ei, 
63; ius, 73-74; poss. adj. as gen., 
249; two forms for pers. pronouns, 
247, a 

Genitive, Syntax: material, 280; ap- 
pos., 261; explanatory, 282; poss., 
283; subj., 284; obj.,284; quality, 


285; part., 286; pred., 285, a; 
with adjectives, 287; with verbs, 
287-291; value, 292; with interest 
and refert, 293; respect, 294; geni¬ 
tive of gerund (ive), 266 
genius, deck, 37, b 
genu, deck, 59 
genus, deck, 47 

Gerund(ive), 117, 3, 203; for forma¬ 
tion see verbs, conj. of, uses of, 
266-269; with dat. of agent, 302; 
in undus, 203; see periphrastic; of 
dep. verbs, 182 

Giving, verbs of, with gerundive, 
268, a 

gracilis, deck, 77; compar., 89, a 
Greek accusative, 309, 311 
Greek nouns, deck, 65-69 
Guilt, expressions of, with gen., 287- 
291 

h, never makes position, 15; vowels 
short before, 20; elision before, 
398; hiatus before, 399 

habeo, conjug., 142-150 
Having, verbs of with gerundive, 
268, a; verbs of with perf. part., 
275 

Helping, verbs of with dat., 297 
Hendiadys, 425 
herds, deck, 68 

Hesitation, clauses of, 363, 366 
Hexameter, 391-397 
Hiatus, 399; semi-hiatus, 400 
hie, deck, 107; pronounced hicc, 
107, 3, c 

Himself, ipse, 108; se, 106, 248 
Hindering, clauses with ne, quin or 
quominus, 361-362 
Historical inf., 257; with subj. norm, 
277; pres., 351, 1, a; with second¬ 
ary sequence, 353, b, 1 (a) 
homo, deck, 43 
Hortatory subjunctive, 254 
humus, loc. of, 345; gender, 38, a 
Hypallage, 426 
Hyperbaton, 427 
Hyperbole, 428 
Hypermeter, 402 
Hysteron Proteron, 429 

i, vowel, 4; semi-vowel (consonantal), 
6, a, 401; after j, 6, b, c; i stems, 
55, 76; changed to e in io verbs, 




INDEX 


87 


101, 206, 1; i and u in dat., abl. 
pi., 58, c 

i, imperative of eo, 209; voc. ending, 
37, b; abl. ending, 55, d, 77, 81, 1; 
loc. ending, 37, c; pres. pass. inf. 
ending, 117, 3; nom. pi. of is, ea, 
id, 107 

ia, nom. and acc. pi. ending, 55, d, 
81, 2 

Ictus, in verse, 392, 394, 404 
Ideal conditions, 361 
idem, decl., 107 

idoneus, with dat. of purpose, 303; 

gerund, 267; with rel. clause, 389 
Idus, decl., 59; gender, 61, a 
ignis, decl., 56, b 

ii, or i in gen., 37, a; il for ei, 107; 
ii perfect of eo, 207; in compounds, 
213, a 

iis, for eis, 107 
ille, decl., 107 

im, acc. ending, 56, a 
Imperative, 115, 4; for formation 

see under verbs, conjugation of; 
irregular imperatives, 202; pres, 
and fut. 255; neg. 256; fut. ind. 
as imp., 351, 3, a; in ind. disc., 
390, b 

Imperfect tense, 351, a; of possum, 
etc., for pluperf., 251, 382, d; 
conative, 351, 2, a; descriptive, 
351, 2, b; in temp, clauses, 368, a, 
371; in conditions, 380, 382, d; 
sequence of tenses, 353; formation 
of impf. subj., 128, 2 
impero, with dat., 297; with subst. 
vol. clause, 360 

Impersonal verbs, forms of eo, 213, b; 
with gen., 290; impers. construc¬ 
tions, 258, 366 

Implied indirect discourse, 357-358; 
cf. 248, b 

in, acc. ending, 68 

in, prep, with acc., 315; prep, with 
abl., 319; verbs compounded with, 
298 

Inclination, adjectives of, with dat., 
304; expressions of, 251-254; ad¬ 
jectives of, for adverbs, 250 
Indefinite antecedent, 389; pronouns, 
113 

Indicative, 115, 4; to denote pos¬ 
sibility, 251, 382, d; in deliberative 
questions, 348, a; with quod in 


explanatory clauses, 356; in causal 
clauses, 357-358; in temporal 
clauses, 368-373, 377; present with 
dum, 372; simple (more vivid) 
conditions, 380; in unreal condi¬ 
tions, 382, d; in concessive clauses, 
384 

Indirect command, 390 
Indirect discourse, 263, 390; sub¬ 
ordinate clauses in, 355; conditions 
in, 382, a; implied, 357-358; cf. 
248, b; commands in, 390, b; tense 
of inf. in, 263 
Indirect object, 295 
Indirect questions, 349; cf. 353, a; 

use of periphrastic in, 354 
Infinitive, formation, 117, 2-3; of 
deponents, 182; contraction of 
perf., 204; see also conjugations 
Infinitive, Syntax: with adjectives, 
265; cf. 258; pred. nom. with, 
317, a; complementary, 259; pur¬ 
pose, 261; exclamatory, 262; as 
subject, 258; hist., 257, 277; subj. 
acc., 317; in ind. disc., 263, 390, 
b; for ut-clause, 360, a; with jubeo, 
360, b; with nouns, 264; as obj., 
260 

Inflection, 29-235; see declension, 
conjugation, etc. 

Informal indirect discourse, 367, 358; 
cf. 248, b 

Instrumental ablative, 531; of ger¬ 
und (ive), 269 

Intensive suffixes, 106, b, c; pronoun, 
108; cf. 248 

inter, prep, with acc., 312; verbs 
compounded with, 298 
interest with gen. of person, 293; 

with abl. of poss. adj., 293, a 
Interjections, 318, 344 
Interrogative pronouns and adjec¬ 
tives, 111-112; sentences, 347 
Intransitive verbs with dat., 297; 

with cognate acc., 313 
io, gender of nouns in, 44; verbs in, 
162 

ipse, decl., 108; for use cf. 248 
iri, in fut. pass, inf., 213, b 
Irony, 430 

Irregular verbs, conj., 206-235 
is, acc. pi. ending, 56, d 
is, ea, id, decl., 107; as pers. pron. of 
third person, 105, b 




88 


INDEX 


Islands, names of, gender, 38, a; acc., 
315, a; abl., 320, a; loc., 345 
Isse, syncopated form, 204 
iste, decl., 107, 4 
Iterative imperfect, 351, 2 
ium, gen. pi. ending, 55, c, 77, 81, 3; 

decl. of words in, 37, b 
ius ending, declension of words in, 37, 
b; gen. sing, ending, 74; see also 
declension of pronouns 

j, the letter, 6, a, b, c 
jacio, conj., 161, 227-229; com¬ 
pounds, 6, c, 229; pass, of, 227-229 
jam, with pres, indie., 351, b 
jubeo, with inf., 360, b 
Jussive subjunctive, 254 

Knowing, verbs of, see indirect dis¬ 
course 

Knowledge, adjectives of with gen., 
287; adjectives of as adverbs, 250 

l, nouns in, 56; stems in, 41, b; in 
common syllables, 17-18 

lac, decl., 52, a 
laetus, with abl., 337 
Leaving, verbs of with gerundive, 
268, a 

Length, of vowels, 20-23; of syllables, 
14-19, 396, 407 
Less vivid, conditions, 381 
Letters, of alphabet, 1-8 
liber, noun, 36, a 

liber, adjective, decl. like miser, 71; 

with abl. of separation, 340, a 
Likeness, adjectives of with dat., 304 
Liquids, in common syllables, 17; 

stems in, 41-46 
Litotes, 431 

Locative, defined, 30; first deck, 34, 
a; second deck, 37, c; of domus, 
60; use, 345; loc. gen., 294 
Logical, constructions, sing. coll. subj. 
with pi. verb, 236, a, 444; copula 
agrees with pred. noun, 236, c; 
pron. attracted to gender of pred., 
240, a; reflex, referring to logical 
subj., 248, a; logical conditions, 280 

m, final syllable in, 398 

magis, compar., 97; in double com¬ 
parisons, 245 
magnus, compar, of, 92 


Making, verbs of, two accusatives, 
316, a; gerundive, 268, a; perfect 
part., 275 
male, compar., 97 
malo, conj., 230; see comparison 
malus, compar., 92 
Manner, abl. of, 328; gerund(ive), 
269; implied in part., 273 
manus, deck, 59; gender, 61, a 
mare, deck, 56 

Masculine, first deck, referring to 
males, 35; second deck in us or r 
(mostly), 38; third deck stems in 
1, 42; nouns in 6, except do, go, 
and io, 44; nouns in is (eris) and 
os (oris), 48; some i stems in is, 
57; nouns in er and or, 46; fourth 
deck in us (mostly), 61; fifth deck 
only dies and meridies, 64 
Material, expressed by gen., 280; by 
abl., 324 

Means, abl. of, 331; with gerund(ive), 
269 

Measure, abl. of, 334 
medius, used partitively, 246 
mel, deck, 41 
melior, see bonus 

memini, with gen., 288; with acc., 
288, a 

memor, with gen., 287 
-men, suffix, 44, 2 
-met, enclitic, 106, b 
Metaphor, 432 
Meter, 391-410 
Metonymy, 433 

Metrical scheme, of the hexameter, 
394 

meus, form, 103, a; as gen. of ego, 
249 

mi, voc. of meus, 103, a; short for 
mihi 

Middle voice, 115, a; with obj. acc., 
309, a 

mihi, see ego 

miles, deck like comes, 52 
mille, numeral, 99 

minus, compar., 97; in double com¬ 
parisons, 245 
miser, deck, 71 
misereor, with gen., 289 
miseret, with gen. and acc., 290 
Modesty, pi. of, 243, a; subjunctive 
of, 252 

modo, in proviso clauses, 375 




INDEX 


89 


Monosyllabic, nouns of third decl., 53 
Mood, 115, 4; for forms see verbs; 

for uses see indie., subj., etc. 

More vivid conditions, 380 
moror, conj., 183-190 
Motion, end of, with dat., 306; with 
acc., 315 

movi, contracted forms of, 204, 3 
multus, compar., 92 
munus, decl. like genus, 47 
Mute stems, decl., 49-54 

n, stems in, 43 
-nam, enclitic, 27, 112 
Names of towns and islands, abb, 
320, a; loc., 345; acc., 315, a 
Naming, verbs of, with two accusa¬ 
tives, 316, a 

natus, with abl. of origin, 323 
navis, deck, 56, a 

-ne, enclitic, 27; in questions, 347, a 

ne, in prohibitions, 253, 256, a; in 
purpose clauses, 359; with verbs 
of hindering, refusing, etc., 361; 
with verbs of fearing, 363; result, 
365; omitted after cave, 256 

Nearness, adjectives of with dat., 304 
Necessity, indie., 251, 382, d; pass, 
periphrastic, 199, b; 382, d; see 
command 

Negative, answer expected, 347, c; 
double neg., 431; purpose clause, 
359; clause of fearing, 363; result 
clause, 364; see prohibitions 
nemo, missing forms supplied by 
nullus, 114; nemo est qui, 364, a 
nequam, comparison of, 92 
Neuter, adjectives with inf., 258; 
complement with subjects of differ¬ 
ent genders, 239, b 
Neuter, pronom. adj., 114; deck, 74 
Neuter, second deck in um and a few 
in us, 38; third deck stems in 11, 
42; nouns in en, 44, 2; nouns in 
ar, ur, 46, 2; i stems in e, al, ar, 57, 
b; nouns in us (eris), us (uris), 48, 
2; fourth deck in u, 61 

nf, vowels long before, 23 
nihil, forms of, 114 
nimis, compar., 95, b 

No, questions expecting answer, 347, c 
noli(te), in prohibitions, 256 
nolo, conj., 230 

Nominative, defined, 30; like acc. 


and voc. pi. in third, fourth, and 
fifth declensions, 33, b; like acc. 
and voc. in all neuters; in a, 34; 
in us (os), um, er and ir, 36; in 1, 
41; in 6 and en, 43; in or and er, 
45; in us, 47; in s, 50-51; in es, 
52; in is, e, al, 56; in us, u, 59; in 
es, 62 

Nominative case, 30; as subj., 276; 
with hist, inf., 277; as subjective 
complement, 278, 279; of gerund 
supplied by inf., 258; agreement of 
verb with, 236; double nom., 239, 
241 

nonne, for affirmative answer, 347, b 
nos, see ego; pi. for sing., 243; nom. 

emphatic, 247 
nostri, nostrum, 247, a 
Nouns: deck, 31-69; appos., 241; 
pred., 240, 278-279, 317, a; with 
infinitives, 264; and see gender 
novi, contracted forms of, 204, 3; 
perf. with pres, meaning, 204, 3, 
354 

nox, deck, 53; quantity of vowel, 19 

ns, vowels long before, 23 

nt, vowels short before, 21 
nullus and nemo, 114; deck, 74 
num, for negative answer, 347, c; 

in questions, 347, c 
Number, 29; pi. for sing., 243, 236, o, 
444; and see agreement of pred. 
attribute, 239 
Numerals, 98-101 

6, nouns in, 43; gender of nouns in, 44 
6, interj. with voc., 344 
ob, prep, with acc., 312; verbs com¬ 
pounded with, 298 
Obeying, verbs of, with dat., 297 
Object, direct, 307; ind., 295; clauses, 
360-363, 365; inf. as obj., 260 
Objective genitive, 284; of pers. pro¬ 
nouns, 247, a; objective comple¬ 
ment, 317, a 

Obligation, indie., 251, 382, d; peri¬ 
phrastic, 199, b, 382, d; subj., 253; 
see command 

obliviscor, gen., 288; acc., 288, a 
obsum, 123; dat. with, 298 
Occasion, expressed by part., 273 
odisse, see 204, 3 
oe, diphthong, 5 
Oedipus, deck, 69 



90 


INDEX 


Omission, of pers. pron., 247 
omnis, decl., 77 

on, on, Greek endings, 65, a. 67, 68, 69 

Onomatopoeia, 434 

oportet, 251, 382, d 

Optative, subjunctive, 253 

opus est, with abl., 341 

oratio obliqua, see indirect discourse 

Ordinal numerals, 98, a 

Origin, abl. of, 323 

orior, conj., 206 

oro, constr. of verbs depending on, 
360 

Orpheus, decl., 69 

os, nom. sing, of second decl., 36, a, b; 

Greek nominatives in 67, 69 
Oxymoron, 435 

p, represents changed b before s and t, 
128, 6; stems in, 50 
paenitet, with gen. and acc., 290 
Pan thus, decl., 67 

par, with gen., 287; with dat., 304; 

with dat. of gerund(ive), 267 
Paraleipsis, 436 

Participles, formation, 117, 3; corn- 
par., 90; of deponents, 182, 205; 
tenses of, 272-275; gerundive, 266- 
269; periphrastic, 199; decl. of 
pres., 82 

Partitive genitive, 286; of pers. pro¬ 
nouns, 247, a 
parvi, gen. of value, 292 
parvus, compar., 92 
Passive voice, 115, a; formation of 
perf. system, 116, 3; constr. with 
verbs of saying, 279; pass, peri¬ 
phrastic, 199, b, cf. 382, d; gerund¬ 
ive constructions, 267, 268; middle 
and reflex, use, 309; perf. pass, sys¬ 
tem, 116, 3; fut. pass, inf., 117, 2, 
213, b; with dat. of agent, 302 
Past perfect, see pluperfect 
patior, conj., 191-198 
pelagus, gender of, 38, a 
Penalty, gender of, 38, a 
penes, prep, with acc., 312 
Penult, 25, a 
per, prep, with acc., 312 
Perception, verbs of, with part., 273; 

see indirect discourse 
Perfect tense, 351, 4; pres, state, 351, 
4, a; past act, 351, 4, b; temp, 
clauses, 368, 370, 376; perf. subj. 


both primary and secondary inf. in 
ind. disc., 263; participle, 275; in 
conditions, 381, 353, b, 1, b; in ind. 
disc., 382, a , b; contracted perfects, 
204 

Periphrastic conjugation, 199-201; as 
fut. subj., 354; conditions in ind. 
disc., 382, a; in contrary to fact 
apodosis, 382, d; in ind. questions, 
354; with dat. of agent, 302 
Person, agreement of verb, 236; 
agreement of rel. pron., 242; for 
forms see conjugations 
Personal construction, of pass, with 
inf., 279 

Personal pronouns, forms, 103; omis¬ 
sion, 247; as part, gen., 247, a; in 
appos. to poss. adjectives, 249 
Personification, 437 
Persuading, verbs of with dat., 297 
pes, deck, 52 

piget, with acc. and gen., 290 
Pity, verbs of, with gen. and acc., 290 
Place whither, 315, 306; where, 319; 

whence, 320; extent, 314 
Pleasing, verbs of, with dat., 297 
Plenty, expressions of, with gen., 287 
plenus, gen. with, 287; abl. with, 337 
Pleonasm, 438 

Pluperfect, 351, 5; indie, in time 
clauses, 370; subj. in unreal con¬ 
ditions, 362; secondary sequence 
in ind. disc. 353, 382, a, b; in cum 
descriptive clauses, 378 
Plural, see number, agreement, etc.; 

poetic, 243, 444; editorial, 243, a 
plus, compar., 92, 97 
Polysyndeton, 439 
Possession, gen., 283; dat., 299 
Possessive adjectives (pronouns), 

forms, 103-106; used as gen. of 
pron., 249 

Possibility, indie., 251, 382, d; subj., 
252, cf. 386; periphrastic, 382, d; 
in causal clauses, 357-358; with 
antequam and priusquam, 376, a; 
in conditions, 381; in relative 
clauses, 389 

possum, conj., 125; to express possi¬ 
bility, 251, 382, d; in apodosis, 
382, d 

post, prep, with acc., 312; verbs com¬ 
pounded with, 298, 308 
postquam, with indie., 368 





INDEX 


91 


Potential, indie., 251; subj., 252; see 
possibility 

potior, with abb, 342 

Power, adjectives of, with gen., 287; 

nouns of, with inf., 264 
prae, prep, with abl., 339 
Predicate adjective, 239, 279; pred. 
noun, 236, c, 240, 317, a, 278; pred. 
acc., 317, a, 279; pred. acc. be¬ 
comes pred. noun in pass., 279; 
pred. noun with inf., 317, a; pred. 
use of participles, 273, 275; pred. 
gen., 285, a; of gerund(ive), 266; 
pred. adj. with inf., 258; pred. with 
pass, verbs of saying, etc., 279; 
pred. dat., 303, a; see agreement 
Prepositions, with acc., 312; with 
abl., 339; omitted, 315, a, b; 319, b, 
320, a, b, 340; cum appended to 
certain words, 321, a; assimilation, 
cf. 123; compounds of with dat., 
298; with acc., 308 
Present tense, 351; specific and uni¬ 
versal, 351, 1; hist., 351, 1, a; 
with jam as perf., 351,1, b; conative 
(as fut.), 351, 1, c; part., 272; 
decl., 82; indie, with dum, 372; 
inf. in ind. disc., 263 
Preterition, 436 

Preventing, verbs of, with ne, quo- 
minus, quin, 361-362; with abl. of 
separation, 340 

Price, abl. of, 336; gen. of, 292 
Primary tenses, 352, a; sequence of 
tenses, 353 

primus, beginning of, 246 
princeps, decl., 50 
Principal parts, 126 
priusquam, with indie., 376; with 
subj., 376, a 

pro, prep, with abl., 329; pro ut, 
quam pro, 244, cf. 383; interj., 318 
Prohibitions, subj., 253; imp., 256; 
obj. clauses (volitive), 360; hinder¬ 
ing, 361-362; in ind. disc., 390, b 
Prolepsis, 440 

Pronouns, 102-114; pers., 103-106; 
omitted, 247; reflex., 106; use of, 
248; dem., 107; attraction of, 240, 
a; intensive, 108; rel., 109-110; 
general relatives, 110; agreement 
of relatives, 242; relative clauses, 
385-389; interrog., 111-112; adj., 
Ill, a; pronom. adjectives, 73-74, 


114; see poss.; indef., 113; dis¬ 
tributive, see quisque and uterque 
as part, gen., 247, a; in appos. to 
poss. adj., 249 

Pronunciation, Latin, 4-8; of Latin 
words in English, 28; of i and u as 
consonants, 401 
Prosody, 391-410 
prosum, conj., 124 
Protasis, 380; see conditions 
Proviso clauses, vol. subj., 254; with 
dum (modo), 375 
proximus, with dat., 304 
-pte, enclitic, 106, c 
pudet, with gen. and acc., 290 
puer, decl., 37 

pulcher, decl., 71; compar., 88 
pulchre, compar., 97 
Purpose, inf., 261; gerund(ive), 268; 
fut. part., 274; ut and ne with 
subj., 359; rel. clause of, 388; 
supine in um, 270; dat. of, 303 

qu, pronunciation, 6; counts as single 
consonant, 15; becomes x with s, 
128, 6 

Quality, gen., 285; abl., 330; two 
qualities compared, 245 
quam, omission of in compar., 327; 
quam pro, quam ut, quam qui, 244; 
quam si, 383; with two positives, 
245; with two comparatives, 245; 
antequam and priusquam sepa¬ 
rated, 376, a 

quamquam, with indie, in concessive 
clauses, 384 

quam vis, with subj. in concessive 
clauses, 384 

quando, in causal clauses, 357 
quanti, gen. of value, 292 
Quantity, of vowels, 20-24; of sylla¬ 
bles, 14-19; in verse, 392-397, 404, 
407; numerals, 99-101 
quasi, in clauses of comparison, 383 
-que, enclitic, 27 

Questions, 347; deliberative, 348; 

ind., 349, 354; exclamatory, 262 
qui, decl., 109; abl. form qui, 109, 
d; = ut is, 389; see relative 
quia, in causal clauses, 357 
quicumque, general relative, 110 
quin, after verbs of hindering, refus¬ 
ing, etc., 362; after neg. expres¬ 
sions of doubt, 366 



92 


INDEX 


quis, interrog., decl., Ill; indef., 113 
quis, dat., abl. pi. of qui, 109, c 
quisque, use with reflex., 248 
quisquis, general rel., 110 
quoad, with indie., 371; with subj., 
374 

quod, rel. pron., 109; with indie, in 
explanatory clauses, 356; with 
indie, and subj. in causal clauses, 
357-358; in ind. disc. 355 
quominus, after verbs of hindering, 
refusing, etc., 361-362 
quoniam, in causal clauses, 357 
quot, numeral adv., 98 
quotiens, numeral adv., 101; in temp. 

clauses, 320 
quum = cum 

r, for s between two vowels, 47; 
stems in r, 45; nouns in r, 36, a, 
37; adjectives in r, 71, 74, 76, 77, 
91; see liquids 
re, for ris, 204, 4 
Reading of verse, 405-408 
Reference, dat. of, 301, 303, a; gen., 
294; acc., 311; abl., 325 
lefert, with gen. of person, 293; with 
abl. of poss. adj., 293, a 
Reflexive pronouns, forms, 103-106; 
use, 248 

Refusing, verbs of, 361-362 
Regarding, two accusatives with 
verbs of, 316, a; constr. with pass, 
verbs of, 279 

Relative clauses, 385; explanatory, 
386; dependent, 387; purpose, 
388; result, 364, a; char., 389 
Relative pronouns, decl., 109; agree¬ 
ment, 242; in comparison, 244 
reliquus, partitive use = rest of, 246 
Remembering, verbs of, with gen., 
288; acc., 288, a 

Removing, verbs of, with abl., 340 
Repeated action, impf., indie., 351, 2; 
in temp, clauses, 369-370; se¬ 
quence of tenses, 353 
res, decl., 63 

Resisting, verbs of, with dat., 297; 

with ne, quin, quominus, 361, 362 
Resolving, verbs of, complementary 
inf., 259; subst. vol. clause with, 
360 

Respect, abl. of, 325; acc. of, 311 
Restricted, rel. clause, 387 


Result clauses, 364; rel. clause of, 
364, a; sequence of tenses, 353; 
explanatory clause of, 367 
rete, decl., 56, b 
Rhotacism, 47 
Rhythm of Latin verse, 407 
ri, adjective stems in, 76, a 
rogo, two accusatives, 316; inf. with, 
360; ut (volitive) clause, 360 
Route, abl. of, 338 
rus, decl. and gender, 48, 2; acc., 315, 
a; abl., 320, a; loc., 345 

s, changed to r between vowels, 47; 
change of mutes before s in verb 
stems, 128, 6; stems in s, 47; nom. 
ending, 32 
saepe, compar., 97 
satis, with gen., 286; compar., 97 
Saying, verbs of, ind. disc., 390, 263; 

constr. with pass., 279 
Scansion, 404 

scito, fut. used as pres, imperative, 
202 

se, reflex, pron., 106, 248 
Second conjugation, principal parts, 
126; forms, 142-150; deponents, 
191-198 

Second declension, 36-38 
Secondary object, 308, 316; tenses, 
352, b, 353 

secundum, prep, with acc., 312 
Selling, verbs of with gen., 292; with 
abl., 336 

Semi-hiatus, 400; semi-deponents, 
205; semi-vowels, 6, a, b, c; 401 
senex, decl., 56, c 

Separation, dat. of, 305; abl. of, 340 
Sequence of Tenses, 353; conditions 
in ind. disc., 381, a; suppositions 
in ind. disc., 383, a; for examples 
see 358, 360, 363, 374, 390, b 
sequor, conj., 191-198 
Service, dat. of, 303; dat. with ad¬ 
jectives of, 304 

Serving, dat. with verbs of, 297 
Sharing, adjectives of with gen., 287 
si, conditions, 380-382; suppositions, 
383; ut si, ac si, quam si, 383 
Simile, 441 

similis, with gen., 287; with dat., 304 
simul ac (atque), with indie., 368 
Singular, with pi. verb, 236, 444; see 
number, agreement, etc. 




INDEX 


93 


singulus, distributive num., 100 
Situation, participle, 273; cum de¬ 
scriptive, 378; dum with pres, ind., 
372; rel. clause, 385; abl., 329 
soleo, semi-deponent, 305; comple¬ 
mentary inf. with, 259 
solus, with rel. clause, 389 
Source, abl. of., 323 
Space, extent of with acc., 314 
Specification, with gen., 294; abl., 
325; abl. of supine, 271; acc., 311 
Spelling, j and v, 6, a, b, c 
Spondee, 392; spondaic verse, 395 
Stem of nouns, 31, 34, 36, 39-40, 58, 
62; of adjectives, 71, 75-76, 78-81; 
stems in i, 55, 76; of verbs, 116, 
126-128 

sub, prep, with acc., 312; compounds 
of with dat., 298; with acc., 308 
Subject, 276; agreement of verb with, 
236; coll., 236, a, 444; two sub¬ 
jects, 236, b; subject of different 
persons, 239, a; omitted pers. pro¬ 
nouns, 247; impers. verbs, cf. 240; 
indef. second person, cf. 252; imp., 
255; of hist, inf., 257; subj. acc., 
260, 317; exclamatory inf., 262; 
ind. disc., 263, 390; inf. as subj., 
258 

Subjective genitive, 284; poss. adj. 
as, 249 

Subjunctive, 115, 4; potential, 252; 
opt., 253; vol., 254, 360; in causal 
clauses, 357-358, 379; in purpose 
clauses, 359; with verbs of hin¬ 
dering, refusing, etc., 361-362; in 
ideal and unreal conditions, 381- 
382; comparisons with ut si, quasi, 
etc., 383; double comparisons with 
quam si, quam ut, 244; cum de¬ 
scriptive, 378; concessive clauses 
with cum, 379; with etsi and quam- 
vis, 384; rel. clauses of attrac¬ 
tion, 387; purpose, 388; char., 389; 
result, 364, a; deliberative ques¬ 
tions, 348; ind. questions, 349, 354; 
temp, clauses of anticipation, 374, 
376, a; result clauses, 364-367; 
with verbs of fearing, 363; prohi¬ 
bitions, 256; of modesty, cf. 252; 
proviso, 375; subordinate clauses 
in ind. disc., 357, 358, cf. 248, b; 
tenses of, 353 

Subordinate clauses, sequence of 


tenses, 353; in ind. disc., 390 b, c; 
see temporal, result, conditional, 
etc. 

Substantive (volitive) clauses of de¬ 
sire, 360; hindering, 361-362; fear¬ 
ing, 363; result, 365-367; conditions 
in, 382, b; quod with indie., 356 
Suffixes, see enclitics, endings 
sui, decl., 106; use, 248 
sum, conj., 118; compounds of, 123; 
fut. inf. with ut in ind. disc., 263, a; 
agreement with pred. noun, 236, c; 
with dat. of poss., 299; sunt qui, 
389; simple sentence with, 278 
summus, top of, partitive, 246 
super, prep, with acc., 312; in com¬ 
position with dat., 298; with acc., 
308 

Superlative, 85, 88, 89, a; used 
partitively as noun, 246 
Supine, for forms see conjugations; 
uses, 270-271 

Suppositions with ut si, quasi, velut, 

etc., 383 

suus, forms, 106, a; uses, 248 
syllaba anceps, 393 
Syllables, division of, 9-13, 18; 

named, 25, a; final syllable of 
hexameter line, 393; long sylla¬ 
ble shortened, 400; short syllable 
lengthened, 394, a; first syllable 
of each foot long, 394; long and 
short syllables, 14-19, 396; two 
syllables united, 403 
Synapheia, 402 
Synchysis, 442 
Synecdoche, 443 
Synesis, 444 
Synizesis, 403 
Syntax, 236-390 

t, assimilated before s, 128, 6, 125; 

stems ending in, 52 
taedet, with gen. and acc., 290 
tametsi, in concessive clauses, 384 
tamquam (si), in clauses of compari¬ 
son, 383; simile, 441 
tanti, gen. of value, 292 
Teaching, verbs of, two accusatives, 
316 

Temporal clauses, 368-377; of action 
prior to the main verb, 368, 370; 
of action contemporaneous with 
the main verb, 369, 371-373, 377; 



94 


INDEX 


of action later than the main verb, 
374-376; abl. abs., 343, a 
Tenses, 115, 3; formation of, 127; 
pres., impf., etc. and verbs of imp., 
255; of inf., 263, 390; of part., 
272; uses of, 351; primary and 
secondary, 352; sequence of, 353 
-ter, adv. suffix, 95, c 
ter, num. adv., 101 
Terminations, of nouns, 32; of verbs, 
127-128; of infinitives and parti¬ 
ciples, 117; see endings, enclitics, 
declension, conjugation, etc. 

Than, compar. of adjectives, 83-92; 
compar. of adverbs, 93-97; omis¬ 
sion of quam, 327; than if, 383; 
than that, 244 

Thinking, see indirect discourse, 
constr. with pass., 279; with acc. 
and inf., cf. 317, a 

Third conjugation, principal parts, 
126; forms died, 151-160; capio, 
163-171; deponents: sequor, patior, 
191-198 

Third declension, stems in 1, 41-42; 
n, 43-44; r, 45-46; s, 47-48; p 
or b, 50; c or g, 51; t or d, 52; i, 
55-57 

Time, from which, 320; when, within 
which, 322; till which, 315; ex¬ 
tent, 314; expressed by abl. abs., 
343, a; see temp, clauses; time 
in pronouncing syllables, 14, 408 
timed, with subj., 363 
Tmesis, 445 

too . . .to, two clauses compared, 244 
totus, deck, 73; all of, partitive use, 246 
Towns, names of; see cities 
Trajection, 427 

trans, prep, with acc., 312; acc. with 
compounds of, 308 
Transferred epithet, 446 
Trees, names of, gender, 38, a 
tres, deck, 99 

tu, deck, 104; omission, emphatic, 247 
tui, obj. gen., 247, a 
Two accusatives, 308, a, 316; two 
datives, 303, a 

u, sometimes pronounced like v, 6, a; 
after g, q, 6, 15; for i in super¬ 
latives, 85, 89, a; for e in ger¬ 
und (ive), 203; noun stems in u, 58; 
i and u in dat., abl. ph, 58, c 


ubi, with indie., 368 

ubus, for ibus in dat., abl. ph, 58, c 

ui, diphthong, 5 

ullus, deck, 74 

Ultima, 25, a 

um, gen. ph ending, first deck, 34, b; 
second deck, 37, d; third deck, 53, 
a, b, c, d, 56, c, 81, 3, 82, c, d 
Understatement, 431, see potential 
subj., 252 

Undertaking, verbs of, with acc. of 
gerund(ive), 268, a 
Unreal conditions, 382 
unus, deck, 74; unus est qui, 389 
urbs, deck, 53 
usus est, with abl., 341 
ut clauses: fearing, 363; fore ut, 263; 
indie., 368; indirect commands, 
390, b; omitted, 256; purpose, 
359; result, 364; sequence of 
tenses, 353; ut si, 383; substan¬ 
tive, 360, 367; temporal, 368 
uter and uterque, deck, 74-74, b; 

compounds of uter, 114, a 
utinam, in unfulfilled wishes, 253 
utor, with abl., 342 


v, omitted in perf. forms, 204; use of, 
6, a; as a consonant in poetry, 
401 

Value, gen. of, 292 
vannus, gender, 38, a 
-ve, enclitic, 27 

velim, vellem, subj. of modesty, 252; 
opt., 253 

velut (si), in clauses of comparison, 383; 
simile, 441 

veneo, compound of eo, 213, a; see 
selling 

Verbal adjectives, in ax with gen., 287 
Verbs, inflection of, 115; stems, 116, 
128, 6; conj., 116; principal parts, 
126; first conj., 129-141; second 
conj., 142-150; third conj., 151- 
160, dico; 161-171, capio; fourth 
conj., 172-181; dep., 182-198; 
semi-dep., 205; periphrastic, 199- 
203, 263, a; syncopated forms, 
204; irregular, 206-235; sum, 118- 
122; principal parts, 126; general 
rules, 128 

Verbs, uses of, agreement, 236; with 
gen., 287-291; interest and refert, 
293; with dat., 297-298; with abl., 



INDEX 


95 


342; see names of moods and 
tenses, ind. disc., etc. 

Versification, 391-404 
vescor, with abl., 342 
vester, 104 

vestri, vestrum, 247, a 
veto, acc. and inf. with, 360, a, 260 
vetus, decl., 82; rhotacism, 47 
videor, dat. of reference, 301; pred. 
nom., 279; complementary inf., 
259; ind. disc., 263-390 

vir, dec!., 37 

vis, decl., 56, a 

Vocative, defined, 30; second decl., 
sing., 36; of words in ius, ium, 37, 
b; deus, 37, /; meus, 103, a; 
Greek nouns, 66-69; use, 344 
Voices, 115, 2, a; middle with obj. 
acc., 309, a; see active, middle, 
passive 

Volitive, subj., 254; substantive with 
ut (ne) after verbs of will, desire, 
etc., 360; in ind. disc., 390, b 
void, conj., 230; with inf., 260, 317; 

with subj., 360; with part., 275 
vos, see tu 


voster, see vester 

Vowels, long and short, 3-4, 20-24; 
long vowels marked, 3, 397; elision 
of final vowels in verse, 398; synco¬ 
pation, 204; synizesis, 403; long 
vowel shortened, 400 
vulgus, gender, 38, a 

Want, words of with gen., 287; with 
abl., 340 

Way, by which, abl., 338, 328, 331 
Whole, gen. of, 286 
Wishes, inf., 260, 317; subj., 253, 
254; ind. disc., 390, b; ut (volitive) 
clause, 360 

x, nom. ending, 51, 82; in verb stems 
(c, g, qu and s), 128, 6; double 
consonant, 8; makes position, 15 

Yes, questions expecting, 347, b 

z, double consonant, 8; makes posi¬ 
tion, 15 
Zeugma, 447 






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